Asset Quality | 4. Asset Quality ALLL We estimate the appropriate level of the ALLL on at least a quarterly basis. The methodology is described in Note 1 ("Summary of Significant Accounting Policies") under the heading "Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses" beginning on page 110 of our 2020 Form 10-K. The ALLL at September 30, 2021, represents our current estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at that date. The changes in the ALLL by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows: Three months ended September 30, 2021: Dollars in millions June 30, 2021 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries September 30, 2021 Commercial and Industrial $ 499 $ (30) $ (27) $ 20 $ 462 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 227 (44) — 1 184 Real estate — construction 35 (8) — — 27 Total commercial real estate loans 262 (52) — 1 211 Commercial lease financing 34 (7) (1) 6 32 Total commercial loans 795 (89) (28) 27 705 Real estate — residential mortgage 86 (1) 2 1 88 Home equity loans 136 (13) (1) 2 124 Consumer direct loans 115 (5) (7) 2 105 Credit cards 68 (4) (6) 1 59 Consumer indirect loans 20 5 (26) 4 3 Total consumer loans 425 (18) (38) 10 379 Total ALLL — continuing operations 1,220 (107) (66) 37 1,084 Discontinued operations 30 (1) (1) 1 29 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 1,250 $ (108) $ (67) $ 38 $ 1,113 Three months ended September 30, 2020: Dollars in millions June 30, 2020 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries September 30, 2020 Commercial and Industrial $ 725 $ 177 $ (101) $ 9 $ 810 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 292 (2) (13) 2 279 Real estate — construction 41 (7) — — 34 Total commercial real estate loans 333 (9) (13) 2 313 Commercial lease financing 55 13 (10) — 58 Total commercial loans 1,113 181 (124) 11 1,181 Real estate — residential mortgage 101 2 — 1 104 Home equity loans 197 (13) (4) 3 183 Consumer direct loans 130 1 (8) 2 125 Credit cards 107 (5) (9) 2 95 Consumer indirect loans 60 (16) (6) 4 42 Total consumer loans 595 (31) (27) 12 549 Total ALLL — continuing operations 1,708 150 (a) (151) 23 1,730 Discontinued operations 43 (1) — — 42 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 1,751 $ 149 $ (151) $ 23 $ 1,772 (a) Excludes a provision for losses on lending-related commitments of $10 million. Nine months ended September 30, 2021 Dollars in millions December 31, 2020 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries September 30, 2021 Commercial and Industrial $ 678 $ (135) $ (141) $ 60 $ 462 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 327 (112) (39) 8 184 Real estate — construction 47 (20) — — 27 Total commercial real estate loans 374 (132) — — 211 Commercial lease financing 47 (17) (5) 7 32 Total commercial loans 1,099 (284) (185) 75 705 Real estate — residential mortgage 102 (17) 1 2 88 Home equity loans 171 (44) (7) 4 124 Consumer direct loans 128 (7) (22) 6 105 Credit cards 87 (13) (21) 6 59 Consumer indirect loans 39 (12) (38) 14 3 Total consumer loans 527 (93) (87) 32 379 Total ALLL — continuing operations 1,626 (377) (a) (272) 107 1,084 Discontinued operations 36 (6) (3) 2 29 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 1,662 $ (383) $ (275) $ 109 $ 1,113 (a) Excludes a credit for losses on lending-related comm itments of $45 million Nine months ended September 30, 2020 Dollars in millions December 31, 2019 Impact of ASC 326 Adoption January 1, 2020 Provision Charge-offs Recoveries September 30, 2020 Commercial and Industrial $ 551 $ (141) $ 410 $ 613 $ (232) $ 19 $ 810 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 143 16 159 135 (18) 3 279 Real estate — construction 22 (7) 15 19 — — 34 Total commercial real estate loans 165 9 174 154 (18) 3 313 Commercial lease financing 35 8 43 30 (16) 1 58 Total commercial loans 751 (124) 627 797 (266) 23 1,181 Real estate — residential mortgage 7 77 84 21 (2) 1 104 Home equity loans 31 147 178 9 (10) 6 183 Consumer direct loans 34 63 97 52 (30) 6 125 Credit cards 47 35 82 39 (32) 6 95 Consumer indirect loans 30 6 36 16 (22) 12 42 Total consumer loans 149 328 477 137 (96) 31 549 Total ALLL — continuing operations 900 204 1,104 934 (a) (362) 54 1,730 Discontinued operations 10 31 41 2 (4) 3 42 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 910 $ 235 $ 1,145 $ 936 $ (366) $ 57 $ 1,772 (a) Excludes a provision for losses on lending-related commitments of $67 million. As described