Loans and Leases | Loans and Leases The Company classifies loans that we have the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity as LHFI. We report LHFI loans at their amortized cost, which includes the outstanding principal balance adjusted for any unamortized premiums, discounts, deferred fees and unamortized fair value for acquired loans: September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 (dollars in millions) Amount Percent of Amount Percent of Loans and Leases Held for Investment: Mortgage Loans: Multi-family $ 37,698 44.9 % $ 38,130 55.3 % Commercial real estate 10,486 12.5 % 8,526 12.4 % One-to-four family first mortgage 5,882 7.0 % 5,821 8.4 % Acquisition, development, and construction 2,910 3.5 % 1,996 2.8 % Total mortgage loans held for investment (1) $ 56,976 67.9 % $ 54,473 78.9 % Other Loans: Commercial and industrial 21,275 25.3 % 10,597 15.4 % Lease financing, net of unearned income of $243 and $85, respectively 3,148 3.7 % 1,679 2.4 % Total commercial and industrial loans (2) 24,423 29.0 % 12,276 17.8 % Other 2,596 3.1 % 2,252 3.3 % Total other loans held for investment 27,019 32.1 % 14,528 21.1 % Total loans and leases held for investment (1) $ 83,995 100.0 % $ 69,001 100.0 % Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases (619) (393) Total loans and leases held for investment, net 83,376 68,608 Loans held for sale, at fair value 1,926 1,115 Total loans and leases, net $ 85,302 $ 69,723 (1) Excludes accrued interest receivable of $405 million and $292 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. (2) Includes specialty finance loans and leases of $5.2 billion and $4.4 billion at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Loans with Government Guarantees Substantially all LGG are insured or guaranteed by the FHA or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Nonperforming repurchased loans in this portfolio earn interest at a rate based upon the 10-year U.S. Treasury note rate from the time the underlying loan becomes 60 days delinquent until the loan is conveyed to HUD (if foreclosure timelines are met), which is not paid by the FHA until claimed. The Bank has a unilateral option to repurchase loans sold to GNMA if the loan is due, but unpaid, for three consecutive months (typically referred to as 90 days past due) and can recover losses through a claims process from the guarantor. These loans are recorded in loans held for investment and the liability to repurchase the loans is recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Condition. Certain loans within our portfolio may be subject to indemnifications and insurance limits which expose us to limited credit risk. As of September 30, 2023, LGG loans totaled $563 million and the repurchase liability was $362 million. Repossessed assets and the associated net claims related to government guaranteed loans are recorded in other assets and was $12 million at September 30, 2023. Loans Held-for-Sale Loans held-for-sale at September 30, 2023 totaled $1.9 billion, up from $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022. The Signature Transaction contributed $360 million in Small Business Administration ("SBA") loans to this increase. We classify loans as held for sale when we originate or purchase loans that we intend to sell. We have elected the fair value option for nearly all of this portfolio, except the SBA loans. We estimate the fair value of mortgage loans based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans, where available, or by discounting estimated cash flows using observable inputs inclusive of interest rates, prepayment speeds and loss assumptions for similar collateral. Asset Quality All asset quality information excludes LGG that are insured by U.S government agencies. A loan generally is classified as a non-accrual loan when it is 90 days or more past due or when it is deemed to be impaired because the Company no longer expects to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, management ceases the accrual of interest owed, and previously accrued interest is charged against interest income. A loan is generally returned to accrual status when the loan is current and management has reasonable assurance that the loan will be fully collectible. Interest income on non-accrual loans is recorded when received in cash. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 we had no loans that were nonperforming and still accruing. The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at September 30, 2023: (in millions) Loans 30-89 Days Past Due Non- Accrual Loans Total Past Due Loans Current Loans Total Loans Receivable Multi-family $ 60 $ 102 $ 162 $ 37,536 $ 37,698 Commercial real estate 26 157 183 10,303 10,486 One-to-four family first mortgage 19 90 109 5,773 5,882 Acquisition, development, and construction 1 1 2 2,908 2,910 Commercial and industrial (1) 43 65 108 24,315 24,423 Other 20 19 39 2,557 2,596 Total $ 169 $ 434 $ 603 $ 83,392 $ 83,995 (1) Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were current. The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at December 31, 2022: (in millions) Loans 30-89 Days Past Due Non- Accrual Loans Total Past Due Loans Current Loans Total Loans Receivable Multi-family $ 34 $ 13 $ 47 $ 38,083 $ 38,130 Commercial real estate 