| Collaboration Agreements | COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS We have established multiple collaborations with leading pharmaceutical companies for the commercialization and further development of cabozantinib, as well as with smaller, discovery-focused biotechnology companies to expand our product pipeline. Additionally, in line with our business strategy prior to the commercialization of our first product, COMETRIQ, we entered into other collaborations with leading pharmaceutical companies including Genentech and Daiichi Sankyo for other compounds and programs in our portfolio. Under these collaborations, we are generally entitled to receive milestone and royalty payments, and for certain collaborations, payments for product supply services, development cost reimbursements, and/or profit sharing payments. See “Note 2. Revenues” for information on the amount of collaboration revenues recognized during the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 . Cabozantinib Commercial Collaborations Ipsen Collaboration Description of the Collaboration In February 2016, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Ipsen for the commercialization and further development of cabozantinib. Pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreement, Ipsen received exclusive commercialization rights for current and potential future cabozantinib indications outside of the U.S., Canada and Japan. The collaboration agreement was subsequently amended on three occasions, including in December 2016 to include commercialization rights in Canada. We have also agreed to collaborate with Ipsen on the development of cabozantinib for current and potential future indications. The parties’ efforts are governed through a joint steering committee and appropriate subcommittees established to guide and oversee the collaboration’s operation and strategic direction; provided, however, that we retain final decision-making authority with respect to cabozantinib’s ongoing development. Unless terminated earlier, the collaboration agreement has a term that continues, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, until the latter of 1) the expiration of patent claims related to cabozantinib, 2) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity covering cabozantinib or 3) ten years after the first commercial sale of cabozantinib, other than COMETRIQ. A related supply agreement will continue in effect until expiration or termination of the collaboration agreement. The collaboration agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach of either the collaboration agreement or the supply agreement by the other party, bankruptcy of the other party or for safety reasons. We may terminate the collaboration agreement if Ipsen challenges or opposes any patent covered by the collaboration agreement. Ipsen may terminate the collaboration agreement if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency orders or requires substantially all cabozantinib clinical trials to be terminated. Ipsen also has the right to terminate the collaboration agreement on a region-by-region basis after the first commercial sale of cabozantinib in advanced RCC in the given region. Upon termination by either party, all licenses granted by us to Ipsen will automatically terminate, and, except in the event of a termination by Ipsen for our material breach, the licenses granted by Ipsen to us shall survive such termination and shall automatically become worldwide, or, if Ipsen were to terminate only for a particular region, then for the terminated region. Following termination by us for Ipsen’s material breach, or termination by Ipsen without cause or because we undergo a change of control by a party engaged in a competing program, Ipsen is prohibited from competing with us for a period of time. Consideration under the Collaboration In consideration for the exclusive license and other rights contained in the collaboration agreement, including commercialization rights in Canada, we received aggregate upfront payments of $210.0 million from Ipsen in 2016. As of December 31, 2019 , we have achieved aggregate milestones of $330.0 million related to regulatory, development and sales-based progress by Ipsen since the inception of the collaboration agreement, including $55.0 million and $140.0 million in milestones achieved during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. As of December 31, 2019 , we are eligible to receive additional regulatory and development milestone payments from Ipsen totaling an aggregate of $79.0 million , as well as sales-based milestones, including milestone payments earned for the first commercial sale of a product, of up to $470.4 million . We also receive royalties on the net sales of cabozantinib by Ipsen outside of the U.S. and Japan. During the year ended December 31, 2019 and going forward, we are entitled to receive a tiered royalty of 22% to 26% on annual net sales, with separate tiers for Canada; these royalty tiers reset each calendar year. In Canada, we are entitled to receive a tiered royalty of 22% on the first CAD $30.0 million of annual net sales and a tiered royalty thereafter to 26% on annual net sales; these royalty tiers for Canada also reset each calendar year. We are required to pay a 3% royalty to GSK on all net sales of any product incorporating cabozantinib, including net sales by Ipsen. We are responsible for funding