Asset Quality | 4. Asset Quality We assess the credit quality of the loan portfolio by monitoring net credit losses, levels of nonperforming assets and delinquencies, and credit quality ratings as defined by management. Nonperforming loans are loans for which we do not accrue interest income, and include commercial and consumer loans and leases, as well as current year TDRs and nonaccruing TDR loans from prior years. Nonperforming loans do not include loans held for sale or PCI loans. Nonperforming assets include nonperforming loans, nonperforming loans held for sale, OREO, and other nonperforming assets. Our nonperforming assets and past due loans were as follows: in millions June 30, December 31, June 30, Total nonperforming loans (a), (b) $ 619 $ 387 $ 419 OREO (c) 15 14 20 Other nonperforming assets 3 2 1 Total nonperforming assets (a) $ 637 $ 403 $ 440 Nonperforming assets from discontinued operations—education lending (d) $ 5 $ 7 $ 6 Restructured loans included in nonperforming loans (a) $ 133 $ 159 $ 170 Restructured loans with an allocated specific allowance (e) 54 69 79 Specifically allocated allowance for restructured loans (f) 34 30 36 Accruing loans past due 90 days or more $ 70 $ 72 $ 66 Accruing loans past due 30 through 89 days 203 208 181 (a) Nonperforming loan balances exclude $11 million, $11 million, and $12 million of PCI loans at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively. (b) Includes carrying value of consumer residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure of approximately $111 million, $114 million, and $116 million at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively. (c) Includes carrying value of foreclosed residential real estate of approximately $12 million, $11 million, and $15 million at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively. (d) Restructured loans of approximately $22 million, $21 million, and $19 million are included in discontinued operations at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively. See Note 11 (“Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations”) for further discussion. (e) Included in individually impaired loans allocated a specific allowance. (f) Included in allowance for individually evaluated impaired loans. We evaluate purchased loans for impairment in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. Purchased loans that have evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments will not be collected are deemed PCI and initially recorded at fair value without recording an allowance for loan losses. All PCI loans were acquired in 2012. At the 2012 acquisition date, the estimated gross contractual amount receivable of all PCI loans totaled $41 million. The estimated cash flows not expected to be collected (the nonaccretable amount) were $11 million, and the accretable amount was approximately $5 million. The difference between the fair value and the cash flows expected to be collected from the purchased loans is accreted to interest income over the remaining term of the loans. At June 30, 2016, the outstanding unpaid principal balance and carrying value of all PCI loans was $16 million and $11 million, respectively, compared to $17 million and $11 million, respectively, at December 31, 2015, and $18 million and $12 million, respectively, at June 30, 2015. Changes in the accretable yield during the first six months of 2016 included accretion and net reclassifications of less than $1 million, resulting in an ending balance of $5 million at June 30, 2016. Changes in the accretable yield during 2015 included accretion and net reclassifications of less than $1 million, resulting in an ending balance of $5 million at December 31, 2015, which was primarily unchanged from the ending balance at December 31, 2014, given that accretion and net reclassifications were less than $1 million during 2015. Changes in the accretable yield during the first six months of 2015 included accretion and net reclassifications of less than $1 million, resulting in an ending balance of $5 million at June 30, 2015. At June 30, 2016, the approximate carrying amount of our commercial nonperforming loans outstanding represented 83% of their original contractual amount owed, total nonperforming loans outstanding represented 83% of their original contractual amount owed, and nonperforming assets in total were carried at 83% of their original contractual amount owed. At June 30, 2016, our 20 largest nonperforming loans totaled $331 million, representing 54% of total loans on nonperforming status. At June 30, 2015, our 20 largest nonperforming loans totaled $120 