Share-Based Compensation | Note 13— Share-Based Compensation The Company accounts for its share-based compensation based on an estimate of fair value of the grant on the date of grant. In determining the fair value of stock options, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following key weighted average assumptions were employed in the calculation for the three month period ended September 30, 2016 and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and September 30, 2016 . There were no grants during the three month period ended September 30, 2017: Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2016 2017 2016 Risk-free interest rate 0.96% 1.61% 1.12% Expected dividend yield —% —% —% Volatility 50.95% 54.20% 50.86% Expected life 4.0 years 4.0 years 4.0 years Weighted average Black-Scholes value of options granted $12.69 $7.75 $13.23 The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company does not anticipate declaring dividends in the foreseeable future. Volatility is based on historical data. The expected life of an option is based on the assumption that options will be exercised, on average, about two years after vesting occurs. The Company recognizes compensation expense for only the portion of options that are expected to vest. Therefore, management applies an estimated forfeiture rate that is derived from historical employee termination data and adjusted for expected future employee turnover rates. The estimated forfeiture rate applied to the Company’s stock option grants during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 was 8.0% . If the actual number of forfeitures differs from those estimated by management, additional adjustments to compensation expense may be required in future periods. The Company’s stock price volatility, option lives and expected forfeiture rates involve management’s best estimates at the time of such determination, which impact the fair value of the option calculated under the Black-Scholes methodology and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized over the vesting period or requisite service period of the option. The Company typically issues stock options with a four year vesting period (the requisite service period) and amortizes the fair value of stock options (stock compensation cost) ratably over the requisite service period. A summary of the Company’s year-to-date stock option activity and related information follows: Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term Outstanding at December 31, 2016 1,989,137 $ 16.99 Grants 304,500 $ 17.98 Exercises (80,757 ) $ 8.54 Canceled and forfeited (57,766 ) $ 28.86 Outstanding at September 30, 2017 2,155,114 $ 17.13 5.5 Exercisable at September 30, 2017 1,590,128 $ 14.91 4.3 Available for grant at September 30, 2017 3,014,293 As of September 30, 2017 , there was $11.9 million of aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding stock options, including $11.5 million of aggregate intrinsic value of exercisable stock options. Intrinsic value represents the total pretax intrinsic value for all “in-the-money” options ( i.e. , the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of its third quarter of 2017 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares of common stock underlying the stock options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on September 30, 2017 . During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 , stock options covering 67,234 and 80,757 shares of common stock, respectively, with a total intrinsic value of $0.7 million and $0.9 million , respectively, were exercised. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , stock options covering 26,142 and 166,687 shares of common stock, respectively, with a total intrinsic value of $0.4 million and $4.0 million , respectively, were exercised. The fair value of unvested restricted stock and unvested restricted stock units is based on the market price of a share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and is amortized over the vesting period. A summary of the Company’s unvested restricted stock grants and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is as follows: Service Vesting Restricted Shares Performance Vesting Restricted Shares Total Restricted Shares Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at December 31, 2016 256,802 $ 26.43 513,500 $ 15.00 770,302 $ 18.81 Granted 44,002 $ 17.55 — $ — 44,002 $ 17.55 Forfeited (23,909 ) $ 30.93 (476,000 ) $ 14.88 (499,909 ) $ 15.65 Vested (153,717 ) $ 25.24 — $ — (153,717 ) $ 25.24 Outstanding at September 30, 2017 123,178 $ 23.87 37,500 $ 16.52 160,678 $ 22.15 The estimated forfeiture rate applied to the Company’s service vesting restricted share grants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 , was 8.0% . The aggregate fair value of restricted stock vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 , was $0.5 million and $2.8 million , respectively. The aggregate fair value of restricted stock vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , was $5.1 million and $7.5 million , respectively. The performance vesting restricted shares are subject to performance measures that are currently not considered “probable” of attainment and as such, no compensation cost has been recorded for these shares. The performance vesting restricted shares are eligible to vest in 2017 . A summary of the Company’s unvested restricted stock unit grants and changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is as follows: Service Vesting Restricted Stock Units Performance Vesting Restricted Stock Units Total Restricted Stock Units Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Units Weighted Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at December 31, 2016 425,721 $ 30.89 656,285 $ 30.49 1,082,006 $ 30.65 Granted 714,950 $ 18.29 26,000 $ 20.25 740,950 $ 18.36 Forfeited (54,474 ) $ 29.14 (133,200 ) $ 30.04 (187,674 ) $ 29.78 Vested (120,935 ) $ 30.65 — $ — (120,935 ) $ 30.65 Outstanding at September 30, 2017 965,262 $ 21.69 549,085 $ 30.12 1,514,347 $ 24.74 The estimated forfeiture rate applied to the Company’s service vesting restricted stock unit grants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 , was 8.0% . The aggregate fair value of restricted stock units vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 , was $0.6 million and $2.2 million , respectively. The aggregate fair value of restricted stock units vested during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 , was $0.6 million and $1.8 million , respectively. Restricted stock units are not outstanding shares and do not have any voting or dividend rights. At the time of vesting, a share of common stock representing each restricted stock unit vested will be issued by the Company. The performance vesting restricted stock units are subject to performance measures that are currently not considered “probable” of attainment and as such, no compensation cost has been recorded for these units. The performance vesting restricted stock units are eligible to vest between 2017 and 2020 . Including performance-based equity awards, the Company had $38.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, unvested restricted stock and unvested restricted stock units as of September 30, 2017 . Excluding the $17.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock and unvested restricted stock units that are subject to performance measures that are currently not considered “probable” of attainment, unrecognized compensation cost is $21.0 million . No compensation expense is recognized for unvested restricted stock or unvested restricted stock units subject to performance measures that are not considered “probable” of attainment. Unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options and unvested non-performance-based restricted stock is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years. The following table sets forth the gross share-based compensation cost resulting from stock options, unvested restricted stock and unvested restricted stock units that were recorded in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Cost of product revenue $ 73 $ 78 $ 189 $ 243 Cost of service revenue 59 59 194 195 Research and development, net 798 834 2,596 2,365 Sales and marketing 650 907 1,850 2,614 General and administrative 1,005 861 2,814 2,969 Total $ 2,585 $ 2,739 $ 7,643 $ 8,386 |