| Putnam Research Fund | ||||||
| The fund's portfolio | ||||||
| 4/30/23 (Unaudited) | ||||||
| COMMON STOCKS (98.0%)(a) | ||||||
| Shares | Value | |||||
| Aerospace and defense (1.8%) | ||||||
| Boeing Co. (The)(NON) | 881 | $182,173 | ||||
| Howmet Aerospace, Inc. | 21,262 | 941,694 | ||||
| Northrop Grumman Corp. | 6,736 | 3,107,115 | ||||
| Raytheon Technologies Corp. | 34,917 | 3,488,209 | ||||
| 7,719,191 | ||||||
| Air freight and logistics (0.5%) | ||||||
| FedEx Corp. | 9,305 | 2,119,493 | ||||
| 2,119,493 | ||||||
| Automobiles (1.2%) | ||||||
| General Motors Co. | 18,183 | 600,766 | ||||
| Tesla, Inc.(NON) | 28,936 | 4,754,474 | ||||
| 5,355,240 | ||||||
| Banks (2.1%) | ||||||
| Bank of America Corp. | 112,146 | 3,283,635 | ||||
| Citigroup, Inc. | 121,115 | 5,700,883 | ||||
| 8,984,518 | ||||||
| Beverages (2.9%) | ||||||
| Coca-Cola Co. (The) | 78,117 | 5,011,206 | ||||
| Constellation Brands, Inc. Class A | 1,978 | 453,892 | ||||
| PepsiCo, Inc. | 37,117 | 7,085,264 | ||||
| 12,550,362 | ||||||
| Biotechnology (1.8%) | ||||||
| AbbVie, Inc. | 15,879 | 2,399,634 | ||||
| Alkermes PLC(NON) | 40,866 | 1,166,724 | ||||
| Ascendis Pharma A/S ADR (Denmark)(NON)(S) | 23,218 | 1,624,331 | ||||
| Biogen, Inc.(NON) | 4,700 | 1,429,881 | ||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(NON) | 1,622 | 1,300,503 | ||||
| 7,921,073 | ||||||
| Broadline retail (2.9%) | ||||||
| Amazon.com, Inc.(NON) | 120,449 | 12,701,347 | ||||
| 12,701,347 | ||||||
| Building products (0.7%) | ||||||
| Johnson Controls International PLC | 52,184 | 3,122,691 | ||||
| 3,122,691 | ||||||
| Capital markets (3.8%) | ||||||
| Charles Schwab Corp. (The) | 64,230 | 3,355,375 | ||||
| Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) | 18,237 | 6,263,315 | ||||
| KKR & Co., Inc. | 63,245 | 3,356,412 | ||||
| Quilter PLC (United Kingdom) | 769,996 | 824,246 | ||||
| S&P Global, Inc. | 7,409 | 2,686,355 | ||||
| 16,485,703 | ||||||
| Chemicals (2.3%) | ||||||
| Corteva, Inc. | 33,650 | 2,056,688 | ||||
| DuPont de Nemours, Inc. | 39,937 | 2,784,408 | ||||
| Eastman Chemical Co. | 13,774 | 1,160,735 | ||||
| Linde PLC | 910 | 336,200 | ||||
| PPG Industries, Inc. | 10,223 | 1,433,878 | ||||
| Sherwin-Williams Co. (The) | 8,526 | 2,025,266 | ||||
| 9,797,175 | ||||||
| Construction materials (0.3%) | ||||||
| CRH PLC ADR (Ireland)(S) | 29,672 | 1,439,092 | ||||
| 1,439,092 | ||||||
| Consumer finance (0.1%) | ||||||
| Capital One Financial Corp. | 4,799 | 466,943 | ||||
| 466,943 | ||||||
| Consumer staples distribution and retail (2.5%) | ||||||
| BJ's Wholesale Club Holdings, Inc.(NON) | 5,676 | 433,476 | ||||
| Costco Wholesale Corp. | 5,282 | 2,658,008 | ||||
| Target Corp. | 15,253 | 2,406,161 | ||||
| Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. | 17,959 | 633,055 | ||||
| Walmart, Inc. | 31,842 | 4,807,187 | ||||
| 10,937,887 | ||||||
| Containers and packaging (0.4%) | ||||||
| Avery Dennison Corp. | 5,750 | 1,003,260 | ||||
| Berry Global Group, Inc. | 13,378 | 773,382 | ||||
| 1,776,642 | ||||||
| Electric utilities (2.8%) | ||||||
| Exelon Corp. | 65,934 | 2,798,239 | ||||
| NextEra Energy, Inc. | 29,468 | 2,258,133 | ||||
| NRG Energy, Inc. | 158,980 | 5,432,346 | ||||
| PG&E Corp.(NON) | 81,432 | 1,393,302 | ||||
| 11,882,020 | ||||||
| Electrical equipment (0.3%) | ||||||
| Emerson Electric Co. | 14,419 | 1,200,526 | ||||
| 1,200,526 | ||||||
| Electronic equipment, instruments, and components (0.9%) | ||||||
| CDW Corp./DE | 12,756 | 2,163,290 | ||||
| Vontier Corp. | 68,496 | 1,858,296 | ||||
| 4,021,586 | ||||||
| Energy equipment and services (0.4%) | ||||||
| Diamond Offshore Drilling, Inc.(NON) | 154,863 | 1,779,376 | ||||
| 1,779,376 | ||||||
| Entertainment (0.9%) | ||||||
| Netflix, Inc.(NON) | 8,661 | 2,857,524 | ||||
| Sea, Ltd. ADR (Singapore)(NON) | 10,844 | 825,987 | ||||
| 3,683,511 | ||||||
| Financial services (4.1%) | ||||||
| Apollo Global Management, Inc. | 60,997 | 3,866,600 | ||||
| Mastercard, Inc. Class A | 25,340 | 9,629,960 | ||||
| Visa, Inc. Class A(S) | 18,401 | 4,282,465 | ||||
| 17,779,025 | ||||||
| Food products (0.2%) | ||||||
| McCormick & Co., Inc. (non-voting shares) | 11,942 | 1,049,105 | ||||
| 1,049,105 | ||||||
| Ground transportation (1.7%) | ||||||
| CSX Corp. | 38,140 | 1,168,610 | ||||