in Note 1 ("Summary of Significant Accounting Policies"), under the heading “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” beginning on page 110 of our 2020 Form 10-K, we estimate the ALLL using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In our estimation of expected credit losses, we use a two year reasonable and supportable period across all products. Following this two year period in which supportable forecasts can be generated, for all modeled loan portfolios, we revert expected credit losses to a level that is consistent with our historical information by reverting the macroeconomic variables (model inputs) to their long run average. We revert to historical loss rates for less complex estimation methods for smaller portfolios. A 20 year fixed length look back period is used to calculate the long run average of the macroeconomic variables. A four quarter reversion period is used where the macroeconomic variables linearly revert to their long run average following the two year reasonable and supportable period. We develop our reasonable and supportable forecasts using relevant data including, but not limited to, changes in economic output, unemployment rates, property values, and other factors associated with the credit losses on financial assets. Some macroeconomic variables apply to all portfolio segments, while others are more portfolio specific. The following table discloses key macroeconomic variables for each loan portfolio. Segment Portfolio Key Macroeconomic Variables (a) Commercial Commercial and industrial BBB corporate bond rate (spread), GDP, industrial production, and unemployment rate Commercial real estate BBB corporate bond rate (spread), property and real estate price indices, and unemployment rate Commercial lease financing BBB corporate bond rate (spread), GDP, and unemployment rate Consumer Real estate — residential mortgage GDP, home price index, unemployment rate, and 30 year mortgage rate Home equity Home price index, unemployment rate, and 30 year mortgage rate Consumer direct Unemployment rate and U.S. household income Consumer indirect New vehicle sales, used vehicle prices, and unemployment rate Credit cards Unemployment rate and U.S. household income Discontinued operations Unemployment rate (a) Variables include all transformations and interactions with other risk drivers. Additionally, variables may have varying impacts at different points in the economic cycle. In addition to macroeconomic drivers, portfolio attributes such as remaining term, outstanding balance, risk ratings, FICO, LTV, and delinquency also drive ALLL changes. Our ALLL models were designed to capture the correlation between economic and portfolio changes. As such, evaluating shifts in individual portfolio attributes and macroeconomic variables in isolation may not be indicative of past or future performance. Economic Outlook As of September 30, 2021, the economic outlook continues to be strong, but the emergence of the Delta variant of the COVID-19 virus negatively impacted supply chains and consumer confidence. We utilized the Moody’s August 2021 Consensus forecast as our baseline forecast to estimate our expected credit losses as of September 30, 2021. We determined such forecast to be a reasonable view of the outlook for the economy given all available information at quarter end. The baseline scenario continues to reflect moderate economic growth over the next two years in markets in which we operate. U.S. GDP continues to increase at an 8.2% annualized rate in the third quarter of 2021 and at an annual rate of approximately 6% and 5% for 2021 and 2022, respectively. The national unemployment rate forecast is 5.3% in the third quarter of 2021, and is expected to decline to 4.7% by the fourth quarter of 2021 and 4.0% by the fourth quarter of 2022. To the extent we identified credit risk considerations that were not captured by the third-party economic forecast, we addressed the risk through management’s qualitative adjustments to the ALLL. As a result of the unprecedented economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, our future loss estimates may vary considerably from our September 30, 2021 assumptions. Commercial Loan Portfolio The ALLL from continuing operations for the commercial segment decreased by $90 million, or 11.3%, from June 30, 2021. The overall decrease in the allowance is driven by improvements in economic forecasts and asset quality, partially offset by loan growth. The