Fair Value Measurements | 3 Months Ended |
Mar. 31, 2015 |
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] | |
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements |
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The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record certain assets and liabilities at fair value. |
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Valuation Hierarchy |
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U.S. GAAP establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The hierarchy is based on the transparency of the inputs used in the valuation process with the highest priority given to quoted prices available in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs where no active market exists, as discussed below. |
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Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets in which the Company can participate as of the measurement date; |
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Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, and other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument; and |
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Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company's own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. |
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A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input within the valuation hierarchy that is significant to the overall fair value measurement. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of the reporting period. |
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The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. |
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Assets |
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Investment securities available-for-sale. These securities are comprised of U.S. government sponsored agencies and municipal obligations. The Company measures fair value using prices obtained from pricing services. A review is performed on the security prices received from the pricing services, which includes discussion and analysis of the inputs used by the pricing services to value our securities. Where possible, fair values are generated using market inputs including quoted prices (the closing price in an exchange market), bid prices (the price at which a buyer stands ready to purchase) and other market information. For fixed income securities that are not actively traded, the pricing services use alternative methods to determine fair value for the securities, including; quotes for similar fixed-income securities, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow using benchmark curves or other factors to determine fair value. U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage backed securities are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, U.S. government sponsored collateralized mortgage obligation securities are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy and all other debt securities are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. |
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Loans held-for-sale. The Company generally estimates the fair value of loans held-for-sale based on quoted market prices for securities backed by similar types of loans. Where quoted market prices were available, such market prices were utilized as estimates for fair values. Otherwise, the fair value of loans was computed by discounting cash flows using observable inputs inclusive of interest rates, prepayment speeds and loss assumptions for similar collateral. These loans are classified as level 2. |
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Loans held-for-investment. Loans held-for-investment are generally recorded at amortized cost. The Company does not record these loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan becomes impaired when it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once a loan is identified as impaired, the fair value of the impaired loan is estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, market value of similar debt, or discounted cash flows. The fair value of the underlying collateral is determined, where possible, using market prices derived from appraisals or broker price opinions which are considered to be level 3. Fair value may also be measured using the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. The Company records the impaired loans as a non-recurring level 3 valuation. |
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Loans held-for-investment that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are loans that were previously recorded as loans held-for-sale but subsequently transferred to the held-for-investment category. As the Company selected the fair value option for the held-for-sale loans, they continue to be reported at fair value and measured consistent with the level 2 methodology for loans held-for-sale. |
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The HELOC loans associated with the FSTAR 2005-1 and FSTAR 2006-2 securitization trusts have been recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statement as loans held-for-investment at fair value. The Company records these loans as a recurring level 3 valuation. |
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Also included in loans held-for-investment are the second mortgage loans associated with the previous FSTAR 2006-1 mortgage securitization trust. The loans are carried at fair value and valued using a discounted estimated net future cash flow model and therefore classified within the level 3 valuation hierarchy as the model utilizes significant inputs which are unobservable. See Note 6 - Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") for additional information. |
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Repossessed assets. Repossessed assets are measured and reported at fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for loan losses based upon the fair value of the repossessed asset. The fair value of repossessed assets, upon initial recognition, are estimated using level 3 inputs based on customized discounting criteria. The significant unobservable inputs used in the level 3 fair value measurements of the Company's impaired loans and repossessed assets primarily relate to internal valuations or analysis. |
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Mortgage Servicing Rights ("MSRs"). The current market for MSRs is not sufficiently liquid to provide participants with quoted market prices. Therefore, the Company uses an option-adjusted spread valuation approach to determine the fair value of MSRs. This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows under multiple interest rate scenarios and discounting these cash flows using risk-adjusted discount rates. The key assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include mortgage prepayment speeds and discount rates. Management obtains third-party valuations of the MSR portfolio on a quarterly basis from independent valuation experts to assess the reasonableness of the fair value calculated by its internal valuation model. In certain circumstances, based on the probability of the completion of a sale of MSRs pursuant to a bona-fide purchase offer, the Company considers the bid price of that offer and identifiable transaction costs in comparison to the calculated fair value and may adjust the estimate of fair value to reflect the terms of the pending transaction. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, MSRs are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. |