| Hertz Global Holdings, Inc.(NON) | 55,536 | 926,340 | ||||
| Union Pacific Corp. | 25,920 | 5,072,544 | ||||
| 7,167,494 | ||||||
| Health care equipment and supplies (2.7%) | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 12,255 | 1,353,810 | ||||
| Becton, Dickinson and Co. | 7,773 | 2,054,482 | ||||
| Boston Scientific Corp.(NON) | 43,514 | 2,267,950 | ||||
| Dexcom, Inc.(NON) | 11,757 | 1,426,594 | ||||
| IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.(NON) | 789 | 388,314 | ||||
| Intuitive Surgical, Inc.(NON) | 7,855 | 2,366,083 | ||||
| Medtronic PLC | 5,732 | 521,325 | ||||
| Stryker Corp. | 3,943 | 1,181,520 | ||||
| 11,560,078 | ||||||
| Health care providers and services (4.2%) | ||||||
| Cigna Corp. | 16,484 | 4,175,232 | ||||
| Elevance Health, Inc. | 1,432 | 671,107 | ||||
| Humana, Inc. | 3,137 | 1,664,147 | ||||
| McKesson Corp. | 9,096 | 3,313,127 | ||||
| UnitedHealth Group, Inc. | 16,648 | 8,192,315 | ||||
| 18,015,928 | ||||||
| Hotels, restaurants, and leisure (2.3%) | ||||||
| Aramark | 24,198 | 839,671 | ||||
| Booking Holdings, Inc.(NON) | 1,506 | 4,045,583 | ||||
| Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc.(NON) | 1,153 | 2,383,966 | ||||
| Hilton Worldwide Holdings, Inc. | 14,879 | 2,142,874 | ||||
| Penn Entertainment, Inc.(NON) | 23,559 | 701,823 | ||||
| 10,113,917 | ||||||
| Household durables (1.0%) | ||||||
| PulteGroup, Inc. | 63,379 | 4,255,900 | ||||
| 4,255,900 | ||||||
| Household products (1.9%) | ||||||
| Procter & Gamble Co. (The) | 53,003 | 8,288,609 | ||||
| 8,288,609 | ||||||
| Independent power and renewable electricity producers (0.1%) | ||||||
| Vistra Corp. | 17,195 | 410,273 | ||||
| 410,273 | ||||||
| Industrial conglomerates (0.9%) | ||||||
| General Electric Co. | 8,046 | 796,313 | ||||
| Honeywell International, Inc. | 16,290 | 3,255,394 | ||||
| 4,051,707 | ||||||
| Insurance (2.9%) | ||||||
| AIA Group, Ltd. (Hong Kong) | 190,200 | 2,075,307 | ||||
| Assured Guaranty, Ltd. | 86,476 | 4,658,462 | ||||
| AXA SA (France) | 76,392 | 2,493,944 | ||||
| Prudential PLC (United Kingdom) | 213,496 | 3,270,744 | ||||
| 12,498,457 | ||||||
| Interactive media and services (5.8%) | ||||||
| Alphabet, Inc. Class A(NON) | 143,583 | 15,412,199 | ||||
| Meta Platforms, Inc. Class A(NON) | 40,293 | 9,683,214 | ||||
| 25,095,413 | ||||||
| Life sciences tools and services (1.7%) | ||||||
| Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Class A(NON) | 3,695 | 1,665,669 | ||||
| Danaher Corp. | 7,237 | 1,714,518 | ||||
| Illumina, Inc.(NON) | 1,084 | 222,827 | ||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. | 6,526 | 3,621,277 | ||||
| 7,224,291 | ||||||
| Machinery (1.5%) | ||||||
| Deere & Co. | 2,786 | 1,053,164 | ||||
| Ingersoll Rand, Inc. | 31,072 | 1,771,725 | ||||
| Otis Worldwide Corp. | 45,069 | 3,844,385 | ||||
| 6,669,274 | ||||||
| Media (0.3%) | ||||||
| Charter Communications, Inc. Class A(NON) | 3,865 | 1,425,026 | ||||
| 1,425,026 | ||||||
| Metals and mining (0.5%) | ||||||
| Agnico-Eagle Mines, Ltd. (Canada) | 30,688 | 1,740,916 | ||||
| Glencore PLC (United Kingdom) | 97,014 | 572,440 | ||||
| 2,313,356 | ||||||
| Multi-utilities (0.4%) | ||||||
| Ameren Corp. | 17,212 | 1,531,352 | ||||
| 1,531,352 | ||||||
| Office REITs (0.1%) | ||||||
| Vornado Realty Trust(R)(S) | 40,618 | 609,676 | ||||
| 609,676 | ||||||
| Oil, gas, and consumable fuels (5.0%) | ||||||
| BP PLC (United Kingdom) | 313,005 | 2,105,070 | ||||
| Cenovus Energy, Inc. (Canada) | 251,922 | 4,228,296 | ||||
| ConocoPhillips | 20,812 | 2,141,347 | ||||
| Exxon Mobil Corp. | 88,152 | 10,431,908 | ||||
| Shell PLC (London Exchange) (United Kingdom) | 87,709 | 2,698,349 | ||||
| 21,604,970 | ||||||
| Passenger airlines (0.3%) | ||||||
| Southwest Airlines Co. | 44,481 | 1,347,329 | ||||
| 1,347,329 | ||||||
| Pharmaceuticals (3.8%) | ||||||
| 4Front Ventures Corp.(NON) | 1,724,209 | 285,874 | ||||
| Eli Lilly and Co. | 11,385 | 4,506,866 | ||||
| Innoviva, Inc.(NON) | 146,540 | 1,718,914 | ||||
| Johnson & Johnson | 26,059 | 4,265,858 | ||||
| Merck & Co., Inc. | 39,474 | 4,558,063 | ||||
| TerrAscend Corp. (Canada)(NON) | 97,422 | 163,669 | ||||
| Zoetis, Inc. | 5,113 | 898,763 | ||||
| 16,398,007 | ||||||
| Semiconductors and semiconductor equipment (5.2%) | ||||||
| Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.(NON) | 47,666 | 4,259,910 | ||||
