Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Business and Segments Covenant Transportation Group, Inc., a Nevada holding company, together with its wholly owned subsidiaries offers truckload transportation and brokerage services to customers throughout the continental United States. We have two The Truckload segment consists of three nomic characteristics and meet the aggregation criteria. The three In addition, our Managed Freight segment has service offerings ancillary to our Truckload services, including: freight brokerage s ervice directly and through freight brokerage agents, who are paid a commission for the freight they provide. The operations consist of several operating segments, which are aggregated due to similar margins and customers. Included within Managed Freight is our account receivable factoring business which does not $3.1 Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Covenant Transportatio n Group, Inc., a holding company incorporated in the state of Nevada in 1994, References in this report to "it," "we," "us," "our," the "Company," and similar expressions refer to Covenant Transportation Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investment in Transport Enterprise Leasing, LLC Transport Enterprise Leasing, LLC ("TEL") is a tractor and trailer equipment leasing company and used equipment reseller. We evaluated our investment in TEL to determine whether it should be recorded on a consolidated basis. Our percentage of ownership interest ( 49% not not 49% On a periodic basis, we assess whether there are any indicators that the fair value of ou r investment in TEL may no Revenue Recognition Revenue, drivers' wages, and other direct operating expenses generated by our Truckload reportable segment are recognized on the date shipments are delivered to the customer. Revenue includes transportation revenue, fuel surcharges, loading and unloading activities, equipment detention, and other accessorial services. Revenue generated by our Managed Freight segment is recognized upon completion of the services provided. Revenue is recorded on a gross basis, without deducting third $3.1 $2.6 $2.4 2017, 2016, 2015, 2013 not E stimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make decisions based upon estimates, assumptions, and factors we consider as relevant to the circumstances. Such decisions include the selection of applicable accounting principles and the use of judgment in their application, the results of which impact reported amounts and disclosures. Changes in future economic conditions or other business circumstances may Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three equivalents. Additionally, we are also subject to concentrations of credit risk related to deposits in banks in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limits. Accounts Receivable and Concentration of Credit Risk We extend credit to our customers in the normal course of business. We perform ongoing credit evaluations and generally do not Accounts receivable are comprised of a diversified customer base that results in a lack of concentra tion of credit risk. During 2017, 2016, 2015, ten 49%, 53%, 45% 2017, no 10% 2016 2015, one 33 34 2017 2016, Included in accounts rec eivable is $31.9 $25.8 December 31, 2017 2016, $0.2 85% 95% December 31, 2017, $0.6 s customer base under predefined criteria. The carrying value of the factored receivables approximates the fair value, as the receivables are generally repaid directly to us by the client' s customer within 30–40 The following table provides a summary (in th ousands) of the activity in the accounts for 2017, 2016, 2015: Years ended December 31: Beginning balance January 1, Additional provisions to (reversal of) allowance Write-offs and other deductions Ending balance December 31, 201 7 $ 1,345 $ 454 $ (343 ) $ 1,456 201 6 $ 1,857 $ (241 ) $ (271 ) $ 1,345 201 5 $ 1,767 $ 1,100 $ (1,010 ) $ 1,857 Inventories and Supplies Inventories and supplies consist of parts, tires, fuel, and supplies. Tires on new revenue equipment are capitalized as a component of the related equipment cost when the tractor or trailer is placed in service and recovered through depreciation over the life of the vehicle. Replacement tires and parts on hand at year end are recorded at the lower of cost or market with cost determined using the first first Assets Held for Sale Assets held for sale include property and revenue equipment no no the lower of depreciated book value or fair market value less selling costs. We periodically review the carrying value of these assets for possible impairment. We expect to sell these assets within twelve Property and Equipment Property and equip ment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for book purposes is determined using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, while depreciation for tax purposes is generally recorded using an accelerated method. Depreciation of revenue equipment is our largest item of depreciation. We generally depreciate new tractors (excluding day cabs) over five 15% seven ten 25% not July 1, 2016 third 2016 2017 $2.0 $1.2 $0.06 2018 2017. We annually review the reasonableness of our estimates regarding useful lives and salvage values of our revenue equipment and other long-lived assets based upon, among other things, our experience with similar assets, conditions in the used revenue equipment market, and prevailing industry practice. Changes in the useful life or salvage value estimates, or fluctuations in market values that are not our estimates, could have a material effect on our results of operations. Gains and losses on the disposal of revenue equipment are included in depreciation expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We lease certain revenue equipment under capital leases with terms of approximately 60 84 Although a portion of our tractors are protected by non-binding in dicative trade-in values or binding trade-back agreements with the manufacturers, substantially all of our owned trailers are subject to fluctuations in market prices for used revenue equipment. Moreover, our trade-back agreements are contingent upon reaching acceptable terms for the purchase of new equipment. Declines in the price of used revenue equipment or failure to reach agreement for the purchase of new tractors with the manufacturers issuing trade-back agreements could result in impairment of, or losses on the sale of, revenue equipment. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Pursuant to applicable accounting standards, revenue equipment and other long-lived assets are tested for impairment whenever an event occurs that indicates an impairment may Expected future cash flows are used to analyze whether an impairment has occurred. If the sum of expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the long-lived asset, then an impairment loss is recognized. We measure the impairment loss by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. Fair value is determined based on a discounted cash flow analysis or the appraised value of the assets, as appropriate. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets We classify intangible assets into two no December 31, 2017 2016. may not may not We determine the useful lives of our identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors we consider when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any agreement, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for the use of the asset, any laws or other local regulations which could impact the useful life of the asset, and other economic factors, including competition and specific market conditions. Intangible assets that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized, generally on a straight-line basis, over their useful lives, ranging from 4 20 no December 31, 2017 2016 . Insurance and Other Claims The primary claims arising against us consist of auto liability (person al injury and property damage), workers' compensation, cargo, commercial liability, and employee medical expenses. Our insurance program involves self-insurance with the following risk retention levels (before giving effect to any commutation of an auto liability policy): ● auto liability - $1.0 ● workers' compensation - $1.3 ● cargo - $0.3 ● employee medical - $0.4 ● physical damage - 100% Due to our significant self-insured retention amounts, we have exposure to fluctuations in the number and severity of claims and to variations between our estimated and actual ultimate payouts. We accrue the estimated cost of the uninsured portion of pending claims and an estimate for allocated loss adjustment expenses including legal and other direct costs associated with a claim. Estimates require judgments concerning the nature and severity of the claim, historical trends, advice from third In addition to estimates within our self-insured retention layers, we also must make judgments concerning claims where we have third third 1.1 $0.7 December 31, 2017 2016, advances and other receivables on our consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, we accrue claims above our self-insured retention and record a corresponding receivable for amounts we expect to collect from insurers upon settlement of such claims. We have $2.1 $0.1 December 31, 2017 2016, may one We also make judg ments regarding the ultimate benefit versus risk of commuting certain periods within our auto liability policy. If we commute a policy, we assume 100% April 2015, two April 1, 2013 September 30, 2014, $20.0 $3.6 second 2015 not June 30, 2015. Effectiv e April 2015, three $9.0 $18.0 $30.0 42 March 31, 2018. $14.6 October 1, 2014 March 31, 2018, 42 April 1, 2018, not no December 31, 2017. Interest We capitalize interest on major projects during construction. Interest is capitalized based on the averag e interest rate on related debt. Capitalized interest was less than $0.1 2017, 2016, 2015. Fair Value of Financial Instrument s Our financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, commodity contracts, accounts payable, debt, and interest rate swaps. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and current debt approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of the factored receivables approximates the fair value, as the receivables are generally repaid directly to us by the client's customer within 30–40 Interest rates that are currently available to us for issuance of long-term debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value of our long-term debt, which primarily consists of revenue equipment installment notes. The fair value of our revenue equipment installment notes approximated the carrying value at December 31, 2017, 13, Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We have reflected the net liability after offsetting our deferred tax assets and liabilities in the deferred income taxes line in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets in accordance with our retrospective adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (" FASB") Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2015 17, Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes December 31, 2015, 9. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon management's evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting dates. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not 50% not not no Our policy is to recognize income tax benefit arising from the exercise of stock options and restricted share vesting based on the ordering provisions of the tax law as prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code, including indirect tax effects, if any. Lease Accounting and Off-Balance Sheet Transactions We issue residual value guarantees in connection with the operating leases we enter into for certain of our revenue equipment. These leases p rovide that if we do not Capital Structure The shares of Class A and B common stock are substantially identical except that the Class B shares are entitled to two beneficially owned by anyone other than our Chief Executive Officer or certain members of his immediate family, while Class A shares are entitled to one Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income generally includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owner s. Comprehensive income for 2017, 2016, 2015 Income Per Share Basic income per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted income per share reflects the dilution that could occur if s ecurities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in our earnings. The calculation of diluted earnings per share includes approximately 0.1 December 31, 2017, 2016 , and 2015, . Income per share is the same for both Class A and Class B shares. The following table sets forth the calculation of net income per share included in the consolidated statements of operations for each of the three December 31: (in thousands except per share data) 201 7 2016 2015 Numerator: Net income $ 55,439 $ 16,835 $ 42,085 Denominator: Denominator for basic income per share – weighted-average shares 18,279 18,182 18,145 Effect of dilutive securities: Equivalent shares issuable upon conversion of unvested restricted shares 93 84 161 Equivalent shares issuable upon conversion of unvested employee stock options - - 5 Denominator for diluted income per share adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversions 18,372 18,266 18,311 Net income per share: Basic income per share $ 3.03 $ 0.93 $ 2.32 Diluted income per share $ 3.02 $ 0.92 $ 2.30 Stock-Based Employee Compensation We issue several types of stock-based compensation, including awards that vest based on service and performance conditions or a combination of the conditions. Performance-based awards vest contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria established by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. All awards require future service. For performance-based awards, determining the appropriate amount to expense in each period is based on likelihood and timing of achieving the stated targets for performance-based awards and requires judgment, including forecasting future financial results. The estimates are revised periodically based on the probability and timing of achieving the required performance and adjustments are made as appropriate. Awards that are only subject to time vesting provisions are amortized using the straight-line method. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities We periodically utilize derivative instruments to manage exposure to changes in fue l prices and interest rates. We record derivative financial instruments in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability at fair value. Previously, at inception of a derivative contract, we documented relationships between derivative instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various derivative transactions, and assessed hedge effectiveness. If it was determined that a derivative was not December 31, 2017, 2017 12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards adopted In August 2017, FASB”) issued ASU 2017 12, December 15, 2018 December 31, 2017. No no Accounting Standards not In April 2015, issued ASU 2015 14, 2014 09. five January 1, 2018, The new standard will require us to recognize revenue from loads proportionally as the transportation service is performed as opposed to recognizing revenue upon the completion of the load, which is our current practice. Our recognition of revenue under the new standard will approximate our recognition of revenue under the current standards, as there will generally be a consistent amount of freight in process at the beginning and end of the period; however, seasonality and the day on which the period ends may first 2018. approximately $0.6 first 2018, In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016 02, not twelve January 1, 2019, |