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Other investments. The fair value of the reverse repurchase agreement is determined by cost, which approximates the fair value. The reverse repurchase agreement is guaranteed by a third party and secured by government and agency securities, which are held by a third party. In case of default, the Company would receive the collateral from the third party. The reverse repurchase agreement is included in other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. |
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Derivative financial instruments. Certain classes of derivative contracts are listed on an exchange and are actively traded, and they are therefore classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. These include U.S. Treasury futures and U.S. Treasury options. The Company's forward loan sale commitments and interest rate swaps are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets in an active market with inputs that are observable and are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Rate lock commitments are valued using internal models with significant unobservable market parameters and therefore are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and determined that the credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. The derivatives are reported in either other assets or other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. |
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Liabilities |
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Warrants. Warrant liabilities are valued using a binomial lattice model and are classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Significant observable inputs include expected volatility, a risk free rate and an expected life. Warrant liabilities are reported in "other liabilities" on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. |
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Long-term debt. The Company records the long-term debt associated with the FSTAR 2005-1 and FSTAR 2006-2 HELOC securitization trusts at fair value. The fair value of the debt is estimated using quantitative models which incorporate observable and, in some instances, unobservable inputs including security prices, interest rate yield curves, option volatility, currency, commodity or equity rates and correlations between these inputs. The Company also considers the impact of its own credit spreads in determining the discount rate used to value these liabilities. The credit spread is determined by reference to observable spreads in the secondary bond markets, which are considered to be level 3. The Company records this debt as a recurring level 3 valuation. |
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Litigation settlement. Upon settlement of the DOJ litigation settlement, we elected the fair value option to account for the liability representing the remaining future payments. As of March 31, 2015 the remaining future payments totaled $118 million for which we use a discounted cash flow model to determine the current fair value. The model utilizes our forecast and considers multiple scenarios and possible outcomes that impact the timing of the additional payments which are discounted using a risk free rate adjusted for nonperformance risk that represents our credit risk. These scenarios are probability weighted and consider the view of an independent market participant to estimate the most likely fair value of the liability. |
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The liability is classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy as the projections of earnings and growth rate assumptions are unobservable inputs which affect the estimated timing of the cash flow payments. The Company considers factors which could affect those projections from the perspective of a market participant, which is incorporated into the assessment of fair value. The litigation settlement is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Financial Statements and changes in the fair value of the litigation settlement will be recorded each quarter in other noninterest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. |
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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis |
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The following tables present the financial instruments carried at fair value as of March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, by caption on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and by level in the valuation hierarchy (as described above). |
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| Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total Fair | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Value | | | | | | | | | | | | |
March 31, 2015 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Investment securities available-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Agency | $ | — | | | $ | 1,280 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,280 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations | — | | | 1,015 | | | — | | | 1,015 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | — | | | 2,044 | | | — | | | 2,044 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | — | | | 26 | | | — | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Second mortgage loans | — | | | — | | | 50 | | | 50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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HELOC loans | — | | | — | | | 113 | | | 113 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage servicing rights | — | | | — | | | 279 | | | 279 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | — | | | — | | | 55 | | | 55 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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U.S. Treasury and euro dollar futures | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage backed securities forwards | 1 | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate swaps | — | | | 7 | | | — | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total derivative assets | 4 | | | 7 | | | 55 | | | 66 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Other investments | — | | | — | | | 100 | | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total assets at fair value | $ | 4 | | | $ | 4,372 | | | $ | 597 | | | $ | 4,973 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward agency and loans sales | $ | — | | | $ | (26 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (26 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Swap futures | (1 | ) | | — | | | — | | | (1 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate swaps | — | | | (8 | ) | | — | | | (8 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total derivative liabilities | (1 | ) | | (34 | ) | | — | | | (35 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Warrant liabilities | — | | | (5 | ) | | — | | | (5 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Long-term debt | — | | | — | | | (70 | ) | | (70 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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DOJ litigation settlement | — | | | — | | | (82 | ) | | (82 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total liabilities at fair value | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (39 | ) | | $ | (152 | ) | | $ | (192 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total Fair | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Value | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2014 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Investment securities available-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Agency | $ | — | | | $ | 389 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 389 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Agency-collateralized mortgage obligations | — | | | 1,281 | | | — | | | 1,281 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Municipal obligations | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | — | | | 1,196 | | | — | | | 1,196 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | — | | | 26 | | | — | | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Second mortgage loans | — | | | — | | | 53 | | | 53 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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HELOC loans | — | | | — | | | 132 | | | 132 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage servicing rights | — | | | — | | | 258 | | | 258 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury and euro dollar futures | 7 | | | — | | | — | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Rate lock commitments | — | | | — | | | 31 | | | 31 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage backed securities forwards | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate swaps | — | | | 6 | | | — | | | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total derivative assets | 9 | | | 6 | | | 31 | | | 46 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Other investments | — | | | — | | | 100 | | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total assets at fair value | $ | 9 | | | $ | 2,898 | | | $ | 576 | | | $ | 3,483 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward agency and loan sales | $ | — | | | $ | (13 | ) | | $ | — | | | (13 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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U.S. Treasury and euro dollar futures | (1 | ) | | — | | | — | | | (1 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate swaps | — | | | (6 | ) | | — | | | (6 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total derivative liabilities | (1 | ) | | (19 | ) | | — | | | (20 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Warrant liabilities | — | | | (6 | ) | | — | | | (6 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Long-term debt | — | | | — | | | (84 | ) | | (84 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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DOJ litigation settlement | — | | | — | | | (82 | ) | | (82 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Total liabilities at fair value | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (25 | ) | | $ | (166 | ) | | $ | (192 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The Company had no transfers of assets or liabilities recorded at fair value between fair value levels during the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014. |
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A determination to classify a financial instrument within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. The Company manages the risk associated with the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within level 1 or level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. If the market for an instrument becomes more liquid or active and pricing models become available which allow for readily observable inputs, the Company will transfer the instruments from level 3 to level 2 valuation hierarchy. The assets and/or liabilities transferred are valued at the end of the period. Gains and losses in the tables do not reflect the effect of the Company's risk management activities related to such level 3 instruments. |
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Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs |
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The tables below include a roll forward of the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition amounts for the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 (including the change in fair value) for financial instruments classified by the Company within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. |
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| | Recorded in Earnings | Recorded in OCI | | | | | |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 | Balance at | Total Unrealized Gains / (Losses) | Total Realized Gains / (Losses) | Total Unrealized Gains / (Losses) | Purchases | Sales | Settlements | Balance at | Changes in Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Held at End of Period (3) |
Beginning of | End of |
Period | Period |
Assets | (Dollars in millions) |
Other investments | $ | 100 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 100 | | $ | — | |
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Investment securities available-for-sale (1)(2) | | | | | | | | | |
Municipal obligation | 2 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (2.0 | ) | — | | — | |
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Loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | |
Second mortgage loans | 53.1 | | — | | 0.4 | | — | | — | | — | | (3.1 | ) | 50.4 | | (0.1 | ) |
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HELOC loans | 131.6 | | (4.1 | ) | (0.3 | ) | — | | — | | — | | (14.7 | ) | 112.5 | | (1.6 | ) |
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Mortgage servicing rights | 257.8 | | (25.5 | ) | — | | — | | 67.9 | | (21.6 | ) | — | | 278.6 | | (7.7 | ) |
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Totals | $ | 544.5 | | $ | (29.6 | ) | $ | 0.1 | | $ | — | | $ | 67.9 | | $ | (21.6 | ) | $ | (19.8 | ) | $ | 541.5 | | $ | (9.4 | ) |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | (83.8 | ) | $ | — | | $ | (1.5 | ) | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 15.5 | | $ | (69.8 | ) | $ | — | |
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DOJ litigation settlement | (81.6 | ) | 0.1 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (81.5 | ) | — | |
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Totals | $ | (165.4 | ) | $ | 0.1 | | $ | (1.5 | ) | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 15.5 | | $ | (151.3 | ) | $ | — | |
