Unity Bancorp (UNTY) 10-Q 2024 Q2 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____.

Commission File Number 1-12431

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey	22-3282551
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
64 Old Highway 22, Clinton, NJ	08809
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (800) 618-2265

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	UNTY	NASDAQ

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:    Yes ⌧    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer  ◻	Accelerated filer  ⌧	Nonaccelerated filer  ◻	Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:    Yes ☐    No ⌧

The number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common equity stock, as of July 31, 2024 common stock, no par value: 9,979,668 shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
		Page #
PART I	CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	3
	Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	5
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	7
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	8
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	9
ITEM 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	38
ITEM 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	52
ITEM 4	Controls and Procedures	52
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	53
ITEM 1	Legal Proceedings	53
ITEM 1A	Risk Factors	53
ITEM 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	53
ITEM 3	Defaults upon Senior Securities	53
ITEM 4	Mine Safety Disclosures	53
ITEM 5	Other Information	53
ITEM 6	Exhibits	54
	EXHIBIT INDEX	55
	Exhibit 31.1
	Exhibit 31.2
	Exhibit 32.1
	SIGNATURES	56

2

PART I        CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1        Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	31,180	$	20,668
Interest-bearing deposits		166,238		174,108
Cash and cash equivalents		197,418		194,776
Securities:
Debt securities available for sale ("AFS"), at fair value		99,081		91,765
Debt securities held to maturity ("HTM"), at amortized cost		36,157		36,122
Equity securities, at fair value		9,949		7,802
Total securities		145,187		135,689
Loans:
SBA loans held for sale		15,159		18,242
SBA loans held for investment		38,017		38,584
SBA PPP loans		1,734		2,318
Commercial loans		1,318,208		1,277,460
Residential mortgage loans		624,949		631,506
Consumer loans		69,280		72,676
Residential construction loans		103,188		131,277
Total loans		2,170,535		2,172,063
Allowance for credit losses		(26,107)		(25,854)
Net loans		2,144,428		2,146,209
Premises and equipment, net		19,073		19,567
Bank owned life insurance ("BOLI")		25,483		25,230
Deferred tax assets, net		13,294		12,552
Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock		14,957		18,435
Accrued interest receivable		13,257		13,582
Goodwill		1,516		1,516
Prepaid expenses and other assets		23,094		10,951
Total assets	$	2,597,707	$	2,578,507
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand	$	422,001	$	419,636
Interest-bearing demand		301,480		312,208
Savings		505,586		497,491
Brokered deposits		221,990		268,408
Time deposits		559,774		426,397
Total deposits		2,010,831		1,924,140
Borrowed funds		274,798		356,438
Subordinated debentures		10,310		10,310
Accrued interest payable		1,657		1,924
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		26,716		24,265
Total liabilities		2,324,312		2,317,077
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock		102,226		100,426
Retained earnings		207,534		191,108
Treasury stock		(33,285)		(27,367)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(3,080)		(2,737)
Total shareholders’ equity		273,395		261,430
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	2,597,707	$	2,578,507
Common shares at period end
Shares issued		11,555		11,424
Shares outstanding		9,975		10,063
Treasury shares		1,580		1,361

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

3

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	2024		2023		2024		2023
INTEREST INCOME
Interest-bearing deposits	$	435	$	441	$	855	$	775
FHLB stock		180		343		460		674
Securities:
Taxable		1,749		1,798		3,598		3,537
Tax-exempt		17		19		35		38
Total securities		1,766		1,817		3,633		3,575
Loans:
SBA loans		1,276		1,403		2,609		2,807
SBA PPP loans		11		27		19		104
Commercial loans		21,160		18,621		41,990		36,022
Residential mortgage loans		9,316		8,532		18,535		16,641
Consumer loans		1,390		1,471		2,792		2,825
Residential construction loans		2,453		2,737		5,031		5,323
Total loans		35,606		32,791		70,976		63,722
Total interest income		37,987		35,392		75,924		68,746
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest-bearing demand deposits		2,010		1,331		3,720		2,296
Savings deposits		3,349		1,993		6,493		3,548
Brokered deposits		2,181		1,857		4,476		3,419
Time deposits		5,832		2,564		10,531		4,126
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		1,191		4,125		3,439		7,924
Total interest expense		14,563		11,870		28,659		21,313
Net interest income		23,424		23,522		47,265		47,433
Provision for credit losses, loans		266		777		907		885
Provision for credit losses, off-balance sheet		13		(84)		15		(84)
Provision for credit losses, AFS debt securities		646		—		646		—
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		22,499		22,829		45,697		46,632
NONINTEREST INCOME
Branch fee income		266		228		509		463
Service and loan fee income		467		491		924		993
Gain on sale of SBA loans held for sale, net		305		586		543		896
Gain on sale of mortgage loans, net		266		463		586		707
BOLI income		189		84		254		164
Net security gains (losses)		20		(164)		74		(487)
Other income		520		427		861		796
Total noninterest income		2,033		2,115		3,751		3,532
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and benefits		7,121		7,271		14,478		14,361
Processing and communications		840		663		1,746		1,467
Occupancy		815		779		1,613		1,549
Furniture and equipment		819		690		1,503		1,379
Professional services		405		296		841		723
Advertising		397		443		797		703
Loan related expenses		351		130		735		305
Deposit insurance		321		617		660		965
Director fees		231		203		478		420
Other expenses		680		743		1,261		1,391
Total noninterest expense		11,980		11,835		24,112		23,263
Income before provision for income taxes		12,552		13,109		25,336		26,901
Provision for income taxes		3,098		3,409		6,296		6,914
Net income	$	9,454	$	9,700	$	19,040	$	19,987
Net income per common share – Basic	$	0.94	$	0.96	$	1.89	$	1.94
Net income per common share – Diluted	$	0.93	$	0.95	$	1.86	$	1.91
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic		10,016		10,103		10,072		10,319
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted		10,149		10,203		10,212		10,444

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

4

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

	For the three months ended
	June 30, 2024						June 30, 2023
			Income tax						Income tax
		Before tax		expense		Net of tax		Before tax		expense		Net of tax
(In thousands)	amount		(benefit)		amount		amount		(benefit)		amount
Net income	$	12,552	$	3,098	$	9,454	$	13,109	$	3,409	$	9,700
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications
Debt securities available for sale:
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period		(118)		(29)		(89)		(683)		(166)		(517)
Less: reclassification adjustment for losses on securities included in net income		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total unrealized losses on securities available for sale		(118)		(29)		(89)		(683)		(166)		(517)
Net unrealized (losses) gains from cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains on cash flow hedges arising during the period		(429)		(122)		(307)		319		90		229
Less: reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses on cash flow hedges included in net income		(238)		(70)		(168)		219		63		156
Total unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges		(191)		(52)		(139)		100		27		73
Total other comprehensive loss		(309)		(81)		(228)		(583)		(139)		(444)
Total comprehensive income	$	12,243	$	3,017	$	9,226	$	12,526	$	3,270	$	9,256

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

5

	For the six months ended
	June 30, 2024						June 30, 2023
			Income tax							Income tax
	Before tax		expense		Net of tax		Before tax		expense		Net of tax
(In thousands)	amount		(benefit)		amount		amount			(benefit)	amount
Net income	$	25,336	$	6,296	$	19,040	$	26,901	$	6,914	$	19,987
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Debt securities available for sale:
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period		(162)		(39)		(123)		(324)		(74)		(250)
Less: reclassification adjustment for losses on securities included in net income		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total unrealized losses on securities available for sale		(162)		(39)		(123)		(324)		(74)		(250)
Net unrealized (losses) gains from cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding losses on cash flow hedges arising during the period		(780)		(222)		(558)		(552)		(140)		(412)
Less: reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses on cash flow hedges included in net income		(476)		(138)		(338)		(418)		(119)		(299)
Total unrealized losses on cash flow hedges		(304)		(84)		(220)		(134)		(21)		(113)
Total other comprehensive loss		(466)		(123)		(343)		(458)		(95)		(363)
Total comprehensive income	$	24,870	$	6,173	$	18,697	$	26,443	$	6,819	$	19,624

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

6

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

(Unaudited)

								Accumulated
								other		Total
	Common Stock			Retained		Treasury		comprehensive		shareholders’
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount		earnings		stock		loss		equity
Balance, December 31, 2023	10,063	$	100,426	$	191,108	$	(27,367)	$	(2,737)	$	261,430
Net income	—		—		9,586		—		—		9,586
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(115)		(115)
Dividends on common stock ($0.13 per share)	2		53		(1,314)		—		—		(1,261)
Share-based compensation (1)	129		1,197		—		—		—		1,197
Treasury stock purchased, at cost	(150)		—		—		(4,076)		—		(4,076)
Balance, March 31, 2024	10,044	$	101,676	$	199,380	$	(31,443)	$	(2,852)	$	266,761
Net income	—		—		9,454		—		—		9,454
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(228)		(228)
Dividends on common stock ($0.13 per share)	2		52		(1,300)		—		—		(1,248)
Share-based compensation (1)	(2)		498		—		—		—		498
Treasury stock purchased, at cost	(69)		—		—		(1,842)		—		(1,842)
Balance, June 30, 2024	9,975	$	102,226	$	207,534	$	(33,285)	$	(3,080)	$	273,395

								Accumulated
								other			Total
	Common Stock			Retained		Treasury		comprehensive			shareholders’
(In thousands)	Shares	Amount		earnings		stock		(loss) income		aa	equity
Balance, December 31, 2022	10,584	$	97,204	$	156,958	$	(11,675)	$	(3,260)		$	239,227
Net income	—		—		10,287		—		—			10,287
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		—		81			81
Dividends on common stock ($0.12 per share)	2		46		(1,261)		—		—			(1,215)
Effect of adopting Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-13 ("CECL")	—		—		(649)		—		—			(649)
Share-based compensation (1)	44		947		—		—		—			947
Treasury stock purchased, at cost	(338)		—		—		(8,219)		—			(8,219)
Balance, March 31, 2023	10,292	$	98,197	$	165,335	$	(19,894)	$	(3,179)		$	240,459
Net income	—		—		9,700		—		—			9,700
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(444)			(444)
Dividends on common stock ($0.12 per share)	2		47		(1,212)		—		—			(1,165)
Share-based compensation (1)	50		666		—		—		—			666
Treasury stock purchased, at cost	(225)		—		—		(5,143)		—			(5,143)
Balance, June 30, 2023	10,119	$	98,910	$	173,823	$	(25,037)	$	(3,623)		$	244,073

(1) Includes the issuance of common stock under employee benefit plans, which includes nonqualified stock options and restricted stock expense related entries, employee option exercises and the tax benefit of options exercised.

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

7

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023
OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	19,040	$	19,987
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses, loans		907		885
Provision for credit losses, AFS debt Securities		646		—
Net accretion of purchase premiums and discounts on securities		(130)		(29)
Depreciation and amortization		764		659
PPP deferred fees and costs		(9)		(73)
Deferred income tax benefit		(618)		(301)
Net realized security gains		(62)		(222)
Stock compensation expense		926		840
Gain on sale of mortgage loans, net		(586)		(707)
Gain on sale of SBA loans held for sale, net		(543)		(896)
BOLI income		(254)		(164)
Net change in other assets and liabilities		(12,768)		(11,309)
Net cash provided by operating activities		7,313		8,670
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of equity securities		(2,247)		(168)
Purchases of securities available for sale		(10,500)		—
Proceeds from redemption of FHLB stock, at cost, net		3,478		(2,365)
Maturities and principal payments on securities held to maturity		100		101
Maturities and principal payments on securities available for sale		2,371		2,103
Proceeds from sales of equity securities		221		1,269
Net decrease in SBA PPP loans		593		3,425
Net decrease (increase) in loans		4,135		(63,046)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(215)		(580)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,064)		(59,261)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in deposits		86,691		62,000
(Repayments of) proceeds from short-term borrowings		(96,000)		35,000
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		14,360		5,000
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		769		773
Dividends on common stock		(2,509)		(2,381)
Purchase of treasury stock, including excise tax accrual		(5,918)		(13,360)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,607)		87,032
Increase in cash and cash equivalents		2,642		36,441
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		194,776		114,793
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	197,418	$	151,234
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES
Cash:
Interest paid	$	28,926	$	21,289
Income taxes paid		6,617		3,557
Noncash activities:
Capitalization of servicing rights		152		429
Transfer of loans to OREO		—		251

The accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of these statements.

8

Unity Bancorp, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2024

NOTE 1. Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Unity Bancorp, Inc. (the "Parent Company") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Unity Bank (the "Bank" or when consolidated with the Parent Company, the "Company"). The Bank has multiple subsidiaries used to hold part of its investment and loan portfolios. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation, with no impact on current earnings or shareholders’ equity. The financial information has been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and has not been audited. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Amounts requiring the use of significant estimates include the allowance for credit losses, valuation of servicing assets, the valuation of securities and the determination of impairment for securities and fair value disclosures. Management believes that the allowance for credit losses is adequate. While management uses available information to recognize credit losses, future additions to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions and the general credit quality of the loan portfolio.

The interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and consist of normal recurring adjustments, that in the opinion of management, are necessary for the fair presentation of interim results. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire year. As used in this Form 10-Q, “we” and “us” and “our” refer to Unity Bancorp, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiary, Unity Bank, depending on the context. Certain information and financial disclosures required by U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from interim reporting pursuant to SEC rules. Interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Risks and Uncertainties

Overall, the markets and customers serviced by the Company may be significantly impacted by ongoing macro-economic trends, such as inflation and recessionary pressures created by a higher interest rate environment. The Company assesses the impact of inflation on an ongoing basis.

Market conditions and external factors may unpredictably impact the competitive landscape for deposits in the banking industry. Additionally, the current high interest rate environment has increased competition for liquidity and the premium at which liquidity is available to meet funding needs. The Company believes the sources of liquidity presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements are sufficient to meet its needs as of the balance sheet date.

An unexpected influx of withdrawal of deposits could adversely impact the Company's ability to rely on organic deposits to primarily fund its operations, potentially requiring greater reliance on secondary sources of liquidity to meet withdrawal demands or to fund continuing operations. These sources may include proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances, sales of securities and loans, federal funds lines of credit from correspondent banks and out-of-market time deposits.

Such reliance on secondary funding sources could increase the Company's overall cost of funding and thereby reduce net income. While the Company believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to fund operations, there is no guarantee they will suffice to meet future liquidity demands. This may necessitate slowing or discontinuing loan growth, capital expenditures or other investments, or liquidating assets.

9

New Accounting Guidance Adopted in 2024

Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” requires public entities to disclose detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses on both an annual and interim basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective January 1, 2024, noting no material impact.

NOTE 2. Litigation

The Company may, in the ordinary course of business, become a party to litigation involving collection matters, contract claims and other legal proceedings relating to the conduct of its business. In the best judgment of management, based upon consultation with counsel, the consolidated financial position and results of operations of the Company will not be affected materially by the final outcome of any pending legal proceedings or other contingent liabilities and commitments.

NOTE 3. Net Income per Share

Basic net income per common share is calculated as net income divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Common shares include vested and unvested restricted shares.

Diluted net income per common share is computed similarly to that of basic net income per common share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common shares, principally stock options, were issued during the reporting period utilizing the treasury stock method.

The following is a reconciliation of the calculation of basic and diluted income per share:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net income	$	9,454	$	9,700	$	19,040	$	19,987
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic		10,016		10,103		10,072		10,319
Plus: Potential dilutive common stock equivalents		133		100		140		125
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted		10,149		10,203		10,212		10,444
Net income per common share - Basic	$	0.94	$	0.96	$	1.89	$	1.94
Net income per common share - Diluted		0.93		0.95		1.86		1.91
Stock options and common stock excluded from the income per share calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive		—		50		—		—

10

NOTE 4. Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The following tables show the changes in other comprehensive (loss) income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, net of tax:

	For the three months ended June 30, 2024
					Accumulated
	Net unrealized		Net unrealized		other
	losses on		gains (losses) from		comprehensive
(In thousands)	securities		cash flow hedges		loss
Balance, beginning of period	$	(3,442)	$	590	$	(2,852)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(89)		(307)		(396)
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		—		(168)		(168)
Period change		(89)		(139)		(228)
Balance, end of period	$	(3,531)	$	451	$	(3,080)

	For the three months ended June 30, 2023
			Net unrealized		Accumulated
	Net unrealized		gains		other
	losses on		from cash flow		comprehensive
(In thousands)	securities		hedges		(loss) income
Balance, beginning of period	$	(4,115)	$	936	$	(3,179)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications		(516)		228		(288)
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		—		156		156
Period change		(516)		72		(444)
Balance, end of period	$	(4,631)	$	1,008	$	(3,623)

	For the six months ended June 30, 2024
			Net unrealized		Accumulated
	Net unrealized		gains (losses)		other
	losses on		from cash flow		comprehensive
(In thousands)	securities		hedges		loss
Balance, beginning of period	$	(3,408)	$	671	$	(2,737)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(123)		(558)		(681)
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		—		(338)		(338)
Period change		(123)		(220)		(343)
Balance, end of period	$	(3,531)	$	451	$	(3,080)

	For the six months ended June 30, 2023
			Net unrealized		Accumulated
	Net unrealized		gains (losses)		other
	losses on		from cash flow		comprehensive
(In thousands)	securities		hedges		loss
Balance, beginning of period	$	(4,381)	$	1,121	$	(3,260)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(250)		(412)		(662)
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss		—		(299)		(299)
Period change		(250)		(113)		(363)
Balance, end of period	$	(4,631)	$	1,008	$	(3,623)

11

NOTE 5. Fair Value

Fair Value Measurement

The Company follows Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosures about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various methods including market, income and cost approaches. Based on these approaches, the Company often utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and/or the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated or generally unobservable inputs. The Company utilizes techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed as follows

Level 1 Inputs

● Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

● Generally, this includes debt and equity securities and derivative contracts that are traded in an active exchange market (i.e. New York Stock Exchange), as well as certain U.S. Treasury securities that are highly liquid and are actively traded in over-the-counter markets.

Level 2 Inputs

● Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.

● Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets.

● Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for the term of the asset or liability (i.e. interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds or volatilities) or “market corroborated inputs.”

● Generally, this includes U.S. Government and sponsored entity mortgage-backed securities, corporate debt securities and derivative contracts.

Level 3 Inputs

● Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity) and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

● These assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

12

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Debt Securities Available for Sale

As of June 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company’s AFS debt securities portfolio was $99.1 million. Most of the Company’s AFS debt securities were classified as Level 2 assets at June 30, 2024. The valuation of AFS debt securities using Level 2 inputs was primarily determined using the market approach, which uses quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and all other relevant information. It includes third-party model pricing, defined as valuing securities based upon their relationship with other benchmark securities.

Included in the Company’s AFS debt securities are select corporate bonds which are classified as Level 3 assets at June 30, 2024.  The valuation of these corporate bonds are determined using broker quotes or third-party vendor prices that are not adjusted by management.  Market inputs used in the other valuation techniques or underlying third-party vendor prices or broker quotes include benchmark and government bond yield curves, credit spreads and trade execution data. 

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Level 3 AFS debt securities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Corporate debt & other securities
	For the six months ended
(In thousands)	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
Balance of Recurring Level 3 assets at January 1	$	7,979	$	4,675
Activity
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period		(646)		(344)
Balance of recurring Level 3 assets at June 30	$	7,333	$	4,331

Equity Securities with Readily Determinable Fair Values

As of June 30, 2024, the fair value of the Company’s equity securities portfolio was $9.9 million.

All of the Company’s equity securities were classified as Level 1 assets at June 30, 2024.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company’s derivative instruments are classified as Level 2 assets, as the readily observable market inputs to these models are validated to external sources, such as industry pricing services, or are corroborated through recent trades, dealer quotes, yield curves, implied volatility or other market-related data.

There were no material changes in the inputs or methodologies used to determine fair value during the period ended June 30, 2024, as compared to the periods ended December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

13

The tables below present the balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2024
			Quoted Prices in
	Assets		Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	Measured at Fair		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	Value		Assets (Level 1)		Inputs (Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Debt securities available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	14,537	$	—	$	14,537	$	—
State and political subdivisions		346		—		346		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		12,959		—		12,959		—
Corporate and other securities		71,239		—		63,906		7,333
Total debt securities available for sale	$	99,081	$	—	$	91,748	$	7,333
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	$	9,949	$	9,949	$	—	$	—
Total equity securities	$	9,949	$	9,949	$	—	$	—
Interest rate swap agreements	$	614	$	—	$	614	$	—
Total swap agreements	$	614	$	—	$	614	$	—

	Fair value Measurements at December 31, 2023
			Quoted Prices in
	Assets		Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	Measured at Fair		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
(In thousands)	Value		Assets (Level 1)		Inputs (Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Debt securities available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	16,033	$	—	$	16,033	$	—
State and political subdivisions		360		—		360		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities		14,077		—		14,077		—
Corporate and other securities		61,295		—		53,316		7,979
Total debt securities available for sale	$	91,765	$	—	$	83,786	$	7,979
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values	$	7,802	$	7,802	$	—	$	—
Total equity securities	$	7,802	$	7,802	$	—	$	—
Interest rate swap agreements	$	918	$	—	$	918	$	—
Total swap agreements	$	918	$	—	$	918	$	—

There were no liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

14

Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following tables present the assets and liabilities subject to fair value adjustments on a non-recurring basis carried on the balance sheet by caption and by level within the hierarchy (as described above):

	Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2024
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant
	Assets		Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Measured at Fair		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Financial assets:
Collateral-dependent loans	$	6,444	$	—	$	—	$	6,444

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant
	Assets		Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Measured at Fair		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Financial assets:
Collateral-dependent loans	$	4,755	$	—	$	—	$	4,755

Certain assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

Collateral-Dependent Loans

Fair value is determined based on the fair value of the collateral and is measured for impairment based upon a third-party appraisal. When an updated appraisal is received for a nonperforming loan, the value on the appraisal may be discounted. If there is a deficiency in the value after the Company applies these discounts, management applies a specific reserve and the loan remains in nonaccrual status. The receipt of an updated appraisal would not qualify as a reason to put a loan back into accruing status. The Company removes loans from nonaccrual status generally when the borrower makes six months of contractual payments and/or demonstrates the ability to service the debt going forward. Charge-offs are determined based upon the loss that management believes the Company will incur after evaluating collateral for impairment based upon the valuation methods described above and the ability of the borrower to pay any deficiency.

The valuation allowance for individually evaluated loans is included in the allowance for credit losses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At June 30, 2024, the valuation allowance for individually evaluated loans was $1.2 million, compared to $1.0 million at December 31, 2023.

15

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments,” requires the disclosure of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, including those financial instruments for which the Company did not elect the fair value option. These estimated fair values as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop estimates of fair value. The estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of alternative market assumptions and estimation methodologies could have had a material effect on these estimates of fair value. The methodology for estimating the fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring or nonrecurring basis is discussed above.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of other financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Securities

The fair value of securities is based upon quoted market prices for similar or identical assets or other observable inputs (Level 2) or externally developed models that use unobservable inputs due to limited or no market activity of the instrument (Level 3).

SBA Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of SBA loans held for sale is estimated by using a market approach that includes significant other observable inputs.

Loans

The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current market rates that reflect the interest rate risk inherent in the loan, except for previously discussed loans.

Deposit Liabilities

The fair value of demand deposits and savings accounts is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e. carrying value). The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current market rates.

Borrowed Funds and Subordinated Debentures

The fair value of borrowings is estimated by discounting the projected future cash flows using current market rates.

16

The table below presents the carrying amount and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments presented as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	June 30, 2024
	Carrying
(In thousands)	amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Debt securities held to maturity	$	36,157	$	—	$	29,007	$	—
SBA loans held for sale		15,159		—		16,118		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		2,129,269		—		2,026,813		6,444
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,010,831		—		2,002,396		—
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		285,108		—		284,509		—

	December 31, 2023
	Carrying
(In thousands)	amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Debt securities held to maturity	$	36,122	$	—	$	29,656	$	—
SBA loans held for sale		18,242		—		19,175		—
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses		2,127,967		—		2,027,084		4,755
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		1,924,140		—		1,915,022		—
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		366,748		—		365,879		—

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the effect of fair value estimates have not been considered in the above estimates.

17

NOTE 6. Securities

This table provides the major components of debt securities available for sale ("AFS") and held to maturity (“HTM”) at amortized cost and estimated fair value at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	June 30, 2024
			Gross		Gross			Allowance
	Amortized		unrealized		unrealized			for credit	Estimated
(In thousands)	cost		gains		losses			losses	fair value
Available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	15,000	$	—	$	(463)	$	—	$	14,537
State and political subdivisions		377		—		(31)		—		346
Residential mortgage-backed securities		14,597		26		(1,664)		—		12,959
Corporate and other securities		75,704		295		(2,831)		(1,929)		71,239
Total debt securities available for sale	$	105,678	$	321	$	(4,989)	$	(1,929)	$	99,081
Held to maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	28,000	$	—	$	(4,736)	$	—	$	23,264
State and political subdivisions		1,203		68		—		—		1,271
Residential mortgage-backed securities		6,954		—		(2,482)		—		4,472
Total debt securities held to maturity	$	36,157	$	68	$	(7,218)	$	—	$	29,007

	December 31, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Allowance
	Amortized		unrealized		unrealized			for credit	Estimated
(In thousands)	cost		gains		losses			losses	fair value
Available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	16,490	$	—	$	(457)	$	—	$	16,033
State and political subdivisions		388		—		(28)		—		360
Residential mortgage-backed securities		15,473		30		(1,426)		—		14,077
Corporate and other securities		65,203		251		(2,876)		(1,283)		61,295
Total debt securities available for sale	$	97,554	$	281	$	(4,787)	$	(1,283)	$	91,765
Held to maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	28,000	$	—	$	(4,419)	$	—	$	23,581
State and political subdivisions		1,272		90		—		—		1,362
Residential mortgage-backed securities		6,850		—		(2,137)		—		4,713
Total debt securities held to maturity	$	36,122	$	90	$	(6,556)	$	—	$	29,656

18

For six months ended June 30, 2024 there was a $0.6 million provision for credit loss on AFS debt securities compared to no provision for credit loss on AFS debt securities for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The impairment was entirely attributable to the same corporate debt security for which a partial provision was taken in the fourth quarter of 2023. The company owns $5 million in par of this position and moved the position into non-accrual status during the three months ending June 30, 2024. The net carrying value of the position was $3.1 million as of June 30, 2024.

