During the 2005 financial year, the expenses for auditing and consulting amounted to € 414 thousand for the bank and € 440 thousand for the group. These costs are made up of following amounts:
The members of the Board of Managing Directors and the Advisory Board for the 2005 financial year are to be found on pages 61-62.
Back to Contents
Executive Bodies
The following are the members of the Board of Managing Directors (Vorstand) and the Advisory Board (Verwaltungsrat) for the financial year 2005.
Board of Managing Directors
Hans Jürgen Ploog
Dipl.-Kfm. Dr. h. c. Uwe Zimpelmann (Chairman)
Advisory Board
Chairman:
Präsident Gerd Sonnleitner, Deutscher Bauernverband e.V., Berlin
Deputy Chairman:
Renate Künast, Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, Berlin (through October 4, 2005)
Matthias Berninger, Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär, Berlin (Permanent deputy, through October 4, 2005)
Jürgen Trittin, Bundesminister für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Berlin (from October 4, 2005, through November 21, 2005)
Horst Seehofer, Bundesminister für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin (since November 22, 2005)
Representatives of the Deutscher Bauernverband e.V.:
Präsident Heinz Christian Bär, Hessischer Bauernverband e.V., Friedrichsdorf
Generalsekretär Dr. Helmut Born, Deutscher Bauernverband e.V., Berlin Präsidentin
Erika Lenz, Deutscher Landfrauenverband e.V., Berlin
Präsident Norbert Schindler, MdB, Bauern- und Winzerverband Rheinland-Pfalz Süd e.V., Mainz
Präsident Otto-Dietrich Steensen, Schleswig-Holsteinischer Bauernverband e.V., Rendsburg
Representatives of the Deutscher Raiffeisenverband e.V.:
Präsident Manfred Nüssel, Deutscher Raiffeisenverband e.V., Bonn
Representatives of the Food Industry:
Dr. Peter Traumann, Vorsitzender des Vorstandes der Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Ernährungsindustrie e.V., Bonn (through May 14, 2005)
Präsident a. D. Dr. Johannes Ströh, Bundesverband der Agrargewerblichen Wirtschaft e.V., Bonn (since May 15, 2005)
- 61 -
Back to Contents
State Ministers of Agriculture:
Bavaria:
Josef Miller, Staatsminister für Landwirtschaft und Forsten, München
Brandenburg:
Dr. Dietmar Woidke, Minister für Ländliche Entwicklung, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Potsdam
Free and Hanseatic City Hamburg:
Gunther Bonz, Staatsrat der Behörde für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, Hamburg
Representatives of the Trade Unions:
Hans-Joachim Wilms, Stellvertretender Bundesvorsitzender der IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt, Berlin
Representative of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection:
Herbert Küster, Ministerialdirigent, Bonn
Representative of the Federal Ministry of Finance:
Dietrich Jahn, Ministerialdirigent, Berlin
Representatives of banks or other loan specialists:
Dr. Rolf-E. Breuer, former Sprecher des Vorstands and former Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der Deutsche Bank AG, Frankfurt am Main
Dr. Ulrich Brixner, Vorsitzender des Vorstandes der DZ BANK AG Deutschen Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank, Frankfurt am Main
Dr. Dietrich Hoppenstedt, former Präsident des Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverbandes e.V., Berlin
- 62 -
Back to Contents
ACCOUNTANT’S REPORT
For the complete annual financial statements and the management report we have issued an unqualified Auditors' Report according to § 322 HGB (“German Commercial Code”). The translation of the Auditors' Report reads as follows:
Independent Auditors' Report
We have audited the annual financial statements - consisting of balance sheet, profit and loss account and notes - together with the bookkeeping system of the Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank, Frankfurt am Main, as well as the consolidated financial statements - consisting of balance sheet, profit and loss account, notes, cash flow statement, segment report and capital development summary - and its management report and consolidated management report prepared by the Bank for the business year from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2005. The preparation of these documents in accordance with German commercial law as well as the supplementary regulations in the Statutes and the Rentenbank Law, are the responsibility of the Board of Managing Directors. Based on our audit, our responsibility is to express an opinion on the annual financial statements, together with the bookkeeping system, as well as on the consolidated financial statements and the management report and consolidated management report.
We conducted our audit of the annual and consolidated financial statements in accordance with § 317 HGB ("German Commercial Code") and German generally accepted standards for the audit of financial statements promulgated by the Institut der Wirtschaftsprüfer. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit such that misstatements materially affecting the presentation of the net assets, financial position and profitability in the annual and the consolidated financial statements in accordance with German principles of proper accounting and in the management report and consolidated management report are detected with reasonable assurance. Knowledge of the business activities and the economic and legal environment of the Bank and the Group and evaluations of possible misstatements are taken into account in the determination of audit procedures. The effectiveness of the accounting-related internal control system and the evidence supporting the disclosures in the books and records, the annual and consolidated financial statements and the management report and consolidated management report are examined primarily on a test basis within the framework of the audit. The audit includes an opinion on the annual financial statements of the companies included in the consolidated financial statements, a classification of subsidiaries for capital consolidation, the used accounting and consolidation principles and the significant estimates made by the Bank’s management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the annual and the consolidated financial statements and the management report and consolidated management report. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Our audit has not led to any reservations.
In our opinion, due to the conclusions received in the auditing process, the annual and the consolidated financial statements of the Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank, Frankfurt am Main, comply with the legal regulations and the supplementary regulations in the Statutes and the Rentenbank Law and give a true and fair view of the net assets, financial position and profitability of the Bank and the Group in accordance with German principles of proper accounting. The management report and consolidated management report is consistent with the annual financial statements and the consolidated annual financial statements, provides a suitable understanding of the Bank's and the Group's position and suitably presents opportunities and risks of future development.
Düsseldorf, 15 March 2006
Deloitte & Touche GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
(Dr. Göttgens) | (Theileis) |
Wirtschaftsprüfer | Wirtschaftsprüfer |
- 63 -
Back to Contents
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ON CONSOLIDATED FUNDED DEBT(1)
Consolidated Funded Debt Outstanding
| | Interest Rate | | Year of Incurrence | | Maturity | | Principal Amount Outstanding at December 31, 2005 | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | | (€ in millions) | |
1. | Promissory Notes/Internat. Loans | | | | | | | | |
| (Schuldscheindarlehen) | 1.705% - 8.381% | | 1996 - 2005 | | 2006 - 2020 | | 864 | |
2. | Registered Bonds | | | | | | | | |
| (Namensschuldverschreibungen) | 0% - 7.10% | | 1973 - 2005 | | 2006 - 2031 | | 7,270 | |
3. | Bearer Bonds | | | | | | | | |
| Secured | 2.66% - 8.703% | | 1997 - 2005 | | 2006 - 2009 | | 2,330 | |
| Unsecured | 0% - 14.75% | | 1995 - 2005 | | 2006 - 2049 | | 54,205 | |
| | | | | | | |
| |
Total consolidated funded debt | | | | | | | 64,669 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| |
(1) Rentenbank’s funded debt includes the following debt in foreign currencies: |
|
| | | Principal Amount Outstanding | |
| Currency | | at December 31, 2005 | |
|
| |
| |
| | | (€ in millions) | |
| Australian dollar | | 4,538 | |
| Canadian dollar | | 1,149 | |
| Mexican peso | | 75 | |
| Polish zloty | | 50 | |
| Hungarian forint | | 21 | |
| Japanese yen | | 2,976 | |
| New Zealand dollar | | 1,292 | |
| Norwegian kroner | | 244 | |
| Pound sterling | | 1,561 | |
| Swedish kroner | | 65 | |
| Turkish lira | | 59 | |
| Swiss francs | | 1,071 | |
| South African rand | | 276 | |
| U.S. dollar | | 26,820 | |
| | |
| |
| | | 40,197 | |
| | |
| |
- 64 -
Back to Contents
Repayment Schedule for Consolidated Funded Debt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | After | | | |
| | | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 2015 | | Total | |
(€ in millions) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1. | | Promissory Notes/Intern.Loans: | 227 | | 139 | | 54 | | 9 | | 225 | | 69 | | - | | - | | 80 | | 2 | | 59 | | 864 | |
| | (Schuldscheindarlehen) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2. | | Registered Bonds | 919 | | 867 | | 1,124 | | 1,113 | | 579 | | 416 | | 462 | | 968 | | 422 | | 312 | | 88 | | 7,270 | |
| | (Namensschuldverschreibungen) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
3. | | Bearer Bonds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Secured | 764 | | 175 | | 86 | | 1,305 | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | 2,330 | |
| | Unsecured | 10,603 | | 13,663 | | 7,851 | | 7,171 | | 6,053 | | 1,987 | | 496 | | 2,091 | | 772 | | 2,036 | | 1,482 | | 54,205 | |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Total | 12,513 | | 14,844 | | 9,115 | | 9,598 | | 6,857 | | 2,472 | | 958 | | 3,059 | | 1,274 | | 2,350 | | 1,629 | | 64,669 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
- 65 -
Back to Contents
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
GENERAL
Area, Location and Population
The Federal Republic is situated in central Europe and comprises an area of about 138,000 square miles. Its total population was in the range of 82.5 million in 2005. Approximately 14% of the total population is concentrated in metropolitan areas with more than 500,000 inhabitants; the largest of these areas are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Dortmund, Stuttgart, Dusseldorf and Bremen.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 2005, Tables 2, 1.1, 2.6)
Government
The Federal Republic is a federated republic whose constitution is codified in the Grundgesetz of 1949. It consists of 16 federal states (Länder). The capital of the Federal Republic is Berlin. The Länder have legislative sovereignty over matters not expressly reserved to the legislative, executive and judicial bodies of the Federal Republic.
The Grundgesetz provides for a Federal President (Bundespräsident), two Houses of Parliament (the Bundestag, which currently has 614 members, and the Bundesrat, which consists of representatives of the 16 Länder governments), a Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) and a Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht). The Chancellor heads the Federal Government, consisting of the Chancellor and the Federal Ministers. The Bundespräsident acts as head of state.
General elections for the Bundestag are generally held every four years. The last general election was held on September 18, 2005.
A political party is not entitled to party representation in the Bundestag unless it receives at least 5% of the votes cast or three direct mandates in a general election. The Chancellor is elected by and is responsible to the Bundestag.
Political Parties
The political parties currently represented in the Bundestag are the Christian Democrats (CDU) and its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), the Social Democrats (SPD), the Free Democrats (FDP), the Left-Wing Party of Democratic Socialism (Die Linke.PDS), which is the successor of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), and the Greens (Bündnis 90/Grüne).
Since 1949, the Federal Republic has been governed by eight Chancellors over 16 electoral periods. In June 2005, following the regional election in North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest of the 16 Länder, the prior government of Chancellor Schroeder (SPD) resigned. New general elections took place in September 2005 which resulted in a so-called “grand coalition” between the two largest political blocs, the Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD), led by Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU).