changes to the economic forecast primarily reflect improvements in economic drivers used in our models. The favorable unemployment and GDP outlook contributes to the overall commercial segment reserve decrease. Expected improvements in real estate price indices lead to a reduction in reserve for our commercial real estate book. Positive risk rating migrations are driving a modest decrease in ALLL levels for the commercial and industrial portfolio. The ALLL results also reflect incremental credit risk considerations as a result of the future economic uncertainties which are addressed through qualitative adjustments. As of September 30, 2021, we concluded that no ALLL is necessary for $3.1 billion in outstanding PPP loans as they are 100% guaranteed by the SBA. Consumer Loan Portfolio The ALLL from continuing operations for the consumer segment decreased by $46 million, or 10.8%, from June 30, 2021. The overall decrease in the allowance is driven by updated economic forecasts that capture an im proving outlook for several drivers and strong portfolio performance, partially offset by growth in consumer real estate. The most meaningful changes to the economic forecast contributing to the reduction in reserves include improvement in the unemployment rate outlook, which impacts all consumer portfolios. In addition, the housing market and home price index outlook continue to display strength, which impacts the residential mortgage and home equity segments. As it relates to the decline in the ALLL due to portfolio factors, shifts are largely driven by attrition activity, targeted portfolio growth and overall strong credit drivers. The ALLL results also reflect incremental credit risk considerations as a result of the economic uncertainty and related borrower assistance programs, which are addressed through qualitative adjustments. Credit Risk Profile The prevalent risk characteristic for both commercial and consumer loans is the risk of loss arising from an obligor’s inability or failure to meet contractual payment or performance terms. Evaluation of this risk is stratified and monitored by the loan risk rating grades assigned for the commercial loan portfolios and the refreshed FICO score assigned for the consumer loan portfolios. The internal risk grades assigned to loans follow our definitions of Pass and Criticized, which are consistent with published definitions of regulatory risk classifications. Loans with a pass rating represent those loans not classified on our rating scale for problem credits, as minimal credit risk has been identified. Criticized loans are those loans that either have a potential weakness deserving management's close attention or have a well-defined weakness that may put full collection of contractual cash flows at risk. Borrower FICO scores provide information about the credit quality of our consumer loan portfolio as they provide an indication as to the likelihood that a debtor will repay its debts. The scores are obtained from a nationally recognized consumer rating agency and are presented in the tables below at the dates indicated. Most extensions of credit are subject to loan grading or scoring. Loan grades are assigned at the time of origination, verified by credit risk management, and periodically re-evaluated thereafter. This risk rating methodology blends our judgment with quantitative modeling. Commercial loans generally are assigned two internal risk ratings. The first rating reflects the probability that the borrower will default on an obligation; the second rating reflects expected recovery rates on the credit facility. Default probability is determined based on, among other factors, the financial strength of the borrower, an assessment of the borrower’s management, the borrower’s competitive position within its industry sector, and our view of industry risk in the context of the general economic outlook. Types of exposure, transaction structure, and collateral, including credit risk mitigants, affect the expected recovery assessment. Commercial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category and Vintage (a) As of September 30, 2021 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Internal Risk Rating Dollars in millions 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Commercial and Industrial Risk Rating: Pass $ 9,315 $ 5,420 $ 4,491 $ 3,186 $ 2,016 $ 3,884 $ 18,950 $ 102 $ 47,364 Criticized (Accruing) 40 115 193 192 236 208 925 27 1,936 