million, representing 29% of total loans on nonperforming status. Nonperforming loans and loans held for sale reduced expected interest income by $12 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016, and $8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The following tables set forth a further breakdown of individually impaired loans as of June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015: June 30, 2016 in millions Recorded Investment (a) Unpaid Principal Balance (b) Specific Allowance Average Recorded Investment With no related allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 293 $ 328 — $ 276 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 5 7 — 5 Construction 21 29 — 15 Total commercial real estate loans 26 36 — 20 Total commercial loans 319 364 — 296 Real estate — residential mortgage 22 22 — 23 Home equity loans 65 65 — 66 Consumer indirect loans 1 1 — 1 Total consumer loans 88 88 — 90 Total loans with no related allowance recorded 407 452 — 386 With an allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural 29 30 $ 16 65 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage — — — 2 Total commercial real estate loans — — — 2 Total commercial loans 29 30 16 67 Real estate — residential mortgage 31 31 3 32 Home equity loans 66 66 20 65 Consumer direct loans 3 3 — 3 Credit cards 3 3 — 3 Consumer indirect loans 32 32 2 33 Total consumer loans 135 135 25 136 Total loans with an allowance recorded 164 165 41 203 Total $ 571 $ 617 $ 41 $ 589 (a) The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on our consolidated balance sheet. (b) The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer’s legal obligation to us. December 31, 2015 in millions Recorded Investment (a) Unpaid Principal Balance (b) Specific Allowance Average Recorded Investment With no related allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 40 $ 74 — $ 23 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 5 8 — 10 Construction 5 5 — 5 Total commercial real estate loans 10 13 — 15 Total commercial loans 50 87 — 38 Real estate — residential mortgage 23 23 — 24 Home equity loans 61 61 — 62 Consumer indirect loans 1 1 — 1 Total consumer loans 85 85 — 87 Total loans with no related allowance recorded 135 172 — 125 With an allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural 28 43 $ 7 33 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 5 6 1 6 Construction — — — 1 Total commercial real estate loans 5 6 1 7 Total commercial loans 33 49 8 40 Real estate — residential mortgage 33 33 4 32 Home equity loans 64 64 20 60 Consumer direct loans 3 3 — 4 Credit cards 3 3 — 4 Consumer indirect loans 37 37 3 40 Total consumer loans 140 140 27 140 Total loans with an allowance recorded 173 189 35 180 Total $ 308 $ 361 $ 35 $ 305 (a) The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on our consolidated balance sheet. (b) The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer’s legal obligation to us. June 30, 2015 in millions Recorded Investment (a) Unpaid Principal Balance (b) Specific Allowance Average Recorded Investment With no related allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 9 $ 56 — $ 15 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 10 14 — 12 Construction 7 7 — 7 Total commercial real estate loans 17 21 — 19 Total commercial loans 26 77 — 34 Real estate — residential mortgage 22 22 — 22 Home equity loans 62 62 — 63 Consumer indirect loans 1 1 — 1 Total consumer loans 85 85 — 86 Total loans with no related allowance recorded 111 162 — 120 With an allowance recorded: Commercial, financial and agricultural 73 86 $ 24 67 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 6 7 1 6 Total commercial real estate loans 6 7 1 6 Total commercial loans 79 93 25 73 Real estate — residential mortgage 33 33 5 33 Home equity loans 63 63 19 62 Consumer direct loans 3 3 — 3 Credit cards 3 3 — 3 Consumer indirect loans 42 42 3 42 Total consumer loans 144 144 27 143 Total loans with an allowance recorded 223 237 52 216 Total $ 334 $ 399 $ 52 $ 336 (a) The Recorded Investment represents the face amount of the loan increased or decreased by applicable accrued interest, net deferred loan fees and costs, and unamortized premium or discount, and reflects direct charge-offs. This amount is a component of total loans on our consolidated balance sheet. (b) The Unpaid Principal Balance represents the customer’s legal obligation to us. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, and June 30, 2015, interest income recognized on the outstanding balances of accruing impaired loans totaled $6 million and $3 million, respectively. At June 30, 2016, aggregate restructured loans (accrual and nonaccrual loans) totaled $277 million, compared to $280 million at December 31, 2015, and $300 million at June 30, 2015. During the first six months of 2016, we added $49 million in restructured loans, which were offset by $52 million in payments and charge-offs. During 2015, we added $99 million in restructured loans, which were partially offset by $89 million in payments and charge-offs. During the first six months of 2015, we added $73 million in restructured loans, which were partially offset by $43 million in payments and charge-offs. A further breakdown of TDRs included in nonperforming loans by loan category as of June 30, 2016, follows: June 30, 2016 dollars in millions Number of Pre-modification Post-modification LOAN TYPE Nonperforming: Commercial, financial and agricultural 14 $ 50 $ 32 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 8 2 1 Total commercial real estate loans 8 2 1 Total commercial loans 22 52 33 Real estate — residential mortgage 307 19 19 Home equity loans 1,332 86 76 Consumer direct loans 28 1 1 Credit cards 267 1 1 Consumer indirect loans 81 4 3 Total consumer loans 2,015 111 100 Total nonperforming TDRs 2,037 163 133 Prior-year accruing: (a) Commercial, financial and agricultural 6 30 20 Total commercial loans 6 30 20 Real estate — residential mortgage 536 35 35 Home equity loans 1,116 64 54 Consumer direct loans 39 2 2 Credit cards 478 3 2 Consumer indirect loans 415 59 31 Total consumer loans 2,584 163 124 Total prior-year accruing TDRs 2,590 193 144 Total TDRs 4,627 $ 356 $ 277 (a) All TDRs that were restructured prior to January 1, 2016, and are fully accruing. A further breakdown of TDRs included in nonperforming loans by loan category as of December 31, 2015, follows: December 31, 2015 dollars in millions Number Pre-modification Post-modification LOAN TYPE Nonperforming: Commercial, financial and agricultural 12 $ 56 $ 45 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 12 30 7 Total commercial real estate loans 12 30 7 Total commercial loans 24 86 52 Real estate — residential mortgage 366 23 23 Home equity loans 1,262 85 76 Consumer direct loans 28 1 1 Credit cards 339 2 2 Consumer indirect loans 103 6 5 Total consumer loans 2,098 117 107 Total nonperforming TDRs 2,122 203 159 Prior-year accruing: (a) Commercial, financial and agricultural 7 5 2 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage — — — Total commercial real estate loans — — — Total commercial loans 7 5 2 Real estate — residential mortgage 489 34 34 Home equity loans 1,071 57 49 Consumer direct loans 42 2 2 Credit cards 461 4 2 Consumer indirect loans 430 59 32 Total consumer loans 2,493 156 119 Total prior-year accruing TDRs 2,500 161 121 Total TDRs 4,622 $ 364 $ 280 (a) All TDRs that were restructured prior to January 1, 2015, and are fully accruing. A further breakdown of TDRs included in nonperforming loans by loan category as of June 30, 2015, follows: June 30, 2015 dollars in millions Number Pre-modification Post-modification LOAN TYPE Nonperforming: Commercial, financial and agricultural 12 $ 74 $ 58 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 12 32 8 Total commercial real estate loans 12 32 8 Total commercial loans 24 106 66 Real estate — residential mortgage 352 21 21 Home equity loans 1,193 80 73 Consumer direct loans 28 1 1 Credit cards 289 2 2 Consumer indirect loans 125 9 7 Total consumer loans 1,987 113 104 Total nonperforming TDRs 2,011 219 170 Prior-year accruing: (a) Commercial, financial and agricultural 14 6 3 Commercial real estate: Real estate — commercial mortgage 1 2 1 Total commercial real estate loans 1 2 1 Total commercial loans 15 8 4 Real estate — residential mortgage 491 36 36 Home equity loans 1,138 58 50 Consumer direct loans 48 2 2 Credit cards 489 3 2 Consumer indirect loans 492 62 36 Total consumer loans 2,658 161 126 Total prior-year accruing TDRs 2,673 169 130 Total TDRs 4,684 $ 388 $ 300 (a) All TDRs that were restructured prior to January 1, 2015, and are fully accruing. We classify loan modifications as TDRs when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and we have granted a concession without commensurate financial, structural, or legal consideration. All commercial and consumer loan TDRs, regardless of size, are individually evaluated for impairment to determine the probable loss content and are assigned a specific loan allowance if deemed appropriate. This designation has the effect of moving the loan from the general reserve methodology (i.e., collectively evaluated) to the specific reserve methodology (i.e., individually evaluated) and may impact the ALLL through a charge-off or increased loan loss provision. These components affect the ultimate allowance level. Additional information regarding TDRs for discontinued operations is provided in Note 11 (“Acquisitions and Discontinued Operations”). Commercial loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are 90 days past due. Consumer loan TDRs are considered defaulted when principal and interest payments are more than 60 days past due. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, there were no commercial loan TDRs and 41 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $2 million that experienced payment defaults after modifications resulting in TDR status during 2015. During the three months ended June 30, 2015, there were no significant commercial loan TDRs and 65 consumer loan TDRs with a combined recorded investment of $3 million that experienced payment defaults from modifications resulting in TDR status during 2014. As TDRs are individually evaluated for impairment under the specific reserve methodology, subsequent defaults do not generally have a significant additional impact on the ALLL. Our loan modifications are handled on a case-by-case basis and are negotiated to achieve mutually agreeable terms that maximize loan collectability and meet the borrower’s financial needs. Our concession types are primarily interest rate reductions, forgiveness of principal, and other modifications. The commercial TDR other concession category includes modification of loan terms, covenants, or conditions. The consumer TDR other concession category primarily includes those borrowers’ debts that are discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not been formally re-affirmed. The following table shows the post-modification outstanding recorded investment by concession type for our commercial and consumer accruing and nonaccruing TDRs and other selected financial data. in millions June 30, December 31, June 30, Commercial loans: Interest rate reduction $ 52 $ 51 $ 60 Forgiveness of principal — 2 2 Other 1 1 8 Total $ 53 $ 54 $ 70 Consumer loans: Interest rate reduction $ 128 $ 132 $ 142 Forgiveness of principal 3 8 4 Other 93 86 84 Total $ 224 $ 226 $ 230 Total commercial and consumer TDRs (a) $ 277 $ 280 $ 300 Total loans 62,098 59,876 58,264 (a) Commitments outstanding to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loan terms have been modified in TDRs are $7 million, $9 million, and $8 million at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively. Our policies for determining past due loans, placing loans on nonaccrual, applying payments on nonaccrual loans, and resuming accrual of interest for our commercial and consumer loan portfolios are disclosed in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Nonperforming Loans” beginning on page 121 of our 2015 Form 10-K. At June 30, 2016, approximately $61.2 billion, or 98.5%, of our total loans were current, compared to approximately $59.2 billion, or 98.9% of total loans, at December 31, 2015, and approximately $57.6 billion, or 98.8% of total loans, at June 30, 2015. At June 30, 2016, total past due loans and nonperforming loans of $892 million represented approximately 1.4% of total loans, compared to $667 million, or 1.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2015, and $666 million, or 1.2% of total loans, at June 30, 2015. The following aging analysis of past due and current loans as of June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, provides further information regarding Key’s credit exposure. June 30, 2016 in millions Current 30-59 60-89 90 and Nonperforming Total Past Due and Purchased Total LOAN TYPE Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 32,975 $ 46 $ 10 $ 24 $ 321 $ 401 — $ 33,376 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 8,556 4 1 7 14 26 — 8,582 Construction 854 — — 2 25 27 — 881 Total commercial real estate loans 9,410 4 1 9 39 53 — 9,463 Commercial lease financing 3,939 22 6 11 10 49 — 3,988 Total commercial loans $ 46,324 $ 72 $ 17 $ 44 $ 370 $ 503 — $ 46,827 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 2,208 $ 9 $ 3 $ 1 $ 54 $ 67 $ 10 $ 2,285 Home equity loans 9,799 36 25 12 189 262 1 10,062 Consumer direct loans 1,557 18 3 5 1 27 — 1,584 Credit cards 796 5 3 7 2 17 — 813 Consumer indirect loans 511 9 3 1 3 16 — 527 Total consumer loans $ 14,871 $ 77 $ 37 $ 26 $ 249 $ 389 $ 11 $ 15,271 Total loans $ 61,195 $ 149 $ 54 $ 70 $ 619 $ 892 $ 11 $ 62,098 December 31, 2015 in millions Current 30-59 60-89 90 and Nonperforming Total Past Due and Purchased Total LOAN TYPE Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 