Summary of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Nature of operations | Nature of operations |
Barrett Business Services, Inc. (“BBSI”, the “Company”), is a leading provider of business management solutions for small-and mid-sized companies. The Company has developed a management platform that integrates a knowledge-based approach from the management consulting industry with tools from the human resource outsourcing industry. This platform, through the effective leveraging of human capital, assists our business owner clients in more effectively running their business. We believe this platform, delivered through a decentralized organizational structure, differentiates BBSI from our competitors. The Company operates through a network of branch offices throughout California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Maryland, Delaware and North Carolina. Approximately 77%, 74% and 69%, respectively, of our revenue during 2014, 2013 and 2012 was attributable to our California operations. BBSI was incorporated in Maryland in 1965. |
The Company operates a wholly owned captive insurance company, Associated Insurance Company for Excess (“AICE”). AICE is a fully licensed captive insurance company holding a certificate of authority from the Arizona Department of Insurance. The purpose of AICE is twofold: (1) to provide access to more competitive and cost effective insurance markets and (2) to provide additional flexibility in cost effective risk management. The captive handles the Company’s workers’ compensation claims occurring on or after January 1, 2007. AICE provides excess workers’ compensation coverage from $1.0 million up to $5.0 million per occurrence in the states of California, Oregon, Delaware and Washington. AICE also provides general liability insurance coverage for BBSI. |
The Company also operates a wholly owned insurance company, Ecole Insurance Company (“Ecole”). Ecole is a fully licensed insurance company holding a certificate of authority from the Arizona Department of Insurance. Ecole provides workers’ compensation coverage to the Company’s employees working in Arizona beginning with claims occurring on or after March 1, 2010. The restricted capital used to capitalize the insurance company was approximately $6.1 million and is included in restricted marketable securities and workers’ compensation deposits in our consolidated balance sheets. |
Principles of consolidation | Principles of consolidation |
The accompanying financial statements are prepared on a consolidated basis. All significant intercompany account balances and transactions between BBSI, AICE, Ecole and BBS I, LLC, the aircraft subsidiary which owns an aircraft for management’s operational travel needs, have been eliminated in consolidation. |
Reportable Segment | Reportable Segment |
The Company has one principal operating and reporting segment. The chief operating decision maker (currently our Chief Executive Officer) regularly reviews the financial information of our business at a consolidated level in deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. |
Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition |
We recognize revenue as services are rendered by our workforce. Professional employer (PEO) services are normally used by organizations to satisfy ongoing needs related to the management of human capital and are governed by the terms of a client services agreement with a minimum term of one year, which cover all employees at a particular work site. Our client services agreements are renewable on an annual basis and typically require 30 days’ written notice to cancel or terminate the contract by either party. Our client services agreements provide for immediate termination upon any default of the client regardless of when notice is given. We report PEO revenues on a net basis because we are not the primary obligor for the services provided by our clients to their customers pursuant to our client services agreements. Consequently, these service fee revenues represent the gross margin generated from our professional employer services after deducting the amounts invoiced to our clients for direct payroll expenses such as salaries, wages, health insurance, employee out-of-pocket expenses incurred incidental to employment, and safety incentives. These amounts are also excluded from cost of revenues. Professional Employer service fees also include amounts invoiced to our clients for employer payroll-related taxes and workers’ compensation coverage. Staffing services are engaged by customers to meet short-term and long-term personnel needs. |
Cost of revenues | Cost of revenues |
Our cost of revenues for PEO services includes employer payroll related taxes and workers’ compensation. Our cost of revenues for staffing services is comprised of direct payroll costs, employer payroll related taxes, employee benefits, and workers’ compensation. Direct payroll costs represent the gross payroll earned by staffing services employees based on salary or hourly wages. Payroll taxes and employee benefits consist of the employer’s portion of Social Security and Medicare taxes, federal and state unemployment taxes, and staffing services employee reimbursements for materials, supplies and other expenses, which are paid by our customer. Workers’ compensation costs consist primarily of the costs associated with our self-insured workers’ compensation program, such as claims reserves, claims administration fees, legal fees, state administrative agency fees and excess insurance premiums for catastrophic injuries. |
We maintain separate workers’ compensation insurance policies for employees working in states where the Company is not self-insured. Safety incentives represent cash incentives paid to certain client companies engaged in a client services agreement, for maintaining safe-work practices in order to minimize workplace injuries. The incentive is based on a percentage of annual payroll and is paid annually to clients who meet predetermined workers’ compensation claims cost objectives. |
Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents |
We consider non-restricted short-term investments, which are highly liquid, readily convertible into cash, and have original maturities of less than three months, to be cash equivalents for purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows. A substantial portion of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents is invested in tax-exempt money market funds managed by the Company’s principal bank. The Company maintains cash balances in bank accounts that normally exceed FDIC insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses related to its cash concentration. |
Marketable securities | Marketable securities |
As of December 31, 2014, the Company’s marketable securities consisted of tax-exempt municipal securities, U.S. Treasuries, variable rate demand notes (VRDN) and corporate bonds. We determine the appropriate classification for certain investments in debt securities, and classify our marketable securities as trading or available-for-sale. The Company classifies municipal securities, U.S. Treasuries, VRDN, and corporate bonds as available for sale; they are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity. Management considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairment of investments, including the duration and extent to which fair value is less than cost and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investments. In the event a loss is determined to be other-than-temporary, the loss will be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. |
