Revenue | 2. Revenue Revenue Recognition In accordance with ASC 606 revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and/or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products and services. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers and subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Contract Combination. Software as a Service (“SaaS”) and Platform as a Service (“PaaS”) Arrangements License Arrangements. Payment terms for the Company’s software license arrangements generally include fixed license and capacity fees that are payable up front or over time. These arrangements may also include incremental usage-based fees that are payable when the customer exceeds its contracted license capacity limits. The Company accounts for capacity overages as a usage-based royalty that is recognized when the usage occurs. When a software license arrangement contains payment terms that are extended beyond one year, a significant financing component may exist. The significant financing component is calculated as the difference between the stated value and present value of the software license fees and is recognized as interest income over the extended payment period. The total fixed software license fee net of the significant financing component is recognized as revenue at the point in time when the software is transferred to the customer. For those software license arrangements that include customer-specific acceptance provisions, such provisions are generally presumed to be substantive and the Company does not recognize revenue until the earlier of the receipt of a written customer acceptance, objective demonstration that the delivered product meets the customer-specific acceptance criteria or the expiration of the acceptance period. The Company recognizes revenues on such arrangements upon the earlier of receipt of written acceptance or the first production use of the software by the customer. For software license arrangements in which the Company acts as a distributor of another company’s product, and in certain circumstances, modifies or enhances the product, revenues are recorded on a gross basis. These include arrangements in which the Company takes control of the products and is responsible for providing the product or service. For software license arrangements in which the Company acts as a sales agent for another company’s product, revenues are recorded on a net basis. These include arrangements in which the Company does not take control of products and is not responsible for providing the product or service. For software license arrangements in which the Company utilizes a third-party distributor or sales agent, the Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of the software license(s) to the third-party distributor or sales agent. The Company’s software license arrangements typically provide the customer with a standard 90-day Software license arrangements typically include an initial post contract customer support (maintenance or “PCS”) term of one year with subsequent renewals for additional years within the initial license period. The Company’s promise to those customers who elect to purchase PCS represents a stand-ready performance obligation that is distinct from the license performance obligation and recognized over the PCS term. The Company also provides various professional services to customers with software licenses. These include project management, software implementation and software modification services. Revenues from arrangements to provide professional services are generally distinct from the other promises in the contract(s) and are recognized as the related services are performed. Consideration payable under these arrangements is either fixed fee or on a time-and-materials The Company estimates the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for maintenance and professional services based on observable standalone sales. The Company applies the residual approach to estimate the SSP for software licenses. Refer to Note 10, Segment Information, Significant Judgments The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, published credit and financial information. The Company also applies judgment in determining the term of an arrangement when early termination rights are provided to the customer. The Company’s software license arrangements with its customers often include multiple promises to transfer licensed software products and services. Determining whether the products and/or services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately may require significant judgment. The Company’s SaaS and PaaS arrangements may include variable consideration in the form of usage-based fees. If the arrangement that includes variable consideration in the form of usage-based fees does not meet the allocation exception for variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration at the outset of the arrangement using either the expected value or most likely amount method, depending on the specifics of each arrangement. These estimates are constrained to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of incremental revenue will not occur and are updated each reporting period as additional information becomes available. Judgment is used in determining: (1) whether the financing component in a software license agreement is significant and, if so, (2) the discount rate used in calculating the significant financing component. The Company assesses the significance of the financing component based on the ratio of license fees paid over time to total license fees. If determined to be significant, the financing component is calculated using a rate that discounts the license fees to the cash selling price. Judgment is also used in assessing whether the extension of payment terms in a software license arrangement results in variable consideration and, if so, the amount to be included in the transaction price. The Company applies the portfolio approach to estimating the amount of variable consideration in these arrangements using the most likely amount method that is based on the Company’s historical collection experience under similar arrangements. Significant judgment is required to determine the SSP for each performance obligation, the amount allocated to each performance obligation and whether it depicts the amount that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the related product and/or service. As the selling prices of the Company’s software licenses are highly variable, the Company estimates SSP of its software licenses using the residual approach when the software license is sold with other services and observable SSPs exist for the other services. The Company uses a range of amounts to estimate SSP for maintenance and services. These ranges are based on standalone sales and vary based on the type of service and geographic region. If the SSP of a performance obligation is not directly observable, the Company will maximize observable inputs to determine its SSP. Contract Balances Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. The Company records an accrued receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing and the Company’s right to consideration only requires the passage of time, or deferred revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Total receivables represent amounts billed and amounts earned that are to be billed in the future (i.e., accrued receivables). Included in accrued receivables are services and SaaS and PaaS revenues earned in the current period but billed in the following period and amounts due under multi-year software license arrangements with extended payment terms for which the Company has an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment in the future. March 31, December 31, (in thousands) 2018 2017 Billed Receivables $ 175,066 $ 240,137 Allowance for doubtful accounts (4,001 ) (4,799 ) Billed Receivables, net $ 171,065 $ 235,338 Accrued receivables 328,546 27,507 Significant financing component (34,109 ) — Total accrued receivables, net 294,437 27,507 Less current accrued receivables 117,276 27,507 Less current significant financing component (9,972 ) — Total long-term accrued receivables, net $ 187,133 $ — Total receivables, net $ 465,502 $ 262,845 No customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated receivables balance as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Deferred revenue includes amounts due or received from customers for software licenses, maintenance, services and/or SaaS and PaaS services in advance of recording the related revenue. Changes in deferred revenue were as follows: Deferred (in thousands) Revenue Balance, January 1, 2018 $ 145,344 Deferral of revenue 56,264 Recognition of deferred revenue (44,589 ) Balance, March 31, 2018 $ 157,019 Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that will be recognized in future periods, which is comprised of deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. This does not include: (1) Revenue that will be recognized in future periods from capacity overages that are accounted for as a usage-based royalty. (2) SaaS and PaaS revenue from variable consideration that will be recognized in accordance with the ‘right to invoice’ practical expedient. (3) SaaS and PaaS revenue from variable consideration that will be recognized in accordance with the direct allocation method. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations was $589.5 million as of March 31, 2018, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately 50% over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. During the three-months ended March 31, 2018, the revenue recognized by the Company from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods was not material. Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract The Company accounts for costs to obtain and fulfill its contracts in accordance with ASC 340, Other Assets and Deferred Costs The Company capitalizes certain of its sales commissions that meet the definition of incremental costs of obtaining a contract and for which the amortization period is greater than one year. The costs associated with those sales commissions is capitalized during the period in which the Company becomes obligated to pay the commissions and is amortized over the period in which the related products or services are transferred to the customer. As of March 31, 2018, $0.4 million and $19.1 million of these costs are included in other current and other non-current The Company capitalizes costs incurred to fulfill its contracts that: (1) relate directly to the arrangement, (2) are expected to generate resources that will be used to satisfy the Company’s performance obligation under the arrangement, and (3) are expected to be recovered through revenue generated under the arrangement. Contract fulfillment costs are expensed as the Company transfers the related services to the customer. As of March 31, 2018, $0.2 million and $12.0 million of these costs are included in other current and other non-current Financial Statement Effect of Applying ASC 606 As the modified retrospective transition method does not result in recast of the prior year financial statements, ASC 606 requires the Company to provide additional disclosures for the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected by adoption of the standard and explanation of the reasons for significant changes. The financial statement line items affected by adoption of ASC 606 is as follows: March 31, 2018 (in thousands) As Reported Without Effect of Change Higher / (Lower) Assets Receivables, net of allowances $ 278,369 $ 205,165 $ 73,204 Recoverable income taxes 7,673 6,538 1,135 Prepaid expenses 29,961 30,702 (741 ) Other current assets 29,010 28,795 215 Accrued receivables, net 187,133 — 187,133 Deferred income taxes, net 22,109 65,503 (43,394 ) Other noncurrent assets 56,826 38,945 17,881 Liabilities Deferred revenue 111,639 128,304 (16,665 ) Income taxes payable 6,178 6,268 (90 ) Other current liabilities 64,312 64,546 (234 ) Deferred income taxes, net 26,564 7,876 18,688 Stockholders’ equity Total stockholders’ equity 979,022 745,288 233,734 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands) As Reported Without application of Effect of Change Higher / (Lower) Revenues Software as a service and platform as a service $ 104,280 $ 105,174 $ (894 ) License 28,046 43,921 (15,875 ) Maintenance 56,659 55,771 888 Services 20,325 20,029 296 Operating expenses Selling and marketing 31,893 30,346 1,547 Other income (expense) Interest income 2,744 179 2,565 Other, net (55 ) (784 ) 729 Income tax provision Income tax benefit (3,952 ) (2,043 ) (1,909 ) The following summarizes the significant changes resulting from the adoption of ASC 606 compared to if the Company had continued to recognize revenues under ASC 985-605, Revenue Recognition: Software Receivables, Deferred Revenue, License Revenue, and Interest Income The change in receivables, deferred revenue, license revenue, and interest income is due to a change in the timing and the amount of recognition for software license revenues under ASC 606. Under ASC 605, the Company recognizes revenue upon delivery provided (i) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, (ii) collection of the fee is considered probable, and (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable. For software license arrangements in which a significant portion of the fee is due more than 12 months after delivery or when payment terms are significantly beyond the Company’s standard business practice, the license fee is deemed not fixed or determinable. For software license arrangements in which the fee is not considered fixed or determinable, the license is recognized as revenue as payments become due and payable, provided all other conditions for revenue recognition have been met. License revenue under ASC 605 includes revenue from software license arrangements with extended payment terms for which the due and payable pattern of recognition was applied. Under ASC 606, license revenue from these software license arrangements is accelerated (i.e. upfront recognition) and adjusted for the effects of the financing component, if significant. The significant financing component in these software license arrangements is recognized as interest income over the extended payment period. As many of these software license arrangements were active as of the date the Company adopted ASC 606, the license fees are included in the Company’s cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. Other Current Assets, Other Noncurrent Assets, and Selling and Marketing Under ASC 606, certain of the Company’s sales commissions meet the definition of incremental costs of obtaining a contract. Accordingly, these costs are capitalized and the expense is recognized as the related goods or services are transferred to the customer. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, the Company recognized sales commission expenses as they were incurred. Deferred Income Taxes, Net The change in deferred income taxes is primarily due to the deferred tax effects resulting from the adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of applying ASC 606 to active contracts as of the adoption date. The adoption of ASC 606 had no impact in total on the Company’s cash flows from operations. |