Segment Information, Nature of Operations, and Certain Concentrations | 2. Segment Information, Nature of Operations, and Certain Concentrations Our homebuilding operations primarily construct and sell single-family detached homes, townhomes and condominium buildings under three trade names: Ryan Homes, NVHomes and Heartland Homes. The Ryan Homes product is marketed primarily to first-time and first-time move-up buyers. Ryan Homes operates in thirty-three metropolitan areas located in Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Ohio, New Jersey, Delaware, Indiana, Illinois and Tennessee. The NVHomes and Heartland Homes products are marketed primarily to move-up and luxury buyers. NVHomes operates in Delaware and the Washington, D.C., Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA metropolitan areas. Heartland Homes operates in the Pittsburgh, PA metropolitan area. We derived approximately 24% and 10% of our 2020 homebuilding revenues from the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, MD metropolitan areas, respectively. Our mortgage banking segment is a regional mortgage banking operation. Substantially all of our loan closing activity is for our homebuilding customers. Our mortgage banking business generates revenues primarily from origination fees, gains on sales of loans, and title fees. A substantial portion of our mortgage operations is conducted in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, MD metropolitan areas. The following disclosure includes four homebuilding reportable segments that aggregate geographically our homebuilding operating segments, and the mortgage banking operations presented as a single reportable segment. The homebuilding reportable segments are comprised of operating divisions in the following geographic areas: Mid Atlantic: Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware and Washington, D.C. North East: New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania Mid East: New York, Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, Indiana and Illinois South East: North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Tennessee Homebuilding profit before tax includes all revenues and income generated from the sale of homes, less the cost of homes sold, selling, general and administrative expenses, and a corporate capital allocation charge. The corporate capital allocation charge is eliminated in consolidation and is based on the segment’s average net assets employed. The corporate capital allocation charged to the operating segment allows the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to determine whether the operating segment’s results are providing the desired rate of return after covering our cost of capital. Assets not allocated to the operating segments are not included in either the operating segment's corporate capital allocation charge or the CODM's evaluation of the operating segment's performance. We record charges on contract land deposits when it is determined that it is probable that recovery of the deposit is impaired. For segment reporting purposes, impairments on contract land deposits are charged to the operating segment upon the termination of an LPA with the developer, or the restructuring of an LPA resulting in the forfeiture of the deposit. Mortgage banking profit before tax consists of revenues generated from mortgage financing, title insurance and closing services, less the costs of such services and general and administrative costs. Mortgage banking operations are not charged a corporate capital allocation charge. In addition to the corporate capital allocation and contract land deposit impairments discussed above, the other reconciling items between segment profit and consolidated profit before tax include unallocated corporate overhead (including all management incentive compensation), equity-based compensation expense, consolidation adjustments and external corporate interest expense. Our overhead functions, such as accounting, treasury and human resources are centrally performed and the costs are not allocated to our operating segments. Consolidation adjustments consist of such items necessary to convert the reportable segments’ results, which are predominately maintained on a cash basis, to a full accrual basis for external financial statement presentation purposes, and are not allocated to our operating segments. External corporate interest expense primarily consists of interest charges on our 3.95% Senior Notes due 2022 and 3.00% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “Senior Notes”), which are not charged to the operating segments because the charges are included in the corporate capital allocation discussed above. The following tables present certain segment financial data, with reconciliations to the amounts reported for the consolidated company, where applicable: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Revenues: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 3,668,542 $ 3,901,573 $ 3,893,358 Homebuilding North East 538,772 514,804 580,726 Homebuilding Mid East 1,524,667 1,501,139 1,455,834 Homebuilding South East 1,596,908 1,303,328 1,074,386 Mortgage Banking 208,034 167,820 