The contractual maturities of available for sale and held for maturity debt securities at June 30, 2024 are set forth in the following table. Maturities may differ from contractual maturities in residential mortgage-backed securities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be prepaid without any penalties. Therefore, residential mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary.

		Amortized		Fair
(In thousands)		Cost		Value
Available for sale:
Due in one year	$	3,285	$	3,155
Due after one year through five years		30,495		27,211
Due after five years through ten years		15,789		14,171
Due after ten years		41,512		41,585
Residential mortgage-backed securities		14,597		12,959
Total	$	105,678	$	99,081
Held to maturity:
Due in one year	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years		3,000		2,910
Due after five years through ten years		—		—
Due after ten years		26,203		21,625
Residential mortgage-backed securities		6,954		4,472
Total	$	36,157	$	29,007

Actual maturities of available for sale and held to maturity debt securities may differ from those presented above since certain obligations provide the issuer the right to call or prepay the obligation prior to scheduled maturitiy without penalty.

The fair value of debt securities with unrealized losses by length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

	June 30, 2024
	Less than 12 months				12 months and greater				Total
	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
(In thousands)	fair value		loss		fair value		loss		fair value		loss
Available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	—	$	—	$	14,537	$	(463)	$	14,537	$	(463)
State and political subdivisions		—		—		346		(31)		346		(31)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—		—		12,919		(1,664)		12,919		(1,664)
Corporate and other securities		1,998		(2)		22,878		(2,829)		24,876		(2,831)
Total	$	1,998	$	(2)	$	50,680	$	(4,987)	$	52,678	$	(4,989)
Held to maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	—	$	—	$	23,264	$	(4,736)	$	23,264	$	(4,736)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—	$	—		4,472		(2,482)		4,472		(2,482)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	27,736	$	(7,218)	$	27,736	$	(7,218)

19

	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 months				12 months and greater				Total
	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
(In thousands)	fair value		loss		fair value		loss		fair value		loss
Available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	—	$	—	$	16,033	$	(457)	$	16,033	$	(457)
State and political subdivisions		—		—		360		(28)		360		(28)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—		—		13,949		(1,426)		13,949		(1,426)
Corporate and other securities		—		—		54,827		(2,876)		54,827		(2,876)
Total temporarily impaired AFS securities	$	—	$	—	$	85,169	$	(4,787)	$	85,169	$	(4,787)
Held to maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	—	$	—	$	23,581	$	(4,419)	$	23,581	$	(4,419)
Residential mortgage-backed securities		—		—		4,713		(2,137)		4,713		(2,137)
Total temporarily impaired HTM securities	$	—	$	—	$	28,294	$	(6,556)	$	28,294	$	(6,556)

Unrealized losses in each of the categories presented in the tables above were primarily driven by market interest rate fluctuations. Residential mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by either Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae.

The Company is using the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest receivable from credit loss measurement. At June 30, 2024, there was $1.3 million of accrued interest on securities. At December 31, 2023, there was $1.5 million of accrued interest on securities.

Realized Gains and Losses on Debt Securities

Net realized gains on debt securities are included in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income as net security gains. There were no realized gains or losses on available for sale debt securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. There were no realized gains or losses for held to maturity debt securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Equity Securities

Included in this category are Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investments and the Company’s current other equity holdings of financial institutions. Equity securities are defined to include (a) preferred, common and other ownership interests in entities including partnerships, joint ventures and limited liability companies and (b) rights to acquire or dispose of ownership interests in entities at fixed or determinable prices.

The following is a summary of unrealized and realized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net unrealized (losses) gains occurring during the period on equity securities	$	(21)	$	(164)	$	12	$	(709)
Net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period		41		—		62		222
Gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities	$	20	$	(164)	$	74	$	(487)

20

NOTE 7. Loans

The following table sets forth the classification of loans by class, including unearned fees, deferred costs and excluding the allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
SBA loans held for investment	$	38,017	$	38,584
SBA PPP loans		1,734		2,318
Commercial loans
SBA 504 loans		39,195		33,669
Commercial & industrial		147,172		128,402
Commercial real estate		1,006,092		986,230
Commercial real estate construction		125,749		129,159
Residential mortgage loans		624,949		631,506
Consumer loans
Home equity		65,065		67,037
Consumer other		4,215		5,639
Residential construction loans		103,188		131,277
Total loans held for investment	$	2,155,376	$	2,153,821
SBA loans held for sale		15,159		18,242
Total loans	$	2,170,535	$	2,172,063

Loans are made to individuals and commercial entities. Specific loan terms vary as to interest rate, repayment and collateral requirements based on the type of loan requested and the credit worthiness of the prospective borrower. Credit risk tends to be geographically concentrated in that a majority of the loan customers are located in the markets serviced by the Bank, most notably in New Jersey. Loan performance may be adversely affected by factors impacting the general economy or conditions specific to the real estate market such as geographic location and/or property type. A description of the Company’s different loan segments follows:

SBA Loans: SBA 7(a) loans, on which the SBA has historically provided guarantees of up to 90 percent of the principal balance, are considered a higher risk loan product for the Company than its other loan products. The guaranteed portion of the Company’s SBA loans is generally sold in the secondary market with the nonguaranteed portion held in the portfolio as a loan held for investment. SBA loans are for the purpose of providing working capital, business acquisitions, financing the purchase of equipment, inventory or commercial real estate and for other business purposes. Loans are guaranteed by the businesses’ major owners. SBA loans are made based primarily on the historical and projected cash flow of the business and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided.

Loans held for sale represent the guaranteed portion of SBA loans and are reflected at the lower of aggregate cost or market value. When sales of SBA loans do occur, the premium received on the sale and the present value of future cash flows of the servicing assets are recognized in income. All criteria for sale accounting must be met in order for the loan sales to occur.

Servicing assets represent the estimated fair value of retained servicing rights, net of servicing costs, at the time loans are sold. Servicing assets are amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing revenues. Impairment is evaluated based on stratifying the underlying financial assets by date of origination and term. Fair value is determined using prices for similar assets with similar characteristics, when available, or based upon discounted cash flows using market-based assumptions.

Serviced loans sold to others are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and fees collected for loan servicing are credited to noninterest income when earned, net of amortization on the related servicing assets.

21

Commercial Loans: Commercial credit is extended primarily to middle market and small business customers. Commercial loans are generally made in the Company’s marketplace for the purpose of providing working capital, financing the purchase of equipment, inventory or commercial real estate and for other business purposes. In most cases, these loans are secured by underlying real estate collateral. The SBA 504 program consists of real estate backed commercial mortgages where the Company has the first mortgage and the SBA has the second mortgage on the property. Loans will generally be guaranteed in full or for a meaningful amount by the businesses’ major owners. Commercial loans are made based primarily on the historical and projected cash flow of the business and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided.

Residential Mortgage, Consumer and Residential Construction Loans: The Company originates mortgage and consumer loans including principally residential real estate and home equity lines and loans and residential construction lines. The Company originates qualified mortgages which are generally sold in the secondary market and nonqualified mortgages which are generally held for investment. Each loan type is evaluated on debt to income, type of collateral, loan to collateral value, credit history and Company relationship with the borrower.

Inherent in the lending function is credit risk, which is the possibility a borrower may not perform in accordance with the contractual terms of their loan. A borrower’s inability to pay their obligations according to the contractual terms can create the risk of past due loans and, ultimately, credit losses, especially on collateral deficient loans. The Company minimizes its credit risk by loan diversification and adhering to credit administration policies and procedures. Due diligence on loans begins when the Company initiates contact regarding a loan with a borrower. Documentation, including a borrower’s credit history, materials establishing the value and liquidity of potential collateral, the purpose of the loan, the source of funds for repayment of the loan and other factors, are analyzed before a loan is submitted for approval. The commercial loan portfolio is then subject to on-going internal reviews for credit quality which in part is derived from ongoing collection and review of borrowers’ financial information, as well as independent credit reviews performed by an independent external firm.

The Company’s extension of credit is governed by the Loan Policy which was established to control the quality of the Company’s loans. This policy and the underlying procedures are reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors on a regular basis.

Credit Ratings

The Company places all SBA, commercial and residential construction loans into various credit risk rating categories based on an assessment of the expected ability of the borrowers to properly service their debt. The assessment considers numerous factors including, but not limited to, current financial information on the borrower, historical payment experience, strength of any guarantor, nature of and value of any collateral, acceptability of the loan structure and documentation, relevant public information and current economic trends. This credit risk rating analysis is performed when the loan is initially underwritten and then annually based on set criteria in the Loan Policy.

The Company uses the following regulatory definitions for criticized and classified risk ratings:

Pass: Risk ratings of 1 through 6 are used for loans that are performing, as they meet, and are expected to continue to meet, all of the terms and conditions set forth in the original loan documentation, and are generally current on principal and interest payments. These performing loans are termed “Pass”.

Special Mention: These loans have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, the potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard: These loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

22

Loss: These loans have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, based on currently existing facts, conditions and values. Once a borrower is deemed incapable of repayment of unsecured debt, the loan is termed a “Loss” and charged off immediately, subject to government guarantee.

For residential mortgage and consumer loans, management uses performing versus nonperforming as the best indicator of credit quality. Nonperforming loans consist of loans that are not accruing interest (nonaccrual loans) as a result of principal or interest being in default for a period of 90 days or more or when the ability to collect principal and interest according to the contractual terms is in doubt. These credit quality indicators are updated on an ongoing basis, as a loan is placed on nonaccrual status as soon as management believes there is sufficient doubt as to the ultimate ability to collect interest on a loan.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

Nonaccrual loans consist of loans that are not accruing interest as a result of principal or interest being in default, typically for a period of 90 days or more or when the ability to collect principal and interest according to the contractual terms is in doubt. When a loan is classified as nonaccrual, interest accruals are discontinued and all past due interest previously recognized as income is reversed and charged against current period earnings. Generally, until the loan becomes current, any payments received from the borrower are applied to outstanding principal until such time as management determines that the financial condition of the borrower and other factors merit recognition of a portion of such payments as interest income. Generally, loans may be returned to an accrual status when the ability to collect is reasonably assured and when the loan is brought current as to principal and interest. The risk of loss is difficult to quantify and is subject to fluctuations in collateral values, general economic conditions and other factors. The Company values its collateral through the use of appraisals, broker price opinions and knowledge of its local market.

The following tables set forth an aging analysis of past due and nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	June 30, 2024
					90+ days
	30‑59 days		60‑89 days		and still				Total past
(In thousands)	past due		past due		accruing		Nonaccrual		due		Current		Total loans
SBA loans held for investment	$	1,816	$	—	$	—	$	3,813	$	5,629	$	32,388	$	38,017
Commercial loans
SBA 504 loans		—		—		—		—		—		39,195		39,195
Commercial & industrial		—		9		—		84		93		147,079		147,172
Commercial real estate		4,676		—		373		2,237		7,286		998,806		1,006,092
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—		—		125,749		125,749
Residential mortgage loans		16,610		3,729		—		5,336		25,675		599,274		624,949
Consumer loans
Home equity		—		—		—		105		105		64,960		65,065
Consumer other		44		53		—		—		97		4,118		4,215
Residential construction loans		2,213		—		—		547		2,760		100,428		103,188
Total loans held for investment, excluding SBA PPP		25,359		3,791		373		12,122		41,645		2,111,997		2,153,642
SBA loans held for sale		—		—		—		—		—		15,159		15,159
Total loans, excluding SBA PPP	$	25,359	$	3,791	$	373	$	12,122	$	41,645	$	2,127,156	$	2,168,801

23

	December 31, 2023
					90+ days
	30‑59 days		60‑89 days		and still				Total past
(In thousands)	past due		past due		accruing		Nonaccrual		due		Current		Total loans
SBA loans held for investment	$	551	$	185	$	—	$	3,444	$	4,180	$	34,404	$	38,584
Commercial loans
SBA 504 loans		—		—		—		—		—		33,669		33,669
Commercial & industrial		288		78		—		283		649		127,753		128,402
Commercial real estate		1,732		—		—		1,665		3,397		982,833		986,230
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—		—		129,159		129,159
Residential mortgage loans		8,719		1,378		946		10,326		21,369		610,137		631,506
Consumer loans
Home equity		14		—		—		381		395		66,642		67,037
Consumer other		28		55		—		—		83		5,556		5,639
Residential construction loans		2,580		—		—		2,141		4,721		126,556		131,277
Total loans held for investment, excluding SBA PPP		13,912		1,696		946		18,240		34,794		2,116,709		2,151,503
SBA loans held for sale		—		—		—		—		—		18,242		18,242
Total loans, excluding SBA PPP	$	13,912	$	1,696	$	946	$	18,240	$	34,794	$	2,134,951	$	2,169,745

The Company is using the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest receivable from credit loss measurement. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was $11.7 million of accrued interest on loans.

Individually Evaluated Loans

The Company has defined individually evaluated loans to be all nonperforming loans. Management individually evaluates a loan when, based on current information and events, it is determined that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the loan contract.

