Allowance for Expected Credit Losses and Credit Quality | ALLOWANCE FOR EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES AND CREDIT QUALITY Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Activity On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments . ASC 326 replaced the incurred loss model for determining the allowance for credit losses with a current expected credit loss model for financial assets carried at amortized cost, including loans, leases, and loan commitments. ASC 326 requires recognition of lifetime expected credit losses that takes into consideration all available relevant information including details of past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. The transition adjustment on January 1, 2020 resulted in an increase of the AECL of $82.3 million . The increase in the AECL at transition primarily relates to required increases for residential mortgage loans to establish an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses for these longer dated loans as well as an increase on non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans reflecting higher LGDs under the CECL model. See Note 2, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, for additional discussion on the adoption of ASC 326. As a result of the adoption of ASC 326, the AECL as of March 31, 2020 and the provision for expected credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not comparable to historical periods. A summary of changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three months ended March 31 was as follows: (in thousands) 2020 2019 Allowance for loan and lease losses at beginning of period $ 146,588 $ 140,571 Transition adjustment for ASC 326 83,194 — Allowance for loan and lease losses, as adjusted 229,782 140,571 Provision for loan and lease losses 66,431 12,612 Transfer of balance to OREO and other — (2,885 ) Charge-offs (12,119 ) (8,918 ) Recoveries 2,591 1,586 Allowance for loan and lease losses at end of period $ 286,685 $ 142,966 Reserve for unfunded commitments at beginning of period $ 16,637 $ 14,830 Transition adjustment for ASC 326 (875 ) — Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, as adjusted 15,762 14,830 Provision for unfunded lending commitments 2,540 1,151 Reserve for unfunded commitments at end of period $ 18,302 $ 15,981 Allowance for expected credit losses at end of period $ 304,987 $ 158,947 The AECL at March 31, 2020 reflects a blend of economic forecasts to estimate expected credit losses over an eighteen month reasonable and supportable forecast period and then reverts to historical loss experience to arrive at lifetime expected credit losses. At January 1, 2020, the Company’s economic forecast assumed a relatively stable macroeconomic environment over the reasonable and supportable forecast period while recognizing that the economy was vulnerable to major shocks, fiscal policy missteps, other geopolitical events and the outcome of the pending U.S. elections. During the latter part of the first quarter of 2020, the global and U.S. economies experienced substantial disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as continued pressure on oil prices. In light of the deteriorating economic conditions, the U.S. government has taken numerous actions through multiple stimulus packages to support both individuals and businesses during the unprecedented freeze on commerce in the U.S. Uncertainty remains as to the length of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the success of the various stimulus packages to both support the economy during the pandemic as well as restore economic conditions when the pandemic subsides. As a result, the Company has updated its economic forecast to reflect the expected impact of COVID-19 and the possibility of recessionary conditions over the reasonable and supportable forecast period which has resulted in an increase in the AECL at March 31, 2020 . A summary of changes in the allowance for expected credit losses, by loan portfolio type, for the three months ended March 31 was as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 Commercial Real Estate Consumer (in thousands) Construction Owner-occupied Non-owner-occupied Commercial and Industrial Residential Mortgage Home Equity Other Total Allowance for loan and lease losses at beginning of period $ 5,983 $ 15,770 $ 36,541 $ 55,634 $ 9,647 $ 12,153 $ 10,860 $ 146,588 Transition adjustment for ASC 326 2,307 (8,163 ) 29,850 (14,659 ) 70,521 3,620 (282 ) 83,194 Allowance for loan and lease losses, as adjusted 8,290 7,607 66,391 40,975 80,168 15,773 10,578 229,782 Provision for loan and lease losses 940 2,603 30,500 11,833 10,535 7,313 2,707 66,431 Charge-offs (14 ) — (240 ) (7,895 ) (450 ) (1,435 ) (2,085 ) (12,119 ) Recoveries 219 25 132 1,037 329 