31,116 $ 11 $ 11 $ 20 $ 82 $ 124 — $ 31,240 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 7,917 8 5 10 19 42 — 7,959 Construction 1,042 1 1 — 9 11 — 1,053 Total commercial real estate loans 8,959 9 6 10 28 53 — 9,012 Commercial lease financing 3,952 33 11 11 13 68 — 4,020 Total commercial loans $ 44,027 $ 53 $ 28 $ 41 $ 123 $ 245 — $ 44,272 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 2,149 $ 14 $ 3 $ 2 $ 64 $ 83 $ 10 $ 2,242 Home equity loans 10,056 50 24 14 190 278 1 10,335 Consumer direct loans 1,580 10 3 5 2 20 — 1,600 Credit cards 785 6 4 9 2 21 — 806 Consumer indirect loans 601 9 4 1 6 20 — 621 Total consumer loans $ 15,171 $ 89 $ 38 $ 31 $ 264 $ 422 $ 11 $ 15,604 Total loans $ 59,198 $ 142 $ 66 $ 72 $ 387 $ 667 $ 11 $ 59,876 June 30, 2015 in millions Current 30-59 60-89 90 and Nonperforming Total Past Due and Purchased Total LOAN TYPE Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 29,137 $ 26 $ 5 $ 17 $ 100 $ 148 — $ 29,285 Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage 7,823 6 2 17 26 51 — 7,874 Construction 1,242 — — — 12 12 — 1,254 Total commercial real estate loans 9,065 6 2 17 38 63 — 9,128 Commercial lease financing 3,967 20 3 2 18 43 — 4,010 Total commercial loans $ 42,169 $ 52 $ 10 $ 36 $ 156 $ 254 — $ 42,423 Real estate — residential mortgage $ 2,155 $ 13 $ 3 $ 3 $ 67 $ 86 $ 11 $ 2,252 Home equity loans 10,264 47 24 12 184 267 1 10,532 Consumer direct loans 1,577 8 3 6 1 18 — 1,595 Credit cards 735 5 3 8 2 18 — 753 Consumer indirect loans 686 10 3 1 9 23 — 709 Total consumer loans $ 15,417 $ 83 $ 36 $ 30 $ 263 $ 412 $ 12 $ 15,841 Total loans $ 57,586 $ 135 $ 46 $ 66 $ 419 $ 666 $ 12 $ 58,264 The prevalent risk characteristic for both commercial and consumer loans is the risk of loss arising from an obligor’s inability or failure to meet contractual payment or performance terms. Evaluation of this risk is stratified and monitored by the loan risk rating grades assigned for the commercial loan portfolios and the regulatory risk ratings assigned for the consumer loan portfolios. Most extensions of credit are subject to loan grading or scoring. Loan grades are assigned at the time of origination, verified by credit risk management, and periodically re-evaluated thereafter. This risk rating methodology blends our judgment with quantitative modeling. Commercial loans generally are assigned two internal risk ratings. The first rating reflects the probability that the borrower will default on an obligation; the second rating reflects expected recovery rates on the credit facility. Default probability is determined based on, among other factors, the financial strength of the borrower, an assessment of the borrower’s management, the borrower’s competitive position within its industry sector, and our view of industry risk in the context of the general economic outlook. Types of exposure, transaction structure, and collateral, including credit risk mitigants, affect the expected recovery assessment. Credit quality indicators for our commercial and consumer loan portfolios, excluding $11 million, $11 million, and $12 million of PCI loans at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, respectively, based on regulatory classification and payment activity as of June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, and June 30, 2015, are as follows: Commercial Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Creditworthiness Category (a)(b) in millions Commercial, financial and RE — Commercial RE — Construction June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, December 31, June 30, RATING 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 Pass $ 31,700 $ 29,921 $ 28,169 $ 8,380 $ 7,800 $ 7,603 $ 831 $ 1,007 $ 1,222 Criticized (Accruing) 1,354 1,236 1,015 188 139 245 25 37 20 Criticized (Nonaccruing) 322 83 101 14 20 26 25 9 12 Total $ 33,376 $ 31,240 $ 29,285 $ 8,582 $ 7,959 $ 7,874 $ 881 $ 1,053 $ 1,254 Commercial Lease Total June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, December 31, June 30, RATING 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 Pass $ 3,932 $ 3,967 $ 3,944 $ 44,843 $ 42,695 $ 40,938 Criticized (Accruing) 46 38 48 1,613 1,450 1,328 Criticized (Nonaccruing) 10 15 18 371 127 157 Total $ 3,988 $ 4,020 $ 4,010 $ 46,827 $ 44,272 $ 42,423 (a) Credit quality indicators are updated on an ongoing basis and reflect credit quality information as of the dates indicated. (b) The term criticized refers to those loans that are internally classified by Key as special mention or worse, which are asset quality categories defined by regulatory authorities. These assets have an