JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) (l) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the attached Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, and expressly authorize Invesco Ltd., as the ultimate parent company of each of its undersigned subsidiaries, to file such Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, on behalf of each of them.
Dated: 01/31/2019
Invesco Ltd.
By: /s/ Nancy Tomassone
Name: Nancy Tomassone
Title: Global Assurance Officer
By: /s/ Nancy Tomassone
Name: Nancy Tomassone
Title: Global Assurance Officer
Invesco Advisers, Inc.
By: /s/ Robert R. Leveille
Name: Robert R. Leveille
Title: Head of Compliance
By: /s/ Robert R. Leveille
Name: Robert R. Leveille
Title: Head of Compliance
Invesco Canada Ltd.
By: /s/ Jasmin Jabri
Name: Jasmin Jabri
Title: Head of Compliance
By: /s/ Jasmin Jabri
Name: Jasmin Jabri
Title: Head of Compliance
Invesco Trust Company
By: /s/ Odeh Stevens
Name: Odeh Stevens
Title: Authorized Signatory
By: /s/ Odeh Stevens
Name: Odeh Stevens
Title: Authorized Signatory
Invesco Hong Kong Limited
By: /s/ Lee Siu Mei
Name: Lee Siu Mei
Title: Authorized Signatory
By: /s/ Lee Siu Mei
Name: Lee Siu Mei
Title: Authorized Signatory
Invesco Hong Kong Limited
By: /s/ Pang Sin Chu
Name: Pang Sin Chu
Title: Authorized Signatory
By: /s/ Pang Sin Chu
Name: Pang Sin Chu
Title: Authorized Signatory
Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH
By: /s/ Stephanie Ehrenfried
Name: Stephanie Ehrenfried
Title: Head of Legal Continental Europe & Cross-Border Funds
By: /s/ Stephanie Ehrenfried
Name: Stephanie Ehrenfried
Title: Head of Legal Continental Europe & Cross-Border Funds
Invesco Asset Management Limited
By: /s/ Chris Edge
Name: Chris Edge
Title: Head of UK Compliance
By: /s/ Chris Edge
Name: Chris Edge
Title: Head of UK Compliance
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
By: /s/ Matthieu Grosclaude
Name: Matthieu Grosclaude
Title: COO, EMEA Retail
By: /s/ Matthieu Grosclaude
Name: Matthieu Grosclaude
Title: COO, EMEA Retail
Invesco Asset Management S.A.
By: /s/ Bernard Aybran
Name: Bernard Aybran
Title: Multi-Management CIO
By: /s/ Bernard Aybran
Name: Bernard Aybran
Title: Multi-Management CIO
Invesco Management S.A.
By: /s/ Peter Carroll
Name: Peter Carroll
Title: Head EMEA Delegation Oversight
By: /s/ Peter Carroll
Name: Peter Carroll
Title: Head EMEA Delegation Oversight
Invesco Taiwan Limited
By: /s/ Jacky Hsiao
Name: Jacky Hsiao
Title: General Manager
By: /s/ Jacky Hsiao
Name: Jacky Hsiao
Title: General Manager
Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited
By: /s/ Masakazu Hasegawa
Name: Masakazu Hasegawa
Title: CAO
By: /s/ Masakazu Hasegawa
Name: Masakazu Hasegawa
Title: CAO
Invesco Asset Management Singapore Limited
By: /s/ Lee Siu Mei
Name: Lee Siu Mei
Title: Authorized Signatory
By: /s/ Lee Siu Mei
Name: Lee Siu Mei
Title: Authorized Signatory
Invesco Asset Management Singapore Limited
By: /s/ Pang Sin Chu
Name: Pang Sin Chu
Title: Authorized Signatory
By: /s/ Pang Sin Chu
Name: Pang Sin Chu
Title: Authorized Signatory
Invesco Global Asset Management DAC
By: /s/ Cormac O'Sullivan
Name: Cormac O'Sullivan
Title: Director, PMO
By: /s/ Cormac O'Sullivan
Name: Cormac O'Sullivan
Title: Director, PMO
Invesco Capital Management, LLC
By: /s/ Melanie Zimdars
Name: Melanie Zimdars
Title: CCO, ICM & ETFs
By: /s/ Melanie Zimdars
Name: Melanie Zimdars
Title: CCO, ICM & ETFs
Invesco Investment Advisers, LLC
By: /s/ Trisha B Hancock
Name: Trisha B Hancock
Title: CCO, Broker-Dealers and UITs
By: /s/ Trisha B Hancock
Name: Trisha B Hancock
Title: CCO, Broker-Dealers and UITs
Invesco Australia Ltd.
By: /s/ Jane Stewart
Name: Jane Stewart
Title: Senior Compliance Manager
By: /s/ Jane Stewart
Name: Jane Stewart
Title: Senior Compliance Manager