Supplemental Information on Oil and Natural Gas Properties (unaudited) | Supplemental Information on Oil and Natural Gas Operations (Unaudited) Estimated Reserves The Company’s proved oil and natural gas reserves at December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 have been estimated by DeGolyer and MacNaughton, the Company’s current independent petroleum and geological firm (the “Reserve Engineering Firm”). The reserves were prepared in accordance with guidelines established by the SEC. Accordingly, the following reserve estimates are based upon existing economic and operating conditions. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in establishing quantities of proved reserves. The following reserve data represents estimates only, and should not be deemed exact. In addition, the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows should not be construed as the current market value of the Company’s oil and natural gas properties or the cost that would be incurred to obtain equivalent reserves. Extrapolation of performance history and material balance estimates were utilized by the Company’s Reserve Engineering Firm to project future recoverable reserves for the producing properties where sufficient history existed to suggest performance trends and where these methods were applicable to the subject reservoirs. The projections for the remaining producing properties were necessarily based on volumetric calculations and/or analogy to nearby producing completions. Reserves assigned to nonproducing zones and undeveloped locations were projected on the basis of volumetric calculations and analogy to nearby production, and to a small extent, horizontal PDP and PUD categories. The following tables disclose changes in the estimated net quantities of oil and natural gas reserves, all of which are located onshore within the continental United States: For the Year Ended December 31, Proved developed and undeveloped reserves: 2018 2017 2016 Oil (MBbls): Beginning of period 107,072 71,145 43,348 Purchase of reserves in place 30,756 8,388 25,054 Sale of reserves in place — — (1,718 ) Extensions and discoveries 67,763 39,267 14,479 Revisions to previous estimates (8,982 ) (1,548 ) (4,544 ) Reclassifications due to changes in development plan (7,069 ) (3,623 ) (1,194 ) Production (9,443 ) (6,557 ) (4,280 ) End of period 180,097 107,072 71,145 Natural Gas (MMcf): Beginning of period 179,410 122,611 65,537 Purchase of reserves in place 53,563 12,711 36,474 Sale of reserves in place — — (2,765 ) Extensions and discoveries 103,149 48,648 17,194 Revisions to previous estimates 41,767 18,121 16,842 Reclassifications due to changes in development plan (11,976 ) (11,785 ) (2,913 ) Production (15,447 ) (10,896 ) (7,758 ) End of period 350,466 179,410 122,611 Total (MBOE): Beginning of period 136,974 91,580 54,271 Purchase of reserves in place 39,683 10,507 31,133 Sale of reserves in place — — (2,179 ) Extensions and discoveries 84,955 47,375 17,345 Revisions to previous estimates (2,021 ) 1,472 (1,737 ) Reclassifications due to changes in development plan (9,065 ) (5,587 ) (1,680 ) Production (12,018 ) (8,373 ) (5,573 ) End of period 238,508 136,974 91,580 For the Year Ended December 31, Proved developed reserves: 2018 2017 2016 Oil (MBbls): Beginning of period 51,920 32,920 22,257 End of period 92,202 51,920 32,920 Natural gas (MMcf): Beginning of period 104,389 61,871 38,157 End of period 218,417 104,389 61,871 MBOE: Beginning of period 69,318 43,232 28,617 End of period 128,605 69,318 43,232 Proved undeveloped reserves: Oil (MBbls): Beginning of period 55,152 38,225 21,091 End of period 87,895 55,152 38,225 Natural gas (MMcf): Beginning of period 75,021 60,740 27,380 End of period 132,049 75,021 60,740 MBOE: Beginning of period 67,656 48,348 25,654 End of period 109,903 67,656 48,348 Total proved reserves: Oil (MBbls): Beginning of period 107,072 71,145 43,348 End of period 180,097 107,072 71,145 Natural gas (MMcf): Beginning of period 179,410 122,611 65,537 End of period 350,466 179,410 122,611 MBOE: Beginning of period 136,974 91,580 54,271 End of period 238,508 136,974 91,580 Total Proved Reserves The Company ended 2018 with estimated net proved reserves of 238,508 MBOE, representing a 74% increase over 2017 year-end estimated net proved reserves of 136,974 MBOE. The Company added 124,638 MBOE primarily from the Delaware Asset Acquisition completed third quarter of 2018 and development efforts in the Permian Basin, where it drilled a total of 70 gross ( 57.5 net) wells. This increase was offset by 2018 production, negative revisions of previous estimates of 2,021 MBOE primarily related to technical revisions of proved undeveloped reserves, and reclassifications of proved undeveloped reserves of 9,065 MBOE from 19 PUD locations primarily due to acreage trades and changes in our development plan, including larger pad development concepts and co-development of zones. These changes resulted in the anticipated drilling of PUD locations being moved beyond five years from initial booking. The Company ended 2017 with estimated net proved reserves of 136,974 MBOE, representing a 50% increase over 2016 year-end estimated net proved reserves of 91,580 MBOE. The Company added 57,881 MBOE primarily from the Company’s acquisition and development