Investments | 3. Investments The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed maturities and equity securities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: December 31, 2017 Gross Gross ($ in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Fixed maturities, available for sale U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 416,639 $ 5,322 $ (12,366 ) $ 409,595 Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 741,343 37,908 (2,720 ) 776,531 Foreign government 24,242 234 (1,685 ) 22,791 All other corporate securities 6,169,204 258,440 (37,898 ) 6,389,746 ABS 478,329 5,289 (3,395 ) 480,223 CMBS 189,596 1,377 (3,148 ) 187,825 RMBS 127,439 6,520 (509 ) 133,450 Redeemable preferred stock 14,800 — — 14,800 Total fixed maturities, available for sale $ 8,161,592 $ 315,090 $ (61,721 ) $ 8,414,961 Common stock 8,152 — — 8,152 Total fixed maturities and equity securities $ 8,169,744 $ 315,090 $ (61,721 ) $ 8,423,113 December 31, 2016 Gross Gross ($ in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Fixed maturities, available for sale U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 508,635 $ 7,681 $ (14,979 ) $ 501,337 Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 702,415 15,936 (8,614 ) 709,737 Foreign government 31,009 303 (3,257 ) 28,055 All other corporate securities 5,963,354 74,854 (151,382 ) 5,886,826 ABS 512,486 5,370 (10,093 ) 507,763 CMBS 385,757 1,283 (5,778 ) 381,262 RMBS 180,492 5,556 (2,903 ) 183,145 Total fixed maturities, available for sale $ 8,284,148 $ 110,983 $ (197,006 ) $ 8,198,125 Common stock 5,100 — — 5,100 Total fixed maturities and equity securities $ 8,289,248 $ 110,983 $ (197,006 ) $ 8,203,225 Scheduled Maturities The scheduled maturities for fixed maturities, available for sale, were as follows as of December 31, 2017: ($ in thousands) Amortized Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 248,382 $ 249,454 Due after one year through five years 887,745 901,528 Due after five years through ten years 1,130,051 1,166,334 Due after ten years 4,843,874 5,042,200 Total before asset and mortgage-backed securities $ 7,110,052 $ 7,359,516 Asset and mortgage-backed securities 1,051,540 1,055,445 Total fixed maturities $ 8,161,592 $ 8,414,961 Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates. Commercial Mortgage Loans The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region to reduce concentration risk. The Company’s commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region was as follows as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Alabama $ 1,056 $ 1,287 Arizona 20,009 20,389 California 173,101 255,023 Colorado 57,293 57,269 Connecticut — 25,317 Florida 103,869 123,194 Georgia 63,526 65,414 Hawaii 5,020 6,099 Illinois 87,957 114,549 Iowa 791 1,033 Kansas 9,200 9,200 Kentucky 6,538 7,154 Maine — 3,686 Maryland 19,851 20,975 Massachusetts 53,605 77,772 Minnesota 116,923 132,395 Nevada 80,768 84,721 New Jersey 34,101 65,908 New York 50,691 66,502 North Carolina 34,022 55,851 Ohio 12,526 38,611 Pennsylvania 1,007 31,929 South Carolina 1,310 1,948 Tennessee — 3,238 Texas 100,066 133,020 Utah 7,823 42,641 Virginia 975 1,676 Washington 77 3,681 Wisconsin 1,082 4,674 General allowance for loan loss — — Total commercial mortgage loans $ 1,043,187 $ 1,455,156 Credit Quality of Commercial Mortgage Loans The credit quality of commercial mortgage loans held-for-investment December 31, 2017 Recorded Investment Debt Service Coverage Ratios ($ in thousands) > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total % of Total Estimated Fair % of Total Loan-to-value Less than 65% $ 731,577 $ 48,895 $ — $ 780,472 74.8 % $ 782,640 74.9 % 65% to 75% 222,771 39,944 — 262,715 25.2 % 261,891 25.1 % 76% to 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Greater than 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Total $ 954,348 $ 88,839 $ — $ 1,043,187 100.0 % $ 1,044,531 100.0 % December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment Debt Service Coverage Ratios ($ in thousands) > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total % of Total Estimated Fair % of Total Loan-to-value Less than 65% $ 785,149 $ 36,743 $ 11,354 $ 833,246 57.3 % $ 848,702 57.9 % 65% to 75% 581,188 25,317 — 606,505 41.7 % 601,587 41.1 % 76% to 80% 10,493 — — 10,493 0.7 % 10,494 0.7 % Greater than 80% 4,912 — — 4,912 0.3 % 4,330 0.3 % Total $ 1,381,742 $ 62,060 $ 11,354 $ 1,455,156 100.0 % $ 1,465,113 100.0 % As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2017, $1,043.2 million of commercial mortgage and other loans were in current status with no commercial mortgage or other loans classified as past due. As of December 31, 2016, $1,450.3 million of commercial mortgage loans were in current status and one commercial mortgage with book value of $4.9 million was 90-179 Impaired loans include those loans for which it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. During 2017, the Company did not record any impairments related to commercial mortgage loans. For 2016, the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell the past due loan, described above, exceeded book value. The Company’s commercial mortgages may occasionally be involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no commitments to fund to borrowers that have been involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no new troubled debt restructurings related to commercial mortgages and no payment defaults on commercial mortgages other than as described above. Other Invested Assets Other invested assets were as follows as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 ($ in thousands) Low