386 463 2,591 Allowance for loan and lease losses at end of period $ 9,435 $ 10,235 $ 96,783 $ 45,950 $ 90,582 $ 22,037 $ 11,663 $ 286,685 Reserve for unfunded lending commitments at beginning of period $ 4,010 $ 345 $ 1,629 $ 6,478 $ 562 $ 2,078 $ 1,535 $ 16,637 Transition adjustment for ASC 326 1,025 627 (991 ) 3 743 (812 ) (1,470 ) (875 ) Reserve for unfunded lending commitments, as adjusted 5,035 972 638 6,481 1,305 1,266 65 15,762 Provision for (reversal of) unfunded commitments 492 418 91 925 215 433 (34 ) 2,540 Reserve for unfunded lending commitments at end of period 5,527 1,390 729 7,406 1,520 1,699 31 18,302 Allowance for expected credit losses at end of period $ 14,962 $ 11,625 $ 97,512 $ 53,356 $ 92,102 $ 23,736 $ 11,694 $ 304,987 Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 Commercial Real Estate Consumer (in thousands) Construction Owner-occupied Non-owner-occupied Commercial and Industrial Residential Mortgage Home Equity Other Total Allowance for loan and lease losses at beginning of period $ 4,743 $ 12,549 $ 34,514 $ 54,096 $ 12,998 $ 10,181 $ 11,490 $ 140,571 Provision for loan and lease losses 936 1,303 4,648 2,876 1,749 1,056 44 12,612 Transfer of balance to OREO and other — — — — (2,881 ) (4 ) — (2,885 ) Charge-offs — (72 ) — (4,931 ) (28 ) (1,401 ) (2,486 ) (8,918 ) Recoveries 3 35 65 446 32 314 691 1,586 Allowance for loan and lease losses at end of period $ 5,682 $ 13,815 $ 39,227 $ 52,487 $ 11,870 $ 10,146 $ 9,739 $ 142,966 Reserve for unfunded commitments at beginning of period $ 3,249 $ 316 $ 1,304 $ 6,198 $ 866 $ 1,783 $ 1,114 $ 14,830 Provision for unfunded commitments 333 60 401 128 22 28 179 1,151 Reserve for unfunded commitments at end of period 3,582 376 1,705 6,326 888 1,811 1,293 15,981 Allowance for credit losses at end of period $ 9,264 $ 14,191 $ 40,932 $ 58,813 $ 12,758 $ 11,957 $ 11,032 $ 158,947 Portfolio Segment Risk Factors Commercial loans and leases include commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing leases. Commercial real estate loans include loans to commercial customers for medium-term financing of land and buildings or for land development or construction of a building. These loans are repaid from revenues through operations of the businesses, rents of properties, sales of properties and refinances. Commercial and industrial loans and leases represent loans to commercial customers to finance general working capital needs, equipment purchases and leases and other projects where repayment is derived from cash flows resulting from business operations. The Company originates commercial and industrial loans on a secured and, to a lesser extent, unsecured basis. Consumer loans are offered by the Company in order to provide a full range of retail financial services to its customers and include residential mortgages, home equity, credit card and other direct consumer installment loans. Residential mortgage loans consist of loans to consumers to finance a primary or secondary residence. The vast majority of the residential mortgage loan portfolio is comprised of non-conforming 1-4 family mortgage loans secured by properties located in the Company's market areas and originated under terms and documentation that permit their sale in a secondary market. The Company originates substantially all of its consumer loans in its primary market areas. Loans in the consumer segment are sensitive to property values, unemployment levels, and other key consumer economic measures. Prior to January 1, 2020, residential mortgage loans were in a separate portfolio segment. Credit Quality Indicators For commercial loans and leases, the Company utilizes regulatory classification ratings to monitor credit quality. Loans with a "pass" rating are those that the Company believes will be fully repaid in accordance with the contractual loan terms. Commercial loans and leases that are "criticized" are those that have some weakness or potential weakness that indicate an increased probability of future loss. "Criticized" loans are grouped into three categories: "special mention", "substandard", and "doubtful". Special mention loans and leases have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the Company's credit position at some future date. Substandard commercial loans and leases have well-defined weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Doubtful commercial loans and leases have the same weaknesses as substandard loans and leases with the added characteristics that the probability of loss is high and collection of the full amount is improbable. Substandard and doubtful loans are collectively referred to as "classified" loans and leases. Regulatory classification ratings for commercial loans and leases are updated annually. For consumer loans, the Company utilizes