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Derivative financial instruments (net) | | | | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | $ | 30.7 | | $ | 37.3 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 97.9 | | $ | (97.0 | ) | $ | (14.4 | ) | $ | 54.5 | | $ | 17.2 | |
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Totals | $ | 30.7 | | $ | 37.3 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 97.9 | | $ | (97.0 | ) | $ | (14.4 | ) | $ | 54.5 | | $ | 17.2 | |
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | | |
Loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | |
Second mortgage loans | $ | 64.7 | | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | 0.4 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | (3.2 | ) | $ | 61.5 | | $ | — | |
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HELOC loans | 155 | | (1.9 | ) | 1.5 | | — | | 0.1 | | — | | (4.0 | ) | 150.7 | | 7.3 | |
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Mortgage servicing rights | 284.7 | | (9.6 | ) | — | | — | | 51 | | (5.9 | ) | — | | 320.2 | | (4.1 | ) |
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Derivative financial instruments | | | | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | 10.3 | | 33 | | — | | — | | 59.1 | | (64.9 | ) | (16.2 | ) | 21.3 | | (0.6 | ) |
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Totals | $ | 514.7 | | $ | 21.1 | | $ | 1.9 | | $ | — | | $ | 110.2 | | $ | (70.8 | ) | $ | (23.4 | ) | $ | 553.7 | | $ | 2.6 | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | (105.8 | ) | $ | — | | $ | (1.3 | ) | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 5.4 | | $ | (101.7 | ) | $ | 1.3 | |
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DOJ litigation settlement | (93.0 | ) | — | | (1.0 | ) | — | | — | | — | | — | | (94.0 | ) | — | |
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Totals | $ | (198.8 | ) | $ | — | | $ | (2.3 | ) | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 5.4 | | $ | (195.7 | ) | $ | 1.3 | |
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-1 | Realized gains (losses), including unrealized losses deemed other-than-temporary and related to credit issues, are reported in noninterest income. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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-2 | U.S. government agency investment securities available-for-sale are valued predominantly using quoted broker/dealer prices with adjustments to reflect for any assumptions a willing market participant would include in its valuation. Non-agency CMOs classified as available-for-sale are valued using internal valuation models and pricing information from third parties. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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-3 | Reflects the changes in the unrealized gains (losses) related to financial instruments held at the end of the period. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The following tables present the quantitative information about recurring level 3 fair value financial instruments and the fair value measurements as of March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. |
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| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
March 31, 2015 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Second mortgage loans | $ | 50 | | Discounted cash flows | Discount rate | 7.2% - 10.8% (9.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Prepay rate - 12 month historical average | 9.3% - 13.9% (11.6%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CDR rate - 12 month historical average | 2.4% - 3.6% (3.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
HELOC loans | $ | 112 | | Discounted cash flows | Yield | 8.2% - 12.3% (10.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life (CPR) | 13.1% - 19.7% (16.4%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life (CDR) | 16.7% - 25.0% (20.8%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Discount loss severity | 32.1% - 48.2% (40.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage servicing rights | $ | 279 | | Discounted cash flows | Option adjusted spread | 7.0% - 10.5% (8.8%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Constant prepayment rate | 12.2% - 17.4% (14.9%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average cost to service per loan | $67 - $88 ($78) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivative financial instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | $ | 55 | | Consensus pricing | Origination pull-through rate | 65.3% - 98.0% (81.7%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | (70 | ) | Discounted cash flows | Discount rate | 6.5% - 9.7% (8.1%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Prepay rate - 3 month historical average | 26.2% - 39.3% (32.8%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life | 0.3 - 0.5 (0.4) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
DOJ litigation settlement | $ | (82 | ) | Discounted cash flows | Asset growth rate | 4.4% - 6.6% (5.5%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
MSR growth rate | 0.9% - 1.4% (1.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Return on assets (ROA) improvement | 0.02% - 0.04% (0.03%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Peer group ROA | 0.5% - 0.8% (0.7%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2014 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Second mortgage loans | $ | 53 | | Discounted cash flows | Discount rate | 7.2% - 10.8% (9.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Prepay rate - 12 month historical average | 11.3% - 17.0% (14.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CDR rate - 12 month historical average | 2.4% - 3.6% (3.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
HELOC loans | $ | 132 | | Discounted cash flows | Yield | 8.0% - 12.0% (10.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life (CPR) | 7.2% - 10.8% (9.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life (CDR) | 6.6% - 9.9% (8.3%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Discount loss severity | 60.2% - 90.2% (75.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Mortgage servicing rights | $ | 258 | | Discounted cash flows | Option adjusted spread | 7.1% - 10.7% (8.9%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Constant prepayment rate | 12.2% - 17.1% (15.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average cost to service per loan | $67 - $88 ($78) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivative financial instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | $ | 31 | | Consensus pricing | Origination pull-through rate | 66.2% - 99.3% (82.7%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | (84 | ) | Discounted cash flows | Discount rate | 6.4% - 9.6% (8.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Prepay rate - 3 month historical average | 16.0% - 24.0% (20.0%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted average life | 0.5 - 0.7 (0.6) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
DOJ litigation settlement | $ | (82 | ) | Discounted cash flows | Asset growth rate | 4.4% - 6.6% (5.5%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