income housing tax credit properties $ 138 $ 457 Derivatives 21,045 18,949 $ 21,183 $ 19,406 Net Investment Income Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was as follows: 2017 2016 2015 ($ in thousands) Fixed maturities, available for sale $ 345,299 $ 330,253 $ 334,931 Common Stock 224 — — Fair value option and trading securities 3,755 454 — Commercial mortgage loans 56,510 69,360 63,028 Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 1,718 1,007 511 Other investments 8,421 8,845 9,543 Gross investment income $ 415,927 $ 409,919 $ 408,013 Investment expenses 14,814 12,836 9,082 Net investment income $ 401,113 $ 397,083 $ 398,931 Realized Investment Gains and Losses Realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: 2017 2016 2015 ($ in thousands) Realized investment gains, net Fixed maturities, available for sale $ 11,434 $ 66,560 $ 120,421 Fair value option and trading securities 1,486 (733 ) — Commercial mortgage loans 5,935 4,037 2,325 Derivatives 19,360 3,856 (9,208 ) Other invested assets (92 ) — — Net realized gains $ 38,123 $ 73,720 $ 113,538 There were $4.4 million in other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017. These securities were impaired to fair value as of the impairment date and were considered credit impairments. No other-than-temporary impairment losses were included in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2017 or 2016. There were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities and gross realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: 2017 2016 2015 ($ in thousands) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale Proceeds from sales $ 1,496,242 $ 3,027,998 $ 3,864,356 Gross investment gains from sales 29,271 109,282 142,534 Gross investment losses from sales (11,893 ) (35,136 ) (16,348 ) Proceeds from sales excludes non-taxable Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses The gross unrealized losses and fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows as of December 31, 2017 and 2016: December 31, 2017 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months ($ in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 215,767 $ (3,499 ) $ 107,344 $ (8,867 ) $ 323,111 $ (12,366 ) Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 38,171 (825 ) 45,877 (1,895 ) 84,048 (2,720 ) Foreign government 296 (4 ) 11,098 (1,681 ) 11,394 (1,685 ) All other corporate securities 740,795 (6,841 ) 489,367 (31,057 ) 1,230,162 (37,898 ) ABS 77,050 (689 ) 99,327 (2,706 ) 176,377 (3,395 ) CMBS 72,725 (593 ) 36,540 (2,555 ) 109,265 (3,148 ) RMBS 6,908 (118 ) 21,835 (391 ) 28,743 (509 ) Total fixed maturities $ 1,151,712 $ (12,569 ) $ 811,388 $ (49,152 ) $ 1,963,100 $ (61,721 ) December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months ($ in thousands) Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross Fair Value Gross U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 276,025 $ (14,951 ) $ 1,059 $ (28 ) $ 277,084 $ (14,979 ) Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 206,090 (8,314 ) 5,274 (300 ) 211,364 (8,614 ) Foreign government 769 (34 ) 14,632 (3,223 ) 15,401 (3,257 ) All other corporate securities 2,385,689 (94,085 ) 512,710 (57,297 ) 2,898,399 (151,382 ) ABS 204,555 (8,456 ) 39,450 (1,637 ) 244,005 (10,093 ) CMBS 228,303 (5,231 ) 43,903 (547 ) 272,206 (5,778 ) RMBS 61,058 (1,659 ) 40,454 (1,244 ) 101,512 (2,903 ) Total fixed maturities $ 3,362,489 $ (132,730 ) $ 657,482 $ (64,276 ) $ 4,019,971 $ (197,006 ) Portfolio Monitoring The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed maturity security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired. For each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings. If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed maturity security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company’s portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company’s evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment for these fixed maturity securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost. Net Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses in AOCI The changes in unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015: ($ in thousands) Net Unrealized VOBA Future Policy Deferred Accumulated Other Balance, December 31, 2014 $ 159,261 $ (20,287 ) $ (7,541 ) $ (45,935 ) $ 85,498 Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period (408,019 ) — — 142,807 (265,212 ) Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income 79,023 — — (27,658 ) 51,365 Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — 57,061 — (19,971 ) 37,090 Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — 60,447 (21,157 ) 39,290 Balance, December 31, 2015 $ (327,781 ) $ 36,774 $ 52,906 $ 83,402 $ (154,699 ) Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period 160,311 — — (56,111 ) 104,200 Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income (81,920 ) — — 28,672 (53,248 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — (30,948 ) — 10,832 (20,116 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — (28,924 ) 10,123 (18,801 ) Balance, December 31, 2016 $ (85,550 ) $ 5,826 $ 23,982 $ 19,574 $ (36,168 ) Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period 332,918 — — (111,486 ) 221,432 Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income (6,001 ) — — 2,100 (3,901 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — (21,843 ) — 7,645 (14,198 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — (157,156 ) 55,005 (102,151 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 253,369 $ (16,017 ) $ (133,174 ) $ (31,362 ) $ 72,816 |