24

The following tables provide detail on the Company’s loans individually evaluated in the Company’s CECL evaluation with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	June 30, 2024
	Unpaid				Allowance for
	principal		Recorded		Credit Losses
(In thousands)	balance		investment		Allocated
With no related allowance:
SBA loans held for investment	$	360	$	269	$	—
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		638		33		—
Commercial real estate		3,300		2,120		—
Total commercial loans		3,938		2,153		—
Residential mortgage loans		1,753		1,753		—
Consumer loans
Home equity		115		105		—
Total consumer loans		115		105		—
Residential construction loans		547		547		—
Total individually evaluated loans with no related allowance		6,713		4,827		—
With an allowance:
SBA loans held for investment		3,669		3,544		683
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		129		51		51
Commercial real estate		490		490		204
Total commercial loans		619		541		255
Residential mortgage loans		3,614		3,583		286
Total individually evaluated loans with a related allowance		7,902		7,668		1,224
Total individually evaluated loans:
SBA loans held for investment		4,029		3,813		683
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		767		84		51
Commercial real estate		3,790		2,610		204
Total commercial loans		4,557		2,694		255
Residential mortgage loans		5,367		5,336		286
Consumer loans
Home equity		115		105		—
Total consumer loans		115		105		—
Residential construction loans		547		547		—
Total individually evaluated loans	$	14,615	$	12,495	$	1,224

25

	December 31, 2023
	Unpaid				Allowance for
	principal		Recorded		Credit Losses
(In thousands)	balance		investment		Allocated
With no related allowance:
SBA loans held for investment	$	2,264	$	2,186	$	—
Commercial loans
Commercial real estate		2,734		1,607		—
Total commercial loans		2,734		1,607		—
Residential mortgage loans		7,146		7,121		—
Consumer loans
Home equity		390		388		—
Total consumer loans		390		388		—
Residential construction loans		2,757		2,141		—
Total individually evaluated loans with no related allowance		15,291		13,443		—
With an allowance:
SBA loans held for investment		1,383		1,258		348
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		638		283		283
Commercial real estate		209		58		58
Total commercial loans		847		341		341
Residential mortgage loans		4,182		4,151		306
Total individually evaluated loans with a related allowance		6,412		5,750		995
Total individually evaluated loans:
SBA loans held for investment		3,647		3,444		348
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		638		283		283
Commercial real estate		2,943		1,665		58
Total commercial loans		3,581		1,948		341
Residential mortgage loans		11,328		11,272		306
Consumer loans
Home equity		390		388		—
Total consumer loans		390		388		—
Residential construction loans		2,757		2,141		—
Total individually evaluated loans	$	21,703	$	19,193	$	995

26

The following tables show the internal loan classification risk by loan portfolio classification by origination year as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

	Term Loans
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year, June 30, 2024
(In thousands)		2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019 and Earlier		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
SBA loans held for investment
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	1,268	$	1,872	$	5,222	$	4,854	$	5,727	$	12,612	$	-	$	31,555
Special Mention		-		-		1,805		356		510		157		-		2,828
Substandard		-		-		1,256		2,186		189		3		-		3,634
Total SBA loans held for investment	$	1,268	$	1,872	$	8,283	$	7,396	$	6,426	$	12,772	$	-	$	38,017
SBA PPP loans
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,734	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,734
Total SBA PPP loans	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,734	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	1,734
Commercial loans
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	48,352	$	161,203	$	334,416	$	180,628	$	124,855	$	356,822	$	97,903	$	1,304,179
Special Mention		-		-		6,358		915		-		4,161		395		11,829
Substandard		-		-		-		2		10		2,188		-		2,200
Total commercial loans	$	48,352	$	161,203	$	340,774	$	181,545	$	124,865	$	363,171	$	98,298	$	1,318,208
Commercial loans
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	138	$	-	$	98	$	-	$	236
Residential mortgage loans
Risk Rating:
Performing	$	41,911	$	82,249	$	241,579	$	68,543	$	47,895	$	137,430	$	-	$	619,607
Nonperforming		-		-		1,358		2,982		259		743		-		5,342
Total residential mortgage loans	$	41,911	$	82,249	$	242,937	$	71,525	$	48,154	$	138,173	$	-	$	624,949
Consumer loans
Risk Rating:
Performing	$	3,357	$	2,883	$	4,169	$	2,445	$	606	$	10,935	$	44,770	$	69,165
Nonperforming		-		-		-		-		115		-		-		115
Total consumer loans	$	3,357	$	2,883	$	4,169	$	2,445	$	721	$	10,935	$	44,770	$	69,280
Consumer loans
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	21	$	49	$	-	$	130	$	-	$	200
Residential construction
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	11,687	$	31,897	$	49,974	$	6,690	$	1,161	$	1,232	$	-	$	102,641
Substandard		-		-		-		-		547		-		-		547
Total residential construction loans	$	11,687	$	31,897	$	49,974	$	6,690	$	1,708	$	1,232	$	-	$	103,188
Residential construction
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	277	$	-	$	277
Total loans held for investment	$	106,575	$	280,104	$	646,137	$	271,335	$	181,874	$	526,283	$	143,068	$	2,155,376

27

	Term Loans
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year, December 31, 2023
(In thousands)		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018 and Earlier		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Total
SBA loans held for investment
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	1,938	$	5,339	$	4,723	$	6,083	$	2,634	$	10,996	$	-	$	31,713
Special Mention		-		1,765		356		510		-		31		-		2,662
Substandard		-		1,256		2,186		190		-		577		-		4,209
Total SBA loans held for investment	$	1,938	$	8,360	$	7,265	$	6,783	$	2,634	$	11,604	$	-	$	38,584
SBA loans held for investment
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	100	$	-	$	-	$	113	$	-	$	-	$	213
SBA PPP loans
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	-	$	-	$	2,318	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,318
Total SBA PPP loans	$	-	$	-	$	2,318	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	2,318
Commercial loans
Risk Rating:
Pass	$	139,622	$	343,755	$	181,419	$	128,165	$	101,274	$	271,469	$	96,988	$	1,262,692
Special Mention		-		-		1,815		-		1,570		7,423		395		11,203
Substandard		-		-		59		14		288		3,204		-		3,565
Total commercial loans	$	139,622	$	343,755	$	183,293	$	128,179	$	103,132	$	282,096	$	97,383	$	1,277,460
Commercial loans
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	150	$	-	$	350	$	252	$	-	$	752
Residential mortgage loans
Risk Rating:
Performing	$	102,892	$	253,919	$	72,586	$	51,999	$	30,482	$	109,302	$	-	$	621,180
Nonperforming		-		2,964		2,714		1,054		945		2,649		-		10,326
Total residential mortgage loans	$	102,892	$	256,883	$	75,300	$	53,053	$	31,427	$	111,951	$	-	$	631,506
Residential mortgage loans
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	25	$	-	$	-	$	68	$	-	$	93
Consumer loans
Risk Rating:
Performing	$	3,428	$	4,777	$	3,681	$	670	$	2,481	$	7,507	$	49,751	$	72,295
Nonperforming		-		-		-		125		-		256		-		381
Total consumer loans	$	3,428	$	4,777	$	3,681	$	795	$	2,481	$	7,763	$	49,751	$	72,676
Consumer loans
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	26	$	552	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	578
Residential construction
Risk Rating:
Performing	$	28,827	$	72,257	$	25,395	$	1,418	$	491	$	748	$	-	$	129,136
Nonperforming		-		-		-		547		-		1,594		-		2,141
Total residential construction loans	$	28,827	$	72,257	$	25,395	$	1,965	$	491	$	2,342	$	-	$	131,277
Residential construction
Current-period gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	600	$	400	$	1,000
Total loans held for investment	$	276,707	$	686,032	$	297,252	$	190,775	$	140,165	$	415,756	$	147,134	$	2,153,821

28

Modifications

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on in-scope assets upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for creditlosses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company uses a weighted-average remaining maturity model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.

Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, the Company modifies loans by providing principal forgiveness on certain of its real estate loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Company will modify a certain loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted.

The following table shows the amortized cost basis at the end of the reporting period of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of gross loans and type of concession granted (numbers in thousands) during the twelve months ended June 30, 2024:

		Principal		Payment		Term
(In thousands)		Forgiveness		Delay		Extension
SBA loans held for investment	$	4	$	99	$	—
Commercial loans
Commercial & industrial		—		—		2,074
Commercial real estate		—		2,619		—
Residential mortgage loans		—		1,036		—
Consumer loans
Home equity		—		—		2,309
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	4	$	3,754	$	4,383

Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount. No loans that were modified during the twelve months ended June 30, 2024 had a payment default during the period and all loans were current as of June 30, 2024.

29

NOTE 8. Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company has an established methodology to determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses that assesses the risks and losses inherent in the loan portfolio. At a minimum, the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is reviewed by management on a quarterly basis. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and is reduced by net charge-offs. For purposes of determining the allowance for credit losses, the Company has segmented the loans in its portfolio by loan type. Loans are segmented into the following pools: SBA, commercial, residential mortgage, consumer and residential construction loans. Certain portfolio segments are further broken down into classes based on the associated risks within those segments and the type of collateral underlying each loan. Commercial loans are divided into the following four classes: commercial real estate, commercial real estate construction, commercial & industrial and SBA 504. Consumer loans are divided into two classes as follows: home equity and other.

The standardized methodology used to assess the adequacy of the allowance includes the allocation of specific and general reserves. The same standard methodology is used, regardless of loan type. Specific reserves are established for individually evaluated loans. The general reserve is set based upon a representative average historical net charge-off rate adjusted for the following environmental factors: delinquency and impairment trends, charge-off and recovery trends, volume and loan term trends, changes in risk and underwriting policy trends, staffing and experience changes, national and local economic trends, industry conditions and credit concentration changes. These environmental factors include reasonable and supportable forecasts. Within the historical net charge-off rate, the Company weights the data dating back to 2015 on a straight line basis and projects the losses on a weighted average remaining maturity basis for each segment. All of the environmental factors are ranked and assigned a basis points value based on the following scale: low, low moderate, moderate, high moderate and high risk. Each environmental factor is evaluated separately for each class of loans and risk weighted based on its individual characteristics.

● For SBA 7(a) and commercial loans, the estimate of loss based on pools of loans with similar characteristics is made through the use of a standardized loan grading system that is applied on an individual loan level and updated on a continuous basis. The loan grading system incorporates reviews of the financial performance of the borrower, including cash flow, debt-service coverage ratio, earnings power, debt level and equity position, in conjunction with an assessment of the borrower’s industry and future prospects. It also incorporates analysis of the type of collateral and the relative loan to value ratio.

● For residential mortgage, consumer and residential construction loans, the estimate of loss is based on pools of loans with similar characteristics. Factors such as delinquency status and type of collateral are evaluated. Factors are updated frequently to capture the recent behavioral characteristics of the subject portfolios, as well as any changes in loss mitigation or credit origination strategies, and adjustments to the reserve factors are made as needed.

According to the Company’s policy, a loss (“charge-off”) is to be recognized and charged to the allowance for credit losses as soon as a loan is recognized as uncollectable. All credits which are 90 days past due must be analyzed for the Company’s ability to collect on the credit. Once a loss is known to exist, the charge-off approval process is immediately expedited. This charge-off policy is followed for all loan types.

30

The following tables detail the activity in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the three months ended June 30, 2024
		SBA							Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,209	$	16,187	$	6,394	$	922	$	1,368	$	26,080
Charge-offs		—		(138)		—		(130)		—		(268)
Recoveries		6		12		—		11		—		29
Net recoveries (charge-offs)		6		(126)		—		(119)		—		(239)
Provision for (credit to) credit losses charged to expense		242		627		(181)		32		(454)		266
Balance, end of period	$	1,457	$	16,688	$	6,213	$	835	$	914	$	26,107

	For the three months ended June 30, 2023
	SBA									Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,103	$	15,299	$	6,135	$	1,022	$	2,642	$	26,201
Charge-offs		—		—		—		(225)		(900)		(1,125)
Recoveries		15		96		—		24		—		135
Net recoveries (charge-offs)		15		96		—		(201)		(900)		(990)
Provision for (credit to) credit losses charged to expense		438		121		302		24		(108)		777
Balance, end of period	$	1,556	$	15,516	$	6,437	$	845	$	1,634	$	25,988

	For the six months ended June 30, 2024
		SBA								Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,221	$	15,876	$	6,529	$	1,022	$	1,206	$	25,854
Charge-offs		—		(236)		—		(200)		(277)		(713)
Recoveries		14		24		—		21		—		59
Net recoveries (charge-offs)		14		(212)		—		(179)		(277)		(654)
Provision for (credit to) credit losses charged to expense		222		1,024		(316)		(8)		(15)		907
Balance, end of period	$	1,457	$	16,688	$	6,213	$	835	$	914	$	26,107

	For the six months ended June 30, 2023
	SBA									Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	875	$	15,254	$	5,450	$	990	$	2,627	$	25,196
Effect of adopting Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-13 ("CECL")		163		171		376		101		36		847
Charge-offs		(113)		—		—		(345)		(900)		(1,358)
Recoveries		15		367		—		36		—		418
Net (charge-offs) recoveries		(98)		367		—		(309)		(900)		(940)
Provision for (credit to) credit losses charged to expense		616		(276)		611		63		(129)		885
Balance, end of period	$	1,556	$	15,516	$	6,437	$	845	$	1,634	$	25,988

31

The following tables present loans and their related allowance for credit losses, by portfolio segment, as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	June 30, 2024
		SBA								Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Allowance for credit losses ending balance:
Individually evaluated	$	683	$	255	$	286	$	—	$	—	$	1,224
Collectively evaluated		774		16,433		5,927		835		914		24,883
Total	$	1,457	$	16,688	$	6,213	$	835	$	914	$	26,107
Loan ending balances:
Individually evaluated	$	3,813	$	2,694	$	5,336	$	105	$	547	$	12,495
Collectively evaluated		35,938		1,315,514		619,613		69,175		102,641		2,142,881
Total	$	39,751	$	1,318,208	$	624,949	$	69,280	$	103,188	$	2,155,376

	December 31, 2023
		SBA								Residential
(In thousands)	Held for Investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		construction		Total
Allowance for credit losses ending balance:
Individually evaluated	$	348	$	341	$	306	$	—	$	—	$	995
Collectively evaluated		873		15,535		6,223		1,022		1,206		24,859
Total	$	1,221	$	15,876	$	6,529	$	1,022	$	1,206	$	25,854
Loan ending balances:
Individually evaluated	$	3,444	$	1,948	$	11,272	$	388	$	2,141	$	19,193
Collectively evaluated		37,458		1,275,512		620,234		72,288		129,136		2,134,628
Total	$	40,902	$	1,277,460	$	631,506	$	72,676	$	131,277	$	2,153,821

Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

In addition to the allowance for credit losses, the Company maintains a reserve for unfunded loan commitments at a level that management believes is adequate to absorb estimated probable losses. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, a $0.6 million commitment reserve was reported on the balance sheet as “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” and reported on the income statement as “Provision for credit losses, off-balance sheet”.