FICO scores to monitor credit quality as these are widely accepted measures of a borrower's risk of non-repayment over the life of a loan. FICO scores are updated quarterly. Prior to January 1, 2020, the Company’s primary credit quality indicator for residential mortgage and consumer loans was the loan’s payment and delinquency status. The Company’s investment in loans by credit quality indicator and year of origination is presented in the following tables. Asset risk classifications for commercial loans and leases reflect the classification as of March 31, 2020 . FICO scores for consumer loans are updated on a quarterly basis. Credit quality information in the tables reflects the amortized cost basis of all loans, excluding $65.9 million of accrued interest, which is included as a component of other assets in the unaudited consolidated balance sheet. Term Loans (in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving loans Revolving loans Converted to Term Total Commercial loans and leases Real Estate- Construction Pass $ 45,117 $ 336,900 $ 599,002 $ 172,612 $ 65,200 $ 51,622 $ 40,147 $ — $ 1,310,600 Special Mention — — — — 10 105 2,156 — 2,271 Substandard — — 9,213 — — 475 65 — 9,753 Doubtful — — — — — 3 — — 3 Total Real Estate- Construction 45,117 336,900 608,215 172,612 65,210 52,205 42,368 — 1,322,627 Real Estate- Owner- occupied Pass 69,996 379,882 319,249 357,057 274,226 895,032 66,866 — 2,362,308 Special Mention — — 7,306 681 399 13,419 400 — 22,205 Substandard — 234 1,011 8,204 3,518 23,856 387 — 37,210 Doubtful — — — — — 2,416 — — 2,416 Total Real Estate- Owner-occupied 69,996 380,116 327,566 365,942 278,143 934,723 67,653 — 2,424,139 Real Estate- Non-owner-occupied Pass 261,614 1,323,506 961,036 987,814 867,303 1,867,101 130,929 — 6,399,303 Special Mention — — 806 1,497 10,248 14,561 1,900 — 29,012 Substandard — 591 2,059 10,066 6,038 31,481 635 — 50,870 Doubtful — — 104 — — 4,968 — — 5,072 Total Real Estate- Non-owner-occupied 261,614 1,324,097 964,005 999,377 883,589 1,918,111 133,464 — 6,484,257 Commercial and Industrial (1) Pass 649,228 1,957,486 1,307,679 455,600 218,485 551,933 1,635,017 — 6,775,428 Special Mention 259 1,463 23,811 500 8,093 1,436 7,896 — 43,458 Substandard 4,102 16,838 3,023 20,486 1,151 19,194 5,846 — 70,640 Doubtful — 5,323 9,517 2,353 648 2,474 — — 20,315 Total Commercial and Industrial 653,589 1,981,110 1,344,030 478,939 228,377 575,037 1,648,759 — 6,909,841 Total Commercial Loans and Leases $ 1,030,316 $ 4,022,223 $ 3,243,816 $ 2,016,870 $ 1,455,319 $ 3,480,076 $ 1,892,244 $ — $ 17,140,864 (1) Includes equipment financing leases Term Loans (in thousands) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 Prior Revolving loans Revolving loans Converted to Term Total Consumer Loans: Residential Mortgage 781 and above $ 45,204 $ 332,402 $ 263,099 $ 185,336 $ 153,118 $ 387,923 $ — $ — $ 1,367,082 723-780 72,666 452,401 360,319 233,243 199,457 410,212 — — 1,728,298 700-722 14,430 94,286 93,264 49,705 47,736 116,470 — — 415,891 660-699 8,549 103,361 83,700 37,108 54,661 144,238 — — 431,617 620-659 3,273 39,018 26,883 15,701 15,481 94,296 — — 194,652 580-619 — 13,756 11,717 8,358 11,281 51,387 — — 96,499 579 and below 101,641 52,459 53,362 58,542 84,198 264,878 — — 615,080 Total Residential Mortgage 245,763 1,087,683 892,344 587,993 565,932 1,469,404 — — 4,849,119 Home Equity 781 and above 2,052 8,710 28,297 16,579 15,903 56,995 374,502 21,481 524,519 723-780 1,160 13,680 25,948 19,278 25,677 81,172 498,082 27,061 692,058 700-722 103 2,226 7,915 7,696 5,276 18,320 130,949 13,029 185,514 660-699 747 3,823 10,975 6,434 6,112 32,755 163,267 17,238 241,351 620-659 351 1,418 1,894 4,355 3,630 19,419 73,928 13,822 118,817 580-619 2,735 875 5,331 2,006 2,581 13,452 27,526 6,484 60,990 579 and below 5,988 2,742 10,009 5,850 2,592 18,201 45,334 12,788 103,504 Total Home Equity 13,136 33,474 90,369 62,198 61,771 240,314 1,313,588 111,903 1,926,753 Other Consumer Loans 781 and above 3,357 11,136 8,566 14,957 5,938 22,047 69,402 — 135,403 723-780 5,717 11,388 22,356 12,895 5,490 32,481 76,717 — 167,044 700-722 1,089 22,224 4,560 3,345 4,133 11,551 16,713 — 63,615 660-699 1,803 4,688 5,120 4,057 1,113 18,128 20,797 — 55,706 620-659 751 4,245 2,432 1,702 3,745 8,142 13,553 — 34,570 580-619 337 1,754 2,689 674 1,611 4,922 8,499 — 20,486 579 and below 22,670 2,038 3,282 3,137 2,585 106,144 8,216 — 148,072 Total Other Consumer 35,724 57,473 49,005 40,767 24,615 203,415 213,897 — 624,896 Total Consumer Loans 294,623 1,178,630 1,031,718 690,958 652,318 1,913,133 1,527,485 111,903 7,400,768 Total Loans and Leases $ 1,324,939 $ 5,200,853 $ 4,275,534 $ 2,707,828 $ 2,107,637 $ 5,393,209 $ 3,419,729 $ 111,903 $ 24,541,632 During the three months ended March 31, 2020 , the Company converted $6.6 million |