MSR growth rate | 0.9% - 1.4% (1.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Return on assets (ROA) improvement | 0.02% - 0.04% (0.03%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Peer group ROA | 0.5% - 0.8% (0.7%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Recurring Significant Unobservable Inputs |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the second mortgage loans associated with the FSTAR 2006-1 mortgage securitization trust are discount rates, prepayment rates, and default rates. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Increases in prepay rates in isolation result in a higher fair value and increases in default rates in isolation result in a lower fair value. |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the HELOC securitization trusts are the yields, discount rates, prepayment rates, loss rates, and loss severity. For the assets, increases (decreases) in the yields in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement; increases (decreases) in prepay rates in isolation would result in a higher (lower) fair value measurement; while increases (decreases) in defaults and loss severities in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value. For the liabilities, increases (decreases) in the discount rate in isolation would result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement; increases (decreases) in prepayment rates in isolation would result in a shorter (longer) weighted average life and ultimately a higher (lower) fair value measurement. |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the MSRs are option adjusted spreads, prepayment rates, and cost to service. Significant increases (decreases) in all the assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. The fair value of MSRs is estimated using a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, taking into consideration expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs, and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The Company obtains third-party valuations of its MSRs on a quarterly basis to assess the reasonableness of the fair value calculated by the valuation model. In certain circumstances, based on the probability of the completion of a sale of MSRs pursuant to a bona-fide purchase offer, the Company considers the bid price of that offer and identifiable transaction costs in comparison to the calculated fair value and may adjust the estimate of fair value to reflect the terms of the pending transaction. |
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The key economic assumptions used in determining the fair value of those MSRs capitalized during the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014 periods were as follows. |
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| Three Months Ended March 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | | 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average life (in years) | 7.3 | | | 7.8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Weighted-average constant prepayment rate | 13.6 | % | | 12.2 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average discount rate | 10.8 | % | | 11.8 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The key economic assumptions reflected in the overall fair value of the entire portfolio of MSRs were as follows. |
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| March 31, | | December 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2015 | 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average life (in years) | 6.7 | | | 6.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Weighted-average constant prepayment rate | 14.9 | % | | 15 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average discount rate | 10.5 | % | | 10.9 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the rate lock commitments is the pull through rate. The pull through rate is a statistical analysis of the Company's actual rate lock fallout history to determine the sensitivity of the residential mortgage loan pipeline compared to interest rate changes and other deterministic values. New market prices are applied based on updated loan characteristics and new fall-out ratios (i.e., the inverse of the pull through rate) are applied accordingly. Significant increases (decreases) in the pull through rate in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the DOJ litigation settlement are future balance sheet and growth rate projections for overall asset growth, MSR growth, peer group return on assets and return on assets improvement. The current assumptions are based on management's approved, strategic performance targets beyond the current strategic modeling horizon (2015). The Bank's target asset growth rate post-2015 is based on growth in the balance sheet. Significant increases (decreases) in the Bank's growth rate in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the Bank's MSR growth rate in isolation could result in a marginally lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the peer group's return on assets improvement in isolation could result in a marginally higher (lower) fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the Bank's return on assets improvement in isolation could result in a marginally higher (lower) fair value measurement. |
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis |
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The Company also has assets that under certain conditions are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are measured at the lower of cost or fair value and had a fair value below cost at the end of the period as summarized below. |
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| | Level 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
March 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impaired loans held-for-investment (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | | $ | 51 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets (2) | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Totals | | $ | 67 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impaired loans held-for-investment (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | | $ | 74 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets (2) | | 19 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Totals | | $ | 93 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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-1 | The Company recorded $3.5 million and $9.9 million in fair value losses on impaired loans (included in provision for loan losses on Consolidated Statements of Operations) during the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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-2 | The Company recorded $0.5 million in losses related to write downs of repossessed assets based on the estimated fair value of the specific assets during both the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, and recognized a net loss of $0.2 million and a net gain of $0.8 million on sales of repossessed assets (both write downs and net gains/losses are included in assets resolution expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations) during the three months ended March 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The following tables present the quantitative information about non-recurring level 3 fair value financial instruments and the fair value measurements as of March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. |