efforts in the Permian Basin, where it drilled a total of 49 gross ( 38.2 net) wells. This increase was primarily offset by 2017 production, revisions of previous estimates, and reclassifications of PUD locations from our development and drilling plan. The Company reclassified 13 PUD locations as a result of a change in the Company’s development and drilling plans within its operating areas and the removal of certain proved developed vertical well locations. The Company ended 2016 with estimated net proved reserves of 91,580 MBOE, representing a 69% increase over 2015 year-end estimated net proved reserves of 54,271 MBOE. The Company added 48,477 MBOE primarily from the Company’s acquisition and development efforts in the Permian Basin, where it drilled a total of 29 gross ( 20.9 net) wells. This increase was primarily offset by 11,168 MBOE related to divestitures, 2016 production, revisions primarily due to pricing, and reclassifications of 4 PUD locations as a result of a change in the Company’s development and dilling plans within its operating areas. Capitalized Costs Capitalized costs related to oil and natural gas production activities with applicable accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization and impairment are as follows: As of December 31, 2018 2017 Oil and natural gas properties: Evaluated properties $ 4,585,020 $ 3,429,570 Unevaluated properties 1,404,513 1,168,016 Total oil and natural gas properties 5,989,533 4,597,586 Accumulated depreciation, depletion, amortization and impairment (2,270,675 ) (2,084,095 ) Total oil and natural gas properties capitalized $ 3,718,858 $ 2,513,491 Costs Incurred Costs incurred in oil and natural gas property acquisitions, exploration and development activities are as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Acquisition costs: Evaluated properties $ 347,305 $ 156,340 $ 228,832 Unevaluated properties 466,816 499,295 536,540 Development costs 259,410 148,254 111,065 Exploration costs 323,458 239,453 38,612 Total costs incurred $ 1,396,989 $ 1,043,342 $ 915,049 Standardized Measure The following tables present the standardized measure of future net cash flows related to estimated proved oil and natural gas reserves together with changes therein, including a reduction for estimated plugging and abandonment costs that are also reflected as a liability on the balance sheet at December 31, 2018 . You should not assume that the future net cash flows or the discounted future net cash flows, referred to in the tables below, represent the fair value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves. Prices are based on the preceding 12 -months’ average price based on closing prices on the first day of each month. The following table summarizes the average 12 -month oil and natural gas prices net of differentials for the respective periods: 2018 2017 2016 Average 12-month price, net of differentials, per barrel of oil (a) $ 58.40 $ 49.48 $ 40.03 Average 12-month price, net of differentials, per Mcf of natural gas (b) $ 3.64 $ 3.47 $ 2.71 (a) Includes adjustments to reflect all wellhead deductions and premiums on a property-by-property basis, including transportation costs, location differentials and crude quality. (b) Includes a high Btu content of separator natural gas and adjustments to reflect the Btu content, transportation charges and other fees specific to the individual properties. Future production and development costs are based on current costs with no escalations. Estimated future cash flows net of future income taxes have been discounted to their present values based on a 10% annual discount rate. Standardized Measure For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Future cash inflows $ 11,794,080 $ 5,920,328 $ 3,180,005 Future costs Production (2,923,959 ) (1,692,871 ) (974,667 ) Development and net abandonment (1,429,787 ) (680,948 ) (384,117 ) Future net inflows before income taxes 7,440,334 3,546,509 1,821,221 Future income taxes (a) (782,470 ) (166,985 ) (1,602 ) Future net cash flows 6,657,864 3,379,524 1,819,619 10% discount factor (3,716,571 ) (1,822,842 ) (1,009,787 ) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows $ 2,941,293 $ 1,556,682 $ 809,832 (a) As of December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 the Company’s statutory tax rate applied was 21%, 21%, and 35%, respectively. Changes in Standardized Measure For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Standardized measure at the beginning of the period $ 1,556,682 $ 809,832 $ 570,890 Sales and transfers, net of production costs (481,306 ) (294,172 ) (150,628 ) Net change in sales and transfer prices, net of production costs 222,802 176,234 (103,136 ) Net change due to purchases and sales of in place reserves 554,697 129,454 260,859 Extensions, discoveries, and improved recovery, net of future production and development costs incurred 1,093,773 635,000 180,228 Changes in future development cost 40,483 36,983 82,320 Revisions of quantity estimates (167,096 ) (79,325 ) (35,938 ) Accretion of discount 157,676 80,983 57,091 Net change in income taxes (187,841 ) (20,073 ) 16 Changes in production rates, timing and other 151,423 81,766 (51,870 ) Aggregate change 1,384,611 746,850 238,942 Standardized measure at the end of period $ 2,941,293 $ 1,556,682 $ 809,832 |