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — 9 18 41 6 16 160 3 253 Total commercial and industrial 9,355 5,544 4,702 3,419 2,258 4,108 20,035 132 49,553 Real estate — commercial mortgage Risk Rating: Pass 3,219 1,357 2,589 1,338 687 3,073 690 64 13,017 Criticized (Accruing) 15 20 87 85 123 228 48 2 608 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — 1 1 5 1 37 4 — 49 Total real estate — commercial mortgage 3,234 1,378 2,677 1,428 811 3,338 742 66 13,674 Real estate — construction Risk Rating: Pass 318 619 610 292 104 49 29 6 2,027 Criticized (Accruing) — 4 13 52 22 1 1 — 93 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — — — — — Total real estate — construction 318 623 623 344 126 50 30 6 2,120 Commercial lease financing Risk Rating: Pass 655 815 744 348 347 997 — — 3,906 Criticized (Accruing) — 4 35 14 13 5 — — 71 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — 1 1 1 2 — — 5 Total commercial lease financing 655 819 780 363 361 1,004 — 3,982 Total commercial loans $ 13,562 $ 8,364 $ 8,782 $ 5,554 $ 3,556 $ 8,500 $ 20,807 $ 204 $ 69,329 As of December 31, 2020 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Internal Risk Rating Dollars in millions 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Commercial and Industrial Risk Rating: Pass $ 13,100 $ 5,487 $ 4,040 $ 2,617 $ 1,967 $ 2,709 $ 19,832 $ 118 $ 49,870 Criticized (Accruing) 66 198 174 236 150 279 1,527 22 2,652 Criticized (Nonaccruing) 8 27 71 28 17 7 226 1 385 Total commercial and industrial 13,174 5,712 4,285 2,881 2,134 2,995 21,585 141 52,907 Real estate — commercial mortgage Risk Rating: Pass 1,591 2,937 1,737 867 765 3,027 885 43 11,852 Criticized (Accruing) 12 142 81 145 72 255 22 2 731 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — 1 4 4 2 88 5 — 104 Total real estate — commercial mortgage 1,603 3,080 1,822 1,016 839 3,370 912 45 12,687 Real estate — construction Risk Rating: Pass 367 764 510 188 27 22 31 5 1,914 Criticized (Accruing) — 14 38 18 — 2 1 — 73 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — — — — — — — — — Total real estate — construction 367 778 548 206 27 24 32 5 1,987 Commercial lease financing Risk Rating: Pass 1,076 1,050 534 504 228 901 — — 4,293 Criticized (Accruing) 10 35 15 26 7 4 — — 97 Criticized (Nonaccruing) — 2 2 2 2 1 — — 9 Total commercial lease financing 1,086 1,087 551 532 237 906 — — 4,399 Total commercial loans $ 16,230 $ 10,657 $ 7,206 $ 4,635 $ 3,237 $ 7,295 $ 22,529 $ 191 $ 71,980 (a) Accrued intere st of $117 million a nd $140 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, presented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in these tables. Consumer Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by FICO Score and Vintage (a) As of September 30, 2021 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and FICO Score Dollars in millions 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Real estate — residential mortgage FICO Score: 750 and above $ 6,071 $ 3,150 $ 933 $ 104 $ 141 $ 1,218 — — $ 11,617 660 to 749 1,300 407 186 47 31 323 — — 2,294 Less than 660 23 12 19 16 10 151 — — 231 No Score 19 1 1 2 4 34 1 — 62 Total real estate — residential mortgage 7,413 3,570 1,139 169 186 1,726 1 — 14,204 Home equity loans FICO Score: 750 and above 919 885 285 113 139 739 $ 2,333 $ 462 5,875 660 to 749 345 295 130 49 47 222 1,037 158 2,283 Less than 660 20 26 20 14 15 99 336 48 578 No Score — 2 — 1 — 2 5 1 11 Total home equity loans 1,284 1,208 435 177 201 1,062 3,711 669 8,747 Consumer direct loans FICO Score: 750 and above 1,287 1,271 594 76 20 137 109 — 3,494 660 to 749 413 350 200 51 13 48 217 — 1,292 Less than 660 19 22 29 12 3 14 61 — 160 No Score 47 45 32 16 9 21 208 — 378 Total consumer direct loans 1,766 1,688 855 155 45 220 595 — 5,324 Credit cards FICO Score: 750 and above — — — — — — 472 — 472 660 to 749 — — — — — — 375 — 375 Less than 660 — — — — — — 72 — 72 No Score — — — — — — 9 — 9 Total credit cards — — — — — — 928 — 928 Consumer indirect loans FICO Score: 750 and above 4 — — — — 36 — — 40 660 to 749 — — — — — 26 — — 26 Less than 660 — — — — — 11 — — 11 No Score — — — — — — — — — Total consumer indirect loans 4 — — — — 73 — — 77 Total consumer loans $ 10,467 $ 6,466 $ 2,429 $ 501 $ 432 $ 3,081 $ 5,235 $ 669 $ 29,280 As of December 31, 2020 Term Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and FICO Score Dollars in millions 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Total Real estate — residential mortgage FICO Score: 750 and