| Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Viavi Solutions Inc. (“Viavi,” also referred to as “the Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us”), formerly JDS Uniphase Corporation (“JDSU”), is a leading provider of network and service enablement solutions and optical products for telecommunications service providers, wireless operators, cable operators, network-equipment manufacturers (“NEMs”) and enterprises. We are also an established leader in anti-counterfeiting solutions for currency authentication, and provide high-value optical components and instruments for security, safety, electronics, and other applications. In addition, we leverage our core networking and optical technology expertise to deliver high-powered commercial lasers for manufacturing applications and expand into emerging markets, including 3-D sensing solutions for consumer electronics.
On September 10, 2014, we announced plans to separate into two publicly-traded companies:
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an optical components and commercial lasers company, Lumentum Holdings Inc. (“Lumentum”), consisting of our Communications and Commercial Optical Products (“CCOP”) segment and the WaveReady product line within our Network Enablement (“NE”) segment; and
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a network and service enablement and optical coatings company, renamed Viavi, consisting of our NE, Service Enablement (“SE”) and Optical Security and Performance Products (“OSP”) segments.
On August 1, 2015, we completed the distribution of approximately 80.1% of the outstanding shares of Lumentum common stock to our stockholders. We were renamed Viavi and, at the time of the distribution, retained ownership of approximately 19.9% of Lumentum’s outstanding shares. The Company’s consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include the Lumentum business which will be reported as a discontinued operation beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2016.
Fiscal Years
The Company utilizes a 52-53 week fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to June 30th. In fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 the Company’s fiscal years were 52-weeks ending on June 27, 2015, June 28, 2014, and June 29, 2013.
Change in Reportable Segments
During fiscal 2015 the Company reorganized its Network Service and Enablement (“NSE”) reportable segment into two separate reportable segments: Network Enablement (“NE”) and Service Enablement (“SE”). This change does not impact previously reported consolidated financial information. However, historical information related to the NSE reportable segment has been recast to reflect the new NE and SE reportable segment structure. Refer to “Note 17. Operating Segments and Geographic Information.”
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Fiscal 2013 Out-of-Period Adjustments
During the year ended June 29, 2013, the Company recorded out-of-period adjustments that impacted cost of sales and other income related to prior fiscal years. The impact of the out-of-period adjustments recorded by the Company resulted in a $2.5 million increase in net income during the year ended June 29, 2013. Management and the Audit Committee have concluded these errors, both individually and in aggregate, were not material to any prior year financial statements and the impact of correcting these errors in fiscal 2013 was not material to the full year fiscal 2013 financial statements.
Discontinued Operations
During fiscal 2013, the Company closed the sale of its hologram business (“Hologram Business”) to OpSec Security Inc. (“OpSec Security”) for $11.5 million in cash. The Consolidated Statements of Operations have been recast to present the Hologram Business as discontinued operations as described in “Note 18. Discontinued Operations.” Unless noted otherwise, discussion in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements pertain to continuing operations.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires Company management (“Management”) to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, the reported amount of net revenue and expenses and the disclosure of commitments and contingencies during the reporting periods. The Company bases estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions about the future believed to be reasonable based on available information. The Company’s reported financial position or results of operations may be materially different under changed conditions or when using different estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to significant accounting policies. If estimates or assumptions differ from actual results, subsequent periods are adjusted to reflect more current information.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers highly-liquid instruments such as treasury bills, commercial paper and other money market instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash
At June 27, 2015 and June 28, 2014, the Company’s short-term restricted cash balances were $26.2 million and $31.9 million, respectively, and the Company’s long-term restricted cash balances were $6.1 million and $6.6 million, respectively. These balances primarily include interest-bearing investments in bank certificates of deposit and money market funds which act as collateral supporting the issuance of letters of credit and performance bonds for the benefit of third parties.
Investments
The Company’s investments in debt securities and marketable equity securities are primarily classified as available-for-sale investments or trading securities and are recorded at fair value. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale investments, net of tax, are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Unrealized gains or losses on trading securities resulting from changes in fair value are recognized in current earnings. The Company’s short-term investments, which are classified as current assets, include certain securities with stated maturities of longer than twelve months as they are highly liquid and available to support current operations.