The following table shows the results of the five most recent general elections to the Bundestag.
| 2005 | | 2002 | | 1998 | | 1994 | | 1990 |
| Elections | | Elections | | Elections | | Elections | | Elections(1) | |
| % of | | | | % of | | | | % of | | | | % of | | | | % of | | | |
| Votes | | Seats | | Votes | | Seats | | Votes | | Seats | | Votes | | Seats | | Votes | | Seats | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CDU/CSU | 35.2 | | 226 | | 38.5 | | 248 | | 35.1 | | 245 | | 41.4 | | 294 | | 43.8 | | 319 | |
SPD | 34.2 | | 222 | | 38.5 | | 251 | | 40.9 | | 298 | | 36.4 | | 252 | | 33.5 | | 239 | |
FDP | 9.8 | | 61 | | 7.4 | | 47 | | 6.2 | | 43 | | 6.9 | | 47 | | 11.0 | | 79 | |
Die Linke.PDS(2) | 8.7 | | 54 | | 4.0 | | 2 | | 5.1 | | 36 | | 4.4 | | 30 | | 2.4 | | 17 | |
Bündnis 90/Grüne(3) | 8.1 | | 51 | | 8.6 | | 55 | | 6.7 | | 47 | | 7.3 | | 49 | | 5.0 | | 8 | |
Others | 3.9 | | — | | 3.0 | | — | | 5.9 | | — | | 3.6 | | — | | 4.2 | | — | |
| | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
Total | | | 614 | | | | 603 | | | | 669 | | | | 672 | | | | 662 | |
| | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
| |
(1) | In 1990, Bündnis 90 (east German Grüne) and PDS were represented in the Bundestag pursuant to special provisions in the Treaty on Unity, relating to the political parties of the eastern Länder. |
Back to Contents
(2) | Includes only the results of the PDS for all elections prior to 2005. |
(3) | Includes the results of the west German Grüne party and of Bündnis 90 (east German Grüne) for 1990; includes the results of the combined Bündnis 90/Grüne for 1994 and all subsequent periods. |
(Sources: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 2005, Tables 4.3 and 4.6; http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahl2005/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse/grafik_stimmenanteile_99-2.html; http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahl2005/ergebnisse/bundesergebnisse/grafik_sitze_99.html)
International Organizations
In addition to the European Union (“EU”) and the European Monetary Union (“EMU”) (described below), the Federal Republic is a member of various major multilateral institutions, including the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association (“World Bank”), the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”), the West European Union (“WEU”), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“NATO”). In addition, the Federal Republic is a signatory to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) and a member of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”). It is also a shareholder of, among others, the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the European Atomic Energy Community.
The European Union and European Integration
The Federal Republic was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community (“ECSC”) in 1951, which later developed into the European Union. Today, the Federal Republic is one of 25 member states of the EU. On May 1, 2004, ten new countries, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia became part of the EU, joining its previous members Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (the “Member States”). The aggregate population of the Member States is now approximately 457 million. The accession negotiations with Bulgaria and Romania were completed successfully in April 2005, and the accession treaties were approved by the European Parliament (the “Parliament”) shortly thereafter. Under the treaties, these two countries are scheduled to join the EU on January 1, 2007, if certain conditions are met, or on January 1, 2008, at the latest. It is still unclear whether both countries will meet the conditions to be able to join the EU on January 1, 2007. Accession negotiations with Turkey and Croatia started in October 2005. Furthermore, on December 15/16, 2005 the European Council decided to grant candidate status to the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia.
(Sources: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm#acceding; Presidency conclusions of the Brussels European Council, December 2004: http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/83201.pdf; EUROSTAT yearbook 2005, page 62
http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/history/index_en.htm; Press release of the European Commission IP/05/204 dated February 22, 2005; EU council, Press release, Press:100 Nr: 8418/05 dated April 25, 2005;
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/bulgaria/eu_relations.htm;
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/fyrom/eu_relations.htm;
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/romania/eu_relations.htm;
http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/87642.pdf, page 7)
Economic Integration
From its inception, a fundamental objective of the EU and its predecessors has been the economic integration of its Member States. Culminating a long process, an internal market that provides for the free movement of goods and services, persons and capital among the Member States was established as of January 1, 1993. The integration of the Member States’ economies and the completion of a single market are also promoted by a European competition policy, which aims at creating a level playing field for Member States’ companies and promoting economic efficiency. In addition, various liberalization and harmonization measures are being implemented. Among other things, the telecommunications and energy sectors are being liberalized and opened for private competitors. In the financial sector, the single market has been fostered by providing for the free movement of capital and the freedom to perform banking services throughout the EU under the so-called “European Passport”, which enables financial institutions to provide financial services throughout the common market based on a single license obtained in one Member State.
Another important policy area for the EU has been agriculture. Under the “Agenda 2000” reform, measures were introduced to prepare the Member States’ agricultural sectors for the 2004 enlargement of the EU. Subsidies to this sector, which comprised 46% of the EU’s budget, or EUR 49.1 billion in 2005, have been restructured to keep European farming competitive and reduce costs.
G-2
Back to Contents
Negotiations about the budget plan for the 2007-2013 period are about to be concluded. At the December 2005 summit the European Council agreed on a new budget plan for the 2007-2013 period, which provides for expenditures amounting to EUR 862.4 billion (based on 2004 prices). In January 2006, however, the Parliament rejected this plan, demanding that the amount be increased by an additional EUR 12 billion. At a “trialogue” meeting among the Council of the European Union (the “Council”), the European Commission (the “Commission”), and the Parliament on April 4, 2006, a tentative agreement budgeting a total amount of 864.4 billion (based on 2004 prices) for the 2007-2013 period was reached. Formal approval by the three institutions is expected for May 2006.
(Sources: http://europa.eu.int/comm/budget/library/other_main/what_new/fp_deal_05042006_final_en.pdf, page 9; http://www.europarl.eu.int/news/public/story_page/034-7096-093-04-14-905-20060405STO07095-2006-03-04-2006/default_en.htm; http://europa.eu.int/comm/budget/other_main/what_new_en.htm)
A further tool with which the EU promotes economic integration is regional aid, which is designed to focus development efforts on certain disadvantaged regions and sections of population of the EU.
(Sources: http://europa.eu.int/abc/index_en.htm; European Commission, Europe in 12 lessons; Financial Report 2004 of the European Commission, page 16; Press release of the European Council 15914/1/05 REV1, dated December 17, 2005; Presidency of the European Council, document 15915/05, dated December 19, 2005; http://www.europarl.eu.int/news/expert/infopress_page/034-6511-080-03-12-905-200603201PR06486-21-03-2006-2006-false/default_en.htm)
Monetary Integration
The Federal Republic is a signatory to, and has ratified, the Treaty on European Union of February 1992 (also known as the “Maastricht Treaty”). The Maastricht Treaty was the basis for the establishment of the European Economic and Monetary Union (“EMU”). The EMU led, in turn, to the adoption of irrevocable conversion rates between the euro and the national currencies of the initial participating Member States on December 31, 1998 and the introduction of the euro as the single European currency in the euro area on January 1, 1999. On January 1, 2002, banknotes and coins denominated in euro were introduced as legal tender to replace the national currencies in the 12 Member States now forming the euro area (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain).
The European Central Bank (“ECB”) was established on June 1, 1998, as part of the European System of Central Banks (“ESCB”) and assumed sole responsibility for the monetary policy in the euro area on January 1, 1999. According to the Maastricht Treaty, the primary objective of the ESCB is to maintain price stability. The ESCB supports the general economic policies of the EU. See “Federal Republic of Germany — Monetary and Financial System” for more information on the ECB and ESCB.
(Sources: European Commission, press release IP/00/422 dated May 3, 2000; “The History of the European Union: 2001”: http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/history/2002/index_en.htm;
http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/history/2001/index_en.htm;
http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/history/1998/index_en.htm;
http://www.europa.eu.int/abc/history/1999/index_en.htm)
To ensure continuous budgetary discipline in the EMU, the participating Member States agreed on the main elements of a Stability and Growth Pact (the “Pact”) in 1996. According to the Pact, participating Member States must pursue the medium-term objective of achieving a balanced budget or even a budget surplus so as to create a margin that enables them to deal with cyclical fluctuations.
Under the Maastricht Treaty, implementing regulations and the Pact, a participating Member State whose general government deficit exceeds the reference limit of 3% of GDP becomes subject to the “excessive deficit procedure”. The procedure provides that the Council, meeting in the composition of Economics and Finance Ministers of the Member States (commonly known as the “Ecofin Council”), decides whether an excessive deficit has been incurred. If it concludes this to be the case, the Ecofin Council, based on recommendations by the Commission, suggests corrective measures aiming at a deficit reduction and then
G-3
Back to Contents
reviews the corrective measures taken by a Member State. If it determines that such corrective measures are not adequate, the Maastricht Treaty and the Pact provide for a wide range of remedies. For those Member States whose currency is the euro, this process could ultimately lead to the imposition of annual financial penalties of as much as 0.5% of a Member State’s GDP. Financial penalties may not be imposed, however, until the end of a further review period. Furthermore, the Pact provides that the 3% limit may be exceeded without triggering an excessive deficit procedure provided that the deficit is considered to be exceptional and temporary. This would be the case in the event of a severe economic downturn (i.e., a recession) or an unusual event outside the control of the Member State concerned (e.g., a significant natural disaster or a war having an impact on that Member State).
Since 2002, the Commission has initiated excessive deficit procedures against various Member States, including Germany. For further information on the excessive deficit procedure against Germany, see below under “Economy – Germany’s General Government Deficit and the Excessive Deficit Procedure”.
Since the EMU came into force, some of the Member States have had recurring problems complying with the 3% limit and a discussion about how the Pact could be improved evolved. This discussion led to the decisions of the European Council in March 2005 to modify the Pact. A Member State’s deficit may now exceed 3% of GDP not only in case of a severe economic downturn, as was previously the case, but also in case of a longer period of weak growth. Furthermore, in judging whether a deficit is too high and whether a Member State must implement corrective measures, an indicative list of relevant factors has been agreed, including, among others, the costs of implementing policies according to the Lisbon agenda, high financial contributions aiming at fostering international solidarity and achieving European policy goals, notably European unification, and the costs of pension reform.
(Sources: European Commission, press releases dated October 16, 2002, April 2, 2003, April 28, 2004 and May 12, 2004; Ecofin Council, press release dated May 11, 2004; Deutsche Bundesbank, Monthly Report February 2003, page 55; Eurostat, Euro indicators news release dated March 17, 2003; European Commission, SPEECH/04/387; European Commission, press release IP/05/153 dated February 9, 2005; Presidency Conclusions of the European Council, March 2005 (press release 7619/05 of the European Council))
Political Integration
The EU’s three main institutions are the Council (representing the governments of the Member States), the Parliament (elected by and representing the citizens of the Member States) and the Commission (the executive body of the EU). In order to ensure that the decision-making process within the EU’s institutions continues to work effectively, the European Convention was formed in 2001. Its goal was to draft a European Constitution which sets out the powers and responsibilities of the institutions and the decision-making process, thus enabling the EU to cope with its main challenges in the mid-term future, the enlargement of the EU and the increased involvement of EU citizens by introducing more democracy and transparency into the governance of the EU. The draft constitution was presented in July 2003, and in October 2004, the European Council finally agreed on the Constitution, which must be ratified by all Member States in order to take effect. To date, 14 Member States have ratified the Constitution. However, in separate referendums held on May 29, 2005 and June 1, 2005, the people of France and the Netherlands voted against the ratification of the Constitution.
The Member States have agreed that a longer-term objective is the formation of a European Political Union. Current areas of close cooperation include foreign and security policy as well as internal and social affairs. However, the Member States, for the time being, retain sovereignty in most important areas of policy.