Reserve for Debt Security Impairment

The Company maintains a reserve for credit losses on AFS debt securities. Adjustments to the reserve are made through the provision for credit losses and applied to the reserve, which is classified in “Debt securities available for sale” on the balance sheet. At June 30, 2024, a $1.9 million reserve was reported, compared to $1.3 million at December 31, 2023.

The Company maintains a reserve for credit losses on HTM debt securities at a level that management believes is adequate to absorb estimated probable losses. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no reserve was reported on the balance sheet as these securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. Government, are highly rated by major agencies and have a long history of no credit losses.

32

NOTE 9. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company has derivative financial instruments in the form of interest rate swap agreements, which derive their value from underlying interest rates. These transactions involve both credit and market risk. The notional amounts are amounts on which calculations, payments and the value of the derivatives are based. Notional amounts do not represent direct credit exposures. Direct credit exposure is limited to the net difference between the calculated amounts to be received and paid, if any. Such difference, which represents the fair value of the derivative instrument, is reflected on the Company’s Balance Sheet as “Prepaid expenses and other assets” or “Accrued expenses and other liabilities”.

The Company is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to any derivative agreement. The Company controls the credit risk of its financial contracts through credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures and does not expect any counterparties to fail their obligations. The Company deals only with primary dealers.

Derivative instruments are generally either negotiated via over the counter (“OTC”) contracts or standardized contracts executed on a recognized exchange. Negotiated OTC derivative contracts are generally entered into between two counterparties that negotiate specific agreement terms, including the underlying instrument, amount, exercise prices and maturity.

Risk Management Policies – Hedging Instruments

The primary focus of the Company’s asset/liability management program is to monitor the sensitivity of the Company’s net portfolio value and net income under varying interest rate scenarios to take steps to control its risks. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates the effectiveness of entering into any derivative agreement by measuring the cost of such an agreement in relation to the reduction in net portfolio value and net income volatility within an assumed range of interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk Management – Cash Flow Hedging Instruments

The Company has variable rate debt as a source of funds for use in the Company’s lending and investment activities and for other general business purposes. These debt obligations expose the Company to variability in interest payments due to changes in interest rates. If interest rates increase, interest expense increases. Conversely, if interest rates decrease, interest expense decreases. Management believes it is prudent to limit the variability of a portion of its interest payments and, therefore hedges its variable-rate interest payments. To meet this objective, management enters into interest rate swap agreements whereby the Company receives variable interest rate payments and makes fixed interest rate payments during the contract period.

A summary of the Company’s outstanding interest rate swap agreements used to hedge variable rate debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively is as follows:

(In thousands, except percentages and years)	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Notional amount	$	20,000		$	20,000
Fair value	$	614		$	918
Weighted average pay rate		0.83	%		0.83	%
Weighted average receive rate		5.61	%		5.27	%
Weighted average maturity in years		0.69			1.57
Number of contracts		1			1

33

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company received variable rate Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") payments from and paid fixed rates in accordance with its interest rate swap agreements. At June 30, 2024, the unrealized gain relating to interest rate swaps was recorded as a derivative asset and is included in “Prepaid expenses and other assets” on the Company’s Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments of the variability of cash flows associated with long-term debt are reported in other comprehensive income. The following table presents the net gains and losses recorded in other comprehensive income and the consolidated financial statements relating to the cash flow derivative instruments at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
(Loss) gain recognized in OCI
Gross of tax	$	(191)	$	100	$	(304)	$	(135)
Net of tax		(139)		71		(220)		(96)
Gain reclassified from AOCI into net income
Gross of tax		238		219		476		418
Net of tax		168		156		338		299

NOTE 10. Employee Benefit Plans

Stock Option Plans

The Company has maintained option plans and maintains an equity incentive plan, which allow for the grant of options to officers, employees and members of the Board of Directors. Grants of options under the Company’s plans generally vest over 3 years and must be exercised within 10 years of the date of grant. Transactions under the Company’s plans for the six months ended June 30, 2024 are summarized in the following table:

				Weighted
		Weighted		average
		average		remaining	Aggregate
		exercise		contractual	intrinsic
	Shares	price		life in years	value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	471,132	$	17.92	4.9	$	5,500,080
Options granted	—		—
Options exercised	(65,100)		15.99
Options forfeited	—		—
Options expired	—		—
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	406,032	$	18.22	4.5	$	4,606,659
Exercisable at June 30, 2024	406,032	$	18.22	4.5	$	4,606,659

On May 5, 2023, the Company adopted the 2023 Equity Compensation Plan providing for grants of up to 500,000 shares to be allocated between incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, performance units and deferred stock. The Plan, along with the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan adopted on April 25, 2019, replaced all previously approved and established equity plans then currently in effect. As of June 30, 2024, 281,500 options and 345,850 shares of restricted stock have been awarded from the plans. In addition, 16,162 unvested options and 22,412 unvested shares of restricted stock were cancelled and returned to the plans leaving 405,799 shares available for future grants.

The fair values of the options granted are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. There were no options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024 or 2023.

34

Upon exercise, the Company issues shares from its authorized but unissued common stock to satisfy the options. The following table presents information about options exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Number of options exercised		6,000		13,734		65,100		50,935
Total intrinsic value of options exercised	$	39,961	$	74,099	$	804,862	$	316,003
Cash received from options exercised	$	126,740	$	244,991	$	1,041,009	$	998,885
Tax deduction realized from options	$	11,233	$	22,292	$	226,247	$	95,069

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at June 30, 2024:

	Options outstanding					Options exercisable
			Weighted average	Weighted			Weighted
		Options	remaining contractual	average		Options	average
Range of exercise prices		outstanding	life (in years)	exercise price		exercisable	exercise price
8.31-11.87		58,000	1.4	$	9.63	58,000	$	9.63
11.88-15.44		9,000	2.5		14.60	9,000		14.60
15.45-19.01		128,932	5.2		17.58	128,932		17.58
19.02-22.57		210,100	5.0		21.14	210,100		21.14
Total		406,032	4.5	$	18.22	406,032	$	18.22

FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation,” requires an entity to recognize the fair value of equity awards as compensation expense over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for such an award (vesting period). Compensation expense related to stock options and the related income tax benefit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are detailed in the following table:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Compensation expense	$	—	$	79	$	32	$	164
Income tax benefit	$	—	$	23	$	9	$	47

As of June 30, 2024, there was no unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested share-based stock option compensation arrangements granted under the Company’s plans as all options were fully vested.

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock is issued under the Company’s active Equity Compensation Plans to reward employees and directors and to retain them by distributing stock over a period of time. Restricted stock awards granted to date generally vest over a period of 4 years and are recognized as compensation to the recipient over the vesting period. The awards are recorded at fair market value at the time of grant and amortized into salary expense on a straight line basis over the vesting period. The following table summarizes nonvested restricted stock activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024:

		Average grant
	Shares	date fair value
Nonvested restricted stock at December 31, 2023	164,634	$	24.46
Granted	77,950		28.84
Cancelled	(7,162)		26.83
Vested	(45,500)		23.51
Nonvested restricted stock at June 30, 2024	189,922	$	26.39

35

Restricted stock awards granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Number of shares granted		—		37,500		77,950		55,500
Average grant date fair value	$	—	$	20.64	$	28.84	$	22.81

Compensation expense related to restricted stock for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is detailed in the following table:

	For the three months ended June 30,				For the six months ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Compensation expense	$	450	$	344	$	894	$	676
Income tax benefit	$	126	$	100	$	251	$	195

As of June 30, 2024, there was approximately $4.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards granted under the Company’s equity plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years.

NOTE 11. Regulatory Capital

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s and consolidated Company’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

The minimum capital level requirements include: (i) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% (ii) common equity Tier 1 risk weighted capital ratio of 4.5%; (iii) a Tier 1 risk weighted capital ratio of 6%; and (iv) a total risk weighted capital ratio of 8% for all institutions. The Bank and the consolidated Company are also required to maintain a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% above the regulatory minimum capital ratios which results in the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 risk weighted capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk weighted capital ratio of 8.5%; and (iii) a total risk weighted capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations will establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions.

36

The following table shows information regarding the Company’s and the Bank’s regulatory capital levels at June 30, 2024 and at December 31, 2023.

		Actual			Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Regulations *
		Amount	Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
		(Dollars in thousands)
As of June 30, 2024
Total risk-based capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated	$	310,599	15.05	%	$	165,147	8.00	%	$	206,434	10.00	%
Bank		301,701	14.67			164,485	8.00			205,606	10.00
Common equity tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated		274,783	13.31			92,895	4.50			134,182	6.50
Bank		275,988	13.42			92,523	4.50			133,644	6.50
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated		284,783	13.80			123,860	6.00			165,147	8.00
Bank		275,988	13.42			123,364	6.00			164,485	8.00
Tier 1 capital (to average total  assets)
Consolidated		284,783	11.67			97,579	4.00			121,974	5.00
Bank		275,988	11.35			97,235	4.00			121,543	5.00
As of December 31, 2023
Total risk-based capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated	$	298,293	14.43	%	$	165,370	8.00	%	$	206,712	10.00	%
Bank		287,206	14.02			163,911	8.00			204,889	10.00
Common equity tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated		262,454	12.70			93,020	4.50			134,363	6.50
Bank		261,584	12.76			92,200	4.50			133,178	6.50
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)
Consolidated		272,454	13.18			124,027	6.00			165,370	8.00
Bank		261,584	12.76			122,934	6.00			163,911	8.00
Tier 1 capital (to average total  assets)
Consolidated		272,454	11.14			97,800	4.00			122,250	5.00
Bank		261,584	10.74			97,355	4.00			121,693	5.00

*Prompt Corrective Action requirements only apply to the Bank.

NOTE 12. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated all events or transactions that occurred through the date the Company issued these financial statements.

On July 31, 2024, the Company announced a new stock repurchase plan. The approved plan allows the Company to repurchase up to 500 thousand shares upon exhausting the shares allowed to be repurchased in the 2023 Stock Repurchase Plan.

37

ITEM 2          Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the 2023 consolidated audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. When necessary, reclassifications have been made to prior period data throughout the following discussion and analysis for purposes of comparability. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain “forward looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which may be identified by the use of such words as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “should”, “planned”, “estimated” and “potential”. Examples of forward looking statements include, but are not limited to, estimates with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and business of Unity Bancorp, Inc. that are subject to various factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from these estimates. These factors include, in addition to those items contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K under Item IA-Risk Factors, as updated by our subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following: changes in general, economic and market conditions, including the impact of inflation, legislative and regulatory conditions and the development of an interest rate environment that adversely affects Unity Bancorp, Inc.’s interest rate spread or other income anticipated from operations and investments and the impact of health or other emergencies on our employees, operations and customers.

Overview

Unity Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) is a bank holding company incorporated in New Jersey and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. Its wholly-owned subsidiary, Unity Bank (the “Bank” or, when consolidated with the Parent Company, the “Company”) is chartered by the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance and commenced operations on September 13, 1991. The Bank provides a full range of commercial and retail banking services through online banking platforms and its robust branch network located throughout Bergen, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Ocean, Somerset, Union and Warren counties in New Jersey and Northampton County in Pennsylvania. These services include the acceptance of demand, savings and time deposits and the extension of consumer, real estate, Small Business Administration ("SBA") and other commercial credits. The Bank has multiple subsidiaries used to hold part of its investment, other real estate owned and loan portfolios.

38

Earnings Summary

Net income totaled $9.5 million, or $0.93 per diluted share for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, compared to $9.7 million, or $0.95 per diluted share for the same period in 2023. Return on average assets and return on average common equity for the quarter were 1.56 percent and 14.07 percent, respectively, compared to 1.60 percent and 16.19 percent for the same period in 2023.

