| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Business We are a leading supplier of scientific instruments and related services for nanoscale applications and solutions for industry and science. We enable customers to find meaningful answers to questions that accelerate breakthrough discoveries, increase productivity, and ultimately change the world. We design, manufacture, and support the broadest range of high-performance microscopy workflows that provide images and answers in the micro-, nano-, and picometer scales. Combining hardware and software expertise in electron, ion, and light microscopy with deep application knowledge in the materials science, life sciences, semiconductor, and oil & gas markets, we are dedicated to our customers’ pursuit of discovery and resolution to global challenges. We report our revenue based on a group structure organization, which we categorize as the Industry Group and the Science Group. Our significant research and development and manufacturing operations are located in Hillsboro, Oregon; Eindhoven, The Netherlands; and Brno, Czech Republic; and our software development is managed principally from Bordeaux, France. Our sales and service operations are conducted in the United States ( “ U.S. ” ) and approximately 50 other countries around the world. We also sell our products through independent agents, distributors and representatives in additional countries. Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FEI Company and our wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, “FEI”). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates in Financial Reporting The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant accounting policies and estimates underlying the accompanying consolidated financial statements include: • the timing of revenue recognition; • valuations of excess and obsolete inventory; • the lives and recoverability of equipment and other long-lived assets; • the valuation of goodwill; • restructuring and reorganization costs; • tax valuation allowances and unrecognized tax benefits; • stock-based compensation; and • accounting for derivatives. It is reasonably possible that management ’ s estimates may change in the future. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications to prior year consolidated financial statements have been made to conform to current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on our consolidated statements of operations. Concentration of Credit Risk Instruments that potentially subject the company to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and receivables. Our investment policy limits investments with any one issuer to 10% or less of the total investment portfolio, with the exception of money market funds and securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies which may comprise up to 100% of the total investment portfolio. Our exposure to credit risk concentrations within our receivables balance is limited due to the large number of entities comprising our customer base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographies. Dependence on Key Suppliers Failure of critical suppliers of parts, components and manufacturing equipment to deliver sufficient quantities to us in a timely and cost-effective manner could negatively affect our business, including our ability to convert backlog into revenue. Although we currently use numerous vendors to supply parts, components and subassemblies for the manufacture and support of our products, some key parts may only be obtained from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers, some of which are also competitors. In particular, we rely on: VDL Enabling Technologies Group, NTS Group, Frencken Group Limited, Keller Technology, Schneeberger AG, Prodrive Technologies, Orsay Physics, Tektronix Inc., and AZD Praha s.r.o. for our supply of mechanical parts and subassemblies; Gatan, Inc., Edax Inc., Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corporation, Jenoptik, and Bruker Corp. for critical accessory products; and Neways Electronics, N.V. for some of our electronic subassemblies. A portion of the subcomponents that make up the components and sub-assemblies supplied to us are proprietary in nature and are provided to our suppliers only from single sources. We monitor those parts subject to single or a limited source supply to seek to minimize factory down time due to unavailability of such parts, which could impact our ability to meet manufacturing schedules. As a result of this concentration of key suppliers, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if we do not timely and cost-effectively receive a sufficient quantity of quality parts to meet our production requirements or if we are required to find alternative suppliers for these supplies. We may not be able to expand our supplier group or to reduce our dependence on single suppliers. If our suppliers are not able to meet our supply requirements, constraints may affect our ability to deliver products to customers in a timely manner, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, restrictions regulating the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment in various jurisdictions may impact parts and component availability or our electronics suppliers’ ability to source parts and components in a timely and cost-effective manner. Overall, because we only have a few equipment suppliers, we may be more exposed to future cost increases for this equipment. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash deposits in banks, money market funds and other highly liquid marketable securities with maturities of three months or less at the date of acquisition. Restricted Cash Our restricted cash balances are held in deposit accounts with banks that have issued guarantees and letters of credit to our customers for system sales transactions and customer advance deposits relating to prepayments for service contracts, mainly in Europe and Asia. This restricted cash can be drawn on by the bank if goods are not delivered or services are not properly performed. In addition, while the restricted cash is held in the bank it is earning interest. Given these deposit accounts require satisfaction of conditions other than a withdrawal demand for us to receive a return of principal, are interest bearing and are held for extended periods of time, we have concluded these balances are similar in nature to our other investments and that inclusion in investing activities on our statement of cash flows is appropriate and consistent with our treatment of other investments. Restricted cash balances securing bank guarantees that expire within 12 months of the balance sheet date are recorded as a current asset on our consolidated balance sheets. Restricted cash balances securing bank guarantees that expire beyond 12 months from the balance sheet date are recorded as long-term restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on collection experience and known trends with current customers. The large number of entities comprising our customer base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographies somewhat mitigates our credit risk exposure and the magnitude of our allowance for doubtful accounts. Our estimates of the allowance for doubtful accounts are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. Changes to the reserve may occur based upon changes in revenue levels and associated balances in accounts receivable and estimated changes in