(Sources: http://europa.eu.int/futurum/constitution/index_en.htm; European Commission, Europe in 12 lessons, 2004; http://ue.eu.int/cms3_fo/showPage.asp?id=735&lang=EN&mode=g; http://europa.eu.int/constitution/ratification_en.htm; http://europa.eu.int/constitution/referendum-de.htm)
Statistical Disclosure Standards of the International Monetary Fund
The Federal Republic currently meets the Special Data Dissemination Standard (“SDDS”) of the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) relating to coverage, periodicity and timeliness of economic data. Although subscription by member countries to the SDDS is voluntary, it carries a commitment by subscribing members to observe the standard and to provide certain information to the IMF about its practices in disseminating economic and financial data.
G-4
Back to Contents
THE ECONOMY
Overview
Since 1945, the Federal Republic’s economic system has developed into a social market economy, combining the free initiative of the individual with progressive social principles. The Grundgesetz guarantees freedom of private enterprise and private property, provided that these basic rights must not be exercised against the public good. The state mainly has a regulatory function in the market economy, setting the general framework of conditions within which market processes take place. State intervention in price setting is limited to a very small number of industries.
Key Economic Figures
The German economy is one of the world’s largest economies. In 2005, its gross domestic product (“GDP”) expressed at current prices was EUR 2,245.5 billion compared to EUR 2,215.7 billion in 2004 which corresponds to an increase of 1.3% . Real GDP rose by 0.9% compared to 2004, and by 21.5% compared to 1991. In calculating real GDP growth, the Federal Statistical Office uses a chain index based on previous years’ prices. This growth in GDP is accompanied by gains in productivity of a similar size, as real GDP per employee rose by 21% since 1991. In 2005, GDP per capita at current prices was EUR 27,230, while GDP per employee at current prices was EUR 57,899.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Tables 2.1.1, 2.2.11, 2.2.13)
As in many advanced economies, the services sector of the Federal Republic has become a more important contributor to GDP than any other sector. In 2005, financial, renting and business activities accounted for 29.1%, (1991: 23.3%) and other public and private service activities accounted for 22.3% (1991: 20.8%) of gross value added, measured at current prices, while the share of trade and transport services remained fairly constant at 18.0% (1991: 17.9%) . The production sector (excluding construction) generated 25.8% of gross value added compared with 30.6% in 1991. Construction contributed 3.9% (1991: 6.0%) to gross value added, and agriculture, forestry and fishing accounted for 0.9% of gross value added (1991: 1.4%) .
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.2.1)
In 2005, private consumption totaled 59.2% of GDP, gross fixed capital formation amounted to 17.1%, and government consumption equaled 18.6% . Exports and imports of goods and services accounted for 40.2% and 35.2% of GDP at current prices, respectively, for the year. Thus, the trade balance showed a surplus equal to 5.0% of GDP in 2005.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.3.1)
In 2005, Germany’s economic development was again characterized by a mixed performance over the course of the year. With a seasonally adjusted growth rate of 0.6% compared to the previous quarter, the economy displayed a solid economic dynamic in both the first and third quarter. By contrast, in the second and fourth quarters, the growth rates fell to 0.3% and 0.0%, respectively. Taking into account the comparably fewer working days in 2005, the annual GDP growth rate of 0.9% translates into a growth rate adjusted for working days of 1.1%, which is level with growth in 2004. As in 2004, growth was mainly driven by exports, which grew by 6.3% in 2005, whereas domestic demand remained weak with an annual growth rate of 0.3% . Private consumption remained constant in real terms. The weakness of private consumption was again mainly due to very slow growth in disposable income of private households as a result of the weak dynamics of the labor market as well as the only modest growth of wages and salaries per employee. Moreover, the increase of the savings ratio from 10.5% to 10.7% dampened private consumption. As in 2004, gross fixed capital formation in 2005 was weak, mainly due to the weakness of the construction sector while gross fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment increased by 4.0% (in real terms). The inflation rate, as measured by the percentage increase in the national consumer price index (CPI), was 2.0% in 2005, compared to 1.6% in 2004. This increase mainly reflected higher energy costs.
(Sources: Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2005/06, pages 66-67, 72-93; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Tables 1.1, 1.9, 3.2, 3.10; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005, (March 2006), Table 3.4.4.1; Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.7)
G-5
Back to Contents
Exports of the Federal Republic totaled EUR 901.7 billion in 2005, or 40.2% of GDP at current prices. This corresponds to an increase of 7.0% compared to 2004. At constant prices, exports increased by 6.3% from 2004 to 2005. The unemployment rate (as computed under the “national definition” used by the German authorities) increased from 10.5% in 2004 to 11.7% in 2005. However, based on the method of calculation promulgated by the International Labor Organization (ILO), which is referred to as the “ILO definition”, the unemployment rate decreased slightly from 9.2% in 2004 to 9.1% in 2005. The discrepancy between these two developments is mainly a consequence of the Hartz IV law which increased unemployment under the national definition while leaving the unemployment under the ILO definition more or less unaffected. For an explanation of the differences between the national definition and the ILO definition, see “– Employment and Labor”. The rate of consumer price inflation increased from 1.6% in 2004 to 2.0% in 2005. This increase was again mainly caused by rising energy costs. General government debt totaled EUR 1,451.0 billion at year-end 2004 and EUR 1,520.7 billion at year-end 2005.
(Sources: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Table 1.10; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.3.1; Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Monatsbericht Dezember und Jahr 2005, Table Arbeitsmarktzahlen 2001 bis 2005; Deutsche Bundesbank Monatsbericht März 2006, Tables XIII.3, IX.7; Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht März 2005, page 97)
In January 2006, the Federal Government forecast that German real economic growth in 2006 will be 1.4% whereas the Commission forecasts a GDP growth of 1.5% in 2006. On April 28, 2006, the Federal Government updated its macroeconomic forecasts, resulting in a slight upward revision of expected German real economic growth in 2006 to 1.6% . In its spring 2006 economic forecast, the Commission forecasts German real GDP growth of 1.7% in 2006. Due to a robust growth of the world economy as well as an improved competitiveness of the German economy, the Federal Government expects that exports will continue to be strong and remain an important source of economic growth. For the first time in several years, however, domestic demand is also expected to increase considerably. Gross fixed capital formation, which shrank by 0.2% in 2005, is expected to grow again in 2006 due to a favorable economic sentiment among companies, strongly increased profits, a high degree of capacity utilization, a low level of interest rates and temporary tax relief for depreciation expense. Growth of gross fixed capital formation in machinery and equipment is expected to accelerate to 5% in 2006 (in real terms), but gross fixed capital formation in construction is also expected to grow by 2.2% after several years of shrinking. Private consumption and government consumption are expected to grow only slightly in 2006 by 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively. In the case of private consumption, the main reason for the rather weak dynamic is an anticipated modest rise in disposable incomes as a result of continued small increases in wages and employment. The savings ratio is also expected to remain high since people are uncertain about the economy’s development and are increasingly aware of the need to build additional, private retirement savings. There are, however, also two special factors which may contribute to an increase in consumer spending in 2006: The soccer World Cup will be held in Germany in June and July of 2006, and the standard rate of VAT is scheduled to increase by 3.0 percentage points from 16% to 19% as of January 2007, which may lead people to shift purchases of expensive durables from 2007 to 2006, thereby increasing consumption in 2006 and decreasing it in 2007. Due to the efforts to reduce deficits, government expenditures in 2006 are likely to increase only slightly on a nominal basis and to stagnate on a real basis.
(Sources: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006) Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Jahreswirtschaftsbericht 2006 der Bundesregierung, pages 92-104; Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht März 2005, page 43; http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Presse/pressemitteilungen,did=130442.html; http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2006/ee206en.pdf, pages 54-56)
The following table shows selected key economic figures for the Federal Republic for the past five years.
G-6
Back to Contents
KEY ECONOMIC FIGURES
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | (EUR in billions) | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
GDP – at current prices | 2,245.5 | | 2,215.7 | | 2,163.4 | | 2,145.0 | | 2,113.2 | |
(change in %) | 1.3 | | 2.4 | | 0.9 | | 1.5 | | 2.5 | |
GDP – price-adjusted, chain-linked index (2000=100), not adjusted for calendar effects | 103.7 | | 102.8 | | 101.1 | | 101.3 | | 101.2 | |
(change in %) | 0.9 | | 1.6 | | (0.2 | ) | 0.1 | | 1.2 | |
GDP – price-adjusted, chain-linked index (2000=100), adjusted for calendar effects | 103.5 | | 102.4 | | 101.3 | | 101.5 | | 101.4 | |
(change in %) | 1.1 | | 1.1 | | (0.2 | ) | 0.1 | | 1.4 | |
Unemployment rate (ILO definition) (in %) (2) | 9.1 | | 9.2 | | 8.7 | | 7.6 | | 6.9 | |
Rate of inflation (year-to-year change in consumer price index (CPI) in %) | 2.0 | | 1.6 | | 1.1 | | 1.4 | | 2.0 | |
Balance of payments – current account | 92.2 | | 81.9 | | 40.3 | | 43.4 | | 0.4 | |
General government debt (1) | 1,520.7 | | 1,451.0 | | 1,381.0 | | 1,293.0 | | 1,241.5 | |
| |
(1) | Definition according to Maastricht Treaty. |
(2) | Unemployed persons, available and seeking work. |
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table VIII.3, IX.7 and X.2; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006 ), Table 1.1 and 1.10)
Germany’s General Government Deficit and the Excessive Deficit Procedure
The following table shows historical information on the Federal Republic’s general government deficit and debt as a percentage of GDP. The general government deficit refers to the excess of consolidated public sector expenditures over consolidated public sector proceeds. The public sector according to this definition includes the Federal Government, the Länder governments, the municipalities and the social security system. For the calculation of the fiscal Maastricht criteria, the accounting principles of the European System of National Accounts 1995 generally apply.
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC’S FISCAL MAASTRICHT CRITERIA
| 2005(1) | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
General government deficit as % of GDP(2)(3) | 3.3 | | 3.7 | | 4.0 | | 3.7 | | 2.8 | |
General government debt as % of GDP(2) | 67.7 | | 65.5 | | 63.8 | | 60.3 | | 58.8 | |
| |
(1) | Provisional figures, partly estimated. |
(2) | GDP including financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM). |
(3) | Unlike the net lending/net borrowing balance as shown in the national accounts, the deficit ratio as defined in the Maastricht Treaty includes interest payments arising from the swap transactions and forward rate agreements. |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table VIII.3)
Lower than expected total public sector receipts and higher labor market and social security expenditures due to sluggish economic growth have resulted in general government deficits above the limit of 3% of GDP permitted under the Maastricht Treaty for the Federal Republic for all years since 2002. The Federal Republic’s gross debt has been exceeding the thresholds of a debt-to-GDP ratio of no more than 60% set by the Maastricht Treaty since 2002 with an increasing tendency.
In November 2002, the Commission initiated an excessive deficit procedure against the Federal Republic. In January 2003, as contemplated by the Maastricht Treaty, the Ecofin Council issued recommendations for corrective action, in response to which the Federal Republic implemented various measures, including the “Agenda 2010” described below. In November 2003, the Ecofin Council decided not to pursue the Commission’s recommendation to proceed with the excessive deficit procedure against the Federal Republic. Following that decision, the situation was provisionally resolved in December 2004, when the Commission accepted the Federal Government’s stability program and decided that it would not proceed further with the excessive deficit procedure against the Federal Republic at that point. However, due to the continuing
G-7
Back to Contents
violation of the deficit and debt criteria – in 2005 the deficit and the debt-to-GDP-ratio were 3.3% and 67.7%, respectively – and in light of the Federal Government’s stability program of February 2006, which again projects a deficit in excess of 3% in 2006, the Ecofin Council decided to resume the excessive deficit procedure against the Federal Republic. The Ecofin Council’s decision requires the Federal Government to lower its deficit below 3.0% of GDP by 2007 at the latest and to periodically report on the measures taken to this effect. For further information on the stability program, see “Economic Policy – Stability Program” below.