Second quarter highlights include:

● Net interest income decreased 0.4 percent compared to the prior year’s quarter, primarily due to the interest expense on deposits increasing faster than interest income on loans.

● Net interest margin equaled 4.01 percent this quarter compared to 4.04 percent in the prior year’s quarter. The decrease was primarily due to the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increasing faster than the yield of interest-earning assets.

● The provision for credit losses on loans and off-balance sheet items was $0.3 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, compared to $0.7 million in provision for credit losses on loans and off-balance sheet items for the prior year’s quarter due to decreased general and specific provisions on loans.

● The provision for credit losses on AFS debt securities was $0.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, as compared to no provision for the prior year’s quarter. The impairment was entirely attributable to the same corporate debt security for which a partial provision was taken in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company owns $5 million in par of this position and moved the position into non-accrual status during the three months ending June 30, 2024. The net carrying value of the position was $3.1 million as of June 30, 2024. This security is currentply paying, and so subsequent to June 30, 2024 the carrying value of this security was $2.9 million, as all payments have been applied to principal.

● Noninterest income decreased 3.9 percent compared to the prior year’s quarter, primarily due to lower gains on sale of SBA loans held for sale and lower gains on sale of mortgage loans. The decrease was partially offset by increased BOLI income and net securities gains.

● Noninterest expense increased 1.2 percent compared to the prior year’s quarter, primarily due to increased loan related and processing and communications expenses.

● The effective tax rate was 24.7 percent compared to 26.0 percent in the prior year’s quarter.

The Company’s performance ratios may be found in the table below.

	For the three months ended June 30,						For the six months ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Net income per common share - Basic (1)	$	0.94		$	0.96		$	1.89		$	1.94
Net income per common share - Diluted (2)	$	0.93		$	0.95		$	1.86		$	1.91
Return on average assets		1.56	%		1.60	%		1.57	%		1.66	%
Return on average equity (3)		14.07	%		16.19	%		14.28	%		16.66	%
Efficiency ratio (4)		47.10	%		45.87	%		47.33	%		45.21	%

(1) Defined as net income divided by weighted average shares outstanding.

(2) Defined as net income divided by the sum of the weighted average shares and the potential dilutive impact of the exercise of outstanding options.

(3) Defined as net income divided by average shareholders’ equity.

(4) The efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure of operational performance. It is defined as noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income plus noninterest income less any gains or losses on securities.

Net Interest Income

The primary source of the Company’s operating income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest and dividends earned on interest-earning assets and fees earned on loans, versus interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest-earning assets include loans to individuals and businesses, investment securities and interest-earning

39

deposits. Interest-bearing liabilities include interest-bearing demand, savings, brokered and time deposits, FHLB advances and other borrowings.

During the quarter ended June 30, 2024, tax-equivalent net interest income amounted to $23.4 million, a decrease of $0.1 million or 0.4 percent when compared to the same period in 2023. The net interest margin decreased 3 basis points to 4.01 percent for the three months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 4.04 percent for the same period in 2023.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, tax-equivalent interest income was $38.0 million, an increase of $2.6 million or 7.3 percent when compared to the same period in 2023. This increase was mainly driven by the increases in the balance of average securities, the balance of average loans and the yield on loans, partially offset by a decrease in the yield on securities and the balance of average FHLB stock.

● Of the $2.6 million net increase in interest income on a tax-equivalent basis, $2.7 million is due to an increase in yields on earning assets, partially offset by $0.1 million due to a decrease in average earning assets.

● The average volume of interest-earning assets increased $11.0 million to $2.3 billion for the second quarter of 2024. This was due primarily to a $18.5 million increase in average loans and a $4.4 million increase in average investment securities, partially offset by a $9.3 million decrease in average FHLB stock and a $2.6 million decrease in average interest-bearing deposits.

● The yield on total interest-earning assets increased 44 basis points to 6.51 percent for the three months ended June 30, 2024, when compared to the same period in 2023. The yield on the loan portfolio increased 46 basis points to 6.50 percent.

Total interest expense was $14.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $2.7 million or 22.7 percent compared to the same period in 2023. This increase was driven by the increased rates and volume of time deposits, increased rates and volume on savings deposits, increased rates and volume for demand deposits and increased rates on brokered deposits, partially offset by a decline in volume of brokered deposits and decreased rates and volume of borrowed funds and subordinated debentures.

● Of the $2.7 million increase in interest expense, $2.9 million was due to increased rate on average interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in volume and mix shift in liability categories.

● Interest-bearing liabilities averaged $1.7 billion for the second quarter of 2024, an increase of $6.7 million compared to the prior year’s quarter.

● The average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities increased 62 basis points to 3.37 percent. The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 111 basis points to 3.35 percent for the second quarter of 2024 and the cost of borrowed funds and subordinated debentures decreased 118 basis points to 3.63 percent.

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, tax-equivalent interest income was $75.9 million, an increase of $7.2 million or 10.4 percent when compared to the same period in the prior year. This increase was mainly driven by the increase in the rates on loans, securities, FHLB stock and interest-bearing deposits.

● Of the $7.2 million net increase in interest income on a tax-equivalent basis, $6.9 million is due to an increase in yields on the earning assets and $0.3 million is due to an increase to average earning assets.

● The average volume of interest-earning assets increased $20.2 million to $2.3 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to $2.3 billion for the same period in 2023. This was due primarily to a $29.7 million increase in average loans and a $0.4 million increase in average investment securities.

● The yield on total interest-earning assets increased 55 basis points to 6.51 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. The yield on the loan portfolio increased 55 basis points to 6.48 percent.

Total interest expense was $28.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $7.3 million or 34.5 percent compared to the same period in 2023. This increase reflects increased volume and rates on interest-bearing deposits, offset by decreased volume and rates on borrowed funds and subordinated debentures compared to a year ago.

40

● Of the $7.3 million increase in interest expense, $5.9 million was due to the increased volume of average interest bearing liabilities and $1.4 million was due to an increase in the rates on interest-bearing liabilities.

● Interest-bearing liabilities averaged $1.7 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $28.4 million or 1.7 percent compared to the prior year’s period.

● The average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities increased 80 basis points to 3.32 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 126 basis points to 3.23 percent and the cost of borrowed funds and subordinated debentures decreased 51 basis points to 4.11 percent.

Consolidated Average Balance Sheets

(Dollar amounts in thousands, interest amounts and interest rates/yields on a fully tax-equivalent basis, assuming a federal tax rate of 21 percent.)

	For the three months ended
	June 30, 2024						June 30, 2023
	Average						Average
	Balance		Interest		Rate/Yield		Balance		Interest		Rate/Yield
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	32,237	$	435	5.43	%	$	34,808	$	441	5.09	%
FHLB stock		7,951		180	9.12			17,252		343	7.97
Securities:
Taxable		140,501		1,749	4.98			135,943		1,798	5.29
Tax-exempt		1,571		18	4.55			1,766		20	4.59
Total securities (A)		142,072		1,767	4.97			137,709		1,818	5.28
Loans:
SBA loans		55,922		1,276	9.13			61,744		1,403	9.09
SBA PPP loans		1,782		11	2.49			2,561		27	4.20
Commercial loans		1,300,754		21,160	6.44			1,225,761		18,621	6.01
Residential mortgage loans		625,086		9,316	5.96			622,283		8,532	5.48
Consumer loans		69,943		1,390	7.86			76,741		1,471	7.59
Residential construction loans		112,272		2,453	8.64			158,165		2,737	6.85
Total loans (B)		2,165,759		35,606	6.50			2,147,255		32,791	6.04
Total interest-earning assets	$	2,348,019	$	37,988	6.51	%	$	2,337,024	$	35,393	6.07	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		23,547						21,967
Allowance for credit losses		(26,202)						(26,270)
Other assets		90,971						103,234
Total noninterest-earning assets		88,316						98,931
Total assets	$	2,436,335						2,435,955
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	337,629	$	2,010	2.39	%	$	310,717	$	1,331	1.74	%
Savings deposits		504,685		3,349	2.67			503,979		1,993	1.60
Brokered deposits		228,276		2,181	3.84			229,872		1,857	3.28
Time deposits		535,444		5,832	4.38			344,883		2,564	3.02
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,606,034		13,372	3.35			1,389,451		7,745	2.24
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		129,763		1,191	3.63			339,599		4,125	4.81
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	1,735,797	$	14,563	3.37	%	$	1,729,050	$	11,870	2.75	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		401,146						440,289
Other liabilities		29,139						26,275
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities		430,285						466,564
Total shareholders' equity		270,253						240,341
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	2,436,335					$	2,435,955
Net interest spread			$	23,425	3.13	%			$	23,523	3.32	%
Tax-equivalent basis adjustment				(1)						(1)
Net interest income			$	23,424					$	23,522

41

Net interest margin 4.01 % 4.04 %

(A) Yields related to securities exempt from federal and state income taxes are stated on a fully tax-equivalent basis, assuming a federal tax rate of 21 percent.

(B) The loan averages are stated net of unearned income, and the averages include loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued.

	For the six months ended
	June 30, 2024						June 30, 2023
	Average						Average
	balance		Interest		Rate/Yield		balance		Interest		Rate/Yield
ASSETS
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	31,461	$	855	5.46	%	$	33,798	$	775	4.62	%
FHLB stock		9,476		460	9.76			17,016		674	7.98
Securities:
Taxable		137,688		3,598	5.23			137,154		3,537	5.16
Tax-exempt		1,615		36	4.51			1,760		40	4.54
Total securities (A)		139,303		3,634	5.22			138,914		3,577	5.15
Loans
SBA loans		57,021		2,609	9.15			64,171		2,807	8.75
SBA PPP loans		1,999		19	1.87			3,397		104	6.12
Commercial loans		1,291,176		41,990	6.43			1,212,741		36,022	5.91
Residential mortgage loans		625,269		18,535	5.93			618,630		16,641	5.38
Consumer loans		70,096		2,792	7.88			76,930		2,825	7.30
Residential construction loans		120,996		5,031	8.22			160,978		5,323	6.58
Total loans (B)		2,166,557		70,976	6.48			2,136,847		63,722	5.93
Total interest-earning assets	$	2,346,797	$	75,925	6.51	%	$	2,326,575	$	68,748	5.96	%
Noninterest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		23,383						22,350
Allowance for credit losses		(26,130)						(26,025)
Other assets		92,486						107,147
Total noninterest-earning assets		89,739						103,472
Total assets	$	2,436,536					$	2,430,047
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	331,229	$	3,720	2.26	%	$	298,511	$	2,296	3.09	%
Savings deposits		503,878		6,493	2.59			519,922		3,548	2.74
Brokered deposits		235,934		4,476	3.82			233,270		3,419	5.88
Time deposits		500,305		10,531	4.23			315,780		4,126	5.24
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,571,346		25,220	3.23			1,367,483		13,389	1.97
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		165,550		3,439	4.11			340,991		7,924	4.62
Total interest-bearing liabilities	$	1,736,896	$	28,659	3.32	%	$	1,708,474	$	21,313	2.52	%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		402,497						454,270
Other liabilities		28,943						25,413
Total noninterest-bearing liabilities		431,440						479,683
Total shareholders’ equity		268,200						241,890
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	2,436,536					$	2,430,047
Net interest spread			$	47,266	3.19	%			$	47,435	3.44	%
Tax-equivalent basis adjustment				(1)						(2)
Net interest income			$	47,265					$	47,433
Net interest margin					4.05	%					4.11	%

42

(A) Yields related to securities exempt from federal and state income taxes are stated on a fully tax-equivalent basis, assuming a federal tax rate of 21 percent.

(B) The loan averages are stated net of unearned income, and the averages include loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued.

The rate volume table below presents an analysis of the impact on interest income and expense resulting from changes in average volume and rates over the periods presented. Changes that are not solely due to volume or rate variances have been allocated proportionally to both, based on their relative absolute values. Amounts have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis, assuming a federal income tax rate of 21 percent.

	For the three months ended June 30, 2024 versus June 30, 2023						For the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus June 30, 2023
	Increase (decrease) due to change in:						Increase (decrease) due to change in:
(In thousands on a tax-equivalent basis)	Volume		Rate		Net		Volume		Rate		Net
Interest income:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	(34)	$	28	$	(6)	$	(56)	$	136	$	80
FHLB stock		(206)		43		(163)		(343)		129		(214)
Securities		57		(108)		(51)		10		47		57
Loans		49		2,766		2,815		665		6,589		7,254
Total interest income	$	(134)	$	2,729	$	2,595	$	276	$	6,901	$	7,177
Interest expense:
Demand deposits	$	127	$	552	$	679	$	1,127	$	297	$	1,424
Savings deposits		3		1,353		1,356		1,063		1,882		2,945
Brokered deposits		(12)		336		324		184		873		1,057
Time deposits		1,801		1,467		3,268		7,201		(796)		6,405
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,919		3,708		5,627		9,575		2,256		11,831
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		(2,100)		(834)		(2,934)		(3,693)		(792)		(4,485)
Total interest expense		(181)		2,874		2,693		5,882		1,464		7,346
Net interest income - fully tax-equivalent	$	47	$	(145)	$	(98)	$	(5,606)	$	5,437	$	(169)
Decrease in tax-equivalent adjustment						—						1
Net interest income					$	(98)					$	(168)

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses for loans was $0.3 million and $0.9 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the same periods in 2023. The decrease in the quarterly period was primarily driven by decreases in the general and specific reserve calculations.