cabozantinib-related development costs for those trials in existence at the time we entered into the collaboration agreement with Ipsen; global development costs for additional trials are shared between the parties, with Ipsen reimbursing us for 35% of such costs, provided Ipsen chooses to opt into such trials. Ipsen has opted into and is co-funding: CheckMate 9ER; CheckMate 040 (though Ipsen has opted not to co-fund the triplet arm of the study evaluating cabozantinib with nivolumab and ipilimumab); the dose escalation phase and first 20 expansion cohorts of COSMIC-021; and COSMIC-312. We remain responsible for manufacturing and supply of cabozantinib for all development and commercialization activities under the collaboration agreement. In connection with the collaboration agreement, we entered into a supply agreement with Ipsen to supply finished, labeled drug product to Ipsen for distribution in the territories outside of the U.S. and Japan for the term of the collaboration agreement. The product is supplied at our cost, as defined in the agreement. Revenues from the Collaboration Collaboration revenues under the collaboration agreement with Ipsen were $152.8 million , $182.9 million and $69.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively. As of December 31, 2019 , $45.0 million of the transaction price allocated to our research and development services performance obligation had not been satisfied. See “— Performance Obligations and Transaction Prices for our Ipsen and Takeda Collaborations ”, below, for additional information related to the revenue recognition for this collaboration. Takeda Collaboration Description of the Collaboration In January 2017, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Takeda, which was subsequently amended effective March 2018 and May 2019, to, among other things, modify the amount of reimbursements we receive for costs associated with our required pharmacovigilance activities and milestones we are eligible to receive. Pursuant to this collaboration agreement, Takeda has exclusive commercialization rights for current and potential future cabozantinib indications in Japan, and the parties have agreed to collaborate on the clinical development of cabozantinib in Japan. The operation and strategic direction of the parties’ collaboration is governed through a joint executive committee and appropriate subcommittees. Unless earlier terminated, the collaboration agreement has a term that continues, on a product-by-product basis, until the earlier of 1) two years after first generic entry with respect to such product in Japan or 2) the later of (A) the expiration of patent claims related to cabozantinib and (B) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity covering cabozantinib in Japan. The collaboration agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach by the other party, bankruptcy of the other party or for safety reasons. For clarity, Takeda’s failure to achieve specified levels of commercial performance, based upon sales volume and/or promotional effort, during the first six years of the collaboration will constitute a material breach of the collaboration agreement. We may terminate the agreement if Takeda challenges or opposes any patent covered by the collaboration agreement. At any time prior to August 1, 2023, the parties may mutually agree to terminate the collaboration agreement if Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency is unlikely to grant any approval of the marketing authorization application in any cancer indication in Japan. After the commercial launch of cabozantinib in Japan, Takeda may terminate the collaboration agreement upon twelve months’ prior written notice following the third anniversary of the first commercial sale of cabozantinib in Japan. Upon termination by either party, all licenses granted by us to Takeda will automatically terminate, and the licenses granted by Takeda to us shall survive such termination and shall automatically become worldwide. Consideration under the Collaboration In consideration for the exclusive license and other rights contained in the collaboration agreement, we received an upfront payment of $50.0 million from Takeda in 2017. As of December 31, 2019 , we have also achieved regulatory and development milestones in the aggregate of $26.0 million since the inception of the collaboration agreement, including $16.0 million and $10.0 million in milestones achieved during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. As of December 31, 2019 , we had also determined that it was probable that we will earn a $10.0 million milestone in the first quarter of 2020 for the anticipated January 2020 submission of a regulatory application to the Japanese MHLW for Manufacturing and Marketing Approval of cabozantinib as a treatment for patients in Japan with unresectable HCC who progressed after prior systemic therapy. Under the collaboration agreement, as amended, as of December 31, 2019 , we are eligible to receive regulatory and development milestone payments from Takeda of up to $20.0 million related to first-line RCC and second-line HCC, including the $10.0 million milestone we expect to earn for the submission of a regulatory application in the first quarter of 2020 described above . We are also eligible to receive additional regulatory and development milestone payments, without limit, for additional potential future