159,370 Consolidated revenues $ 7,536,923 $ 7,388,664 $ 7,163,674 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Profit before taxes: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 437,849 $ 478,537 $ 462,178 Homebuilding North East 50,677 51,728 69,789 Homebuilding Mid East 168,605 173,374 175,134 Homebuilding South East 205,029 155,144 118,296 Mortgage Banking 143,319 105,292 93,462 Total segment profit 1,005,479 964,075 918,859 Reconciling items: Contract land deposit reserve adjustment (1) (24,633) 1,644 783 Equity-based compensation expense (2) (50,794) (78,532) (75,701) Corporate capital allocation (4) 239,233 224,468 213,903 Unallocated corporate overhead (114,921) (105,125) (89,973) Consolidation adjustments and other (3) 63,025 43,486 15,829 Corporate interest expense (39,356) (24,221) (23,968) Reconciling items sub-total 72,554 61,720 40,873 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 1,078,033 $ 1,025,795 $ 959,732 (1) This item represents changes to the contract land deposit impairment reserve, which are not allocated to the reportable segments. See further discussion of contract land deposit impairment charges in Note 3. (2) The decrease in equity-based compensation expense in 2020 was primarily attributable to stock options issued in 2014 under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan becoming fully vested in 2019. In addition, there were higher stock option forfeitures in 2020 compared to 2019. (3) The increase in 2020 relates primarily to the significant increase in lumber prices during the second half of 2020. Our reportable segments' results include intercompany profits of our production facilities, which were negatively impacted by the increase in lumber costs. The increase in lumber costs related to homes not yet settled is eliminated through the consolidation adjustment. As these homes currently in inventory are settled in subsequent quarters, our consolidated homebuilding margins will be negatively impacted by the higher lumber costs. (4) This item represents the elimination of the corporate capital allocation charge included in the respective homebuilding reportable segments. The corporate capital allocation charge is based on the segment’s monthly average asset balance, and was as follows for the years presented: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Corporate capital allocation charge: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 124,426 $ 123,130 $ 123,855 Homebuilding North East 22,850 19,755 17,893 Homebuilding Mid East 40,256 37,263 35,803 Homebuilding South East 51,701 44,320 36,352 Total corporate capital allocation charge $ 239,233 $ 224,468 $ 213,903 As of December 31, 2020 2019 Assets: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 1,140,910 $ 1,024,996 Homebuilding North East 202,591 166,860 Homebuilding Mid East 377,448 293,773 Homebuilding South East 494,295 400,979 Mortgage Banking 555,278 560,407 Total segment assets 2,770,522 2,447,015 Reconciling items: Cash and cash equivalents 2,714,720 1,110,892 Deferred taxes 132,980 115,731 Intangible assets and goodwill 49,678 49,834 Operating lease right-of-use assets 53,110 63,825 Finance lease right-of-use assets 15,772 7,052 Contract land deposit reserve (52,205) (27,572) Consolidation adjustments and other 92,564 43,038 Reconciling items sub-total 3,006,619 1,362,800 Consolidated assets $ 5,777,141 $ 3,809,815 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Interest income: Mortgage Banking $ 8,930 $ 12,142 $ 11,593 Total segment interest income 8,930 12,142 11,593 Other unallocated interest income 8,549 20,635 8,588 Consolidated interest income $ 17,479 $ 32,777 $ 20,181 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Interest expense: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 124,486 $ 123,178 $ 123,908 Homebuilding North East 22,859 19,804 17,897 Homebuilding Mid East 40,261 37,266 35,804 Homebuilding South East 51,729 44,334 36,362 Mortgage Banking 1,414 1,045 1,045 Total segment interest expense 240,749 225,627 215,016 Corporate capital allocation (4) (239,233) (224,468) (213,903) Senior Notes and other interest 39,356 24,221 23,968 Consolidated interest expense $ 40,872 $ 25,380 $ 25,081 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Depreciation and amortization: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 6,806 $ 7,069 $ 7,753 Homebuilding North East 1,800 1,411 1,600 Homebuilding Mid East 4,969 4,348 3,481 Homebuilding South East 3,636 3,086 2,523 Mortgage Banking 1,534 1,581 1,489 Total segment depreciation and amortization 18,745 17,495 16,846 Unallocated corporate 3,247 3,323 3,322 Consolidated depreciation and amortization $ 21,992 $ 20,818 $ 20,168 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Expenditures for property and equipment: Homebuilding Mid Atlantic $ 5,712 $ 9,218 $ 6,657 Homebuilding North East 1,083 2,000 1,074 Homebuilding Mid East 5,041 5,221 4,302 Homebuilding South East 3,818 3,944 2,732 Mortgage Banking 265 899 1,677 Total segment expenditures for property and equipment 15,919 21,282 16,442 Unallocated corporate 200 1,417 3,223 Consolidated expenditures for property and equipment $ 16,119 $ 22,699 $ 19,665 |