The provision for credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures totaled $13 thousand and $15 thousand for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to a release of $84 thousand for the same periods in 2023.

The provision for credit losses for AFS debt security impairment was $0.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to none for the prior year’s periods. The impairment was entirely attributable to one corporate senior debt security in the AFS portfolio. The Company owns $5 million in par value of this position and moved the position into non-accrual status during the three months ended June 30, 2024. This security is currentply paying, and so subsequent to June 30, 2024 the carrying value of this security was $2.9 million, as all payments have been applied to principal.

Each period’s credit loss provision is the result of management’s analysis of the loan portfolio and reflects changes in the size and composition of the portfolio, the level of net charge-offs, delinquencies, current and expected economic conditions and other internal and external factors impacting the risk within the loan portfolio. Additional information

43

may be found under the captions “Financial Condition - Asset Quality” and “Financial Condition - Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments.” The current provision is considered appropriate under management’s assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

Click or tap here to enter text.

Click or tap here to enter text.

Income Tax Expense

For the quarter ended June 30, 2024, the Company reported income tax expense of $3.1 million for an effective tax rate of 24.7 percent, compared to income tax expense of $3.4 million and an effective tax rate of 26.0 percent for the prior year’s quarter. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company reported income tax expense of $6.3 million for an effective tax rate of 24.9 percent, compared to an income tax expense of $6.9 million and an effective tax rate of 25.7 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Financial Condition at June 30, 2024

Total assets increased $19.2 million or 0.7 percent, to $2.6 billion at June 30, 2024, when compared to year end 2023. This increase was primarily due to increases of $2.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, $9.5 million in securities and $12.1 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by a decrease of $3.5 million in FHLB stock and $1.8 million in net loans.

Total shareholders’ equity increased $12.0 million, when compared to year end 2023, primarily due to earnings and an increase in common stock, partially offset by the repurchase of shares and dividends paid during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

These fluctuations are discussed in further detail in the paragraphs that follow.

Securities Portfolio

The Company’s securities portfolio consists of AFS debt securities, HTM debt securities and equity investments. Management determines the appropriate security classification of AFS and HTM at the time of purchase. The investment securities portfolio is maintained for asset-liability management purposes, as well as for liquidity and earnings purposes.

AFS debt securities are investments carried at fair value that may be sold in response to changing market and interest rate conditions or for other business purposes. Activity in this portfolio is undertaken primarily to manage liquidity and interest rate risk, to take advantage of market conditions that create economically attractive returns and as an additional source of earnings. AFS debt securities consist primarily of obligations of U.S. Government, state and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities and corporate and other securities.

AFS debt securities totaled $99.1 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $7.3 million or 8.0 percent, compared to $91.8 million at December 31, 2023. This net increase was the result of:

● $10.5 million in purchases,

● Which were partially offset by $2.4 million in principal payments and maturities,

● $0.6 million provision for credit loss on AFS debt securities and

● $163 thousand in depreciation in the market value of the portfolio. At June 30, 2024, the portfolio had a net unrealized loss of $4.7 million compared to a net unrealized loss of $4.5 million at December 31, 2023. These net unrealized losses are reflected net of tax in shareholder’s equity as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The weighted average life of AFS debt securities, adjusted for prepayments, amounted to 5.3 years and 5.6 years at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The effective duration of AFS debt securities amounted to 1.7 years at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

44

HTM debt securities, which are carried at amortized cost, are investments for which there is the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. The portfolio is primarily comprised of obligations of U.S. Government, state and political subdivisions and mortgage-backed securities.

HTM debt securities were $36.2 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $35 thousand or 0.1 percent, compared to $36.1 million at December 31, 2023.

The weighted average life of HTM securities, adjusted for prepayments, amounted to 16.7 years and 17.1 years at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of HTM securities was $29.0 million and $29.7 million, respectively. The effective duration of HTM securities amounted to 10.5 years and 10.9 years at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Equity securities are investments carried at fair value that may be sold in response to changing market and interest rate conditions or for other business purposes. Activity in this portfolio is undertaken primarily to manage liquidity and to take advantage of market conditions that create economically attractive returns and as an additional source of earnings. Equity securities consist of Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") mutual fund investments and the equity holdings of other financial institutions.

Equity securities totaled $9.9 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $2.1 million or 27.5 percent, compared to $7.8 million at December 31, 2023. This net increase was the result of:

● $2.2 million in purchases,

● $0.1 million in fair value appreciation and

● Partially offset by $0.2 million in sales.

Securities with a carrying value of $9.6 million and $9.7 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were held at the FHLB or FRB and were pledged for borrowing purposes; however, all securities were unencumbered by borrowings at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Approximately 62 percent of the total debt security investment portfolio had a fixed rate of interest at June 30, 2024.

See Note 6 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding Securities.

Loan Portfolio

The loan portfolio, which represents the Company’s largest asset group, is a significant source of both interest and fee income. The portfolio consists of SBA, commercial, residential mortgage, consumer and residential construction loans. Each of these segments is subject to differing levels of credit and interest rate risk.

Total loans decreased $1.5 million or 0.1 percent to $2.2 billion at June 30, 2024, compared to year end 2023. Commercial loans increased $40.7 million, offset by decreases of $28.1 million, $6.6 million, $3.4 million, $0.6 million and $0.6 million in residential construction, residential mortgage, consumer, SBA held for investment and SBA PPP loans, respectively. Below is a table of the geographic loan allocation of the Bank’s portfolio at June 30, 2024:

	% of
	portfolio
New Jersey	86.1	%
New York	7.2
Pennsylvania	3.8
Other	2.9
Total loans	100.0	%

45

Average loans increased $29.7 million or 1.4 percent to $2.2 billion the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $2.1 billion for the same period in 2023. The increase in average loans was due to increases in average commercial and residential mortgage loans, partially offset by decreases in average SBA, SBA PPP, consumer and residential construction loans. The yield on the overall loan portfolio increased 55 basis points to 6.48 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024 when compared to the same period in the prior year.

SBA 7(a) loans, on which the SBA historically has provided guarantees of up to 90 percent of the principal balance, are considered a higher risk loan product for the Company than its other loan products. These loans are made for the purposes of providing working capital or financing the purchase of equipment, inventory or commercial real estate. Generally, an SBA 7(a) loan has a deficiency in its credit profile that would not allow the borrower to qualify for a traditional commercial loan, which is why the SBA provides the guarantee. The deficiency may be a higher loan to value (“LTV”) ratio, lower debt service coverage (“DSC”) ratio or weak personal financial guarantees. In addition, many SBA 7(a) loans are for startup businesses where there is no history or financial information. Finally, many SBA borrowers do not have an ongoing and continuous banking relationship with the Bank, but merely work with the Bank on a single transaction. The guaranteed portion of the Company’s SBA loans may be sold in the secondary market.

SBA 7(a) loans held for sale, carried at the lower of cost or market, amounted to $15.2 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.1 million from $18.2 million at December 31, 2023. SBA 7(a) loans held for investment amounted to $38.0 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $0.6 million from $38.6 million at December 31, 2023. The yield on SBA loans, which are generally floating and adjust quarterly to the Prime rate, was 9.15 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 8.75 percent for the same period in the prior year. The Company sold $3.9 million of SBA loans during the three months ended ended June 30, 2024.

The guarantee rates on SBA 7(a) loans range from 50 percent to 90 percent, with the majority of the portfolio having a guarantee rate of 75 percent at origination. The guarantee rates are determined by the SBA and can vary from year to year depending on government funding and the goals of the SBA program. Approximately $73.5 million and $75.6 million in SBA loans were sold but serviced by the Company at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are not included on the Company’s balance sheet. There is no relationship or correlation between the guarantee percentages and the level of charge-offs and recoveries on the Company’s SBA 7(a) loans. Charge-offs taken on SBA 7(a) loans effect the unguaranteed portion of the loan. SBA loans are underwritten to the same credit standards irrespective of the guarantee percentage.

Commercial loans are generally made in the Company’s marketplace for the purpose of providing working capital, financing the purchase of equipment, inventory or commercial real estate and for other business purposes. These loans amounted to $1.3 billion at June 30, 2024, an increase of $40.7 million from year end 2023. The yield on commercial loans was 6.43 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 5.91 percent for the same period in 2023. In most cases, these loans are secured by underlying real estate collateral. SBA 504 program loans, which consist of real estate backed commercial mortgages where the Company has the first mortgage and the SBA has the second mortgage on the property, are included in the Commercial loan portfolio. At June 30, 2024 Commercial Mortgage – Owner Occupied, Commercial Mortgage – Nonowner Occupied, and Commercial Construction represent 24.3 percent, 19.0 percent and 5.8 percent of the Company’s loan portfolio, respectively. The Company will generally not exceed a combined loan-to-value ratio of 75 percent at origination. Unity continually evaluates and monitors its credit risk policies and procedures. Further, Unity continuously monitors loan portfolio concentrations across key credit characteristics (e.g., state and local geographies, industries, etc.). Loans are subject to periodic loan review procedures in accordance with the Company’s Loan Policy. A portion of the loan reviews are performed by an independent and external loan review function.

Residential mortgage loans consist of loans secured by 1 to 4 family residential properties. These loans amounted to $624.9 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $6.6 million from year end 2023. Sales of conforming mortgage loans totaled $24.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to sales of $26.9 million in the prior year period. The yield on residential mortgages was 5.93 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 5.38 percent for the same period in 2023. Residential mortgage loans maintained in portfolio are generally to individuals that do not qualify for conventional financing. In extending credit to this category of borrowers, the Bank considers other mitigating factors such as credit history, equity and liquid reserves of the borrower. As a result, the residential mortgage loan

46

portfolio of the Bank includes adjustable rate mortgages with rates that exceed the rates on conventional fixed-rate mortgage loan products but which are not considered high priced mortgages.

Consumer loans consist of home equity loans and loans for the purpose of financing the purchase of consumer goods, home improvements and other personal needs, and are generally secured by 1 to 4 family residences. These loans amounted to $69.3 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.4 million from year end 2023. The yield on consumer loans was 7.88 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 7.30 percent for the same period in 2023.

Residential construction loans consist of short-term loans for the purpose of funding the costs of building a home. These loans amounted to $103.2 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $28.1 million from year end 2023. The yield on residential construction loans was 8.22 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to 6.58 percent for the same period in 2023.

There are no concentrations of loans to any borrowers or group of borrowers exceeding 10 percent of the total loan portfolio.

In the normal course of business, the Company may originate loan products whose terms could give rise to additional credit risk. Interest-only loans, loans with high LTV, construction loans with payments made from interest reserves and multiple loans supported by the same collateral (e.g. home equity loans) are examples of such products. However, these products are not material to the Company’s financial position and are closely managed via credit controls designed to mitigate their additional inherent risk. Management does not believe that these products create a concentration of credit risk in the Company’s loan portfolio. The Company does not have any option adjustable rate mortgage loans.

The majority of the Company’s loans are secured by real estate. Declines in the market values of real estate in the Company’s trade area impact the value of the collateral securing its loans. This could lead to greater losses in the event of defaults on loans secured by real estate. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 96 percent of the Company’s loan portfolio was secured by real estate.

The following table sets forth the classification of loans by loan type, including unearned fees, deferred costs and excluding the allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

In thousands, except percentages	June 30, 2024		%	December 31, 2023		%
SBA loans
SBA loans held for sale	$	15,159	0.6%	$	18,242	0.8%
SBA loans held for investment		38,017	1.8%		38,584	1.8%
SBA PPP		1,734	0.1%		2,318	0.1%
Total SBA loans		54,910	2.5%		59,144	2.7%
Commercial loans
Commercial construction		125,749	5.8%		129,159	6.0%
SBA 504		39,195	1.8%		33,669	1.7%
Commercial & industrial		147,172	6.8%		128,402	5.9%
Commercial mortgage - owner occupied		527,498	24.3%		502,397	23.1%
Commercial mortgage - nonowner occupied		411,455	19.0%		424,490	19.5%
Other		67,139	3.0%		59,343	2.7%
Total commercial loans		1,318,208	60.7%		1,277,460	58.9%
Residential mortgage loans		624,949	28.8%		631,506	29.1%
Consumer loans
Home equity		65,065	3.0%		67,037	3.0%
Consumer other		4,215	0.2%		5,639	0.3%
Total consumer loans		69,280	3.2%		72,676	3.3%

47

Residential construction		103,188	4.8%		131,277	6.0%
Total gross loans	$	2,170,535	100.0%	$	2,172,063	100.0%

For additional information on loans, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Asset Quality

Nonperforming loans were $12.1 million at June 30, 2024, a $7.1 million decrease from $19.2 million at December 31, 2023 and a $4.1 million decrease from $16.2 million at June 30, 2023, respectively. Since year end 2023, nonperforming loans in the residential mortgage, consumer and residential construction segments decreased, offset by an increase in nonperforming loans in the SBA and commercial segments. In addition, there were $0.4 million in loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest at June 30, 2024, compared to $0.9 million at December 31, 2023 and none at June 30, 2023. Further, there was no other real estate owned at June 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023 and $0.3 million of other real estate owned at June 30, 2023.

