Investments | 3. Investments The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed maturities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows: December 31, 2018 Gross Gross ($ in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Fixed maturities, available for sale U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 305,336 $ 5,423 $ (8,833 ) $ 301,926 Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 747,872 21,407 (6,814 ) 762,465 Foreign government 22,476 8 (2,507 ) 19,977 All other corporate securities 5,830,098 22,671 (328,363 ) 5,524,406 ABS 404,935 422 (13,312 ) 392,045 CMBS 307,430 1,494 (7,957 ) 300,967 RMBS 83,965 4,289 (566 ) 87,688 Redeemable preferred stock 14,800 — — 14,800 Total fixed maturities, available for sale $ 7,716,912 $ 55,714 $ (368,352 ) $ 7,404,274 December 31, 2017 Gross Gross ($ in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Value Fixed maturities, available for sale U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 416,639 $ 5,322 $ (12,366 ) $ 409,595 Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 741,343 37,908 (2,720 ) 776,531 Foreign government 24,242 234 (1,685 ) 22,791 All other corporate securities 6,169,204 258,440 (37,898 ) 6,389,746 ABS 478,329 5,289 (3,395 ) 480,223 CMBS 189,596 1,377 (3,148 ) 187,825 RMBS 127,439 6,520 (509 ) 133,450 Redeemable preferred stock 14,800 — — 14,800 Total fixed maturities, available for sale $ 8,161,592 $ 315,090 $ (61,721 ) $ 8,414,961 Scheduled Maturities The scheduled maturities for fixed maturities, available for sale, were as follows as of December 31, 2018: ($ in thousands) Amortized Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 198,865 $ 198,415 Due after one year through five years 782,318 783,443 Due after five years through ten years 801,362 783,970 Due after ten years 4,927,645 4,651,395 Total before asset and mortgage-backed securities $ 6,710,190 $ 6,417,223 Asset and mortgage-backed securities 1,006,722 987,051 Total fixed maturities $ 7,716,912 $ 7,404,274 Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates. Commercial Mortgage Loans The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region to reduce concentration risk. The Company’s commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographical region was as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: ($ in thousands) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Alabama $ 815 $ 1,056 Arizona 36,110 20,009 California 145,023 173,101 Colorado 61,191 57,293 Florida 54,630 103,869 Georgia 20,144 63,526 Hawaii 3,895 5,020 Illinois 86,832 87,957 Iowa 538 791 Kansas 9,200 9,200 Kentucky — 6,538 Maryland — 19,851 Massachusetts 29,836 53,605 Minnesota 23,612 116,923 Nevada 80,396 80,768 New Jersey 20,773 34,101 New York 48,375 50,691 North Carolina 33,447 34,022 Ohio 12,322 12,526 Pennsylvania 50,351 1,007 South Carolina 24,766 1,310 Texas 109,735 100,066 Utah — 7,823 Virginia 248 975 Washington — 77 Wisconsin 834 1,082 General allowance for loan loss — — Total commercial mortgage loans $ 853,073 $ 1,043,187 Credit Quality of Commercial Mortgage Loans The credit quality of commercial mortgage loans held-for-investment December 31, 2018 Recorded Investment Debt Service Coverage Ratios ($ in thousands) > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total % of Total Estimated Fair % of Total Loan-to-value Less than 65% $ 628,279 $ 88,404 $ 37,446 $ 754,129 88.4 % $ 752,667 88.3 % 65% to 75% 50,000 48,944 — 98,944 11.6 % 99,367 11.7 % 76% to 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Greater than 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Total $ 678,279 $ 137,348 $ 37,446 $ 853,073 100.0 % $ 852,034 100.0 % December 31, 2017 Recorded Investment Debt Service Coverage Ratios ($ in thousands) > 1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x < 1.00x Total % of Total Estimated Fair % of Total Loan-to-value Less than 65% $ 731,577 $ 48,895 $ — $ 780,472 74.8 % $ 782,640 74.9 % 65% to 75% 222,771 39,944 — 262,715 25.2 % 261,891 25.1 % 76% to 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Greater than 80% — — — — 0.0 % — 0.0 % Total $ 954,348 $ 88,839 $ — $ 1,043,187 100.0 % $ 1,044,531 100.0 % As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no allowance for credit losses for commercial mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2018, $853.1 million of commercial mortgage and other loans were in current status with no commercial mortgage or other loans classified as past due. As of December 31, 2017, $1,043.2 million of commercial mortgage loans were in current status with no commercial mortgage or other loans classified as past due. The Company defines current in its aging of past due commercial mortgage and other loans as less than 30 days past due. Impaired loans include those loans for which it is probable that all amounts due will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. During 2018 and 2017, the Company did not record any impairments related to commercial mortgage loans. The Company’s commercial mortgages may occasionally be involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no commitments to fund to borrowers that have been involved in a troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no new troubled debt restructurings related to commercial mortgages and no payment defaults on commercial mortgages. Other Invested Assets Other invested assets were as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 ($ in thousands) Low income housing tax credit properties $ — $ 138 Derivatives 2,976 21,045 $ 2,976 $ 21,183 Net Investment Income Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows: 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands) Fixed maturities, available for sale $ 332,082 $ 345,299 $ 330,253 Fixed maturties, trading 5,963 3,424 — Fixed maturities, fair value option 