The Company periodically reviews these investments for impairment. If a debt security’s market value is below amortized cost and the Company either intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the Company records an other-than-temporary impairment charge to investment income (loss) for the entire amount of the impairment; if a debt security’s market value is below amortized cost and the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost of the security, the Company separates the other-than-temporary impairment into the portion of the loss related to credit factors, or the credit loss portion, and the portion of the loss that is not related to credit factors, or the non-credit loss portion. The credit loss portion is the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the Company’s best estimate of the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. The non-credit loss portion is the residual amount of the other-than-temporary impairment. The credit loss portion is recorded as a charge to income (loss), and the non-credit loss portion is recorded as a separate component of Other comprehensive income (loss).
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and deferred compensation liability, approximate fair value because of their short maturities. Fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. There is an established hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability.
Estimates of fair value of fixed-income securities are based on third party, market-based pricing sources which the Company believes to be reliable. These estimates represent the third parties’ good faith opinion as to what a buyer in the marketplace would pay for a security in a current sale. For instruments that are not actively traded, estimates may be based on current treasury yields adjusted by an estimated market credit spread for the specific instrument. The fair market value of the Company’s 0.625% Senior Convertible Notes due 2033 (the “2033 Notes”) fluctuates with interest rates and with the market price of the stock, but does not affect the carrying value of the debt on the balance sheet. Refer to the Company’s “Note 10. Debts and Letters of Credit” for more information.
Inventories
Inventory is valued at standard cost, which approximates actual cost computed on a first-in, first-out basis, not in excess of net realizable market value. The Company assesses the valuation on a quarterly basis and writes down the value for estimated excess and obsolete inventory based upon estimates of future demand, including warranty requirements. Our inventories include material, labor, and manufacturing overhead costs.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives of the assets: 10 to 50 years for building and improvements, 2 to 20 years for machinery and equipment, and 2 to 5 years for furniture, fixtures, software and office equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized by the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the term of the lease. Demonstration units, which are Company products used for demonstration purposes for customers and/or potential customers and generally not intended to be sold, have an estimated useful life of 5 years and are amortized by the straight-line method.
Costs related to software acquired, developed or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements and for which there are no substantive plans to market are capitalized in accordance with the authoritative guidance on accounting for the costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use. Only costs incurred after the preliminary planning stage of the project and after management has authorized and committed funds to the project are eligible for capitalization. Costs capitalized for computer software developed or obtained for internal use are included in Property, plant and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise or assets over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company tests for impairment of goodwill on an annual basis in the fourth quarter and at any other time when events occur or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. Refer to “Note 8. Goodwill” for more information.
Circumstances that could trigger an impairment test include, but are not limited to: a significant adverse change in the business climate or legal factors, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, change in customer, target market and strategy, unanticipated competition, loss of key personnel, or the likelihood that a reporting unit or significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed.
An assessment of qualitative factors may be performed to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the result of the qualitative assessment is that it is more likely than not (i.e., greater than 50% likelihood) that the fair value of a reporting unit, is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required.
Under the quantitative test, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as “Impairment of goodwill.” Measurement of the fair value of a reporting unit is based on one or more of the following fair value measures: amounts at which the unit as a whole could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties, using present value techniques of estimated future cash flows, or using valuation techniques based on multiples of earnings or revenue, or a similar performance measure.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist primarily of purchased intangible assets through acquisitions. Purchased intangible assets primarily include acquired developed technologies (developed and core technology), customer relationships, proprietary know-how, trade secrets, and trademarks and trade names. Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated economic useful lives of the assets, which is the period during which expected cash flows support the fair value of such intangible assets.
Long-lived Asset Valuation (Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets Subject to Amortization)
Long-lived assets held and used
The Company tests long-lived assets for recoverability, at the asset group level, when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Circumstances which could trigger a review include, but are not limited to: significant decreases in the market price of the asset, significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors, accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the asset, current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset, or current expectation that the asset will more likely than not be sold or disposed significantly before the end of its estimated useful life.
Recoverability is assessed based on the difference between the carrying amount of the asset and the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds fair value.
Long-lived assets held for sale
Long-lived assets are classified as held for sale when certain criteria are met, which include: Management’s commitment to a plan to sell the assets, the availability of the assets for immediate sale in their present condition, an active program to locate buyers and other actions to sell the assets has been initiated, whether the sale of the assets is probable and their transfer is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, whether the assets are being marketed at reasonable prices in relation to their fair value, and how unlikely it is that significant changes will be made to the plan to sell the assets.