| Broadcom, Inc. | 9,123 | 5,715,560 | ||||
| NVIDIA Corp. | 29,157 | 8,090,776 | ||||
| Qualcomm, Inc. | 39,241 | 4,583,349 | ||||
| 22,649,595 | ||||||
| Software (11.2%) | ||||||
| Intuit, Inc. | 9,820 | 4,359,589 | ||||
| Microsoft Corp. | 85,723 | 26,339,249 | ||||
| Oracle Corp. | 105,539 | 9,996,654 | ||||
| Salesforce, Inc.(NON) | 38,033 | 7,544,606 | ||||
| 48,240,098 | ||||||
| Specialized REITs (1.1%) | ||||||
| American Tower Corp.(R) | 8,972 | 1,833,787 | ||||
| Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc.(R) | 53,211 | 2,766,972 | ||||
| 4,600,759 | ||||||
| Specialty retail (2.8%) | ||||||
| CarMax, Inc.(NON)(S) | 15,278 | 1,069,918 | ||||
| Home Depot, Inc. (The) | 26,520 | 7,970,321 | ||||
| O'Reilly Automotive, Inc.(NON) | 2,041 | 1,872,230 | ||||
| TJX Cos., Inc. (The) | 10,962 | 864,025 | ||||
| Warby Parker, Inc. Class A(NON)(S) | 12,463 | 131,235 | ||||
| 11,907,729 | ||||||
| Technology hardware, storage, and peripherals (5.0%) | ||||||
| Apple, Inc. | 126,446 | 21,455,357 | ||||
| 21,455,357 | ||||||
| Textiles, apparel, and luxury goods (0.8%) | ||||||
| Levi Strauss & Co. Class A | 27,782 | 401,728 | ||||
| Lululemon Athletica, Inc. (Canada)(NON) | 1,993 | 757,200 | ||||
| Nike, Inc. Class B | 18,374 | 2,328,353 | ||||
| 3,487,281 | ||||||
| Tobacco (0.1%) | ||||||
| Altria Group, Inc. | 9,530 | 452,770 | ||||
| 452,770 | ||||||
| Trading companies and distributors (0.5%) | ||||||
| United Rentals, Inc. | 6,034 | 2,178,938 | ||||
| 2,178,938 | ||||||
| Wireless telecommunication services (1.3%) | ||||||
| T-Mobile US, Inc.(NON) | 38,278 | 5,508,200 | ||||
| 5,508,200 | ||||||
| Total common stocks (cost $297,248,733) | $423,834,290 | |||||
| PURCHASED OPTIONS OUTSTANDING (—%)(a) | ||||||
| Counterparty | Expiration date/ strike price | Notional amount | Contract amount | Value | ||
| Barclays Bank PLC | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson and Co. (Call) | Jan-24/$290.00 | $1,914,133 | $7,242 | $66,809 | ||
| Total purchased options outstanding (cost $45,625) | $66,809 | |||||
| SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (4.2%)(a) | ||||||
| Principal amount/ shares | Value | |||||
| Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC 5.06%(AFF) | Shares | 8,769,390 | $8,769,390 | |||
| Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P 4.98%(AFF) | Shares | 8,759,375 | 8,759,375 | |||
| U.S. Treasury Bills 4.790%, 5/11/23(SEG)(SEGSF) | $200,000 | 199,767 | ||||
| U.S. Treasury Bills 4.735%, 5/2/23(SEGSF) | 200,000 | 199,978 | ||||
| U.S. Treasury Bills 4.563%, 5/23/23(SEG) | 100,000 | 99,746 | ||||
| Total short-term investments (cost $18,028,206) | $18,028,256 | |||||
| TOTAL INVESTMENTS | ||||||
| Total investments (cost $315,322,564) | $441,929,355 | |||||
| FORWARD CURRENCY CONTRACTS at 4/30/23 (aggregate face value $26,369,159) (Unaudited) | |||||||
| Counterparty | Currency | Contract type* | Delivery date | Value | Aggregate face value | Unrealized appreciation/ (depreciation) | |
| Bank of America N.A. | |||||||
| British Pound | Sell | 6/21/23 | $6,426,467 | $6,118,109 | $(308,358) | ||
| Canadian Dollar | Sell | 7/19/23 | 2,357,689 | 2,378,534 | 20,845 | ||
| Danish Krone | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,189,458 | 1,151,933 | (37,525) | ||
| Barclays Bank PLC | |||||||
| Euro | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,025,424 | 990,266 | (35,158) | ||
| Citibank, N.A. | |||||||
| Canadian Dollar | Sell | 7/19/23 | 2,172,734 | 2,191,993 | 19,259 | ||
| Euro | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,494,379 | 1,443,169 | (51,210) | ||
| Goldman Sachs International | |||||||
| Swedish Krona | Buy | 6/21/23 | 1,166,085 | 1,144,205 | 21,880 | ||
| HSBC Bank USA, National Association | |||||||
| Hong Kong Dollar | Sell | 5/17/23 | 1,129,472 | 1,135,147 | 5,675 | ||
| JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. | |||||||
| Singapore Dollar | Sell | 5/17/23 | 958,406 | 974,261 | 15,855 | ||
| Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC | |||||||
| Canadian Dollar | Sell | 7/19/23 | 654,585 | 660,353 | 5,768 | ||
| Euro | Sell | 6/21/23 | 569,066 | 549,425 | (19,641) | ||
| Swedish Krona | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,161,910 | 1,150,071 | (11,839) | ||
| State Street Bank and Trust Co. | |||||||
