Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] | 7. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under FASB ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the Company’s financial statements and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. The Company currently is not under examination by any tax authority. The Company has evaluated and concluded that there are no uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. The tax expense for each the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $ 800 Federal California 2015 Current provision $ - $ 800 $ 800 Deferred provision: Deferred tax beg of year - - - Deferred tax end of year - - - Change in deferred - - - Subtotal - - - Total Provision $ - $ 800 $ 800 Income tax provision consisted of the following for 2014: Federal California 2014 Current provision $ - $ 800 $ 800 Deferred provision: Deferred tax beg of year - - - Deferred tax end of year - - - Change in deferred - - - Subtotal - - - Total Provision $ - $ 800 $ 800 As of December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2014 the Company had deferred tax assets primarily consisting of its net operating loss carryforwards. However, because of the cumulative losses in several consecutive years, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance such that its net deferred tax asset is zero. 2015 2014 Current Current state taxes $ - $ - Accrued and other related costs 30,000 38,000 Total current 30,000 38,000 Non-current Net operating loss carryforward 14,247,000 14,165,000 Research and development credit 1,560,000 1,364,000 Total non-current 15,807,000 15,529,000 Total deferred tax asset 15,837,000 15,567,000 Less valuation allowance (15,837,000) (15,567,000) Net deferred tax asset $ - $ - The Company must make judgments as to whether the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. To the extent that the Company believes that recovery is not likely, it must establish a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance has been established for deferred tax assets which the Company does not believe meet the “more likely than not” criteria. The Company’s judgments regarding future taxable income may change due to changes in market conditions, changes in tax laws, tax planning strategies or other factors. If the Company’s assumptions and consequently its estimates change in the future, the valuation allowances it has established may be increased or decreased, resulting in a respective increase or decrease in income tax expense. At December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $ 41,664,000 1,401,000 In addition, the Company has research and development credits aggregating approximately $ 830,000 1,071,000 2015 2014 Federal expense expected at statutory rate $ (66,755) $ (79,885) State taxes, net of federal income tax benefit (11,455) (13,708) Other 135,326 332,209 Change in valuation allowance (56,316) (237,816) Effective Income Tax $ 800 $ 800 The Company follows guidance issued by the FASB with regard to its accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. Such guidance prescribes a recognition threshold of more likely than not and a measurement process for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. In making this assessment, a company must determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, based solely on the technical merits of the position and must assume that the tax position will be examined by taxing authorities. The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties in general and administrative expenses. There were no interest and penalties recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company’s review of prior year tax positions using the criteria and provisions presented in guidance issued by the FASB did not result in a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. |