The Company measures long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices or the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The funded status of the Company’s retirement-related benefit plans is recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at fiscal year end, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) and for the non-pension postretirement benefit plan the benefit obligation is the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (“APBO”). The PBO represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement. The APBO represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. Unfunded or partially funded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a retirement and non-pension postretirement benefit obligation equal to this excess. The current portion of the retirement-related benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable in the next 12 months in excess of the fair value of plan assets, measured on a plan-by-plan basis. This liability is recorded in Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Net periodic pension cost (income) is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost and (gains) losses previously recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Service cost represents the actuarial present value of participant benefits attributed to services rendered by employees in the current year. Interest cost represents the time value of money cost associated with the passage of time. (Gains) losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Prior service cost (credit) represents the cost of benefit improvements attributable to prior service granted in plan amendments. (Gains) losses and prior service cost (credit) not recognized as a component of net periodic pension cost (income) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as they arise are recognized as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of tax. Those (gains) losses and prior service cost (credit) are subsequently recognized as a component of net periodic pension cost (income) pursuant to the recognition and amortization provisions of the authoritative guidance.
The measurement of the benefit obligation and net periodic pension cost (income) is based on the Company’s estimates and actuarial valuations provided, by third-party actuaries, which are approved by Management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and mortality rates. The Company evaluates these assumptions annually at a minimum. In estimating the expected return on plan assets, the Company considers historical returns on plan assets, adjusted for forward-looking considerations, inflation assumptions and the impact of the active management of the plan’s invested assets.
Concentration of Credit and Other Risks
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, trade receivables and foreign currency forward contracts. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are held in safekeeping by large, creditworthy financial institutions. The Company invests its excess cash primarily in U.S. government and agency bonds securities, corporate securities, money market funds, asset-backed securities, and other investment-grade securities. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings, diversification and maturities that seek to maintain safety and liquidity of these investments. The Company’s foreign exchange derivative instruments expose the Company to credit risk to the extent that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the agreements. The Company seeks to mitigate such risk by limiting its counterparties to major financial institutions and by spreading such risk across several major financial institutions. In addition, the potential risk of loss with any one counterparty resulting from such risk is monitored by the Company on an ongoing basis.
The Company performs credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally does not require collateral from its customers. These evaluations require significant judgment and are based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current economic trends, historical payment, bad debt write-off experience, and financial review of the customer.
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. When the Company becomes aware that a specific customer is unable to meet its financial obligations, the Company records a specific allowance to reflect the level of credit risk in the customer’s outstanding receivable balance. In addition, the Company records additional allowances based on certain percentages of aged receivable balances. These percentages take into account a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current economic trends, historical payment and bad debt write-off experience. The Company classifies bad debt expenses as selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expense.
The Company is not able to predict changes in the financial stability of its customers. Any material change in the financial status of any one or a group of customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Although such losses have been within management’s expectations to date, there can be no assurance that such allowances will continue to be adequate. The Company has significant trade receivables concentrated in the telecommunications industry. While the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts balance is based on historical loss experience along with anticipated economic trends, unanticipated financial instability in the telecommunications industry could lead to higher than anticipated losses. No one customer accounted for greater than 10% of accounts receivables or revenue during the periods presented.
The Company relies on a limited number of suppliers for a number of key components contained in our products. The Company also relies on a limited number of significant independent contract manufacturers for the production of certain key components and subassemblies contained in our products.
The Company generally uses a rolling twelve month forecast based on anticipated product orders, customer forecasts, product order history and backlog to determine its materials requirements. Lead times for the parts and components that the Company orders vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. If the forecast does not meet actual demand, the Company may have excess or shortfalls of some materials and components, as well as excess inventory purchase commitments. The Company could experience reduced or delayed product shipments or incur additional inventory write-downs and cancellation charges or penalties, which would increase costs and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations.
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts
The Company conducts its business and sells its products to customers primarily in North America, Europe and Asia. In the normal course of business, the Company’s financial position is routinely subject to market risks associated with foreign currency rate fluctuations due to balance sheet positions in foreign currencies. The Company evaluates foreign exchange risks and utilizes foreign currency forward contracts to reduce such risks, hedging the gains or losses generated by the re-measurement of significant foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities. The fair value of these contracts is reflected as other assets or other liabilities and the change in fair value of these foreign currency forward contracts is recorded as income or loss in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of Interest and other income (expense), net to largely offset the change in fair value of the foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities which is also recorded as a component of Interest and other income (expense), net.