| British Pound | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,016,500 | 967,573 | (48,927) | ||
| Hong Kong Dollar | Sell | 5/17/23 | 943,721 | 948,320 | 4,599 | ||
| UBS AG | |||||||
| Canadian Dollar | Sell | 7/19/23 | 2,468,499 | 2,490,435 | 21,936 | ||
| Euro | Sell | 6/21/23 | 905,976 | 874,760 | (31,216) | ||
| WestPac Banking Corp. | |||||||
| British Pound | Sell | 6/21/23 | 1,261,316 | 1,200,605 | (60,711) | ||
| Unrealized appreciation | 115,817 | ||||||
| Unrealized (depreciation) | (604,585) | ||||||
| Total | $(488,768) | ||||||
| * | The exchange currency for all contracts listed is the United States Dollar. | ||||||
| FUTURES CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 4/30/23 (Unaudited) | ||||||
| Number of contracts | Notional amount | Value | Expiration date | Unrealized appreciation/ (depreciation) | ||
| S&P 500 Index E-Mini (Long) | 18 | $3,752,532 | $3,769,650 | Jun-23 | $75,461 | |
| Unrealized appreciation | 75,461 | |||||
| Unrealized (depreciation) | — | |||||
| Total | $75,461 | |||||
| WRITTEN OPTIONS OUTSTANDING at 4/30/23 (premiums $27,882) (Unaudited) | ||||||
| Counterparty | Expiration date/ strike price | Notional amount | Contract amount | Value | ||
| Barclays Bank PLC | ||||||
| Becton, Dickinson and Co. (Call) | Jan-24/$300.00 | $1,914,133 | $7,242 | $46,886 | ||
| Total | $46,886 | |||||
| Key to holding's abbreviations | ||||||
| ADR | American Depository Receipts: Represents ownership of foreign securities on deposit with a custodian bank. | |||||
| Notes to the fund's portfolio | ||||||
| Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund's portfolio are for the close of the fund's reporting period, which ran from August 1, 2022 through April 30, 2023 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to "Putnam Management" represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund's manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC, references to "ASC 820" represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures and references to "OTC", if any, represent over-the-counter. | ||||||
| (a) | Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $432,289,066. | |||||
| (NON) | This security is non-income-producing. | |||||
| (AFF) | Affiliated company. For investments in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, the rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period. Transactions during the period with any company which is under common ownership or control were as follows: | |||||
| Name of affiliate | Fair value as of 7/31/22 | Purchase cost | Sale proceeds | Investment income | Shares outstanding and fair value as of 4/30/23 | |
| Short-term investments | ||||||
| Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC*# | $7,391,219 | $40,096,268 | $38,718,097 | $137,849 | $8,769,390 | |
| Putnam Short Term Investment Fund** | 6,558,450 | 61,773,675 | 59,572,750 | 259,510 | 8,759,375 | |
| Total Short-term investments | $13,949,669 | $101,869,943 | $98,290,847 | $397,359 | $17,528,765 | |
| * The fund may lend securities, through its agent, to qualified borrowers in order to earn additional income. The loans are collateralized by cash in an amount at least equal to the fair value of the securities loaned. The fair value of securities loaned is determined daily and any additional required collateral is allocated to the fund on the next business day. The remaining maturities of the securities lending transactions are considered overnight and continuous. The risk of borrower default will be borne by the fund’s agent; the fund will bear the risk of loss with respect to the investment of the cash collateral. The fund receives cash collateral, which is invested in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC, a limited liability company managed by an affiliate of Putnam Management. Investments in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC are valued at its closing net asset value each business day. There are no management fees charged to Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC and there were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period. | ||||||