above $ 3,595 $ 1,620 $ 194 $ 254 $ 537 $ 1,211 — — $ 7,411 660 to 749 710 284 76 48 100 332 — — 1,550 Less than 660 16 28 21 10 26 170 — — 271 No Score 1 2 2 7 2 52 — — 66 Total real estate — residential mortgage 4,322 1,934 293 319 665 1,765 — — 9,298 Home equity loans FICO Score: 750 and above 1,043 404 168 202 190 839 $ 2,689 $ 590 6,125 660 to 749 385 198 82 77 69 253 1,237 206 2,507 Less than 660 27 30 18 20 20 113 426 61 715 No Score 2 2 1 — — 2 5 1 13 Total home equity loans 1,457 634 269 299 279 1,207 4,357 858 9,360 Consumer direct loans FICO Score: 750 and above 1,840 883 115 32 16 57 119 — 3,062 660 to 749 479 268 80 22 14 33 254 1 1,151 Less than 660 23 37 21 8 5 10 81 — 185 No Score 65 35 21 21 10 11 153 — 316 Total consumer direct loans 2,407 1,223 237 83 45 111 607 1 4,714 Credit cards FICO Score: 750 and above — — — — — — 488 — 488 660 to 749 — — — — — — 407 — 407 Less than 660 — — — — — — 93 — 93 No Score — — — — — — 1 — 1 Total credit cards — — — — — — 989 — 989 Consumer indirect loans FICO Score: 750 and above 1,092 924 369 188 69 66 — — 2,708 660 to 749 653 558 232 97 36 47 — — 1,623 Less than 660 143 163 99 54 25 28 — — 512 No Score 1 — — — — — — — 1 Total consumer indirect loans 1,889 1,645 700 339 130 141 — — 4,844 Total consumer loans $ 10,075 $ 5,436 $ 1,499 $ 1,040 $ 1,119 $ 3,224 $ 5,953 $ 859 $ 29,205 (a) Accrued intere st of $95 million and $101 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, presented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. Nonperforming and Past Due Loans Our policies for determining past due loans, placing loans on nonaccrual, applying payments on nonaccrual loans, and resuming accrual of interest for our commercial and consumer loan portfolios are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Nonperforming Loans” beginning on page 108 of our 2020 Form 10-K. Under the CARES Act as well as banking regulator interagency guidance, certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial distress as a result of the economic impacts created by the COVID-19 pandemic may not be required to be reported as past due. For COVID-19 related loan modifications which occurred from March 1, 2020, through September 30, 2021, and met the loan modification criteria under either the CARES Act or the criteria specified by the regulatory agencies, we have elected to re-age to current status all commercial loans and consumer loans that are not secured by real-estate and freeze the delinquency status of consumer real estate secured loans as of the modification or forbearance grant date. At September 30, 2021 , th e portfolio loans and leases in active deferral or forebearance as part of our COVID-19 hardship relief programs totaled $174 million, of which $124 million of loan modifications and forbearances made under the criteria of either the CARES Act, banking regulator interagency guidance, or short-term forbearance policies were not reported as nonperforming. The following aging analysis of past due and current loans as of September 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, provides further information regarding Key’s credit exposure. Aging Analysis of Loan Portfolio (a) September 30, 2021 Current 30-59 Days Past Due (b) 60-89 Days Past Due (b) 90 and Greater Days Past Due (b) Non-performing Total Past Total Loans (c) Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and industrial $ 49,161 $ 56 $ 33 $ 50 $ 253 $ 392 $ 49,553 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 13,606 12 2 5 49 68 13,674 Construction 2,118 1 — 1 — 2 2,120 Total commercial real estate loans 15,724 13 2 6 49 70 15,794 Commercial lease financing 3,973 2 1 1 5 9 3,982 Total commercial loans $ 68,858 $ 71 $ 36 $ 57 $ 307 $ 471 $ 69,329 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 14,096 $ 6 $ 3 $ 6 $ 93 $ 108 $ 14,204 Home equity loans 8,559 22 10 10 146 188 8,747 Consumer direct loans 5,307 6 3 4 4 17 5,324 Credit cards 914 3 3 5 3 14 928 Consumer indirect loans 75 1 — — 1 2 77 Total consumer loans $ 28,951 $ 38 $ 19 $ 25 $ 247 $ 329 $ 29,280 Total loans $ 97,809 $ 109 $ 55 $ 82 $ 554 $ 800 $ 98,609 (a) Amounts in table represent amortized cost and exclude loans held for sale. (b) Accrued inter est of $211 million p resented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. (c) Net of unearned income, net of deferred fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums. December 31, 2020 Current 30-59 Days Past Due (b) 60-89 Days Past Due (b) 90 