individual customers’ credit quality. Write-offs include amounts written off for specifically identified bad debts. Historically, we have not incurred significant write-offs of accounts receivable, however, an individual loss could be significant due to the relative size of our sales transactions. Activity within our accounts receivable allowance was as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Balance, beginning of period $ 2,990 $ 2,969 $ 2,718 Expense (reversal) 319 402 473 Write-offs (293 ) (85 ) (263 ) Translation adjustments (227 ) (296 ) 41 Balance, end of period $ 2,789 $ 2,990 $ 2,969 Investments Our investments include marketable debt securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and government-backed securities with maturities greater than 90 days at the time of purchase. Certain long-term investments included in non-current investments in marketable securities consisted of mutual fund shares held to offset liabilities to participants in the company’s deferred compensation plan. The investments are classified as long-term because the related deferred compensation liabilities are not expected to be paid within the next year. These investments are classified as trading securities and are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in operating expenses, which are offset against gains and losses resulting from changes in corresponding deferred compensation liabilities to participants (see Note 6 the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Investments for which it is not practical to estimate fair value are included at cost and primarily consist of investments in privately-held companies. Realized gains and losses on all investments are recorded on the specific identification method and are included in interest income (expense) or other income (expense) in the period incurred. Investments with maturities greater than 12 months from the balance sheet date are classified as non-current investments, unless they are expected to be liquidated within the next 12 months; in which case, the investment is classified as current. Valuation of Excess and Obsolete Inventory Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined by standard cost methods, which approximate the first-in, first-out method. Inventory costs include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. Service inventories that exceed the estimated requirements for the next 12 months based on recent usage levels are reported as a long-term asset. Management has established inventory reserves based on estimates of excess and/or obsolete current and non-current inventory. Manufacturing inventory is reviewed for obsolescence and excess quantities on a quarterly basis, based on estimated future use of quantities on hand, which is determined based on past usage, planned changes to products and known trends in markets and technology. Changes in support plans or technology could have a significant impact on obsolescence. To support our world-wide service operations, we maintain service spare parts inventory, which consists of both consumable and repairable spare parts. Consumable service spare parts are used within our service business to replace worn or damaged parts in a system during a service call and are generally classified in current inventory as our stock of this inventory turns relatively quickly. However, if there has been no recent usage for a consumable service spare part, but the part is still necessary to support systems under service contracts, the part is considered to be non-current and included within non-current inventories within our consolidated balance sheet. Consumables are charged to cost of goods sold when issued during the service call. We also maintain a substantial supply of repairable and reusable spare parts for possible use in future repairs and customer field service of our install base. We have classified this inventory as a long-term asset given these parts can be repaired and reused in the service business over many years. As these service parts age over the related product group’s post-production service life, we reduce the net carrying value of our repairable and consumable spare part inventory to account for the excess that builds over the service life. The post-production service life of our systems is generally eight years and, at the end of the service life, the carrying value for these parts is reduced to zero. We also perform periodic monitoring of our installed base for premature or increased end of service life events. If required, we expense, through cost of goods sold, the remaining net carrying value of any related spare parts inventory in the period incurred. Provision for manufacturing inventory valuation adjustments total $5.9 million , $6.3 million and $4.8 million , respectively, in 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . Provision for service spare parts inventory valuation adjustment total $9.8 million , $10.0 million and $8.6 million , respectively, in 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of the assets and liabilities. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to “more likely than not” be realized in our future tax returns. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our remaining net deferred tax assets in the future, increases to the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets may be required. Conversely, if we determine that certain tax assets that have been reserved for may be realized in the future, we may reduce our valuation allowance in future periods. In the ordinary course of business, there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate or effective settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. When applicable, associated interest and penalties have been recognized as a component of income tax expense. Unrecognized tax benefits relate mainly to uncertainty surrounding tax credits, transfer pricing, domestic manufacturing deductions and permanent establishment in foreign jurisdictions. Included in the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits were accruals for interest and penalties. If recognized, the total unrecognized tax benefits would have an impact on the effective tax rate. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Property, Plant and Equipment Land is stated at cost. Buildings and improvements are stated at cost and depreciated over estimated useful lives of approximately 40 years using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their economic lives or the lease term. Machinery and equipment, including systems used in production and research and development activities, are stated at cost and depreciated over estimated useful lives of approximately three to seven years using the straight-line method. Demonstration systems consist primarily of internally manufactured products and related accessories that we use for marketing purposes in our demonstration laboratories or for trade shows. These systems are long lived in nature and are recorded as a component of property, plant and equipment. The proceeds expected to be realized when the systems are sold is estimated and the net cost is depreciated using the straight-line method over their expected useful lives of approximately three to seven years with the expense being reflected as a component of selling, general and administrative. If sold, the net book value of the system is recorded as a component of cost of goods sold. Other fixed assets include computer software and hardware, automobiles and furniture and fixtures. These assets are stated at cost and are depreciated over estimated useful lives of approximately three to seven years. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. On occasion, we loan systems to customers on a temporary basis while they wait for their tool to be manufactured or for evaluation. These systems are included in our finished goods inventories and the lending/evaluation periods are typically for a time period of less than one year. The sale of disposable products or services is not typically included in these arrangements. Any expense associated with these systems is recorded as a component of cost of goods sold. Additionally, we lease systems to customers as operating or sales-type leases where we are the lessor. Under the operating method, rental revenue is recognized over the lease period. The leased asset is depreciated over the life of the lease. In addition to the depreciation charge, maintenance costs and the cost of any other services rendered under the provision of the lease that pertain to the current accounting period are charged to expense. Under the sales-type method, revenue is recorded upfront with interest income recorded over the life of the lease. The related costs are recorded upfront to match the sales revenue. Lives and Recoverability of Equipment and Other Long-Lived Assets We evaluate the remaining life and recoverability of equipment and other assets that are to be held and used, including purchased technology and other intangible assets with finite useful lives, at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If there is an indication of impairment, we prepare an estimate of future, undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we adjust the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value. Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are valued at the lower of book value or fair value less cost to sell. We estimate the fair value of an intangible asset or asset group using the income approach and internally developed discounted cash flow models. These models include, among others, the following assumptions: projections of revenue and expenses and related cash flows based on assumed long-term growth rates and demand trends; estimated royalty, income tax, and attrition rates; and estimated discount rates. We base these assumptions on our historical data and experience, third-party appraisals, industry projections, micro and macro general economic condition projections, and our expectations. Impairment charges of $8.4 million and $0.9 million for other long-lived assets were recognized in 2015 and 2014 , respectively. No impairments related to our equipment or other long-lived assets were recognized during 2013 . See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on impairment recognized in 2015 . Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but instead, are tested for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter. We evaluate impairment using the guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2011-08, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, Testing Goodwill for Impairment , which allows an entity to perform a qualitative assessment of the fair value of its reporting units before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit in step one of the two-step goodwill impairment model. We perform our goodwill impairment analysis at the component level, which is defined as one level below our operating segments. If, through the qualitative assessment, the entity determines that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is greater than its carrying value, the remaining impairment steps would be unnecessary. If there are indicators that goodwill has been impaired and thus the two-step goodwill impairment model is necessary, step 1 is to determine the fair value of each reporting unit and compare it to the reporting unit’s carrying value. Fair value is determined based on the present value of estimated cash flows using available information regarding expected cash flows of each reporting unit, discount rates and the expected long-term cash flow growth rates. Discount rates are determined based on the cost of capital for the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is performed. The second step is performed if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. The implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill must be determined and compared to the carrying value of the goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to the difference will be recorded. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on impairment recognized in the third quarter of 2015. No additional impairments were identified in our annual impairment analysis during the fourth quarter of 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . Derivatives We use a combination of zero cost and net purchased collar contracts and option contracts to hedge certain anticipated foreign currency exchange transactions. When specific hedge criteria have been met, changes in fair values of hedge contracts relating to anticipated transactions are recorded in other comprehensive income rather than net income until the underlying hedged transaction affects net income. One of the criteria for this accounting treatment is that the hedge contract amounts should not be in excess of specifically identified anticipated transactions. By their nature, our estimates of anticipated transactions may fluctuate over time and may ultimately vary from actual transactions. When anticipated transaction estimates or actual transaction amounts decrease below hedged levels, or when the timing of transactions changes significantly, we reclassify a portion of the cumulative changes in fair values of the related hedge contracts from other comprehensive income to other income (expense) during the quarter in which such changes occur. We also use foreign forward exchange contracts to mitigate the foreign currency exchange impact of our cash, receivables and payables denominated in foreign currencies. These derivatives do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting and, accordingly, changes in the fair value are recognized in net income in the current period. Segment Reporting We have determined that we operate in two reportable operating segments: Industry Group and Science Group . There are no differences between the accounting policies used for our business segments compared to those used on a consolidated basis. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of a contractual agreement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed and determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. For products demonstrated to meet our published specifications, revenue is recognized when the title to the product and the risks and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. For products produced according to a particular customer’s specifications, revenue is recognized when the product meets the customer’s specifications and when the title and the risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer. In each case, the portion of revenue related to installation, of which the estimated fair value is generally 4% of the net revenue of the transaction, is deferred until such installation at the customer site and final customer acceptance are completed. For new applications of our products where performance cannot be assured prior to meeting specifications at the customer’s installation site, no revenue is recognized until such specifications are met. We enter into arrangements with customers whereby they purchase products, accessories and service contracts from us at the same time. For sales arrangements containing multiple elements (products or services), revenue relating to the undelivered elements is deferred at the estimated selling price of the element as determined using the sales price hierarchy established in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-25, Revenue Recognition . To be considered a separate element, the deliverable in question must represent a separate element under the accounting guidance and fulfill the following criteria: the delivered item or items must have value to the customer on a standalone basis; and, if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in our control. If the arrangement does not meet all criteria above, the entire amount of the transactions is deferred until all elements are delivered. For sales arrangements that contain multiple deliverables (products or services), to the extent that the deliverables within a multiple-element arrangement are not accounted for pursuant to other accounting standards, revenue is allocated among the deliverables using the selling price hierarchy established in ASC 605-25 to determine the selling price of each deliverable. The selling price hierarchy allows for the use of an estimated selling price (“ESP”) to determine the allocation of arrangement consideration to a deliverable in a multiple-element arrangement in the absence of vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) or third-party evidence (“TPE”). We determine the selling price in multiple-element arrangements using VSOE or TPE if available. VSOE is determined based on the price charged for the same deliverable when sold separately and TPE is established based on the price charged by our competitors or third parties for the same deliverable. If we are unable to determine the selling price because VSOE or TPE does not exist, we determine ESP for the purposes of allocating total arrangement consideration among the elements by considering several internal and external factors such as, but not limited to, historical sales of similar products, costs incurred to manufacture the product and normal profit margins from the sale of similar products, geographical considerations and overall pricing practices. These factors are subject to change as we modify our pricing practices and such changes could result in changes to determination of VSOE, TPE and ESP, which could result in our future revenue recognition from multiple-element arrangements being materially different than our results in the current period. Generally, revenue from all elements in a multiple-element arrangement is recognized within 18 months of the shipment of the first item in the arrangement. We provide maintenance and support services under renewable, term maintenance agreements. Maintenance and support fee revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual term, which is generally 12 months, and commences from the start date. Revenue from time and materials-based service arrangements is recognized as the service is performed. Spare parts revenue is generally recognized upon shipment. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue represents customer deposits on equipment orders, orders awaiting customer acceptance and prepaid service contract revenue. Deferred revenue is recognized in accordance with our revenue recognition policies described above. Warranty Liabilities Our products generally carry a one-year warranty. A reserve is established at the time of sale to cover estimated warranty costs and certain commitments for product upgrades as a component of cost of sales on our consolidated statements of operations. Our estimate of warranty cost is primarily based on our history of warranty repairs and maintenance, as applied to systems currently under warranty. For our new products without a history of known warranty costs, we estimate the expected costs based on our experience with similar product lines and technology. While most new products are extensions of existing technology, the estimate could change if new products require a significantly different level of repair and maintenance than similar products have required in the past. Our estimated warranty costs are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. Changes to the reserve occur as volume, product mix and warranty costs fluctuate. Research and Development Costs Research and Development (“R&D”) costs include labor, materials, overhead and payments to third parties for research and development of new products and new software or enhancements to existing products and software and are expensed as incurred. We periodically receive funds from various organizations to subsidize our R&D activities. These funds are reported as an offset to R&D expense. During 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , we received subsidies of $3.3 million , $4.5 million and $5.3 million , respectively, from European governments for technological developments primarily for semiconductor and life sciences products. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included as a component of selling, general and administrative costs on our consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expense totaled $3.1 million , $3.4 million and $4.1 million in 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Restructuring and Reorganization Costs Restructuring and reorganization costs are recognized and recorded at fair value as incurred. Such costs include severance and other costs related to employee terminations as well as facility costs related to future abandonment of various leased office and manufacturing sites. Changes in our estimates could occur, and have occurred, due to fluctuations in exchange rates, the sublease of unused space, unanticipated voluntary departures before severance was required and unanticipated redeployment of employees to vacant positions. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Stock-Based Compensation We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards granted to our employees and directors, including employee stock options, non-vested stock and stock purchases related to our employee share purchase plan based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We utilize the Black-Scholes valuation model for valuing our stock option awards. The use of the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the fair value of stock option awards requires us to make judgments on assumptions regarding the risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield, expected term and expected volatility over the expected term of the award. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates at the time they are made, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the determination of expense could be materially different in the future. We amortize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the individual award with estimated forfeitures considered. Vesting periods are generally four years. The exercise price of issued options equals the grant date fair value of the underlying shares and the options generally have a legal life of seven years. Compensation expense is only recognized on awards that ultimately vest. Therefore, we have reduced the compensation expense to be recognized |