2 20 22 8,504 8,526 One-to-four family first mortgage 21 92 113 5,708 5,821 Acquisition, development, and construction — — — 1,996 1,996 Commercial and industrial (1) 2 3 5 12,271 12,276 Other 11 13 24 2,228 2,252 Total $ 70 $ 141 $ 211 $ 68,790 $ 69,001 (1) Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were current. The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at September 30, 2023: Mortgage Loans Other Loans (in millions) Multi- Family Commercial Real Estate One-to- Four Family Acquisition, Development, and Construction Total Mortgage Loans Commercial and Industrial (1) Other Total Other Loans Credit Quality Indicator: Pass (2) $ 36,027 $ 9,248 $ 5,780 $ 2,894 $ 53,949 $ 24,162 $ 2,572 $ 26,734 Special mention 776 425 3 15 1,219 94 — 94 Substandard 895 813 99 1 1,808 160 24 184 Doubtful — — — — — 7 — 7 Total $ 37,698 $ 10,486 $ 5,882 $ 2,910 $ 56,976 $ 24,423 $ 2,596 $ 27,019 (1) Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were classified as Pass. (2) Pass includes 1-6W. The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2022: Mortgage Loans Other Loans (in millions) Multi- Family Commercial Real Estate One-to- Four Family Acquisition, Development, and Construction Total Mortgage Loans Commercial and Industrial (1) Other Total Other Loans Credit Quality Indicator: Pass (2) $ 36,622 $ 7,871 $ 5,710 $ 1,992 $ 52,195 $ 12,208 $ 2,238 $ 14,446 Special mention 864 230 8 4 1,106 18 — 18 Substandard 644 425 103 — 1,172 50 14 64 Doubtful — — — — — — — — Total $ 38,130 $ 8,526 $ 5,821 $ 1,996 $ 54,473 $ 12,276 $ 2,252 $ 14,528 (1) Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were classified as Pass. (2) Pass includes 1-6W. The preceding classifications are the most current ones available and generally have been updated within the last twelve months. In addition, they follow regulatory guidelines and can generally be described as follows: pass loans are of satisfactory quality; special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention; substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged (these loans have a well-defined weakness and there is a possibility that the Company will sustain some loss); and doubtful loans, based on existing circumstances, have weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. In addition, one-to-four family loans are classified based on the duration of the delinquency. The following table presents, by credit quality indicator, loan class, and year of origination, the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2023: Vintage Year (in millions) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior To 2019 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Total Pass (1) $ 2,218 $ 13,695 $ 10,148 $ 9,547 $ 5,247 $ 11,115 $ 1,972 $ 7 $ 53,949 Special Mention 2 46 26 176 211 758 — — 1,219 Substandard 44 18 32 38 331 1,342 — 3 1,808 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total mortgage loans $ 2,264 $ 13,759 $ 10,206 $ 9,761 $ 5,789 $ 13,215 $ 1,972 $ 10 $ 56,976 Current-period gross writeoffs — — — — (2) (17) — — (19) Pass (1) $ 8,458 $ 3,924 $ 1,980 $ 1,619 $ 993 $ 1,021 $ 8,418 $ 321 $ 26,734 Special Mention 7 24 6 3 37 13 4 — 94 Substandard 16 28 21 16 5 46 42 10 184 Doubtful — — 7 — — — — — 7 Total other loans $ 8,481 $ 3,976 $ 2,014 $ 1,638 $ 1,035 $ 1,080 $ 8,464 $ 331 $ 27,019 Current-period gross writeoffs $ (6) $ (2) $ (1) $ (1) $ (2) $ (3) $ — $ — $ (15) Total $ 10,745 $ 17,735 $ — $ 12,220 $ 11,399 $ 6,824 $ 14,295 $ 10,436 $ 341 $ 83,995 (1) Pass includes 1-6W. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, for loans that are individually evaluated the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral adjusted for selling costs. When the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the collateral-dependent practical expedient has been elected and expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. For CRE loans, collateral properties include office buildings, warehouse/distribution buildings, shopping centers, apartment buildings, residential and commercial tract development. The primary source of repayment on these loans is expected to come from the sale, permanent financing or lease of the real property collateral. CRE loans are impacted by fluctuations in collateral values, as well as the ability of the borrower to obtain permanent financing. The following table summarizes the extent to which collateral secures the Company’s collateral-dependent loans held for investment by collateral type as of September 30, 2023: Collateral Type (in millions) Real Property Other Multi-family $ 102 $ — Commercial real estate 170 — One-to-four family first mortgage 100 — Commercial and industrial — 33 Other — — Total collateral-dependent loans held for investment $ 372 $ 33 Other collateral type consists of taxi medallions, cash, accounts receivable and inventory. There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures the Company’s collateral-dependent financial assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $92 million and $121 million of residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure and no residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure, respectively. Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02- Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. For additional information on the adoption, refer to Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation. When borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty, the Company may make certain loan modifications as part of loss mitigation strategies to maximize expected payment. Modifications in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, or an other-than-insignificant payment delay or a term extension that have occurred in the current reporting period to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty are disclosed along with the financial impact of the modifications. The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of loans modified during the reporting period to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of modification: Amortized Cost (dollars in millions) Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Combination - Interest Rate Reduction & Term Extension Total Percent of Total Loan class Three months ended September 30, 2023 Multi-family $ 100 $ — $ — $ 100 0.95 % Commercial real estate 67 — — 67 0.64 % One-to-four family first mortgage 3 1 2 6 0.10 % Commercial and Industrial 1 11 2 14 0.07 % Other Consumer — — 1 1 0.04 % Total $ 171 $ 12 $ 5 $ 188 Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Multi-family $ 100 $ — $ — $ 100 0.95 % Commercial real estate 119 — — 119 1.13 % One-to-four family first mortgage 3 4 5 12 0.20 % Commercial and Industrial 1 18 2 21 0.09 % Other Consumer $ — $ — $ 1 1 0.04 % Total $ 223 $ 22 $ 8 $ 253 The following table describes the financial effect of the modification made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty: Interest Rate Reduction Term Extension Weighted-average contractual interest rate From To Weighted-average Term (in years) Three months ended September 30, 2023 Multi-family 7.73 % 6.17 % Commercial real estate 10.77 % 4.32 % One-to-four family first mortgage — % — % 9.9 Commercial and industrial 8.02 % 7.74 % 0.36 Other Consumer 9.28 % 4.75 % 4.8 Nine months ended September 30, 2023 Multi-family 7.73 % 6.17 % Commercial real estate 10.48 % 4.18 % One-to-four family first mortgage — % — % 12.1 Commercial and industrial 8.02 % 7.74 % 0.46 Other Consumer 14.49 % 8.00 % 4.8 As of September 30, 2023, there were $3 million one-to-four family first mortgages that were modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that received term extension and subsequently defaulted during the period and $5 million one-to-four family first mortgages that were combination modifications and subsequently defaulted during the period. The performance of loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in which modifications were made is closely monitored to understand the effectiveness of modification efforts. Loans are considered to be in payment default at 90 or more days past due. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified during the reporting period: September 30, 2023 (dollars in millions) Current 30 - 89 Past Due 90+ Past Due Total One-to-four family first mortgage 1 — 9 10 Commercial and industrial 21 — — 21 Other Consumer 1 — — 1 Total $ 23 $ — $ 9 $ 32 Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to Adoption of ASU 2022-02 Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company accounted for certain loan modifications and restructurings as TDRs. In general, a modification or restructuring of a loan constituted a TDR if the Company granted a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. A loan modified as a TDR was generally placed on non-accrual status until the Company determined that future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which requires, among other things, that the borrower demonstrate performance according to the restructured terms for a period of at least six consecutive months. In determining the Company’s allowance for loan and lease losses, reasonably expected TDRs were individually evaluated and consist of criticized, classified, or maturing loans that will have a modification processed within the next three months. In an effort to proactively manage delinquent loans, the Company has selectively extended to certain borrowers concessions such as rate reductions, extension of maturity dates, and forbearance agreements. As of September 30, 2022, loans on which concessions were made with respect to rate reductions and/or extension of maturity dates amounted to $45 million. The following table presents information regarding the Company's TDRs as of September 30, 2022: September 30, 2022 (dollars in millions) Accruing Non- Accrual Total Loan Category: Multi-family $ — $ 6 $ 6 Commercial real estate 16 19 35 Commercial and industrial (1) — 4 4 Total $ 16 $ 29 $ 45 (1) Includes $4 million of taxi medallion-related loans at September 30, 2022. The financial effects of the Company’s TDRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Weighted Average Interest Rate (dollars in millions) Number of Loans Pre- Modification Recorded Investment Post- Modification Recorded Investment Pre- Modification Post- Modification Charge- off Amount Capitalized Interest Loan Category: Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial real estate 0 $ — $ — — % — % $ — $ — Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Commercial real estate 2 $ 22 $ 19 6.00 % 4.02 % $ 3 $ — |