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where that local currency is the functional currency, are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with the resulting translation adjustments directly recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and expense accounts are translated at the prior month balance sheet exchange rates, which are deemed to approximate average monthly rate. Gains and losses from re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a component of Interest and other income (expense), net.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when it is realized or realizable and earned. The Company considers revenue realized or realizable and earned when it has persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Delivery does not occur until products have been shipped or services have been provided, risk of loss has transferred and in cases where formal acceptance is required, customer acceptance has been obtained or customer acceptance provisions have lapsed. In situations where a formal acceptance is required but the acceptance only relates to whether the product meets its published specifications, revenue is recognized upon delivery provided all other revenue recognition criteria are met. The sales price is not considered to be fixed or determinable until all contingencies related to the sale have been resolved.
The Company reduces revenue for rebates and other similar allowances. Revenue is recognized only if these estimates can be reliably determined. The Company’s estimates are based on its historical results taking into consideration the type of customer, the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement.
In addition to the aforementioned general policies, the following are the specific revenue recognition policies for multiple-element arrangements and for each major category of revenue.
Multiple-Element Arrangements
When a sales arrangement contains multiple deliverables, such as sales of products that include services, the multiple deliverables are evaluated to determine whether there are one or more units of accounting. Where there is more than one unit of accounting, then the entire fee from the arrangement is allocated to each unit of accounting based on the relative selling price. Under this approach, the selling price of a unit of accounting is determined by using a selling price hierarchy which requires the use of vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of fair value if available, third-party evidence (“TPE”) if VSOE is not available, or best estimate of selling price (“BESP”) if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. Revenue is recognized when the revenue recognition criteria for each unit of accounting are met.
The Company establishes VSOE of selling price using the price charged for a deliverable when sold separately and, in remote circumstances, using the price established by management having the relevant authority. TPE of selling price is established by evaluating similar and interchangeable competitor goods or services in sales to similarly situated customers. When VSOE or TPE are not available the Company then uses BESP. Generally, the Company is not able to determine TPE because its product strategy differs from that of others in our markets, and the extent of customization varies among comparable products or services from its peers. The Company establishes BESP using historical selling price trends and considering multiple factors including, but not limited to geographies, market conditions, competitive landscape, internal costs, gross margin objectives, and pricing practices. When determining BESP, the Company applies significant judgment in establishing pricing strategies and evaluating market conditions and product lifecycles.
To the extent a deliverable(s) in a multiple-element arrangement is subject to specific guidance (for example, software that is subject to the authoritative guidance on software revenue recognition), the Company allocates the fair value of the units of accounting using relative selling price and that unit of accounting is accounted for in accordance with the specific guidance. Some product offerings include hardware that are integrated with or sold with software that delivers the functionality of the equipment. The Company believes this equipment is not considered software-related and would therefore be excluded from the scope of the authoritative guidance on software revenue recognition.
Hardware
Revenue from hardware sales is recognized when the product is shipped to the customer and when there are no unfulfilled company obligations that affect the customer’s final acceptance of the arrangement. Any cost of warranties and remaining obligations that are inconsequential or perfunctory are accrued when the corresponding revenue is recognized.
Services
Revenue from services and system maintenance is typically recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Revenue from professional service engagements is typically recognized once its delivery obligation is fulfilled. Revenue related to extended warranty and product maintenance contracts is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the delivery period. The Company also generates service revenue from hardware repairs and calibration which is recognized as revenue upon completion of the service.
Software
The Company’s software arrangements generally consist of a perpetual license fee and Post-Contract Support (“PCS”). Where the Company has established VSOE of fair value for PCS contracts, this has generally been based on the renewal rate or the bell curve methodology. Revenue from maintenance, unspecified upgrades and technical support is recognized over the period such items are delivered. In multiple-element revenue arrangements that include software, software-related and non-software-related elements are accounted for in accordance with the following policies.
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Non-software and software-related products are bifurcated based on a relative selling price
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Software-related products are separated into units of accounting if all of the following criteria are met:
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The functionality of the delivered element(s) is not dependent on the undelivered element(s).
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There is VSOE of fair value of the undelivered element(s).
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Delivery of the delivered element(s) represents the culmination of the earnings process for that element(s).
If these criteria are not met, the software revenue is deferred until the earlier of when such criteria are met or when the last undelivered element is delivered. If there is VSOE of the undelivered item(s) but no such evidence for the delivered item(s), the residual method is used to allocate the arrangement consideration. Under the residual method, the amount of consideration allocated to the delivered item(s) equals the total arrangement consideration less the aggregate VSOE of the undelivered elements. In cases where VSOE is not established for PCS, revenue is recognized ratably over the PCS period after all software elements have been delivered and the only undelivered item is PCS.
Warranty
The Company provides reserves for the estimated costs of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. It estimates the costs of it |