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| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
March 31, 2015 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impaired loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | $ | 51 | | Fair value of collateral | Loss severity discount | 35.0% - 45.0% (38.2%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets | $ | 16 | | Fair value of collateral | Loss severity discount | 2.6% - 69.2% (45.8%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
December 31, 2014 | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impaired loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential first mortgage loans | $ | 74 | | Fair value of collateral | Loss severity discount | 35% - 47% (36.9%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets | $ | 19 | | Fair value of collateral | Loss severity discount | 7% - 100% (45.4%) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Non-Recurring Significant Unobservable Inputs |
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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the impaired loans and repossessed assets are appraisals or other third party price opinions which incorporate measures such as recent sales prices for comparable properties. |
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments |
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The following tables present the carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments that are carried either at fair value or cost. |
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| March 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Estimated Fair Value | | | | | | | | |
| Carrying | | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | | | | | | | |
Value | | | | | | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | |
Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 241 | | | $ | 241 | | | $ | 241 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Other investments | 100 | | | 100 | | | — | | | — | | | 100 | | | | | | | | | |
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Investment securities available-for-sale | 2,295 | | | 2,295 | | | — | | | 2,295 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-sale | 2,097 | | | 2,137 | | | — | | | 2,137 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans with government guarantees | 704 | | | 683 | | | — | | | 683 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment, net | 4,378 | | | 4,259 | | | — | | | 26 | | | 4,233 | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets | 17 | | | 17 | | | — | | | — | | | 17 | | | | | | | | | |
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Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 155 | | | 155 | | | 155 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage servicing rights | 279 | | | 279 | | | — | | | — | | | 279 | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury and euro dollar futures | 3 | | | 3 | | | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Rate lock commitments | 55 | | | 55 | | | — | | | — | | | 55 | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage back securities forwards | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Interest rate swaps | 7 | | | 7 | | | — | | | 7 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retail deposits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Demand deposits and savings accounts | (4,819 | ) | | (4,614 | ) | | — | | | (4,614 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Certificates of deposit | (775 | ) | | (778 | ) | | — | | | (778 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Government deposits | (943 | ) | | (913 | ) | | — | | | (913 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Company controlled deposits | (1,012 | ) | | (1,008 | ) | | — | | | (1,008 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (1,625 | ) | | (1,625 | ) | | (1,625 | ) | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Long-term debt | (317 | ) | | (154 | ) | | — | | | (84 | ) | | (70 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Warrant liabilities | (5 | ) | | (5 | ) | | — | | | (5 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Litigation settlement | (82 | ) | | (82 | ) | | — | | | — | | | (82 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Forward agency and loan sales | (26 | ) | | (26 | ) | | — | | | (26 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Customer initiated derivative interest rate swaps | (8 | ) | | (8 | ) | | — | | | (8 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Swap futures | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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| 31-Dec-14 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Estimated Fair Value | | | | | | | | |
| Carrying | | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | | | | | | | |
Value | | | | | | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | |
Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 136 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Other investments | 100 | | | 100 | | | — | | | — | | | 100 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Investment securities available-for-sale | 1,672 | | | 1,672 | | | — | | | 1,670 | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Loans held-for-sale | 1,244 | | | 1,196 | | | — | | | 1,196 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans repurchased with government guarantees | 1,128 | | | 1,094 | | | — | | | 1,094 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment, net | 4,151 | | | 3,998 | | | — | | | 26 | | | 3,972 | | | | | | | | | |
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Repossessed assets | 19 | | | 19 | | | — | | | — | | | 19 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 155 | | | 155 | | | 155 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Mortgage servicing rights | 258 | | | 258 | | | — | | | — | | | 258 | | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Customer initiated derivative interest rate swaps | 6 | | | 6 | | | — | | | 6 | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury futures | 7 | | | 7 | | | 7 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Forward agency and loan sales | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Rate lock commitments | 31 | | | 31 | | | — | | | — | | | 31 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Agency forwards | 2 | | | 2 | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Retail deposits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Demand deposits and savings accounts | (4,565 | ) | | (4,291 | ) | | — | | | (4,291 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Certificates of deposit | (813 | ) | | (816 | ) | | — | | | (816 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Government accounts | (918 | ) | | (884 | ) | | — | | | (884 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Company controlled deposits | (773 | ) | | (770 | ) | | — | | | (770 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | (514 | ) | | (514 | ) | | (514 | ) | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | (331 | ) | | (172 | ) | | — | | | (88 | ) | | (84 | ) | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Warrant liabilities | (6 | ) | | (6 | ) | | — | | | (6 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Litigation settlement | (82 | ) | | (82 | ) | | — | | | — | | | (82 | ) | | | | | | | | |
