Stock-Based Compensation [Text Block] | Stock-Based Compensation Our 2016 Management Incentive Plan (the Plan) was designed to attract, retain and motivate key employees. The types of awards available under the Plan include, among others, stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units (RSUs). Equity awards granted under the Plan are settled in shares of Class A common stock. At the beginning of each year, the Plan provides that the number of shares available for issuance automatically increases by an amount equal to 1.5% of the total number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on December 31 st of the previous year. On January 2, 2019 , there were 596,422 additional shares made available for issuance under the Plan. Through March 31, 2019 , the Board of Directors has authorized the issuance of up to 15,148,321 shares under this Plan. Through March 31, 2019 , the remaining aggregate number of shares of our common stock available for future grants under the Plan was 6,685,056 . The Plan expires in March 2026 . The Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our Board of Directors, along with its delegates. Subject to the express provisions of the Plan, the committee has the Board of Directors’ authority to administer and interpret the Plan, including the discretion to determine the exercise price, vesting schedule, contractual life and the number of shares to be issued. Stock Compensation Expense —For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , we recorded $1.3 million and $1.1 million of stock-based compensation expense. No compensation expense of employees with stock awards, including stock-based compensation expense, was capitalized during the periods. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , we recorded $0.2 million and $1.1 million , respectively, to income tax benefit related to the exercise of stock options, vested cancellations and the vesting of restricted stock. Stock Options —Under the Plan, we have issued stock options. A stock option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation to purchase a certain number of shares at a predetermined price for a specific period of time. We typically issue options that vest over three years in equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. Under the terms of the Plan, the contractual life of the option grants may not exceed eight years . During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , we issued options that expire five years from the date of grant. Fair Value Determination —We have used the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of our awards on the date of grant. We will reconsider the use of the Black-Scholes-Merton model if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate or if grants issued in future periods have characteristics that cannot be reasonably estimated under this model. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for option grants during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 : • Volatility —The expected volatility of the options granted was estimated based upon historical volatility of our share price through weekly observations of our trading history. • Expected life of options —The expected life of options granted to employees was determined from historical exercises of the grantee population. The options had graded vesting over three years in equal installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant and a contractual term of five years . • Risk-free interest rate —The yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury strips was used to extrapolate a forward-yield curve. This “term structure” of future interest rates was then input into a numeric model to provide the equivalent risk-free rate to be used in the Black-Scholes-Merton model based on the expected term of the underlying grants. • Dividend Yield —The Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model requires an expected dividend yield as an input. We have calculated our expected dividend yield based on an expected annual cash dividend of $1.08 per share. The following table summarizes weighted-average assumptions used in our calculations of fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 : Three months ended 2019 2018 Volatility 26.99 % 26.34 % Expected life of options 3 years 3 years Risk-free interest rate 2.39 % 2.46 % Dividend yield 2.00 % 2.00 % Stock Option Activity —The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 , as determined under the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model, was $10.04 and $9.96 , respectively. Option grants that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 had a combined fair value of $1.2 million and $0.7 million , respectively. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the three months ended March 31, 2019 : Number of Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 1,169,408 $ 35.88 $ 16,731 Granted 466,828 $ 54.87 Exercised (420,524 ) $ 30.85 $ 12,411 Cancelled and expired (122,312 ) $ 43.85 Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2018 1,093,400 $ 45.34 $ 8,776 Granted 250,231 $ 53.52 Exercised (51,089 ) $ 32.61 $ 1,079 Cancelled and expired (21,265 ) $ 49.48 Stock options outstanding at March 31, 2019 1,271,277 $ 47.39 $ 8,846 4 years Stock options exercisable at March 31, 2019 423,532 $ 38.93 $ 6,392 3 years The following table summarizes non-vested stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2019 : Number of Shares Weighted Average Fair Value Non-vested stock options at December 31, 2018 774,402 $ 8.77 Granted 250,231 $ 10.04 Vested (157,473 ) $ 7.38 Cancelled (19,415 ) $ 8.95 Non-vested stock options at March 31, 2019 847,745 $ 9.40 Unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested awards was $7.3 million as of March 31, 2019 , which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2 years . Restricted Stock —Under the Plan, we have issued restricted stock. A restricted stock award is an issuance of shares that cannot be sold or transferred by the recipient until the vesting period lapses. Restricted stock issued to members of our Board of Directors vest on the one year anniversary of the grant date. The related compensation expense is recognized over the service period and is based on the grant date fair value of the stock. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. Restricted Stock Activity — There was no restricted stock activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019 . The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 . Number of Shares Weighted Average Fair Value Non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 2017 24,000 $ 37.90 Granted 24,000 $ 52.83 Vested (28,000 ) $ 40.03 Non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 2018 20,000 $ 52.83 RSUs —Under the Plan, we have issued RSUs. RSUs are not actual shares, but rather a right to receive shares in the future. The shares are not issued and the employee cannot sell or transfer shares prior to vesting and have no voting rights until the RSUs vest. Employees who are granted RSUs do not receive dividend payments during the vesting period. Our employees have been granted performance-based RSUs and time-based RSUs. Performance-based RSUs result in the delivery of shares only if (a) performance criteria is met and (b) the employee remains employed, in good standing, through the date of the performance period. Time-based RSUs vest in one-third increments on the first, second and third anniversaries of the date of grant. The grant date fair value of the RSUs is equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date less the present value of dividends expected to be awarded during the service period. We recognize the grant date fair value of RSUs of shares we expect to issue as compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period. RSU Activity —For performance-based RSUs that vested in 2019 and 2018 , each RSU awarded resulted in the issuance of 1.5 shares, which were issued net of applicable payroll tax withholdings. The following table summarizes the non-vested RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 and the three months ended March 31, 2019 : Number of Units Weighted Average Fair Value Non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2017 161,343 $ 31.36 Granted 76,713 $ 53.97 Vested (87,200 ) $ 28.40 Forfeited (13,260 ) $ 38.98 Non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2018 137,596 $ 45.11 Granted 88,955 $ 51.60 Vested (53,688 ) $ 40.56 Forfeited (3,267 ) $ 52.09 Non-vested RSUs at March 31, 2019 169,596 $ 49.81 |