and Greater Days Past Due (b) Non-performing Loans Total Past Due and Non-performing Loans Total Loans (c) Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Commercial and industrial $ 52,396 $ 36 $ 50 $ 40 $ 385 $ 511 $ 52,907 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 12,548 9 5 21 104 139 12,687 Construction 1,986 — — 1 — 1 1,987 Total commercial real estate loans 14,534 9 5 22 104 140 14,674 Commercial lease financing 4,369 21 1 — 8 30 4,399 Total commercial loans $ 71,299 $ 66 $ 56 $ 62 $ 497 $ 681 $ 71,980 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 9,173 $ 11 $ 3 $ 1 $ 110 $ 125 $ 9,298 Home equity loans 9,143 34 20 9 154 217 9,360 Consumer direct loans 4,694 7 4 4 5 20 4,714 Credit cards 972 5 3 7 2 17 989 Consumer indirect loans 4,792 25 7 3 17 52 4,844 Total consumer loans $ 28,774 $ 82 $ 37 $ 24 $ 288 $ 431 $ 29,205 Total loans $ 100,073 $ 148 $ 93 $ 86 $ 785 $ 1,112 $ 101,185 (a) Amounts in table represent amortized cost and exclude loans held for sale. (b) Accrued interest of $241 million presented in Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is excluded from the amortized cost basis disclosed in this table. (c) Net of unearned income, net of deferred fees and costs, and unamortized discounts and premiums. At September 30, 2021, the approximate carrying amount of our commercial nonperforming loans outstanding represented 62% of their original contractual amount owed, total nonperforming loans outstanding represented 72% of their original contractual amount owed, and nonperforming assets in total were carried at 77% of their original contractual amount owed. Nonperforming loans reduced expected interest income by $6 million and $20 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021,respectively, and $7 million and $20 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. The amortized cost basis of nonperforming loans on nonaccrual status for which there is no related allowance for credit losses was $492 million at September 30, 2021. Collateral-dependent Financial Assets We classify financial assets as collateral-dependent when our borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and we expect repayment to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Our commercial loans have collateral that includes commercial machinery, commercial properties, and commercial real estate construction projects. Our consumer loans have collateral that includes residential real estate, automobiles, boats, and RVs. There were no significant changes in the extent to which collateral secures our collateral-dependent financial assets during the three months ended September 30, 2021 . TDRs We classify loan modifications as TDRs when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and we have granted a concession without commensurate financial, structural, or legal consideration. Our loan modifications are handled on a case-by-case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet the borrower’s financial needs. Under the CARES Act as well as banking regulator interagency guidance, certain loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial distress as a result of the economic impacts created by the COVID-19 pandemic may not be required to be treated as TDRs under U.S. GAAP. As of September 30, 2021, the outstanding balance of loans that underwent CO VID-19 related loan modifications for which we elected to suspend TDR accoun ting as such loan modifications met the criteria under either the CARES Act or banking regulator interagency guidance total ed $124 million. Commitments outstanding to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in TDRs w ere $21 million a nd $1 million at September 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, respectively. The consumer TDR other concession category in the table below primarily includes those borrowers’ debts that are discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not been formally re-affirmed. At September 30, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the recorded investment of consumer residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure was approximately $70 million and $92 million, respectively. The following table shows the post-modification outstanding recorded investment by concession type for our commercial and consumer accruing and nonaccruing TDRs that occurred during the periods indicated: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Dollars in millions 2021 