(Sources:
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=SPEECH/03/259|0|RAPID&lg=EN; http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.getfile=gf&doc=IP/03/1560|0|AGED&lg=EN&type= PDF; http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.getfile=gf&doc=PRES/03/320|0|AGED&lg=EN&type =PDF; http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/1471&format=HTML&aged=0&language =EN&guiLanguage=en; Press release of the European Commission IP/06/246, dated March 1, 2005;
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/246&format=HTML&aged=0&language= EN&guiLanguage=en;
Press release of the European Council 6917/06 (Presse 64);
http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ecofin/88797.pdf)
Economic Policy
The Federal Government’s foremost economic policy objectives are to promote economic growth and employment. In addition, in light of the challenges resulting from European integration, globalization and the emergence of a knowledge-based economy, the Federal Government aims to modernize the German economy and German society on every level. The Federal Government believes that achieving these objectives is also necessary to improve the Federal Republic’s position as a business location in the worldwide competition for ideas and capital, innovation and investment.
To achieve these goals, the previous Federal Government adopted several major economic policy initiatives, including measures providing for consolidation of the budget, reform of the social security system, improved flexibility of the labor market, a further opening up of product markets and comprehensive tax reform. The “Tax Reform 2000”, the latest part of which became effective in January 2005, was designed to reduce the tax burden of businesses, families and employees, to promote economic growth and employment, and to strengthen the competitiveness of the German economy. In addition, steps to facilitate raising venture capital and to improve the efficiency of the German capital markets were taken.
In order to continue and reinforce the course of reform, especially in respect of the social security system, in 2003, the previous Federal Government announced and implemented a bundle of measures designated as “Agenda 2010”. “Agenda 2010” comprised, among others, measures to make the labor markets more flexible, to reform the system of unemployment and welfare benefits, to reform labor, social and tax laws, to promote employment and economic growth, and to strengthen the financial position of the municipalities.
In the coalition agreement, the new government announced additional reforms designed to further strengthen the competitiveness of the German economy. The measures being considered include major reforms of the health care insurance and the tax system as well as further labor market reforms. The new government is currently in the process of determining the specific proposals for further reform. Significant reform measures that have already been launched include the federalism reform, which has entered the legislative process and should be concluded in mid-2006, the gradual increase in retirement age and the reduction of bureaucratic burdens for entrepreneurs.
(Sources: http://www.bundesregierung.de/Anlage920135/Koalitionsvertrag.pdf;
http://www.bundesregierung.de/Artikel/-,413.917820/dokument. htm)
To foster economic growth, the Federal Government has announced a program to bolster the framework for investment and employment, which comprises additional measures involving expenditures amounting to EUR 25 billion through 2009 at the federal level. In addition, the Länder and municipalities will spend a further EUR 12 billion. These measures aim at promoting innovation and private investment, including special tax allowances for depreciation expenses and employment in private households, increased spending for research, development and public infrastructure, but also aim at supporting families.
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Deutsches Stabilitätsprogramm, Aktualisierung Februar 2006, pages 10-12)
G-8
Back to Contents
Stability Program
In February 2006, the Federal Government issued an update on the federal stability program. Following this report, the Ecofin Council decided to resume the excessive deficit procedure against Germany. Under the stability program, the Federal Government projects a general government deficit of 3.3% of GDP and a general government debt to GDP ratio of 69% in 2006. As a result of the growth program described above and since tax receipts are expected to increase only moderately in 2006, the general government deficit is expected to remain at 3.3% of GDP in 2006. The general government deficit is, however, expected to be in line with the Maastricht treaty beginning in 2007, mainly due to the increase in the standard rate of VAT by three percentage points beginning in January 2007. Two-thirds of the additional VAT revenues will be used for budget consolidation purposes, while the remainder will be used to lower unemployment insurance contributions (i.e., non-wage labor cost). In addition, the Federal Government intends to cut expenditures (e.g., by abolishing subsidies for homeowners and reducing the tax allowance for commuters). Expenditure cuts will amount to EUR 32 billion by 2009, thereby reducing public expenditures from 46.7% of GDP in 2005 to an estimated 43.5% in 2009. As a consequence, the Federal Government expects a general government deficit of about 2½% (2½%) of GDP and a general government debt-to-GDP ratio of 68½% (68%) in 2007 (2008). The structural deficit (i.e., the general government deficit adjusted for cyclical effects) is projected to decline from 3.1% in 2005 to 1½% in 2008.
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Deutsches Stabilitätsprogramm, Aktualisierung Februar 2006; Bundesfinanzministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht März 2006, pages 37-56)
Federal Budget 2005
In 2005, expenditures amounted to EUR 259.8 billion, including a deficit of EUR 31.2 billion. Current allocations and grants to authorities and others, mainly social insurance funds, were the largest item among the expenditures, accounting for 59.4% of expenditures in 2005. Other major items included interest expense (14.4%), and personnel expenses (10.1%) . Expenditures for social welfare programs represented 51.2% of total expenditures, investment spending 9.1% .
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht Februar 2006, page 39-66)
Federal Budget 2006
On February 22, 2006, the Bundesregierung approved the draft federal budget. Currently, the draft budget is in the legislative procedure at the Bundestag. Based on this draft, the 2006 Federal budget will comprise expenditures totaling EUR 261.7 billion, which is an increase of 0.7% compared to 2005. Revenues are projected to amount to EUR 223.4 billion, resulting in a deficit of EUR 38.3 billion. The deficit clearly exceeds public investment spending (EUR 23.2 billion) which the Federal Government believes is necessary as a measure to stimulate economic growth. Expenditures for social security are expected to total EUR 134.4 billion (corresponding to 51.4% of total expenditures), including EUR 77.4 billion in grants to the compulsory pension system as well as EUR 38.3 billion in unemployment benefits. Interest expense will amount to approximately EUR 38.0 billion, and personnel expenditures to EUR 26.2 billion.
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht März 2006, pages 37-48; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/lang_de/EN/Service/Downloads/060320agmb002,templateId=raw,prop erty=publicationFile.pdf)
Tax Revenues and Other Federal Income
The draft federal budget is based on projected 2006 tax revenues of EUR 192.5 billion, which would represent an increase of EUR 2.4 billion, or 1.2%, compared to 2005. Other federal income included in the draft budget is estimated to amount to EUR 30.9 billion in 2006, a decrease of EUR 7.6 billion compared to 2005. Other federal income includes, among other items, privatization revenues, revenues from the freight vehicle toll as well as the profit of the Deutsche Bundesbank.
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht Februar 2006, pages 39-66; Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Monatsbericht März 2006, pages 37-48)
G-9
Back to Contents
Privatizations
In 2005, the Federal Government continued its policy of privatizing state-owned businesses. The Federal Government thereby intends to improve the competitiveness of the German economy and to foster employment and economic growth. The largest privatizations in the past years were Deutsche Telekom AG (gradual reduction of the share ownership of the Federal Republic since 1996; direct participation of the Federal Republic as of October 2005: 15.4%) and Deutsche Post AG (gradual reduction of the share ownership of the Federal Republic since 1999; no direct participation of the Federal Republic as of year-end 2005). Major privatization transactions in 2005 included the sales of 7.3% of the Deutsche Telekom AG and the remaining 20% of the Deutsche Post AG to KfW as well as the direct sale of 11.6% of the FRAPORT AG to financial investors.
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Beteiligungsbericht 2005, pages 5-18)
Gross Domestic Product
The following tables show the structure of the Federal Republic’s real GDP at current prices by expenditure and origin for each of the years indicated along with changes over the respective preceding period.
STRUCTURE OF GDP – USE
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | | | 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | | | (change in %) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Domestic uses | 2,133.4 | | 2,106.2 | | 2,075.8 | | 2,047.9 | | 2,070.7 | | | 1.3 | | 1.5 | | 1.4 | | (1.1 | ) |
Final private consumption | 1,329.7 | | 1,312.5 | | 1,287.6 | | 1,266.7 | | 1,258.6 | | | 1,3 | | 1.9 | | 1.7 | | 0.6 | |
Final government consumption . | 417.2 | | 412.8 | | 415.5 | | 412.3 | | 400.2 | | | 1.1 | | (0.6 | ) | 0.8 | | 3.0 | |
Gross fixed capital formation | 384.7 | | 384.9 | | 384.4 | | 392.9 | | 422.9 | | | (0.1 | ) | 0.1 | | (2.2 | ) | (7.1 | ) |
Machinery and equipment | 153.9 | | 149.4 | | 146.9 | | 151.9 | | 167.4 | | | 3.0 | | 1.7 | | (3.2 | ) | (9.3 | ) |
Construction | 205.6 | | 210.7 | | 213.0 | | 216.5 | | 230.6 | | | (2.4 | ) | (1.1 | ) | (1.6 | ) | (6.1 | ) |
Other products | 25.2 | | 24.9 | | 24.5 | | 24.5 | | 24.9 | | | 1.4 | | 1.6 | | (0.2 | ) | (1.5 | ) |
Changes in inventories(1) | 1.9 | | (-4.0 | ) | (11.6 | ) | (24.0 | ) | (11.0 | ) | | | | | | | | | |
Net exports(1) | 112.1 | | 109.5 | | 87.6 | | 97.1 | | 42.5 | | | | | | | | | | |
Exports | 901.7 | | 842.8 | | 772.7 | | 765.6 | | 735.6 | | | 7.0 | | 9.1 | | 0.9 | | 4.1 | |
Imports | 789.6 | | 733.4 | | 685.1 | | 668.5 | | 693.1 | | | 7.7 | | 7.0 | | 2.5 | | (3.6 | ) |
Gross domestic product | 2,245.5 | | 2,215.7 | | 2,163.4 | | 2,145.0 | | 2,113.2 | | | 1.3 | | 2.4 | | 0.9 | | 1.5 | |
|
(1) | Percentage changes are not presented. |
| |
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Tables 3.1 and 3.9) |
G-10
Back to Contents
STRUCTURE OF GDP – ORIGIN
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | | | 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | | | (change in %) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gross value added of all economic sectors | 2,027.5 | | 2,003.2 | | 1,949.0 | | 1,935.0 | | 1,904.5 | | | 1.2 | | 2.8 | | 0.7 | | 1.6 | |
Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 17.8 | | 22.1 | | 21.4 | | 22.1 | | 25.9 | | | (19.3 | ) | 3.4 | | (3.0 | ) | (15.0 | ) |
Production sector (excluding construction) | 523.6 | | 500.2 | | 476.7 | | 472.7 | | 473.7 | | | 4.7 | | 4.9 | | 0.8 | | (0.2 | ) |
Construction | 78.1 | | 82.7 | | 84.5 | | 88.3 | | 91.5 | | | (5.6 | ) | (2.1 | ) | (4.3 | ) | (3.6 | ) |
Trade and transport(1) | 365.4 | | 359.9 | | 349.7 | | 352.0 | | 347.1 | | | 1.5 | | 2.9 | | (0.7 | ) | 1.4 | |
Financial, renting and business activities | 590.2 | | 583.6 | | 568.0 | | 553.0 | | 533.8 | | | 1.1 | | 2.7 | | 2.7 | | 3.6 | |
Other public and private service activities | 452.4 | | 454.7 | | 448.8 | | 447.0 | | 432.4 | | | (0.5 | ) | 1.3 | | 0.4 | | 3.4 | |
Taxes on products offset against subsidies on products | 218.0 | | 212.5 | | 214.4 | | 210.0 | | 208.7 | | | 2.6 | | (0.9 | ) | 2.1 | | 0.6 | |
Gross domestic product | 2,245.5 | | 2,215.7 | | 2,163.4 | | 2,145.0 | | 2,113.2 | | | 1.3 | | 2.4 | | 0.9 | | 1.5 | |
|
(1) | Including hotel and restaurant services as well as communication services. |
| |
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Tables 1.13 and 2.1) |
Sectors of the Economy
Production Sector
The production sector of the Federal Republic grew rapidly after 1945. The main cause for this development was the Federal Government’s transition from a state-controlled economy to a social market economy, in which state intervention is limited to furthering social welfare and creating favorable economic conditions. Following German re-unification in 1990, industry in the eastern Länder has undergone a restructuring process. Today, the German production sector is characterized by a balanced mix of small, medium and large enterprises and is almost entirely privately owned. It is geographically concentrated in the western Länder of North-Rhine Westphalia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, and in the eastern Länder of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt. The main segments of the production sector are motor vehicle manufacturing, electrical engineering, chemicals and mechanical engineering. In 2005, the sector’s aggregate contribution to gross value added at current prices was 25.8% (excluding construction) and 29.7% (including construction).