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Derivative Financial Instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Customer initiated derivative interest rate swaps | (6 | ) | | (6 | ) | | — | | | (6 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury futures | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Forward agency and loan sales | (13 | ) | | (13 | ) | | — | | | (13 | ) | | — | | | | | | | | | |
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The methods and assumptions used by the Company in estimating fair value of financial instruments which are required for disclosure only, are as follows: |
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Cash and cash equivalents. Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value. |
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Loans with government guarantees. The fair value is estimated by using internally developed discounted cash flow models using market interest rate inputs as well as management’s best estimate of spreads for similar collateral. |
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Loans held-for-investment. The fair value is estimated using internally developed discounted cash flow models using market interest rate inputs as well as management’s best estimate of spreads for similar collateral. |
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Federal Home Loan Bank stock. No secondary market exists for Federal Home Loan Bank stock. The stock is bought and sold at par by the Federal Home Loan Bank. Management believes that the recorded value equals the fair value. |
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Deposit accounts. The fair value of demand deposits and savings accounts approximates the carrying amount. The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit is estimated using the rates currently offered for certificates of deposit with similar remaining maturities. |
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Federal Home Loan Bank advances. Rates currently available for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate the fair value of the existing debt. |
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Long-term debt. The fair value of the long-term debt is estimated based on a discounted cash flow model that incorporates current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. |
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Fair Value Option |
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The Company elected the fair value option for certain items as discussed throughout the Notes above of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, herein, to mitigate a divergence between accounting losses and economic exposure. |
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The following table reflects the change in fair value included in earnings (and the account recorded in) for the assets and liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected. |
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| | Three Months Ended March 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2015 | | 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loans held-for-sale | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net gain on loan sales | $ | 105.2 | | | $ | 63 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest income on loans | $ | 3.3 | | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| Other noninterest income | (20.3 | ) | | (4.3 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other noninterest income | $ | 14.7 | | | $ | 4.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Litigation settlement | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other noninterest expense | $ | (0.1 | ) | | $ | (1.0 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of March 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 for assets and liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected. |
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| | March 31, 2015 | | December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | |
| | (Dollars in millions) | | | | | | | |
| | Unpaid Principal Balance | Fair Value | Fair Value Over / (Under) Unpaid Principal Balance | Unpaid Principal Balance | Fair Value | Fair Value Over / (Under) Unpaid Principal Balance | | | | | | | |
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Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nonaccrual loans | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loans held-for-sale | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | 12 | | 5 | | (7 | ) | | 11 | | 5 | | (6 | ) | | | | | | | |
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Total nonaccrual loans | $ | 12 | | $ | 5 | | (7 | ) | | $ | 11 | | $ | 5 | | $ | (6 | ) | | | | | | | |
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Other performing loans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loans held-for-sale | $ | 1,957 | | $ | 2,044 | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 1,144 | | $ | 1,196 | | $ | 52 | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | 204 | | 184 | | (20 | ) | | 225 | | 206 | | (19 | ) | | | | | | | |
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Total other performing loans | $ | 2,161 | | $ | 2,228 | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 1,369 | | $ | 1,402 | | $ | 33 | | | | | | | | |
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Total loans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Loans held-for-sale | $ | 1,957 | | $ | 2,044 | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 1,144 | | $ | 1,196 | | $ | 52 | | | | | | | | |
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Loans held-for-investment | 216 | | 189 | | (27 | ) | | 236 | | 211 | | (25 | ) | | | | | | | |
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Total loans | $ | 2,173 | | $ | 2,233 | | $ | 60 | | | $ | 1,380 | | $ | 1,407 | | $ | 27 | | | | | | | | |
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Liabilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | $ | (72 | ) | $ | (70 | ) | $ | 2 | | | $ | (88 | ) | $ | (84 | ) | $ | 4 | | | | | | | | |
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Litigation settlement | N/A (1) | (82 | ) | N/A (1) | | N/A (1) | (82 | ) | N/A (1) | | | | | | | |
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-1 | Remaining principal outstanding is not applicable to the litigation settlement because it does not obligate the Company to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, but instead return $118 million based upon performance on the underlying terms in the Agreement. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |