Property and equipment includes amenity assets such as club facilities on properties we own. The cost of amenity assets includes expenditures for land acquisition, construction, land development and direct and allocated costs. Property and equipment owned and constructed by us also includes interest cost incurred during development and construction.
Each reporting period, we review our property and equipment for indicators of impairment in accordance with ASC 360. For our amenities, which are located within our housing communities, indicators of impairment are similar to those of our housing communities (described above), as these factors may impact our ability to generate revenues at our amenities or cause construction costs to increase. In addition, we factor in the collectability and potential delinquency of the fees due for our amenity memberships. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we did not identify indicators of impairment for our property and equipment.
Goodwill
Goodwill arises from business combinations and represents the excess of the consideration transferred for an acquired entity over the net fair value amounts that were assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. There were no indicators of impairment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize homebuilding, amenity and land sales revenues in accordance with ASC 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), which requires revenue to be recognized in a manner to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services.
Our homebuilding contracts require us to construct and deliver homes to our customers. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Homebuilding revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the property are transferred to the homebuyer.
We own and operate certain amenities pursuant to recorded mandatory club plans, which require us to provide members with access to amenity facilities in exchange for the payment of club dues. We collect club dues and other fees from our members, which are billed on a monthly basis. Our performance obligation is to make available the club amenities on an ongoing basis. Accordingly, we recognize revenue over the period for which dues have been paid. Revenue from our golf club operations is also included in amenity revenue and is recognized as the service is provided.
Our contracts for sales of land involve the selling of real property. The transaction price is stated in the final sales contract that is signed by the customer. Land sales revenue is recognized at closing when payment is due and when title to and possession of the real property are transferred to the buyer.
We report our revenue from contracts with customers by type of good or service and by geographical regions, as we believe this achieves the disclosure objective to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and segment operating statements in Note 7,Segment Information, for our disaggregated revenue disclosures.
We have contract assets that consist of cash from home closings held in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, which are considered depositsin-transit and classified as cash. Contract liabilities include earnest money deposits collected from home or land buyers pursuant to our written sales contracts. These deposits remain classified as liabilities and are recognized as revenue at the time of closing when full payment is received. If a contract is cancelled by a customer and the related deposit isnon-refundable, the deposit is recognized as homebuilding or land sales revenue. See the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for our customer deposits balances as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized $0.8 million and $9.5 million, respectively, of homebuilding revenue that was included in our customer deposit liability balance as of December 31, 2017. SeeWarranty Costs within this Note 1,Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for information on warranties and related obligations.
A number of practical expedients are available in the application of the recognition and measurement principles with ASC 606. We have elected to apply the portfolio approach to our homebuilding and amenity contracts rather than evaluating individual contracts since the characteristics of each type of contract are similar. In addition, since our homebuilding and land sale contracts are typically completed in less than a year, we have not disclosed the transaction price for the remaining performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when we expect to recognize this revenue. For amenity contracts, we have elected to use the invoice practical expedient since we determined that we have a right to invoice an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date.
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