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.2.1)
The following table shows the output of the production sector in index form using 2000 as the base year for each of the years indicated.
OUTPUT IN THE PRODUCTION SECTOR(1)
(2000 = 100)
| 2005(2) | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Production sector, total | 103.8 | | 100.8 | | 98.4 | | 98.3 | | 99.5 | |
Industry(3) | 106.4 | | 102.5 | | 99.5 | | 99.3 | | 100.4 | |
of which: | | | | | | | | | | |
Intermediate goods(4) | 106.8 | | 103.3 | | 99.5 | | 98.9 | | 99.4 | |
Capital goods(5) | 111.2 | | 105.7 | | 102.0 | | 101.1 | | 102.3 | |
Durable goods(6) | 87.6 | | 87.4 | | 87.2 | | 92.0 | | 100.4 | |
Nondurable goods(7) | 100.7 | | 98.0 | | 97.4 | | 98.2 | | 98.8 | |
Energy(8) | 102.7 | | 102.6 | | 99.8 | | 97.4 | | 97.3 | |
Construction(9) | 76.1 | | 80.4 | | 85.1 | | 89.0 | | 92.5 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | Adjusted for working-day variations. |
(2) | Provisional figures. |
(3) | Manufacturing sector, unless assigned to the main grouping energy, plus mining and quarrying. |
(4) | Including mining and quarrying except energy-producing goods. |
(5) | Including manufacture of motor vehicles and components. |
G-11
Back to Contents
(6) | Consumption goods that have a long-term use, such as furniture, as to which weak private consumption has had a significant impact over recent years. |
(7) | Consumption goods that have a short-term use, such as food. Including printing and service activities related to printing. |
(8) | Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply, mining and quarrying of energy-producing materials, and especially manufacture of refined petroleum products. |
(9) | Comprises the economic classifications “Site preparation” and “Building of complete constructions or parts thereof; civil engineering”. |
| |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.2) |
Services Sector
As in most other industrialized countries, the services sector, which comprises trade and transport services (including hotel and restaurant services as well as communications services), financial, renting and business activities as well as other public and private service activities, has expanded rapidly in recent years and is currently the largest contributor to gross value added. In 2005, the sector’s aggregate contribution to gross value added at current prices was 69.4% . Within the services sector, financial, renting and business activities is the largest segment in terms of contribution to total gross value added, contributing 29.1% in 2005.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.2.1)
Employment and Labor
Following German reunification, the unemployment rate of the combined workforce of the western and eastern Länder, calculated in accordance with the national definition used by the German authorities, rose from 7.7% in 1992, reaching a peak of 11.4% in 1997. Under the ILO definition, the unemployment rate rose from 6.0% in 1992 to 8.6% in 1997. In the period 1998 to 2001, the rate decreased slightly to 9.4% under the national definition or 6.9% under the ILO definition. In the period from 2002 to 2004, however, the unemployment rate rose again to 10.5% (national definition) or 9.2% (ILO definition) in the wake of sluggish economic growth.
Effective January 2005, as a result of legislative measures implemented in connection with the so-called Hartz IV labor market reform, former recipients of social assistance who are able to work now receive a new form of unemployment benefits known as Arbeitslosengeld II and, accordingly, are also registered as unemployed. This change accounts for most of the significant increase in the (seasonally adjusted) unemployment rate according to the national definition from 10.8% (December 2004) to 12.1% (March 2005). Over the same time period the unemployment rate according to the ILO definition increased only modestly from 9.2% to 9.5% . In 2005, the average unemployment rate according to the national and the ILO definitions were 11.7% and 9.1%, respectively. The ILO definition considers only those persons as unemployed who are available and seeking work. Effective January 2004, there were also some changes to the national definition of the unemployment status, albeit with a less marked effect than the 2005 changes. The 2004 change modified the definition to exclude unemployed persons who participate in certain training procedures (“Eignungsfeststellungs- und Trainingsmaßnahmen”). The effect on the unemployment rate amounted to a reduction of 0.2 percentage points. A person is considered unemployed under the national definition used by the German authorities if he or she is registered as such and seeking work. The employed workforce also includes part-time employees working up to 15 hours a week.
The number of people living in Germany (national concept) who were either employed or self-employed in 2005 was approximately 38.7 million which is 0.3% less compared to 2004.
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.6; Deutsche Bundesbank, Seasonally Adjusted Business Statistics, März 2006, Table II.8; Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Zeitreihe Arbeitslose ab 1991, http://www.pub.arbeitsamt.de/hst/services/statistik/detail/a.html; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2. – 4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Table 1.10)
The following table shows data with respect to employment and unemployment for each of the years indicated. In the unemployment rates shown below, persons who are involved in programs such as vocational training, job creation plans or early retirement, which are designed to reduce unemployment, particularly in the eastern Länder, are not included, since they are not treated as unemployed.
G-12
Back to Contents
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
| 2005(1) | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Employed (in thousands)–ILO definition | 38,672 | | 38,782 | | 38,632 | | 38,994 | | 39,209 | |
Unemployed (in thousands)–ILO definition(2) | 3,893 | | 3,931 | | 3,703 | | 3,229 | | 2,900 | |
Unemployment rate (in %)–ILO definition | 9.1 | | 9.2 | | 8.7 | | 7.6 | | 6.9 | |
Unemployed (in thousands) — national definition(3) | 4,863 | | 4,381 | | 4,377 | | 4,061 | | 3,853 | |
Unemployment rate (in %)–national definition(4) | 11.7 | | 10.5 | | 10.5 | | 9.8 | | 9.4 | |
| |
(1) | Provisional figures. |
(2) | Unemployed persons, available and seeking work. |
(3) | Registered unemployed persons, available and seeking work (but including persons working up to 15 hours per week). From 2005, unemployed persons include recipients of social assistance who are able to work. |
(4) | As a percentage of the total work force (excluding armed forces). |
(Sources: Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Monatsbericht Dezember und Jahr 2005, Table Arbeitsmarktzahlen 2001 bis 2005; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 –4. Vierteljahr 2005 (February 2006), Table 1.10)
Beginning in 1989, increasing numbers of immigrants of German descent from eastern Europe and of Germans from the former German Democratic Republic (“GDR”) resulted in an accelerated growth of the workforce and contributed in part to the subsequent increase in the number of registered unemployed persons. As a result of the fundamental restructuring of the eastern German economy following reunification, a significant number of employees in the eastern Länder lost their jobs. In 2005, the unemployment rate in the eastern Länder was 18.7%, which is about twice the unemployment rate of 9.9% of the western Länder.
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.6)
In the past few years, gross wages and salaries per employee in Germany have experienced only moderate increases, partly as a consequence of high unemployment rates. Unit labor costs, which take into account changes in labor productivity, have even declined slightly since 2003. The following table shows changes in the wage level and unit labor costs per hour worked for each of the years indicated by reference to 2000 figures as reflected in various economic indices.
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.9; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.2.19)
WAGE TRENDS AND LABOR COSTS(1)
(2000=100)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Wages and salaries per employee(2) | 105.2 | | 104.9 | | 104.4 | | 103.2 | | 101.8 | |
Change from previous year in % | 0.4 | | 0.5 | | 1.2 | | 1.4 | | 1.8 | |
Unit labor costs per hour worked | 100.3 | | 101.0 | | 101.9 | | 101.2 | | 100.6 | |
Change from previous year in % | (0.7 | ) | (0.8 | ) | 0.6 | | 0.6 | | 0.6 | |
| |
(1) | Figures computed in February 2006. |
(2) | Work place concept. |
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IX.9; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Tabelle 2.1.13)
Approximately one-third of the German work force is organized in unions. The German Trade Union Federation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund) serves as an umbrella organization for eight such unions. Each member union typically covers employees of an entire industry sector, regardless of the precise type of work
G-13
Back to Contents
done by these employees (the so-called “one union, one industry” principle). As a result, employers usually deal with only one negotiating partner on the labor side in each industry sector.
The unions and employers of each industry sector enter into collective labor agreements (Tarifverträge), typically without government intervention. As a practical matter, the Tarifverträge apply to all employees of a given industry sector, regardless of whether or not a particular employee is unionized, so long as that employee’s employer is a member of the relevant association of employers, which is typically the case. In the eastern Länder, unions and employers have agreed on Tarifverträge that provide for a gradual increase in wages and salaries with a view to adjusting them over time to the levels paid in the western Länder. Tarifverträge are binding on both unions and employers. Despite their binding character, however, there is a wide range of deviations from these agreements which allow for individually adjusted agreements between employer and employee, particularly in the eastern Länder. Many employers in the eastern Länder are no longer members of employers’ associations, in which case wages are individually negotiated, which often results in wage levels that are lower than provided for by the Tarifverträge.
Several German laws contain provisions that regulate labor disputes. These laws provide, for example, that any strike be approved by a vote of three-quarters of the members of the competent trade union. As a result, and also due to a comparatively high level of social security, there are relatively few strikes in the Federal Republic compared to other countries.
Social Security Legislation
The comprehensive system of social security legislation and services in effect in the Federal Republic includes health insurance, nursing care insurance, retirement and disability pensions, unemployment benefits, child welfare programs, care for physically and mentally handicapped persons, allowances to orphans and to single persons with dependents, and the provision of general public assistance to needy persons. The majority of the German population is covered by mandatory retirement and public health insurance. Most of the hospitals and institutions caring for children and handicapped persons are operated by municipalities, churches and charitable institutions.
Two-thirds of the financing of the various social security programs mentioned above is funded through social security contributions from employers and employees, and one-third is funded through direct contributions by the Federal Republic, the Länder, municipalities and other public institutions. The most important part of the social security system — retirement pensions, health insurance and unemployment insurance — is funded primarily through equal contributions by employers and employees.
The Retirement Funds Act (Altersvermögensgesetz), effective since 2002, aims to ensure the long-term viability of the public pension scheme, which operates on a pay-as-you-go basis, by off-setting the expected decline of public pension payments by payments from private pension schemes. The Act is designed to encourage investments in funded private pension schemes and to promote pension schemes run by employers by granting certain bonuses and tax benefits to employees.