The Company also monitors potential problem loans. Potential problem loans are those loans where information about possible credit problems of borrowers causes management to have doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with loan repayment terms. These loans are categorized by their non-passing risk rating and performing loan status. Potential problem loans totaled $14.4 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $0.7 million from $15.1 million at December 31, 2023.

Nonperforming securities were $3.1 million at June 30, 2024, a $3.1 million increase from none at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. The Company owns $5 million in par of this position and moved the position into non-accrual status during the three months ending June 30, 2024. This security is currentply paying, and so subsequent to June 30, 2024 the carrying value of this security was $2.9 million, as all payments have been applied to principal.

See Note 7 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding Asset Quality.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

The allowance for credit losses totaled $26.1 million at June 30, 2024, compared to $25.9 million at December 31, 2023 and $26.0 million at June 30, 2023, with a resulting allowance to total loan ratio of 1.20 percent at June 30, 2024, 1.19 percent at December 31, 2023 and 1.20 at June 30, 2023. Net charge-offs amounted to $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to net charge-offs of $0.9 million for the same period in 2023.

The Company maintains a reserve for unfunded loan commitments at a level that management believes is adequate to absorb estimated expected losses. Adjustments to the reserve are made through provision for credit losses and applied to the reserve which is classified as Other liabilities. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the commitment reserve totaled $0.6 million.

See Note 8 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments.

Deposits

Deposits, which include noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, savings deposits and time deposits, are the primary source of the Company’s funds. The Company offers a variety of products designed to attract and retain customers, with primary focus on building and expanding relationships. The Company continues to focus on establishing a comprehensive relationship with business borrowers, seeking deposits as well as lending relationships.

48

Total deposits increased $86.7 million to $2.0 billion at June 30, 2024 from year-end 2023. This increase was due to increases of $133.4 million in time deposits, $8.1 million in savings deposits and $2.3 million in noninterest-bearing demand deposits, partially offset by a decrease of $46.4 million in brokered deposits and $10.7 million in interest bearing demand deposits. The change in the composition of the portfolio from December 31, 2023 reflects a 31.3 percent increase in time deposits, 1.6 percent increase in savings deposits and a 0.6 percent increase in noninterest-bearing demand deposits, partially offset by a 17.3 percent decrease in brokered deposits and a 3.4 percent decrease in interest bearing demand deposits.

As of June 30, 2024, 18.3 percent of total deposits were uninsured or uncollateralized. The Company’s deposit composition as of June 30, 2024, consisted of 21.0 percent in noninterest-bearing demand deposits, 15.0 percent in interest-bearing demand deposits, 27.5 percent in savings deposits and 36.5 percent in time deposits.

Borrowed Funds and Subordinated Debentures

As part of the Company’s overall funding and liquidity management program, from time to time the Company borrows from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York. Residential mortgages and commercial loans collateralize these borrowings.

Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures totaled $285.1 million and $366.7 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are broken down in the following table:

(In thousands)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
FHLB borrowings:
Non-overnight, fixed rate advances	$	53,798	$	109,438
Overnight advances		181,000		217,000
Puttable advances		40,000		30,000
Subordinated debentures		10,310		10,310
Total borrowed funds and subordinated debentures	$	285,108	$	366,748

In June 2024, the FHLB issued a $185.0 million municipal deposit letter of credit in the name of Unity Bank naming the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance as beneficiary, to secure municipal deposits as required under New Jersey law. The FHLB issued an additional $28.0 million municipal deposit letter of credit in the name of Unity Bank naming certain townships in Pennsylvania as beneficiary, to secure municipal deposits as required under Pennsylvania law.

At June 30, 2024, the Company held $197.4 million of cash and cash equivalents. Further, the Company maintained approximately $610.5 million of funding available from various funding sources, including the FHLB, FRB Discount Window and other lines of credit. Additionally, the Company can pledge securities for further borrowing capacity.

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, average FHLB Borrowings were $155.2 million with a weighted average cost of 3.98%.

Subordinated Debentures

On July 24, 2006, Unity (NJ) Statutory Trust II, a statutory business trust and wholly-owned subsidiary of Unity Bancorp, Inc., issued $10.0 million of floating rate capital trust pass through securities to investors due on July 24, 2036. The subordinated debentures are redeemable in whole or part. The floating interest rate on the subordinated debentures is the daily compounded SOFR rate with a 0.262 percent spread. The floating interest rate was 7.199 percent at June 30, 2024 and 7.212 percent at December 31, 2023.

49

Market Risk

Market risk for the Company is primarily limited to interest rate risk, which is the impact that changes in interest rates would have on future earnings. The Company’s Risk Management Committee (“RMC”) manages this risk. The principal objectives of the RMC are to establish prudent risk management guidelines, evaluate and control the level of interest rate risk in balance sheet accounts, determine the level of appropriate risk given the business focus, operating environment, capital and liquidity requirements and actively manage risk within Board-approved guidelines. The RMC reviews the maturities and repricing of loans, investments, deposits and borrowings, cash flow needs, current market conditions and interest rate levels.

The following table presents the Company’s EVE and NII sensitivity exposure related to an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in market interest rate of 100, 200 and 300 bps, which were all in compliance with Board approved tolerances at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Estimated Increase/ (Decrease) in EVE						Estimated 12 mo. Increase/ (Decrease) In NII
(In thousands, except percentages)	EVE		Amount		Percent		NII		Amount		Percent
June 30, 2024
+300	$	230,162	$	(52,009)	(18.43)	%	$	90,084	$	(7,740)	(7.91)	%
+200		248,391		(33,780)	(11.97)			92,728		(5,096)	(5.21)
+100		266,513		(15,658)	(5.55)			95,284		(2,540)	(2.60)
0		282,171		—	—			97,824		—	—
-100		294,861		12,690	4.50			99,666		1,842	1.88
-200		299,611		17,440	6.18			100,816		2,992	3.06
-300		300,113		17,942	6.36			101,639		3,815	3.90
December 31, 2023
+300	$	215,239	$	(53,748)	(19.98)	%	$	91,747	$	(7,977)	(8.00)	%
+200		235,749		(33,238)	(12.36)			94,405		(5,319)	(5.33)
+100		254,242		(14,745)	(5.48)			96,984		(2,740)	(2.75)
0		268,987		—	—			99,724		—	—
-100		273,517		4,530	1.68			101,391		1,667	1.67
-200		286,813		17,826	6.63			102,987		3,263	3.27
-300		281,661		12,674	4.71			102,858		3,134	3.14

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

The following table shows the amounts and expected maturities or payment periods of off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations as of June 30, 2024:

	One year		One to		Three to		Over five
(In thousands)	or less		three years		five years		years		Total
Off-balance sheet arrangements:
Standby letters of credit	$	3,477	$	830	$	120	$	906	$	5,333
Contractual obligations:
Time deposits		624,057		96,942		12,281		108		733,388
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures		229,798		—		45,000		10,310		285,108
Total off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations	$	857,332	$	97,772	$	57,401	$	11,324	$	1,023,829

Standby letters of credit represent guarantees of payment issued by the Bank on behalf of a client that is used as “payments of last resort” should the client fail to fulfill a contractual commitment with a third party. Standby letters of credit are typically short-term in duration, maturing in one year or less.

Time deposits have stated maturity dates and include brokered time deposits.

50

Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures include fixed and adjustable rate borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank and subordinated debentures. The borrowings have defined terms and under certain circumstances are callable at the option of the lender.

Liquidity

Liquidity measures the ability to satisfy current and future cash flow needs as they become due. A bank’s liquidity reflects its ability to meet loan demand, to accommodate possible outflows in deposits and to take advantage of interest rate opportunities in the marketplace. Our liquidity is monitored by management and the Board of Directors, which reviews historical funding requirements, our current liquidity position, sources and stability of funding, marketability of assets, options for attracting additional funds, and anticipated future funding needs, including the level of unfunded commitments. Our goal is to maintain sufficient asset-based liquidity to cover potential funding requirements in order to minimize our dependence on volatile and potentially unstable funding markets.

The principal sources of funds at the Bank are deposits, scheduled amortization and prepayments of investment and loan principal, sales and maturities of investment securities, additional borrowings and funds provided by operations. While scheduled loan payments and maturing investments are relatively predictable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows provides detail on the Company’s sources and uses of cash, as well as an indication of the Company’s ability to maintain an adequate level of liquidity. At June 30, 2024, the balance of cash and cash equivalents was $197.4 million, an increase of $2.6 million from December 31, 2023. A discussion of on- and off-balance sheet liquidity follows.

● Securities. The Company’s available for sale investment portfolio amounted to $99.1 million and $91.8 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Projected cash flows from securities based on current estimates over the next twelve months are $13.1 million.

● Loans. The SBA loans held for sale portfolio amounted to $15.2 million and $18.2 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Sales of these loans provide an additional source of liquidity for the Company.

● Commitments. The Company was committed to advance approximately $291.6 million to its borrowers as of June 30, 2024, compared to $312.5 million at December 31, 2023. At June 30, 2024, $144.5 million of these commitments expire within one year, compared to $149.3 million at December 31, 2023. The Company had $5.3 million and $5.7 million in standby letters of credit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which are included in the commitments amount noted above. The estimated fair value of these guarantees is not significant. The Company believes it has the necessary liquidity to honor all commitments. Many of these commitments will expire and never be funded.

● Deposits. As of June 30, 2024, deposits included $363.1 million of government deposits, as compared to $346.3 million at year end 2023.  These deposits are generally short in duration and are very sensitive to price competition. The Company believes that the current level of these types of deposits is appropriate. Included in the portfolio were $329.6 million of deposits from 21 municipalities with account balances in excess of $5.0 million. The withdrawal of these deposits, in whole or in part, would not create a liquidity shortfall for the Company.

● Borrowed Funds. Total FHLB borrowings amounted to $274.8 million and $356.4 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, the Company can borrow additional funds based on the market value of collateral pledged. At June 30, 2024, pledging provided an additional $610.5 million in borrowing potential from the FHLB, FRB and other sources. In addition, the Company can pledge additional collateral in the form of 1 to 4 family residential mortgages, commercial loans or investment securities to increase these lines with the FHLB and FRB.

51

For further detail on cash flow activity, refer to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Regulatory Capital

Consistent with our goal to operate as a sound and profitable financial organization, Unity Bancorp and Unity Bank actively seek to maintain our well capitalized status in accordance with regulatory standards. As of June 30, 2024, Unity Bank exceeded all capital requirements of the federal banking regulators and was considered well capitalized.

See Note 11 to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding Regulatory Capital

Shareholders’ Equity

Repurchase Plan

On April 27, 2023, the Board authorized a new repurchase plan of up to 500 thousand shares, or approximately 5.0% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. A total 68,771 shares were repurchased at a weighted average price of $26.77 during the three months ended June 30, 2024.  As of June 30, 2024, 195 thousand shares are available for repurchase. The timing and amount of additional purchases, if any, will depend upon a number of factors including the Company’s capital needs, the performance of its loan portfolio, the need for additional provisions for credit losses and the market price of the Company’s stock.

				Total Number of	Maximum Number
	Total		Weighted	Shares Purchased	of Shares that may
	Number of		Average	as Part of Publicly	yet be Purchased
	Shares		Price Paid	Announced Plans	Under the Plans
Period	Purchased		per Share	or Programs	or Programs
April 1, 2024 through April 30, 2024	4,190	$	26.73	4,190	259,560
May 1, 2024 through May 31, 2024	35,100		26.99	35,100	224,460
June 1, 2024 through June 30, 2024	29,481		26.51	29,481	194,979

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The financial statements and notes thereto, presented elsewhere herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S.
GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time and due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of operations. Unlike most industrial companies, nearly all the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary. As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.

ITEM 3         Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, there have been no significant changes in the Company’s assessment of market risk as reported in Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. (See Interest Rate Sensitivity in Management’s Discussion and Analysis herein.)

ITEM 4         Controls and Procedures

a) The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2024. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer

52

concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective for recording, processing, summarizing and reporting the information the Company is required to disclose in the reports it files under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

b) No significant change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting has occurred during the quarterly period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s controls over financial reporting.

PART II          OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1            Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company currently is not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that it believes will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, or the results of the operation of the Company.

ITEM 1A         Risk Factors

Information regarding this item as of June 30, 2024 appears under the heading, “Risk Factors” within the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 2          Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

See the discussion under the heading “Shareholders Equity - Repurchase Plan” under Item 2 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and results of Operations.”

ITEM 3          Defaults upon Senior Securities – None

ITEM 4          Mine Safety Disclosures - N/A

ITEM 5          Other Information – None

53

ITEM 6          Exhibits

(a) Exhibits		Description
	Exhibit 31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a 14(a) or Rule 15d 14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
	Exhibit 31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a 14(a) or Rule 15d 14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
	Exhibit 32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a 14(b) or Rule 15d 14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

54

EXHIBIT INDEX

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1	Exhibit 31.1-Certification of James A. Hughes. Required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Exhibit 31.2-Certification of George Boyan. Required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Exhibit 32.1-Certification of James A. Hughes and George Boyan. Required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
**101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
**101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
**101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
**101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
**101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
**101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
**104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained as Exhibit 101)

55

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		UNITY BANCORP, INC.
Dated:	August 06, 2024	/s/ George Boyan
		George Boyan
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

56