Restricted marketable securities | Restricted marketable securities |
At December 31, 2014 and 2013, restricted marketable securities consisted of money market funds held in trust, U.S. Treasures, municipal debt instruments, and corporate debt instruments with maturities generally from 180 days to two years (see Note 3, Note 4 and Note 6). At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the approximate fair value of restricted marketable securities equaled their approximate amortized cost. Restricted marketable securities have been categorized as available-for-sale; they are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, shown as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on sales of restricted marketable securities are included in other income (expense) on our consolidated statements of operations. |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | Allowance for doubtful accounts |
We must make estimates of the collectability of our accounts receivable for services provided to our customers. Our management analyzes historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, current economic conditions, and changes in customers’ payment trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. |
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Our allowance for doubtful accounts activity is summarized as follows (in thousands): |
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| | 2014 | | | 2013 | | | 2012 | |
Balance at January 1, | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | | $ | 242 | | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 452 | |
Charges to expense | | | 103 | | | | 300 | | | | 195 | |
Write-offs of uncollectible accounts, net of recoveries | | | (54 | ) | | | (439 | ) | | | (266 | ) |
Balance at December 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Allowance for doubtful accounts | | $ | 291 | | | $ | 242 | | | $ | 381 | |
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Income taxes | Income taxes |
Our income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach. This requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the applicable tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company’s forecast of the reversal of temporary differences, future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company’s effective tax rate on future earnings. |
The determination of our provision for income taxes requires significant judgment, the use of estimates, and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. Significant judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items and the probability of sustaining uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on examination by the tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit is measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As facts and circumstances change, we reassess these probabilities and would record any changes in the consolidated financial statements as appropriate. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. |
Business combinations | Business combinations |
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Transaction costs incurred in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred. Changes in deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties after the measurement period are recognized in earnings. |
Goodwill and intangible assets | Goodwill and intangible assets |
Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for a business combination and the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if indicators of impairment are present or changes in circumstances suggest that impairment may exist. The Company has one reporting unit and evaluates the carrying value of goodwill annually at December 31. No impairment has been recognized in the periods presented. |
Our intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic useful lives. |
Property, equipment and software | Property, equipment and software |
Property, equipment and software are stated at cost. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expense as incurred and expenditures for additions and improvements are capitalized. The cost of assets sold or otherwise disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. |
Depreciation of property, equipment and software is calculated using either straight-line or accelerated methods over estimated useful lives of the related assets or lease terms, as follows: |
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Buildings | | 39 | | | | | | | | | | |
Office furniture and fixtures | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
Computer hardware and software | | 10-Mar | | | | | | | | | | |
Aircraft | | 20 | | | | | | | | | | |
Leasehold improvements | | Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life | | | | | | | | | | |
Impairment of long-lived assets | Impairment of long-lived assets |
Long-lived assets, such as property, equipment and software and acquired intangibles, subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the remaining estimated useful life may warrant revision or that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Some of the events or changes in circumstances that would trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, significant under-performance relative to expected and/or historical results (such as two years of significant sales declines or two years of significant negative operating cash flows), significant negative industry or economic trends, or knowledge of transactions involving the sale of similar property at amounts below the carrying value. |
Assets are grouped for recognition and measurement of impairment at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets. If the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds the estimated, undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset, then an impairment charge is recognized to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. In determining fair value, management considers current results, trends, future prospects, and other economic factors. |
Workers' compensation claims liabilities | Workers’ compensation claims liabilities |
The estimated liability for unsettled workers’ compensation claims represents an evaluation of information provided by our internal claims adjusters and our third-party administrators for workers’ compensation claims, coupled with an actuarial estimate of future cost development of reported claims and incurred but not reported claims (together, IBNR) provided by the Company’s independent actuary. Included in the claims liabilities are case reserve estimates for reported losses, plus additional amounts for estimated future development of reported claims and incurred but not reported claims as well as estimates for unallocated loss adjustment expenses, including legal costs. These estimates are continually reviewed and adjustments to liabilities are reflected in current operating results as they become known. |