elevated level of risk and may have a high probability of default or total loss. Pass rated refers to all loans not classified as criticized. Consumer Credit Exposure Credit Risk Profile by Regulatory Classifications (a)(b) in millions Residential — Prime June 30, December 31, June 30, GRADE 2016 2015 2015 Pass $ 12,080 $ 12,296 $ 12,506 Substandard 256 270 266 Total $ 12,336 $ 12,566 $ 12,772 Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity (a) in millions Consumer direct loans Credit cards Consumer indirect loans June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, December 31, June 30, 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 Performing $ 1,583 $ 1,598 $ 1,594 $ 811 $ 804 $ 751 $ 524 $ 615 $ 700 Nonperforming 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 6 9 Total $ 1,584 $ 1,600 $ 1,595 $ 813 $ 806 $ 753 $ 527 $ 621 $ 709 Total June 30, December 31, June 30, 2016 2015 2015 Performing $ 2,918 $ 3,017 $ 3,045 Nonperforming 6 10 12 Total $ 2,924 $ 3,027 $ 3,057 (a) Credit quality indicators are updated on an ongoing basis and reflect credit quality information as of the dates indicated. (b) Our past due payment activity to regulatory classification conversion is as follows: pass = less than 90 days; and substandard = 90 days and greater plus nonperforming loans. We determine the appropriate level of the ALLL on at least a quarterly basis. The methodology is described in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” beginning on page 122 of our 2015 Form 10-K. We apply expected loss rates to existing loans with similar risk characteristics as noted in the credit quality indicator table above and exercise judgment to assess the impact of qualitative factors such as changes in economic conditions, changes in credit policies or underwriting standards, and changes in the level of credit risk associated with specific industries and markets. For all commercial and consumer loan TDRs, regardless of size, as well as impaired commercial loans with an outstanding balance of $2.5 million or greater, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss content and assign a specific allowance to the loan if deemed appropriate. We estimate the extent of the individual impairment for commercial loans and TDRs by comparing the recorded investment of the loan with the estimated present value of its future cash flows, the fair value of its underlying collateral, or the loan’s observable market price. Secured consumer loan TDRs that are discharged through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not formally re-affirmed are adjusted to reflect the fair value of the underlying collateral, less costs to sell. Non-Chapter 7 consumer loan TDRs are combined in homogenous pools and assigned a specific allocation based on the estimated present value of future cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate. A specific allowance also may be assigned — even when sources of repayment appear sufficient — if we remain uncertain about whether the loan will be repaid in full. On at least a quarterly basis, we evaluate the appropriateness of our loss estimation methods to reduce differences between estimated incurred losses and actual losses. The ALLL at June 30, 2016, represents our best estimate of the probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio at that date. Commercial loans generally are charged off in full or charged down to the fair value of the underlying collateral when the borrower’s payment is 180 days past due. Consumer loans generally are charged off when payments are 120 days past due. Home equity and residential mortgage loans generally are charged down to net realizable value when payment is 180 days past due. Credit card loans and similar unsecured products are charged off when payments are 180 days past due. At June 30, 2016, the ALLL was $854 million, or 1.38% of loans, compared to $796 million, or 1.37% of loans, at June 30, 2015. At June 30, 2016, the ALLL was 138% of nonperforming loans, compared to 190% at June 30, 2015. A summary of the changes in the ALLL for the periods indicated is presented in the table below: Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, in millions 2016 2015 2016 2015 Balance at beginning of period — continuing operations $ 826 $ 794 $ 796 $ 794 Charge-offs (64 ) (52 ) (124 ) (99 ) Recoveries 21 16 35 35 Net loans and leases charged off (43 ) (36 ) (89 ) (64 ) Provision for loan and lease losses from continuing operations 71 37 147 66 Foreign currency translation adjustment — 1 — — Balance at end of period — continuing operations $ 854 $ 796 $ 854 $ 796 The changes in the