In 2005, social security revenues amounted to EUR 468.0 billion, and expenditures were EUR 471.4 billion. The social security budget thus incurred a deficit of EUR 3.4 billion in 2005. In 2004, the social security funds received revenues in an aggregate amount of EUR 467.4 billion as shown in the national accounts, thereby falling short of the funds’ expenditures by EUR 1.3 billion.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 3.4.3.7)
In light of globalization, which leads to increased cost competition, and a changing population structure, the Federal Government is aware that structural reforms must take place to safeguard the sustainability of the social security systems over the long term. The restructuring and renewal of the welfare state was part of the previous government’s “Agenda 2010” referred to above. Structural reforms of the social security system so far have included:
| • | Health insurance. In 2004, a law designed to modernize the system of health insurance and eliminate the budget deficit of public health insurance funds (Gesetz zur Modernisierung der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung) came into effect. Its main elements include additional contributions for health services by insured persons, changes to the system for physicians’ remuneration and changes in the market structure of the retail pharmacy business. The goal of the reform measures is to reduce the expenditures of public health insurance funds and thereby allow |
G-14
Back to Contents
| | for lower insurance contributions. As these contributions are paid by both employees and employers, the health insurance-related measures are designed to reduce labor costs. A further step to reduce the employers’ contributions was taken in July 2005 through implementation of measures which, in effect, reduced the employers’ share of the contributions by 0.45 percentage points and increased the employee’s share by the same amount. |
| | |
| • | Public pension system. Changes were made to the public pension system designed to adapt the system to respond to the aging of the population. Pension contribution payments and pensions were not increased in 2004 and 2005, which had a stabilizing effect on labor costs. A sustainability factor for public pensions was introduced in 2005, reflecting the ratio between retirees and working population, designed to have a confining effect on pension payments if the number of retirees increases disproportionately to working people. Accordingly, and also due to moderate wage increases, it is expected that pension contribution payments and pensions will not be increased at least one more time. |
| | |
| • | Unemployment insurance and labor market. Legislative changes in unemployment insurance included cuts in the benefits paid to unemployed persons. In addition, unemployment benefits to unemployed persons who refuse to accept job offers have been curtailed since the beginning of 2005. Among the measures which aimed at more flexibility of the labor market was the application of stricter rules for receiving benefits if job offers are refused. |
It is understood that it will take some time before the “Agenda 2010” and any new reforms implemented by the new Federal Government will show their full effect in terms of reduced spending for the social security system. Additional measures that might be implemented by the new government in this area are currently under discussion.
(Sources: Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2002/03, chapters 2.III, 5.I, 5.II; Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2003/04, chapter 2.IV; Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2004/05, chapters 5.I, 5.IV; Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Jahresgutachten 2005/06, pages 333-340)
International Economic Relations
International economic relations are of major importance to the German economy. In 2005, exports and imports of goods and services amounted to 40.2% and 35.2% of GDP at current prices, respectively. The Federal Republic pursues a liberal foreign trade policy aimed at dismantling tariffs and other barriers to trade.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe1.4 -2005 (March 2006), Table 2.3.13)
Because the Federal Republic’s economy depends on exports, it is particularly vulnerable to trade barriers, such as protective tariffs. The Federal Government supports, therefore, efforts to reduce trade barriers, such as through the current negotiations by the World Trade Organization under the Doha Development Agenda.
(Source: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Aussenwirtschaft/handelspolitik-eu-wto.html)
Balance of Payments
The Federal Republic typically achieves a surplus in the trading of goods. Traditionally, this surplus has been partially offset by deficits in other fields, such as in services, as well as by remittances of foreign employees to their home countries, the Federal Republic’s net payments to the EU and various other payments. Throughout most of the 1980s, the trade surplus more than offset these other deficits, resulting in positive current account balances. During the period from 1991 to 2000, factors such as increases in expenditures for services and in transfer payments, a rise in oil prices as well as structural readjustments of the capital markets in connection with the introduction of the euro outweighed the trade surplus and resulted in persistent current account deficits. Since 2001, however, the Federal Republic has again returned to current account surpluses, which rose to EUR 92.2 billion in 2005.
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monthly Report March 2001, pages 63, 67 and Table X.2; ; Deutsche Bundesbank, Balance of payments statistics, February 2006, Table I.1)
G-15
Back to Contents
Between July 2001 and March 2006, the euro appreciated by approximately 40% against the US dollar and, at times, by even more than 55%. Appreciation of the euro raised concerns that Germany’s export growth could weaken. The negative impact of the euro’s increasing external value on the German economy was, however, mitigated by the fact that other EMU countries accounted for 43% of German exports in 2005. Accordingly, a major part of German exports was not directly affected by depreciation of the dollar and, according to data of the Deutsche Bundesbank, Germany’s price competitiveness with respect to 19 industrial countries decreased by only 5.6% over the same period. Furthermore, a stronger currency may also have a positive influence on the domestic economy as lower import prices mitigate consumer price inflation and the increase of oil prices.
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht Dezember 2002, Tables X.11and X.13; Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Tables X.3, X.11and X.13)
The following table shows the Federal Republic’s balance of payments for each of the years indicated.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (BALANCES) (1)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
Current account(2) | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign trade(3) | 160,554 | | 156,096 | | 129,921 | | 132,788 | | 95,495 | |
Supplementary trade items | (20,170 | ) | (15,243 | ) | (11,149 | ) | (8,552 | ) | (7,420 | ) |
Services(4) | (27,876 | ) | (31,254 | ) | (34,274 | ) | (35,328 | ) | (49,862 | ) |
Factor income | 8,643 | | 635 | | (15,925 | ) | (18,022 | ) | (10,932 | ) |
Current transfers | (28,921 | ) | (28,309 | ) | (28,282 | ) | (27,511 | ) | (26,856 | ) |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Total current account | 92,230 | | 81,925 | | 40,291 | | 43,375 | | 424 | |
Capital transfers and purchases/ sales of intangible non-produced assets | (1,268 | ) | 430 | | 312 | | (212 | ) | (387 | ) |
Capital account | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net capital (capital export)(5) | (100,078 | ) | (114,695 | ) | (48,054 | ) | (38,448 | ) | (11,794 | ) |
of which: | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net German investment abroad (increase/capital exports—negative figure) | (368,652 | ) | (260,875 | ) | (203,369 | ) | (256,437 | ) | (267,962 | ) |
Total net foreign investment in Germany (increase/capital imports—positive figure) | 268,574 | | 146,180 | | 155,315 | | 217,989 | | 256,167 | |
Balance of unclassifiable transactions | 9,116 | | 32,340 | | 7,451 | | (4,716 | ) | 11,757 | |
| |
(1) | Figures are subject to considerable uncertainty owing to changes in the method of data collection in foreign trade. |
(2) | Foreign trade and services are recorded on the basis of exports (f.o.b.)/imports (c.i.f.), i.e., including the freight and insurance costs of imports. |
(3) | Special trade according to the official foreign trade statistics. Special trade consists principally of goods that are imported into the Federal Republic for use, consumption, adaptation or processing, as well as goods that are produced, manufactured, adapted or processed in the Federal Republic and are exported. The reported figures are based on exports (f.o.b.) and imports (c.i.f.). (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 2003, page 275). |
(4) | Excluding the freight and insurance costs included in the c.i.f. import value. |
(5) | Including change of currency reserves. |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Balance of payments statistics, March 2006, Tables I.1 and I.9.a)
Balance of Trade
The following tables show information relating to foreign trade of the Federal Republic for each of the years indicated:
G-16
Back to Contents
FOREIGN TRADE OF GOODS
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Exports of goods (f.o.b.) | 786,186 | | 731,544 | | 664,455 | | 651,320 | | 638,268 | |
Imports of goods (c.i.f.) | 625,632 | | 575,448 | | 534,534 | | 518,532 | | 542,774 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Trade surplus | 160,554 | | 156,096 | | 129,921 | | 132,788 | | 95,495 | |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Balance of payments statistics, March 2006, Table I.1)
The Federal Republic’s principal export goods are motor vehicles, machinery of all kinds, and electrical engineering and chemical products.
The principal import goods are chemical products, motor vehicles, machinery and metals. The Federal Republic has relatively few resources of industrial raw materials. As a result, it largely depends on imports to satisfy its demand for raw materials. This dependence on foreign supplies is particularly significant in the case of metals such as copper, bauxite, manganese, titanium, rock phosphate, tungsten and tin. The Federal Republic currently imports nearly two-thirds of its energy requirements, including virtually all of its oil and a significant portion of its natural gas requirements as well as all enriched uranium needed for nuclear energy.
COMPOSITION OF EXPORTED AND IMPORTED GOODS
| 2005 (1) | |
| Exports | | Imports | |
|
|
| (EUR in billions) | |
| | | | |
Total | 786.2 | | 625.6 | |
of which: | | | | |
Coal and turf | 0.2 | | 2.0 | |
Petroleum and gas | 3.6 | | 51.8 | |
Nutrition | 27.4 | | 28.1 | |
Textiles | 10.8 | | 11.7 | |
Clothing | 8.0 | | 16.0 | |
Paper | 15.7 | | 11.9 | |
Chemical products | 102.8 | | 70.5 | |
Iron and steel, non-ferrous metals | 41.1 | | 37.5 | |
Machinery | 110.9 | | 42.1 | |
Office machines and automatic data processing equipment | 21.9 | | 28.8 | |
Electrical machinery | 38.9 | | 25.1 | |
Special mechanical and optical goods | 33.0 | | 17.2 | |
Motor vehicles and components | 150.9 | | 63.9 | |
(Source: http://www.destatis.de/basis/d/aussh/aushtab2.htm, last update February 24, 2006)
G-17
Back to Contents
FOREIGN TRADE (SPECIAL TRADE) BY GROUPS OF COUNTRIES AND COUNTRIES(1)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
Exports to: | | | | | | |
Total | 786,186 | | 731,544 | | 664,455 | |
France | 79,871 | | 74,360 | | 69,025 | |
United States | 69,311 | | 64,860 | | 61,654 | |
United Kingdom | 61,681 | | 59,986 | | 55,597 | |
Italy | 54,374 | | 51,479 | | 48,414 | |
The Netherlands | 47,799 | | 46,730 | | 42,219 | |
Belgium/Luxembourg | 47,749 | | 43,992 | | 38,413 | |
Austria | 42,533 | | 40,244 | | 35,857 | |
Spain | 40,395 | | 36,249 | | 32,364 | |
Southeast Asia(2) | 27,542 | | 26,838 | | 24,515 | |
China(3) | 21,280 | | 20,992 | | 18,265 | |
Japan | 13,330 | | 12,719 | | 11,889 | |
|
Imports from: | | | | | | |
Total | 625,632 | | 575,448 | | 534,534 | |
France | 54,627 | | 51,535 | | 48,545 | |
The Netherlands | 53,371 | | 46,204 | | 42,301 | |
United States | 41,342 | | 40,709 | | 39,231 | |
Italy | 35,589 | | 35,676 | | 34,259 | |
China(3) | 39,891 | | 32,791 | | 25,681 | |
United Kingdom | 39,414 | | 34,466 | | 31,712 | |
Belgium/Luxembourg | 33,687 | | 28,818 | | 26,132 | |
Southeast Asia(2) | 30,596 | | 30,012 | | 27,119 | |
Austria | 25,292 | | 24,020 | | 21,453 | |
Japan | 21,435 | | 21,583 | | 19,684 | |
Spain | 17,985 | | 17,426 | | 16,518 | |
| |
(1) | Exports (f.o.b.) by country of destination, imports (c.i.f.) by country of origin. Special trade consists mainly of goods that are imported into the Federal Republic for use, consumption, adaptation or processing, as well as goods that are produced, manufactured, adapted or processed in the Federal Republic and subsequently are exported. (Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 2005, page 464). |
(2) | Includes Brunei Darussalam, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. |
(3) | Excludes Hong Kong. |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table X.3)
G-18
Back to Contents
MONETARY AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Background of the European System of Central Banks
The European System of Central Banks (“ESCB”) comprises the European Central Bank (“ECB”) and the national central banks of the 25 Member States of the EU, while the Eurosystem consists of the ECB and the national central banks of the twelve Member States that have adopted the euro as their legal currency, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
The Eurosystem is responsible for the single monetary policy for the euro area. Its decision-making bodies are the Governing Council and the Executive Board of the ECB. The national central banks of the Member States that are not part of the Eurosystem are represented in the Governing Council, but have no voting right in the decision-making process. The Eurosystem’s primary objective is to maintain price stability. It supports the general economic policies of the EU.