The Company’s independent actuary provides management with an estimate of the current portion and long-term portion of our total workers’ compensation claims. The current portion represents the best estimate of 2014 and prior year claims expected to be paid out in 2015. The Company will also pay out a portion of the 2015 claims during 2015. |
Our workers’ compensation claims liabilities do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent management’s best estimate, generally utilizing actuarial expertise and projection techniques, at a given accounting date. The process of estimating unpaid claims and claim adjustment expense involves a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. These variables can be affected by both internal and external events such as changes in claims handling and reserve estimation procedures, changes in individuals involved in the reserve estimation process, inflation, legal trends and legislative changes. |
We use informed judgment throughout the process, derived from individual experiences and expertise applied to multiple sets of data and analysis. We consider all significant facts and circumstances known at the time loss reserves are established and as new facts and circumstances become known. Due to the inherent uncertainty underlying loss reserve estimates including, but not limited to, the future settlement environment, final resolution of our estimated liability for our workers’ compensation claims will likely be higher or lower than the related loss reserves at the reporting date. Therefore, actual paid losses, as specific claims are settled in the future, may be materially different in amount from our current loss reserves. |
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A basic premise in most actuarial analyses is that historical data and past patterns demonstrated in the incurred and paid historical data form a reasonable basis upon which to project future outcomes, absent a material change. To the extent a material change affecting the ultimate claim liability is known, such change is quantified to the extent possible through an analysis of internal Company data and, if available and when appropriate, external data. Significant structural changes to the available data can materially impact the reserve estimation process. Actuaries exercise a considerable degree of judgment in the evaluation of these factors in their analysis of reserves. The application of actuarial judgment is unavoidable when faced with material uncertainty. Different actuaries may choose different assumptions when faced with such uncertainty, based on their individual backgrounds, professional experiences and the context in which they are reviewing the reserves. Hence, the estimates selected by different actuaries may differ materially from each other. |
Safety incentives liability | Safety incentives liability |
Safety incentives represent cash incentives paid to certain PEO client companies for maintaining safe-work practices in order to minimize workplace injuries. The incentive is based on a percentage of annual payroll and is paid annually to customers who meet predetermined workers’ compensation claims cost objectives. Safety incentive payments are made only after closure of all workers’ compensation claims incurred during the customer’s contract period. The liability is estimated and accrued each month based upon contract year-to-date payroll and the then-current amount of the customer’s estimated workers’ compensation claims reserves as established by us and our third party administrator and the expected payout as determined by historical incentive payment trends. Safety incentive expense is netted against PEO services revenue in our consolidated statements of operations. |
Customer deposits | Customer deposits |
We require deposits from certain PEO customers to cover a portion of our accounts receivable due from such customers in the event of default of payment. |
Comprehensive (loss) income | Comprehensive (loss) income |
Comprehensive (loss) income includes all changes in equity during a period except those that resulted from investments by or distributions to the Company’s stockholders. |
Other comprehensive (loss) income refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles are included in comprehensive (loss) income, but excluded from net (loss) income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity. Our other comprehensive (loss) income is comprised of unrealized holding gains and losses on our available for sale marketable securities. |
Statements of cash flows | Statements of cash flows |
Interest paid during 2014, 2013 and 2012 did not materially differ from interest expense. |
Income taxes paid by the Company in 2014, 2013 and 2012 totaled $3.3 million, $9.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively. |
Basic and diluted earnings per share | Basic and diluted earnings per share |
Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for each year using the treasury method. Diluted earnings per share reflect the potential effects of the exercise of outstanding stock options. Basic and diluted shares outstanding are summarized as follows (in thousands): |
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| | Year Ended | |
December 31, |
| | 2014 | | | 2013 | | | 2012 | |
Weighted average number of basic shares outstanding | | | 7,160 | | | | 7,105 | | | | 7,723 | |
Effect of dilutive securities | | | 0 | | | | 292 | | | | 140 | |
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Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding | | | 7,160 | | | | 7,397 | | | | 7,863 | |
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As a result of the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2014, 227,000 potential common shares have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. |
Reclassifications | Reclassifications |
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2014 presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on the Company’s financial condition, operating results, cash flows, working capital or stockholder’s equity. |
Accounting estimates | Accounting estimates |
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Estimates are used for carrying values of marketable securities, allowance for doubtful accounts, deferred income taxes, carrying values for goodwill and property and equipment, accrued workers’ compensation liabilities and safety incentive liabilities. Actual results may or may not differ from such estimates. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method or determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting. |
In September 2014, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The new guidance requires an entity’s management to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and if so, disclose that fact. Management is also required to evaluate and disclose whether its plans alleviate that doubt. The guidance is effective for us in 2017 and will be applicable to both annual and interim reporting periods. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. |