indications. We are further eligible to receive sales-based milestones, including milestone payments earned for the first commercial sale of a product, of up to $155.0 million . We also receive royalties on the net sales of cabozantinib in Japan. We are entitled to receive a tiered royalty of 15% to 24% on the initial $300.0 million of net sales, and following this initial $300.0 million of net sales, we are then entitled to receive a tiered royalty of 20% to 30% on annual net sales thereafter; these 20% to 30% royalty tiers reset each calendar year. We are required to pay a 3% royalty to GSK on all net sales of any product incorporating cabozantinib, including net sales by Takeda. Takeda is responsible for 20% of the costs associated with the cabozantinib development plan’s current and future trials, provided Takeda opts into such trials, and 100% of costs associated with the cabozantinib development activities that are exclusively for the benefit of Japan. Takeda has opted into and is co-funding CheckMate 9ER. Pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreement, we are responsible for the manufacturing and supply of cabozantinib for all development and commercialization activities under the collaboration agreement. In connection with the collaboration agreement, we entered into a clinical supply agreement covering the supply of cabozantinib to Takeda for the term of the collaboration agreement, as well as a quality agreement that provides respective quality responsibilities for the aforementioned supply. Furthermore, at the time we entered into the collaboration agreement, the parties also entered into a safety data exchange agreement, which defines each partner’s responsibility for safety reporting. This agreement also requires us to maintain the global safety database for cabozantinib. To meet our obligations to regulatory authorities for the reporting of safety data from Japan from sources other than our sponsored global clinical development trials, we rely on data collected and reported to us by Takeda. Revenues from the Collaboration Collaboration revenues under the collaboration agreement with Takeda were $24.6 million , $18.0 million and $14.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively. As of December 31, 2019 , $18.1 million of the transaction price allocated to our research and development services performance obligation had not been satisfied. Performance Obligations and Transaction Prices for our Ipsen and Takeda Collaborations We identified two performance obligations for both the Ipsen and Takeda collaboration agreements: (1) the transfer of an exclusive license for the commercialization and further development of cabozantinib; and (2) research and development services, which includes certain committed studies for the development of cabozantinib, pharmacovigilance services and participation on various joint committees (as defined in the specific collaboration agreements). We have allocated the transaction price for each of these collaborations to the identified performance obligations based on our best estimate of their relative standalone selling price. For the licenses, the estimate of the relative standalone selling price was determined using a discounted cash flow valuation utilizing forecasted revenues and costs. For research and development services the estimate of the relative standalone selling price was determined using an adjusted market assessment approach that relies on internal and external costs and market factors. The portion of the transaction price allocated to our license performance obligation is recorded immediately as our license represents functional intellectual property that was transferred at a point in time. The portion of the transaction price allocated to our research and development services performance obligation is being recognized as revenue using the inputs method based on our internal development projected cost estimates through the current estimated patent expiration of cabozantinib in the European Union for the Ipsen Collaboration and Japan for the Takeda Collaboration, both of which are early 2030. Based on our evaluation of the collaboration agreements as of the date adoption of Topic 606, we determined that for both agreements, the up-front, nonrefundable payments, the milestones and royalties achieved as of December 31, 2017, and our estimate for the reimbursements of our research and development services performance obligation over the term of each agreement constituted the amount of the consideration to be included in the transaction price as of December 31, 2017. In addition, the transaction price for the Ipsen collaboration agreement included a $10.0 million milestone we expected to achieve during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Other than the $10.0 million milestone, variable consideration for both agreements related to regulatory and development milestones not previously recognized was constrained due to the fact that it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, given the inherent uncertainty of success with these milestones. Any variable consideration related to royalties and sales-based milestones will be recognized when the related sales occur as these amounts have been determined to relate to the relevant transferred license and therefore are recognized as the related sales occur. We re-evaluate the transaction price for the collaboration agreements in each reporting period as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur and we allocate those changes in the transaction price between our performance obligations. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , the transaction price increased as a result of the achievement of various milestones. We further updated the transaction price based upon the actual research and development services performed during the period and changes in our estimated reimbursements for our future research and development services. The portion of the increase in transaction price that was allocated to the previously satisfied performance obligations for the transfer of an intellectual property license was recognized during the period and the portion allocated to research and development services will be recognized in future periods as those services are delivered through early 2030. As of December 31, 2019 , variable consideration related to the remaining unearned regulatory and development milestones for both agreements remained constrained due to the fact that it was not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur. Cabozantinib Development Collaborations Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) In February 2017, we entered into a clinical trial collaboration agreement with BMS for the purpose of exploring the therapeutic potential of cabozantinib in combination with BMS’s immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), nivolumab and/or ipilimumab, to treat a variety of types of cancer. As part of the collaboration, we are evaluating these combinations as treatment options for RCC in the CheckMate 9ER and COSMIC-313 trials and for HCC in the CheckMate 040 trial. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement with BMS, we may also evaluate these combinations in other phase 3 pivotal trials in various other tumor types. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement with BMS, as subsequently amended effective March 2019, May 2019 and November 2019, each party granted to the other a non-exclusive, worldwide (within the collaboration territory as defined in the collaboration agreement and its supplemental agreements), non-transferable, royalty-free license to use the other party’s compounds in the conduct of each clinical trial. The parties’ efforts are governed through a joint development committee established to guide and oversee the collaboration’s operation. Each trial will be conducted under a combination Investigational New Drug application, unless otherwise required by a regulatory authority. Each party will be responsible for supplying finished drug product for the applicable clinical trial, and we are sponsoring the COSMIC-313 trial and BMS is sponsoring the CheckMate 9ER and CheckMate 040 trials. The responsibility for the payment of costs for any further trials will be determined on a trial-by-trial basis. Unless earlier terminated, the collaboration agreement will remain in effect until the completion of all clinical trials under the collaboration, all related trial data has been delivered to both parties and the completion of any then agreed upon analysis. The collaboration agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach by the other party, bankruptcy of the other party or for safety reasons. Upon termination by either party, the licenses granted to each party to conduct a combined therapy trial will terminate. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (Roche) Collaboration In February 2017, we entered into a master clinical supply agreement with Roche for the purpose of evaluating cabozantinib and Roche’s ICI, atezolizumab, in locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Pursuant to the terms of this agreement with Roche, in June 2017, we initiated COSMIC-021, a phase 1b dose escalation study that is evaluating the safety and tolerability of cabozantinib in combination with Roche’s atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, and in December 2018, we initiated COSMIC-312, a multicenter, randomized, controlled phase 3 pivotal trial evaluating cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab versus sorafenib in previously untreated advanced HCC. We are the sponsor of both trials, and Roche is providing atezolizumab free of charge. In December 2019, we entered into a joint clinical research agreement with Roche for the purpose of further evaluating the combination of cabozantinib with atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, including in three planned phase 3 pivotal trials in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and RCC. If a party to the joint clinical research agreement proposes any additional combined therapy trials beyond the initial three planned phase 3 pivotal trials, the joint clinical research agreement provides that such proposing party must notify the other party and that if agreed to, any such additional combined therapy trial will become part of the collaboration, or if not agreed to, the proposing party may conduct such additional combined therapy trial independently, subject to specified restrictions set forth in the joint clinical research agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the joint clinical research agreement, each party granted to the other a non-exclusive, worldwide (excluding, in our case, territory already the subject of a license by us to Takeda), non-transferable, royalty-free