The Deutsche Bundesbank – Germany’s national central bank within the ESCB – has the responsibility of implementing the single monetary policy in Germany and continues to perform various other tasks, including acting as the Federal Government’s fiscal agent and playing an important role in banking and financial market supervision, as further described below under the caption “– Financial System”.
(Sources: European Central Bank, Annual Report 2004, pages 162-168;
www.bundesbank.de/aufgaben/aufgaben.en.php)
Monetary Policy Instruments of the ESCB
To achieve its operational goals, the ESCB conducts open market operations, offers standing facilities and requires credit institutions to maintain minimum reserves in accounts with the ESCB. Open market operations play an important role in the ESCB’s monetary policy because they steer interest rates and manage the liquidity situation in the market. Available open market operations are reverse transactions, outright transactions, the issuance of debt certificates or foreign exchange swaps, and the collection of fixed-term deposits. Standing facilities are designed to provide or absorb overnight liquidity and the imposition of minimum reserve requirements allows the ESCB to stabilize money market interest rates, create (or enlarge) a structural liquidity shortage and possibly contribute to the control of monetary expansion.
(Sources: European Central Bank, Annual Report 1999, pages 48-54; http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/monetarypolicy2004en.pdf, page 71 ff.)
Money Supply and Prices
The ECB’s primary goal is to maintain medium-term price stability, which is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices for the euro area of less than 2%. However, the ECB has clarified that, within this definition, it aims at an inflation rate close to 2%. This goal indicates the commitment to provide an adequate margin to avoid the risk of deflation. The stability-oriented monetary policy strategy of the Eurosystem used by the ECB to achieve this goal is based on two pillars: (i) analysis and assessment of short- to medium-term risks to price stability (economic analysis); and (ii) assessment of medium- to long-term monetary developments (monetary analysis), including a “natural” benchmark (reference value for the euro area money supply M3). The euro area money supply M3 is broadly defined as the sum total of currency in circulation, overnight deposits, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years, deposits redeemable at up to three months’ notice, repurchase agreements, money market fund shares/units, money market papers, and debt securities with a term of up to two years. Holdings by non-residents of the euro area of money market fund shares/units, money market papers and debt securities with a term of up to two years are excluded from M3 and its components. The Governing Council has set the reference value for M3 at 4.5% growth per annum. In January 2006, the annual growth rate of euro area money supply M3 was 7.6%, thereby exceeding the reference value. The prevailing low level of interest rates, which implies a low opportunity cost of holding money, continues to be the main driving force behind monetary growth. This view is supported by the continued very large contribution to the annual growth rate of M3 stemming from the expansion of the most liquid components included in the narrow monetary aggregate M1 (defined as sum of currency in circulation and overnight deposits).
G-19
Back to Contents
(Sources: European Central Bank, Monthly Bulletin, January 1999, pages 45-50, Monthly Bulletin, March 2006, pages 18 and 19, press release “Review of the Quantitative Reference Value for Monetary Growth”, December 2002)
The following table shows price trends in Germany for the periods indicated.
PRICE TRENDS
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (change from previous year in %) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) | 1.9 | | 1.8 | | 1.0 | | 1.4 | | 1.9 | |
Consumer price index (CPI) | 2.0 | | 1.6 | | 1.1 | | 1.4 | | 2.0 | |
Index of producer prices of industrial products sold on the domestic market(1) | 4.6 | | 1.6 | | 1.7 | | (0.6) | | 3.0 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | Excluding value-added tax |
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monthly Report February 2006, Table IX.7;
http://www.destatis.de/indicators/d/vpi120jd.htm, last update February 10, 2006)
The following table shows the principal indicators relating to money supply for each of the years indicated.
MAIN MONETARY INDICATORS
| At December 31,(1) | |
|
| |
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Currency in circulation(2) | 514.8 | | 452.7 | | 386.9 | | 332.3 | | 233.3 | |
Money Stock M1 | 3,417.4 | | 2,912.7 | | 2,680.6 | | 2,441.7 | | 2,151.1 | |
Money Stock M2 | 6,067.2 | | 5,573.6 | | 5,233.9 | | 4,917.6 | | 4,602.0 | |
Money Stock M3 | 7,057.3 | | 6,534.2 | | 6,141.1 | | 5,771.7 | | 5,391.1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Annual change based on year-end comparison in % (3) | |
Money Stock M1 | 11.3 | | 9.0 | | 10.6 | | 9.8 | | 5.4 | |
Money Stock M2 | 8.5 | | 6.7 | | 7.6 | | 6.6 | | 6.4 | |
Money Stock M3 | 7.3 | | 6.6 | | 7.1 | | 7.0 | | 7.9 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | Monetary aggregates comprise monetary liabilities of Monetary Financial Institutions (“MFIs”) and central government (post office, treasury) vis-à-vis non-MFI euro area residents excluding central government. M1 is the sum of currency in circulation and overnight deposits; M2 is the sum of M1, deposits with an agreed maturity of up to two years and deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months; and M3 is the sum of M2, repos, money market fund shares/units and debt securities with a term of up to two years. |
(2) | Excluding credit institutions’ cash in hand, including notes and coins held abroad. |
(3) | Annual changes of euro area M3 are calculated from monthly differences in levels adjusted for reclassification, other revaluations, exchange rate variations and any other changes which do not arise from transactions. |
(Sources: European Central Bank, Monthly Bulletin, March 2006, Tables 2.3.1, 2.3.2; European Central Bank, Monthly Bulletin, April 2005, Tables 2.3.1, 2.3.2; European Central Bank, Monthly Bulletin July 2003, Tables 2.4.3, 2.4.4)
G-20
Back to Contents
Official Foreign Exchange Reserves
The following table shows the breakdown of the Federal Republic’s official foreign exchange reserves as of the end of the years indicated.
OFFICIAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC(1)
| As of December 31, | |
|
| |
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Gold | 47,924 | | 35,495 | | 36,533 | | 36,208 | | 35,005 | |
Foreign currency balances | 33,708 | | 29,292 | | 32,538 | | 40,522 | | 49,489 | |
International Monetary Fund Reserve position and special drawing rights | 4,549 | | 6,548 | | 7,609 | | 8,272 | | 8,721 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Total | 86,181 | | 71,335 | | 76,680 | | 85,002 | | 93,215 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
(1) | External position of the Deutsche Bundesbank in the EMU. Assets and liabilities vis-à-vis all EMU member countries and non-EMU member countries. |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table X.9)
The Federal Republic’s foreign reserve assets are currently managed by the Deutsche Bundesbank. The 12 participating Member States in the EMU have transferred foreign reserve assets in an aggregate amount equivalent to approximately EUR 39.8 billion to the ECB, consisting of foreign currency reserves and gold. The ECB manages the foreign reserve assets transferred to it. The foreign reserve assets not transferred to the ECB continue to be held and managed by the national central banks of the twelve participating Member States. In order to ensure consistency within the single monetary and foreign exchange policies of the EMU, the ECB monitors and coordinates market transactions conducted with those assets.
(Sources: European Central Bank, Annual Report 1998, page 74; European Central Bank, Annual Accounts 2005, page 4, http://www.ecb.int/pub/annual/html/index.en.html)
External Positions of Banks
The following table shows the external assets and liabilities of the Deutsche Bundesbank and the commercial banks of the Federal Republic as of the end of each of the years indicated.
FOREIGN FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES BY SECTOR
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | |
Deutsche Bundesbank | | | | | | | | | | |
Assets | 130.3 | | 93.1 | | 95.4 | | 103.9 | | 76.1 | |
Liabilities | 6.3 | | 7.9 | | 10.4 | | 9.0 | | 8.8 | |
Net position | 124.0 | | 85.2 | | 85.0 | | 94.9 | | 67.4 | |
Banks | | | | | | | | | | |
Loans to foreign banks | 1,038.8 | | 889.4 | | 769.6 | | 690.6 | | 596.1 | |
Loans to foreign non-banks | 712.0 | | 629.5 | | 576.3 | | 558.8 | | 570.3 | |
Loans from foreign banks | 651.7 | | 603.3 | | 590.7 | | 614.2 | | 622.7 | |
Loans from foreign non-banks | 316.4 | | 311.2 | | 307.3 | | 319.2 | | 350.6 | |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Tables IV.4 and X.9)
Foreign Exchange Rates and Controls
The euro is a freely convertible currency. Since its introduction, the euro has become the second most widely used currency internationally. Currency transactions do not require licenses or other permissions. Capital market transactions are equally not subject to any license or similar requirements. Gold may be imported and exported freely, subject only to the levy of VAT on some transactions.
G-21
Back to Contents
The following table shows the exchange rates for selected currencies in relation to the euro for the past five years.
ANNUAL AVERAGE EXCHANGE RATES OF THE EURO(1)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
U.S. dollars per euro | 1.2441 | | 1.2439 | | 1.1312 | | 0.9456 | | 0.8956 | |
Pound sterling per euro | 0.6838 | | 0.6787 | | 0.6920 | | 0.6288 | | 0.6219 | |
Japanese yen per euro | 136.85 | | 134.44 | | 130.97 | | 118.06 | | 108.68 | |
Swiss franc per euro | 1.5483 | | 1.5438 | | 1.5212 | | 1.4670 | | 1.5105 | |
|
(1) | Calculated from daily quotations. |
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monthly Report February 2006, Table X.11)
Financial System
As of January 31, 2006, 2,082 financial institutions in Germany reported an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 6,981.2 billion to the Deutsche Bundesbank. According to the Deutsche Bundesbank’s classification, these institutions included 250 commercial banks with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 1,981.6 billion and 130 subsidiaries and branches of foreign banks located in the Federal Republic with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 732.9 billion.
In addition to the commercial banks, there were 458 savings banks and their 12 regional institutions, and 16 special purpose credit institutions. As of January 31, 2006, the aggregate balance sheet total of the savings banks was EUR 1000.5 billion, and the aggregate balance sheet total of their 12 regional institutions was EUR 1,368.4 billion. The aggregate balance sheet total of the special purpose credit institutions was EUR 730.5 billion.
The Federal Republic’s banking system also includes 1,294 credit cooperatives (with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 586.6 billion as of January 31, 2006) and their two central institutions (with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 222.0 billion), 24 mortgage banks (with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 900.5 billion) and 26 building and loan associations (with an aggregate balance sheet total of EUR 191.2 billion).
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table IV.2)
All banks other than the Deutsche Bundesbank and KfW are regulated by the German Banking Act. German commercial banking institutions operate as “universal” banks and are not restricted by law or otherwise from offering a complete range of diverse financial services.