234 331 454 Common stock 314 224 — Commercial mortgage loans 43,781 56,510 69,360 Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments 4,262 1,718 1,007 Other investments 8,703 8,421 8,845 Gross investment income $ 395,339 $ 415,927 $ 409,919 Investment expenses 14,527 14,814 12,836 Net investment income $ 380,812 $ 401,113 $ 397,083 Realized Investment Gains and Losses Realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands) Realized investment gains, net Fixed maturities, available for sale $ (45,240 ) $ 11,434 $ 66,560 Fixed maturities, trading (1,864 ) 1,081 — Fixed maturties, fair value option (247 ) 405 (733 ) Commercial mortgage loans 1,201 5,935 4,037 Derivatives (7,136 ) 19,360 3,856 Other invested assets (9 ) (92 ) — Net realized gains (losses) $ (53,295 ) $ 38,123 $ 73,720 There were $4.8 million in other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2018. These securities were impaired to fair value as of the impairment date and were considered credit impairments. There were $4.4 million in other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017. There were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016. Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities and gross realized investment gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: 2018 2017 2016 ($ in thousands) Fixed maturities, available-for-sale Proceeds from sales $ 919,347 $ 1,496,242 $ 3,027,998 Gross investment gains from sales 4,682 29,271 109,282 Gross investment losses from sales (42,996 ) (11,893 ) (35,136 ) Proceeds from sales excludes non-taxable Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses The gross unrealized losses and fair value of fixed maturities, available for sale, by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: December 31, 2018 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months ($ in thousands) Fair Gross Fair Gross Fair Gross U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 40,085 $ (1,337 ) $ 139,944 $ (7,496 ) $ 180,029 $ (8,833 ) Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 113,634 (1,932 ) 75,444 (4,882 ) 189,078 (6,814 ) Foreign government 8,894 (2 ) 10,573 (2,505 ) 19,467 (2,507 ) All other corporate securities 3,626,045 (222,408 ) 805,107 (105,955 ) 4,431,152 (328,363 ) ABS 237,153 (4,935 ) 107,437 (8,377 ) 344,590 (13,312 ) CMBS 110,483 (2,936 ) 86,765 (5,021 ) 197,248 (7,957 ) RMBS 10,028 (85 ) 13,793 (481 ) 23,821 (566 ) Total fixed maturities $ 4,146,322 $ (233,635 ) $ 1,239,063 $ (134,717 ) $ 5,385,385 $ (368,352 ) December 31, 2017 Less than 12 months Greater than 12 months ($ in thousands) Fair Gross Fair Gross Fair Gross U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Authority and Agencies $ 215,767 $ (3,499 ) $ 107,344 $ (8,867 ) $ 323,111 $ (12,366 ) Obligations of U.S. States and Political Subdivisions 38,171 (825 ) 45,877 (1,895 ) 84,048 (2,720 ) Foreign government 296 (4 ) 11,098 (1,681 ) 11,394 (1,685 ) All other corporate securities 740,795 (6,841 ) 489,367 (31,057 ) 1,230,162 (37,898 ) ABS 77,050 (689 ) 99,327 (2,706 ) 176,377 (3,395 ) CMBS 72,725 (593 ) 36,540 (2,555 ) 109,265 (3,148 ) RMBS 6,908 (118 ) 21,835 (391 ) 28,743 (509 ) Total fixed maturities $ 1,151,712 $ (12,569 ) $ 811,388 $ (49,152 ) $ 1,963,100 $ (61,721 ) Portfolio Monitoring The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed maturity security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired. For each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings. If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed maturity security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security’s original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed maturity security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company’s portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company’s evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment for these fixed maturity securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost. Net Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses in AOCI The changes in unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: ($ in thousands) Net Unrealized VOBA Future Policy Deferred Accumulated Other Balance, December 31, 2015 $ (327,781 ) $ 36,774 $ 52,906 $ 83,402 $ (154,699 ) Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period 160,311 — — (56,111 ) 104,200 Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income (81,920 ) — — 28,672 (53,248 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — (30,948 ) — 10,832 (20,116 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — (28,924 ) 10,123 (18,801 ) Balance, December 31, 2016 $ (85,550 ) $ 5,826 $ 23,982 $ 19,574 $ (36,168 ) Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period 332,918 — — (111,486 ) 221,432 Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income (6,001 ) — — 2,100 (3,901 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — (21,843 ) — 7,645 (14,198 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — (157,156 ) 55,005 (102,151 ) Balance, December 31, 2017 $ 253,369 $ (16,017 ) $ (133,174 ) $ (31,362 ) $ 72,816 Net investment gains and losses on investments arising during the period (560,739 ) — — 117,756 (442,983 ) Reclassification adjustment for gains and losses included in net income 5,268 — — (1,106 ) 4,162 Establishement of valuation allowance related to deferred income tax assets — — — (65,654 ) (65,654 ) Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on VOBA — 45,560 — (9,568 ) 35,992 Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses on future policy benefits and policyholders’ account balances — — 251,235 (52,760 ) 198,475 Implementation of accounting standard related to the reclassification of certain tax effects — — — 9,558 9,558 Balance, December 31, 2018 $ (312,638 ) $ 29,543 $ 118,061 $ (30,924 ) $ (195,958 ) |