2020 2021 2020 Commercial loans: Extension of Maturity Date $ — $ — $ 5 $ 8 Payment or Covenant Modification/Deferment — — 7 — Bankruptcy Plan Modification — — — — Increase in new commitment or new money — — — — Total $ — $ — $ 12 $ 8 Consumer loans: Interest rate reduction $ 3 $ 13 $ 6 $ 22 Other 12 6 18 18 Total $ 15 $ 19 $ 24 $ 40 Total TDRs $ 15 $ 19 $ 36 $ 48 The following table summarizes the change in the post-modification outstanding recorded investment of our accruing and nonaccruing TDRs during the periods indicated: Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Dollars in millions 2021 2020 2021 2020 Balance at beginning of the period $ 334 $ 310 $ 363 $ 347 Additions 17 26 98 65 Payments (81) (22) (162) (75) Charge-offs — (8) (29) (31) Balance at end of period $ 270 $ 306 $ 270 $ 306 A further breakdown of TDRs included in nonperforming loans by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows: September 30, 2021 December 31, 2020 Number of Loans Pre-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Number of Loans Pre-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post-modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Dollars in millions LOAN TYPE Nonperforming: Commercial and industrial 35 $ 92 $ 53 66 $ 136 $ 92 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 3 50 29 7 62 50 Total commercial real estate loans 3 50 29 7 62 50 Total commercial loans 38 142 82 73 198 142 Real estate — residential mortgage 218 26 25 258 35 34 Home equity loans 569 38 33 630 41 37 Consumer direct loans 201 3 3 212 3 3 Credit cards 328 2 2 356 2 2 Consumer indirect loans 23 1 1 861 15 11 Total consumer loans 1,339 70 64 2,317 96 87 Total nonperforming TDRs 1,377 212 146 2,390 294 229 Prior-year accruing: (a) Commercial and industrial 7 49 26 3 5 — Commercial real estate Commercial mortgage 1 — — — — — Total commercial real estate loans 1 — — — — — Total commercial loans 8 49 26 3 5 — Real estate — residential mortgage 464 39 34 485 37 31 Home equity loans 1,648 100 78 1,781 106 83 Consumer direct loans 206 5 3 163 4 3 Credit cards 564 4 1 536 3 1 Consumer indirect loans 150 16 8 775 29 16 Total consumer loans 3,032 164 124 3,740 179 134 Total prior-year accruing TDRs 3,040 163 124 3,743 184 134 Total TDRs 4,417 $ 375 $ 270 6,133 $ 478 $ 363 (a) All TDRs that were restructured prior to January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2020, are fully accruing. Commercial loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are 90 days past due. Consumer loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are more than 60 days past due. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, there were two commercial loan TDRs and 33 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $2 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2020. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, there were no commercial loan TDRs and 33 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $1 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, there were five commercial loan TDRs and 98 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $4 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, there were no commercial loan TDRs and 160 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $4 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2019. Liability for Credit Losses on Off Balance Sheet Exposures The liability for credit losses inherent in unfunded lending-related commitments, such as letters of credit and unfunded loan commitments, and certain financial guarantees is included in “accrued expense and other liabilities” on the balance sheet. Changes in the liability for credit losses on off balance sheet exposures are summarized as follows: Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Dollars in millions 2021 2020 2021 2020 Balance at the end of the prior period $ 152 $ 198 $ 197 $ 68 Liability for credit losses on contingent guarantees at the end of the prior period — — — 7 Cumulative effect from change in accounting principle (a), (b) — — — 66 Balance at beginning of period 152 198 197 141 Provision (credit) for losses on off balance sheet exposures — 10 (45) 67 Balance at end of period $ 152 $ 208 $ 152 $ 208 (a) The cumulative effect from change in accounting principle relates to the January 1, 2020, adoption of ASU 2016-13. (b) The nine months ended September 30, 2020, amount exclud es $4 million related to the provision for other financial assets. |