| # At the close of the reporting period, the fund received cash collateral of $8,769,390 for securities loaned. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield at the close of the reporting period. At the close of the reporting period, the value of securities loaned amounted to $8,502,295. Certain of these securities were sold prior to the close of the reporting period. | ||||||
| ** Management fees charged to Putnam Short Term Investment Fund have been waived by Putnam Management. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period. | ||||||
| (SEG) | This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the broker to cover margin requirements for futures contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $224,523. | |||||
| (SEGSF) | This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $252,815. | |||||
| (R) | Real Estate Investment Trust. | |||||
| (S) | This security is on loan, in part or in entirety, at the close of the reporting period. | |||||
| Unless otherwise noted, the rates quoted in Short-term investments security descriptions represent the weighted average yield to maturity. | ||||||
| The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates. | ||||||
| Security valuation: Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures and have delegated responsibility for valuing the fund’s assets in accordance with these procedures to Putnam Management. Putnam Management has established an internal Valuation Committee that is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Pricing Committee. | ||||||
| Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last reported sales price on their principal exchange, or official closing price for certain markets, and are classified as Level 1 securities under ASC 820. If no sales are reported, as in the case of some securities that are traded OTC, a security is valued at its last reported bid price and is generally categorized as a Level 2 security. | ||||||
| Investments in open-end investment companies (excluding exchange-traded funds), if any, which can be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 securities, are valued based on their net asset value. The net asset value of such investment companies equals the total value of their assets less their liabilities and divided by the number of their outstanding shares. | ||||||
| Market quotations are not considered to be readily available for certain debt obligations (including short-term investments with remaining maturities of 60 days or less) and other investments; such investments are valued on the basis of valuations furnished by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees or dealers selected by Putnam Management. Such services or dealers determine valuations for normal institutional-size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities and various relationships, generally recognized by institutional traders, between securities (which consider such factors as security prices, yields, maturities and ratings). These securities will generally be categorized as Level 2. | ||||||
| Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close prior to the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange and therefore the closing prices for securities in such markets or on such exchanges may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange. Accordingly, on certain days, the fund will fair value certain foreign equity securities taking into account multiple factors including movements in the U.S. securities markets, currency valuations and comparisons to the valuation of American Depository Receipts, exchange-traded funds and futures contracts. The foreign equity securities, which would generally be classified as Level 1 securities, will be transferred to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy when they are valued at fair value. The number of days on which fair value prices will be used will depend on market activity and it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. At the close of the reporting period, fair value pricing was used for certain foreign securities in the portfolio. Securities quoted in foreign currencies, if any, are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate. | ||||||
| To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security's fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Trustees. Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs. | ||||||
| To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount. | ||||||