ALLL by loan category for the periods indicated are as follows: in millions December 31, Provision Charge-offs Recoveries June 30, Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 450 $ 118 $ (61 ) $ 6 $ 513 Real estate — commercial mortgage 134 (4 ) (3 ) 8 135 Real estate — construction 25 (9 ) — 1 17 Commercial lease financing 47 2 (6 ) 2 45 Total commercial loans 656 107 (70 ) 17 710 Real estate — residential mortgage 18 1 (3 ) 2 18 Home equity loans 57 18 (17 ) 7 65 Consumer direct loans 20 8 (12 ) 3 19 Credit cards 32 12 (16 ) 2 30 Consumer indirect loans 13 1 (6 ) 4 12 Total consumer loans 140 40 (54 ) 18 144 Total ALLL — continuing operations 796 147 (a) (124 ) 35 854 Discontinued operations 28 2 (15 ) 5 20 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 824 $ 149 $ (139 ) $ 40 $ 874 (a) Excludes a credit for losses on lending-related commitments of $6 million. in millions December 31, Provision Charge-offs Recoveries June 30, Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 391 $ 49 $ (33 ) $ 11 $ 418 Real estate — commercial mortgage 148 (4 ) (2 ) 2 144 Real estate — construction 28 3 (1 ) 1 31 Commercial lease financing 56 (5 ) (3 ) 5 53 Total commercial loans 623 43 (39 ) 19 646 Real estate — residential mortgage 23 (1 ) (3 ) 1 20 Home equity loans 71 3 (18 ) 5 61 Consumer direct loans 22 7 (12 ) 4 21 Credit cards 33 13 (16 ) 1 31 Consumer indirect loans 22 1 (11 ) 5 17 Total consumer loans 171 23 (60 ) 16 150 Total ALLL — continuing operations 794 66 (a) (99 ) 35 796 Discontinued operations 29 1 (16 ) 8 22 Total ALLL — including discontinued operations $ 823 $ 67 $ (115 ) $ 43 $ 818 (a) Excludes provision for losses on lending-related commitments of $10 million. Our ALLL from continuing operations increased by $58 million, or 7.3%, from the second quarter of 2015. Our allowance applies expected loss rates to our existing loans with similar risk characteristics as well as any adjustments to reflect our current assessment of qualitative factors, such as changes in economic conditions, underwriting standards, and concentrations of credit. Our commercial ALLL increased by $64 million, or 9.9%, from the second quarter of 2015 primarily because of loan growth and increased incurred loss estimates. The increase in these incurred loss estimates during 2015 and into 2016 was primarily due to the continued decline in oil and gas prices since 2014. Partially offsetting this increase was a decrease in our consumer ALLL of $6 million, or 4%, from the second quarter of 2015. Our consumer ALLL decrease was primarily due to continued improvement in credit metrics, such as delinquency, average credit bureau score, and loan to value, which have decreased expected loss rates since 2014. The continued improvement in the consumer portfolio credit quality metrics from the second quarter of 2015 was primarily due to continued improved credit quality and benefits of relatively stable economic conditions. For continuing operations, the loans outstanding individually evaluated for impairment totaled $571 million, with a corresponding allowance of $41 million at June 30, 2016. Loans outstanding collectively evaluated for impairment totaled $61.5 billion, with a corresponding allowance of $812 million at June 30, 2016. At June 30, 2016, PCI loans evaluated for impairment totaled $11 million, with a corresponding allowance of $1 million. There was no provision for loan and lease losses on these PCI loans during the six months ended June 30, 2016. At June 30, 2015, the loans outstanding individually evaluated for impairment totaled $334 million, with a corresponding allowance of $52 million. Loans outstanding collectively evaluated for impairment totaled $57.9 billion, with a corresponding allowance of $743 million at June 30, 2015. At June 30, 2015, PCI loans evaluated for impairment totaled $12 million, with a corresponding allowance of $1 million. There was no provision for loan and lease losses on these PCI loans during the six months ended June 30, 2015. A breakdown of the individual and collective ALLL and the corresponding loan balances as of June 30, 2016, follows: Allowance Outstanding June 30, 2016 in millions Individually Evaluated for Collectively Evaluated for Purchased Credit Impaired Loans Individually Evaluated for Collectively Evaluated for Purchased Credit Impaired Commercial, financial and agricultural $ 16 $ 497 — $ 33,376 $ 322 $ 33,054 — Commercial real estate: Commercial mortgage — 135 — 8,582 5 8,577 — Construction — 17 — 881 21 860 — Total commercial real estate loans — 152 — 9,463 26 9,437 — Commercial lease financing — 45 — 3,988 — 3,988 — Total com |