license, with a right to sublicense (subject to limitations), to use the other party’s intellectual property and compounds solely as necessary for the party to perform its obligations under the joint clinical research agreement. The parties’ efforts will be governed through a joint steering committee established to guide and oversee the collaboration and the conduct of the combined therapy trials. Each party will be responsible for providing clinical supply for all combined therapy trials, and the cost of the supply will be borne by such party. The clinical trial expenses for each combined therapy trial agreed to be conducted jointly under the joint clinical research agreement will be shared equally between the parties, and the clinical trial expenses for each additional combined therapy trial not agreed to be conducted jointly under the joint clinical research agreement will be borne by the proposing party, except that the cost of clinical supply for all combined therapy trials will be borne by the party that owns the applicable product. We determined the contract is within the scope of Topic 808 as it involves joint operating activities where both parties have active participation in the arrangement and are exposed to significant risks and rewards. Payments between us and Roche under this arrangement are not subject to other accounting literature. Payments due to Roche for our share of clinical trial costs incurred by Roche will be recorded as research and development expense and payments due from Roche for their share of clinical trial costs incurred by us will be recorded as a reduction of research and development expense. Unless earlier terminated, the joint clinical research agreement provides that it will remain in effect until the completion of all combined therapy trials under the collaboration, the delivery of all related trial data to both parties, and the completion of any then agreed-upon additional analyses. The joint clinical research agreement may be terminated for cause by either party based on any uncured material breach by the other party, bankruptcy of the other party or for safety reasons. Upon termination by either party, the licenses granted to each party will terminate upon completion of any ongoing activities under the joint clinical research agreement. GSK In October 2002, we established a product development and commercialization collaboration agreement with GSK. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement, GSK had the right to choose cabozantinib for further development and commercialization, but notified us in October 2008 that it had waived its right to select the compound for such activities. Although the collaboration agreement was terminated during 2014, we continue to be required to pay a 3% royalty to GSK on the net sales of any product incorporating cabozantinib by us and our collaboration partners. Royalties earned by GSK in connection with the sales of cabozantinib are included in cost of goods sold for sales by us and as a reduction of other collaboration revenues for sales by our collaboration partners. Such royalties were $31.3 million , $24.0 million and $12.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively. In-Licensing Collaborations Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited (Aurigene) Collaboration In July 2019, we entered into an exclusive collaboration, option and license agreement with Aurigene to in-license as many as six programs to discover and develop small molecules as therapies for cancer. Under the terms of the agreement, we made aggregate upfront payments of $17.5 million for exclusive options to license up to six programs, including three pre-existing programs. We are also responsible for up to $32.6 million in research funding for the discovery and preclinical development work on these programs. During the year ended December 31, 2019 , we incurred $4.0 million in expense for the discovery and preclinical development funding commitment. For each option we decide to exercise, we will be required to pay an exercise fee of either $10.0 million or $12.0 million , depending on the program, and would then assume responsibilities for all subsequent clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization for that program. Aurigene would then become eligible for up to $148.8 million per program in potential development and regulatory milestone payments, $280.0 million per program in potential commercial milestone payments, as well as royalties on potential sales. Under the terms of the agreement, Aurigene retains limited development and commercial rights for India and Russia. Iconic Therapeutics, Inc. (Iconic) Collaboration In May 2019, we entered into an exclusive option and license agreement with Iconic to advance an innovative next-generation antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) program for cancer, leveraging Iconic’s expertise in targeting tissue factor in solid tumors. Under the terms of the agreement, we gained an exclusive option to license ICON-2, Iconic’s lead oncology ADC program, in exchange for an upfront payment to Iconic of $7.5 million and a commitment for preclinical development funding. During the year ended December 31, 2019 , we incurred $9.8 million in expense for the preclinical development funding commitment. Both the upfront payment and the accrual for the preclinical development funding commitment were included in research and development expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income. If we exercise the option, we will be required to make an option exercise fee payment of $20.0 million to Iconic; we would then assume responsibilities for all subsequent clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization activities, and Iconic would become eligible for up to $190.6 million in potential development, regulatory and first-sale milestone payments, $262.5 million in potential commercial milestone payments, as well as royalties on potential sales. Invenra, Inc. (Invenra) Collaboration In May 2018, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Invenra to discover and develop multispecific antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Invenra is responsible for antibody lead discovery and generation while we will lead IND-enabling studies, manufacturing, clinical development in single-agent and combination therapy regimens, and future regulatory and commercialization activities. The collaboration agreement provides that we will receive an exclusive, worldwide license to one preclinical, multispecific antibody asset, and that we will pursue up to six additional discovery projects during the term of the collaboration, which in total are directed to three discovery programs. In October 2019, we expanded our collaboration to include the development of novel binders against six additional targets, which we can use to generate multispecific antibodies based on Invenra’s B-Body TM technology platform, or with other platforms and formats at our option. As of December 31, 2019, we have initiated three additional discovery projects and two binder projects, and in total we incurred an aggregate of $7.0 million and $4.0 million in expense during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in consideration of the upfront licensing and project initiation fees. Invenra is eligible to receive up to $131.5 million in project initiation fees and milestone payments based on the achievement of specific development and regulatory milestones for a B-Body product in the first indication, or in lieu of such payments, up to $43.4 million in project initiation fees and milestone payments based on the achievement of specific development and regulatory milestones for a non- B-Body product. Upon successful commercialization of a product, Invenra is eligible to receive sales-based milestone payments up to $325.0 million as well as single-digit tiered royalties on net sales of the approved product. We have the right to initiate three additional discovery projects for development subject to an upfront payment of $2.0 million for each B-Body project and four additional binder projects subject to an upfront payment of $1.5 million for each project, as well as additional milestone payments and royalties for any products that arise from these efforts. StemSynergy Therapeutics, Inc. (StemSynergy) Collaboration In January 2018, we entered into an exclusive collaboration and license agreement with StemSynergy for the discovery and development of novel oncology compounds targeting Casein Kinase 1 alpha (CK1 α ), a component of the Wnt signaling pathway implicated in key oncogenic processes. Under the terms of the a greement, we will partner with StemSynergy to conduct preclinical and clinical studies with compounds targeting CK1 α . We paid StemSynergy an upfront payment of $3.0 million in initial research and development funding during the year ended December 31, 2018 and provided $1.9 million and $1.2 million in additional research and development funding during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. StemSynergy is eligible for up to $0.5 million in additional research and development funding on an as needed basis. StemSynergy will also be eligible for up to $56.5 million in milestones for the first product to emerge from the collaboration, including preclinical and clinical development and regulatory milestone payments, sales-based milestones, as well as single-digit royalties on worldwide sales. We will be solely responsible for the commercialization of products that arise from the collaboration. Other Collaborations Genentech Profits and losses on U.S. commercialization and royalty revenues on ex-U.S. sales under the collaboration agreement with Genentech were as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Profits and losses on U.S. commercialization $ 4,615 $ 8,084 $ (2,140 ) Royalty revenues on ex-U.S. sales $ 5,679 $ 5,564 $ 6,398 Profits on the U.S. commercialization of COTELLIC for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were included collaboration revenues and losses on the U.S. commercialization of COTELLIC for the year ended December 31, 2017 were included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The royalty revenues on ex-U.S. sales were included in Collaboration revenues for all periods presented. See “—Performance Obligations and Transaction Prices for our Other Collaborations”, below, for additional information related to revenue recognition for this collaboration. Cobimetinib Profit Sharing and Royalty Revenues In December 2006, we out-licensed the development and commercialization of cobimetinib to Genentech pursuant to a worldwide collaboration agreement. In November 2015, the FDA approved cobimetinib, under the brand name COTELLIC, in combination with Genentech’s Zelboraf (vemurafenib) as a treatment for |