| Options contracts: The fund used options contracts to gain exposure to securities. | ||||||
| The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of options contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. Realized gains and losses on purchased options are included in realized gains and losses on investment securities. If a written call option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as an addition to sales proceeds. If a written put option is exercised, the premium originally received is recorded as a reduction to the cost of investments. | ||||||
| Exchange-traded options are valued at the last sale price or, if no sales are reported, the last bid price for purchased options and the last ask price for written options. OTC traded options are valued using prices supplied by dealers. | ||||||
| Options on swaps are similar to options on securities except that the premium paid or received is to buy or grant the right to enter into a previously agreed upon interest rate or credit default contract. Forward premium swap options contracts include premiums that have extended settlement dates. The delayed settlement of the premiums is factored into the daily valuation of the option contracts. In the case of interest rate cap and floor contracts, in return for a premium, ongoing payments between two parties are based on interest rates exceeding a specified rate, in the case of a cap contract, or falling below a specified rate in the case of a floor contract. | ||||||
| For the fund's average contract amount on options contracts, see the appropriate table at the end of these footnotes. | ||||||
| Futures contracts: The fund used futures contracts to equitize cash. | ||||||
| The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of futures contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments, if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. With futures, there is minimal counterparty credit risk to the fund since futures are exchange traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. When the contract is closed, the fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed. | ||||||
| Futures contracts are valued at the quoted daily settlement prices established by the exchange on which they trade. The fund and the broker agree to exchange an amount of cash equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of the futures contract. Such receipts or payments are known as “variation margin”. | ||||||
| For the fund's average number of futures contracts, see the appropriate table at the end of these footnotes. | ||||||
| Forward currency contracts: The fund buys and sells forward currency contracts, which are agreements between two parties to buy and sell currencies at a set price on a future date. These contracts were used to hedge foreign exchange risk. | ||||||
| The U.S. dollar value of forward currency contracts is determined using current forward currency exchange rates supplied by a quotation service. The fair value of the contract will fluctuate with changes in currency exchange rates. The contract is marked to market daily and the change in fair value is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. The fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed when the contract matures or by delivery of the currency. The fund could be exposed to risk if the value of the currency changes unfavorably, if the counterparties to the contracts are unable to meet the terms of their contracts or if the fund is unable to enter into a closing position. | ||||||
| For the fund's average contract amount on forward currency contracts, see the appropriate table at the end of these footnotes. | ||||||
| Master agreements: The fund is a party to ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.) Master Agreements that govern OTC derivative and foreign exchange contracts and Master Securities Forward Transaction Agreements that govern transactions involving mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities that may result in delayed delivery (Master Agreements) with certain counterparties entered into from time to time. The Master Agreements may contain provisions regarding, among other things, the parties' general obligations, representations, agreements, collateral requirements, events of default and early termination. With respect to certain counterparties, in accordance with the terms of the Master Agreements, collateral posted to the fund is held in a segregated account by the fund's custodian and, with respect to those amounts which can be sold or repledged, are presented in the fund's portfolio. | ||||||
| Collateral pledged by the fund is segregated by the fund’s custodian and identified in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral can be in the form of cash or debt securities issued by the U.S. Government or related agencies or other securities as agreed to by the fund and the applicable counterparty. Collateral requirements are determined based on the fund’s net position with each counterparty. | ||||||
| With respect to ISDA Master Agreements, termination events applicable to the fund may occur upon a decline in the fund’s net assets below a specified threshold over a certain period of time. Termination events applicable to counterparties may occur upon a decline in the counterparty’s long-term or short-term credit ratings below a specified level. In each case, upon occurrence, the other party may elect to terminate early and cause settlement of all derivative and foreign exchange contracts outstanding, including the payment of any losses and costs resulting from such early termination, as reasonably determined by the terminating party. Any decision by one or more of the fund’s counterparties to elect early termination could impact the fund’s future derivative activity. | ||||||
| At the close of the reporting period, the fund had a net liability position of $512,255 on open derivative contracts subject to the Master Agreements. Collateral posted by the fund at period end for these agreements totaled $252,815 and may include amounts related to unsettled agreements. | ||||||
| ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund's investments. The three levels are defined as follows: | ||||
| Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. | ||||
| Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. | ||||
| Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. | ||||
| The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund's net assets as of the close of the reporting period: | ||||
| Valuation inputs | ||||
| Investments in securities: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |
| Common stocks*: | ||||
| Communication services | $35,712,150 | $— | $— | |
| Consumer discretionary | 47,821,414 | — | — | |
| Consumer staples | 33,278,733 | — | — | |
| Energy | 18,580,927 | 4,803,419 | — | |
| Financials | 47,550,405 | 8,664,241 | — | |
| Health care | 61,119,377 | — | — | |
| Industrials | 35,576,643 | — | — | |
| Information technology | 96,366,636 | — | — | |
| Materials | 14,753,825 | 572,440 | — | |
| Real estate | 5,210,435 | — | — | |
| Utilities | 13,823,645 | — | — | |
| Total common stocks | 409,794,190 | 14,040,100 | — | |
| Purchased options outstanding | — | 66,809 | — | |
| Short-term investments | — | 18,028,256 | — | |
| Totals by level | $409,794,190 | $32,135,165 | $— | |
| Valuation inputs | ||||
| Other financial instruments: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |
| Forward currency contracts | $— | $(488,768) | $— | |
| Futures contracts | 75,461 | — | — | |
| Written options outstanding | — | (46,886) | — | |
| Totals by level | $75,461 | $(535,654) | $— | |
| * Common stock classifications are presented at the sector level, which may differ from the fund's portfolio presentation. | ||||
| The volume of activity for the reporting period for any derivative type that was held at the close of the period is listed below and was based on an average of the holdings of that derivative at the end of each fiscal quarter in the reporting period: | ||||
| Purchased equity option contracts (contract amount) | $2,000 | |||
| Written equity option contracts (contract amount) | $2,000 | |||
| Futures contracts (number of contracts) | 10 | |||
| Forward currency contracts (contract amount) | $26,000,000 | |||
| For additional information regarding the fund please see the fund's most recent annual or semiannual shareholder report filed on the Securities and Exchange Commission's Web site, www.sec.gov, or visit Putnam's Individual Investor Web site at www.putnaminvestments.com | ||||