The system of supervision of financial services in Germany was reorganized in 2002. The task of the new Financial Supervisory Authority is to provide integrated financial services supervision, intended to better address the needs of the capital markets for the protection of investors and insured persons, and to enable financial services providers to install more adequate cross-sector risk-management devices. Overall, the reform was intended to strengthen the German financial markets, especially in respect of competition with other European countries. The Deutsche Bundesbank is closely integrated into the ongoing supervision of the banking sector by the Financial Supervisory Authority.
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, press release dated March 22, 2002; Bundesanstalt für
Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, press release dated April 29, 2002; Deutsche Bundesbank and Bundesanstalt für
Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, joint press release dated November 4, 2002)
Securities Market
The Federal Republic’s securities market is among Europe’s largest. Trading in listed securities is not legally or otherwise confined to the stock exchanges. It is estimated, however, that most transactions in equity securities are executed through stock exchanges. By contrast, debt securities, although typically listed, are predominantly traded over-the-counter.
Highly developed secondary markets, combined with the distribution capabilities of an extensive network of commercial banks, provide the basis for the Federal Republic’s position in the world’s capital
G-22
Back to Contents
markets. Equity and debt issues are generally underwritten and distributed through banking syndicates, which typically include commercial banks as well as certain regional and specialized institutions. The official securities markets of Berlin-Bremen, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Munich and Stuttgart and the futures and options exchange Eurex Deutschland are recognized as regulated markets of the EU according to Article 16 of the Investment Services Directive 93/22/EEC and comply with worldwide accepted regulation standards.
In 2005, sales of debt securities and shares amounted to EUR 258.7 billion and EUR 31.8 billion, respectively. The most important stock exchange in the Federal Republic is the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, operated by Deutsche Börse AG. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange had a total turnover of EUR 3,274.2 billion in 2005, accounting for 86.1% of the total turnover on German securities exchanges.
(Sources: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table VII.1; Deutsche Börse, Cash Market:
Monthly Statistics – February 2006, page 3)
G-23
Back to Contents
PUBLIC FINANCE
Receipts and Expenditures
The Federal Government, each of the Länder governments and each of the municipalities (Gemeinden) have separate budgets. The federal budget is the largest single public budget.
The fiscal year of the Federal Republic is the calendar year. The annual federal budget is passed by an act of Parliament. On the basis of a proposal prepared by the Ministry of Finance, the Federal Government introduces the Federal Budget Bill to the Parliament, generally in the fall of each year. The proposal has to pass through three Bundestag sessions, the budget committee of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat, which deliberates the proposal twice. The final vote on the proposal is taken by the Bundestag in its third session.
In addition to the federal, Länder and municipal budgets, there are separate budgets of the social security system and various special funds (Sondervermögen) of the federal administration that are created for specific public purposes.
In 2005, total consolidated public sector receipts as shown in the national accounts amounted to EUR 974.8 billion, with tax receipts of EUR 491.1 billion and social security contributions of EUR 397.0 billion.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 3.4.3.2)
In 2005, turnover taxes (i.e., VAT and import-turnover tax) and income taxes amounted to EUR 139.7 billion and EUR 162.0 billion, respectively. In addition to these taxes, the Federal Government, the Länder governments and the municipal authorities each levied special taxes, for example on tobacco, beer and motor vehicles. The joint taxes are distributed among the Federal Government, the Länder governments and municipal authorities, according to a predetermined formula.
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table VIII.5)
Consolidated public sector expenditures in 2005, as shown in the national accounts, amounted to a total of EUR 1,049.3 billion. The most significant consolidated public sector expenditures were social transfers and benefits (EUR 598.1 billion) and employee compensation (EUR 167.3 billion). Other significant consolidated public sector expenditures included intermediate consumption, which totaled EUR 94.4 billion, interest on public debt (EUR 63.4 billion), and gross capital formation (EUR 29.2 billion).
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe1.4 -2005 (March 2006), Table 3.4.3.2)
The general government deficit shown in the national accounts decreased from an amount of EUR 81.2 billion in 2004 to EUR 74.5 billion in 2005. In 2005, the general government deficit was 3.3% of GDP. See “The Economy — Germany’s General Government Deficit and the Excessive Deficit Procedure” above.
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.1.10)
G-24
Back to Contents
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTS(1)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | |
Federal Government, Länder governments and municipalities | | | | | | | | | | |
Receipts | 597.1 | | 579.2 | | 583.3 | | 578.6 | | 578.1 | |
of which: Taxes(2) | 491.1 | | 481.2 | | 481.7 | | 477.4 | | 477.7 | |
Expenditures | 668.2 | | 659.1 | | 661.9 | | 651.3 | | 633.9 | |
Balance | (71.2 | ) | (79.9 | ) | (78.6 | ) | (72.7 | ) | (55.8 | ) |
Social security | | | | | | | | | | |
Receipts | 468.1 | | 467.4 | | 467.4 | | 458.9 | | 445.4 | |
Expenditures | 471.4 | | 468.7 | | 475.4 | | 465.8 | | 449.2 | |
Balance | (3.4 | ) | (1.3 | ) | (8.0 | ) | (6.9 | ) | (3.8 | ) |
Consolidated public sector | | | | | | | | | | |
Receipts | 974.8 | | 956.8 | | 960.3 | | 951.2 | | 945.5 | |
Expenditures | 1049.3 | | 1,038.0 | | 1,046.8 | | 1,030.8 | | 1,005.1 | |
Balance | (74.5 | ) | (81.2 | ) | (86.6 | ) | (79.6 | ) | (59.6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | Definition according to the national accounts. |
(2) | Excluding taxes of domestic sectors to EU. |
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Tables 3.4.3.2, 3.4.3.3, 3.4.3.7)
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS(1)
| 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | | 2001 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Receipts | 276.4 | | 260.8 | | 275.1 | | 268.5 | | 265.4 | |
of which: Taxes(2) | 247.4 | | 240.2 | | 245.8 | | 241.2 | | 238.0 | |
Expenditures | 326.0 | | 311.8 | | 314.7 | | 304.6 | | 292.9 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Total balance | (49.6 | ) | (50.9 | ) | (39.6 | ) | (36.1 | ) | (27.5 | ) |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
(1) | Definition according to the national accounts. |
(2) | Excluding taxes of domestic sectors to EU. |
(Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 3.4.3.4)
G-25
Back to Contents
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES(1)
| 2007(2) | | 2006(3) | | 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in billions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Expenditures total | 269.1 | | 261.7 | | 259.8 | | 251.6 | | 256.7 | |
Selected categories: | | | | | | | | | | |
Education, science, research, cultural affairs | 12.9 | | 12.4 | | 11.4 | | 11.0 | | 10.9 | |
Social security(4) | 134.4 | | 134.4 | | 133.0 | | 120.6 | | 118.3 | |
Defense | 28.2 | | 27.7 | | 27.8 | | 27.7 | | 28.4 | |
Transportation and communication | 10.7 | | 10.9 | | 11.1 | | 10.1 | | 10.1 | |
General financing | 41.4 | | 37.8 | | 38.5 | | 39.6 | | 40.0 | |
of which: | | | | | | | | | | |
Debt service | 39.8 | | 38.0 | | 37.4 | | 36.3 | | 36.9 | |
Other expenditures | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign affairs | 6.1 | | 6.0 | | 5.9 | | 5.6 | | 5.5 | |
Health, environment and sport and recreation | 0.9 | | 0.9 | | 0.9 | | 0.9 | | 1.0 | |
Housing, regional planning and municipal community services | 1.9 | | 1.7 | | 1.8 | | 1.8 | | 1.8 | |
Food, agriculture and forestry | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | 1.0 | | 1.1 | |
| |
(1) | The information presented in this table concerning expenditures is not comparable to the information concerning expenditures presented in the table “Federal Government Accounts” because as the information is derived from different sources and results from different methods of data compilation. |
(2) | Target figures according to the Medium Term Financing Plan (Status: March 2006). |
(3) | Target figures according to the Federal Budget Plan 2006 (Status: March 2006). |
(4) | Predominantly subsidies to the pension insurance and the unemployment insurance system. |
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Finanzbericht 2006, Table 2, page 222)
Tax Structure
Income Tax
The Federal Government’s largest sources of revenue are the various kinds of income taxes (e.g., wage tax, corporate income tax, capital gains tax and solidarity surcharge). Employees pay taxes on their income from employment in the form of wage taxes, which employers are required to deduct from employees’ salaries or wages and pay directly to the tax authorities. By contrast, self-employed persons typically pay estimated taxes during the year before filing their annual income tax return.
The income tax payable with respect to taxable income generated during the 2006 fiscal year is calculated on the basis of (i) a personal allowance in the amount of EUR 7,664 for single persons/EUR 15,328 for married couples that applies to all taxpayers, (ii) progressive tax brackets ranging from 15% to 42%, and (iii) a flat rate of 42% for net income of EUR 52,152 or more for single persons/EUR 104,304 or more for married couples. In addition, a solidarity surcharge of 5.5% is imposed on the applicable income tax rate – with certain allowances – to finance the restructuring processes in the eastern Länder.
Capital income received by domestic taxpayers is subject to capital gains tax (Kapitalertragsteuer) at a rate of 30% for interest payments (over-the-counter 35%) and 20% for dividend payments, subject to an allowance (Sparerfreibetrag) in the amount of EUR 1,370 (EUR 2,740 for married couples). The tax withheld is credited against a taxpayer’s income tax liability. In the case of dividend payments, only half of the distributed profits of a corporation are included in the shareholders’ personal income for withholding tax purposes (“half income system”). Private shareholders’ gains from sales of shares in corporations are tax-exempt if the shares have been held for a minimum period of one year (unless the share represents a “substantial interest” defined as 1% or more of the share capital) or if the gain from the sale does not exceed the tax-free allowance in the amount of EUR 512. If the shares are sold during the one-year holding period or represent a
G-26
Back to Contents
substantial interest and the gain exceeds the tax-free allowance and the sale is, therefore, subject to tax, the half-income system applies.
On January 1, 2005, the Old Age Income Act (Alterseinkünftegesetz) entered into force. This Act incorporates new provisions on the income tax treatment of pension payments and contributions to pension schemes which will result in the gradual transition to a system of deferred taxation of pensions, with the share of the pension payments that is subject to income tax increasing from 50% in the year 2005 to 100% by the year 2040. In exchange, pension insurance contributions beginning at 60% in the year 2005 and increasing gradually until 2025 up to a maximum limit of EUR 20,000 per year (EUR 40,000 per year for married couples) will become fully exempt from tax. Since tax exemption for pension insurance contributions will be fully implemented by the year 2025, whereas the deferred taxation of pension benefits will not reach 100% until the year 2040, German taxpayers will, in fact, receive considerable tax relief.
Since January 2001, income generated by corporations is subject to corporate income tax at a flat rate of 25%. Starting with the 2002 tax year, the Act for Development of Corporate Taxation (Gesetz zur Fortentwicklung des Unternehmenssteuerrechts), took effect. Capital gains from the sale of shareholdings from one corporation to another are generally exempt from tax. Partnerships may – without paying taxes – transfer profits from the sale of shares in corporations, up to a maximum of EUR 500,000, to new purchases of shares, but also to purchases of plant and depreciable movable assets. Additionally, the Act contains provisions on the tax treatment of international transactions and the taxation of affiliated enterprises. Since 2004, the amounts of loss carry-forwards for both companies and private individuals have been capped. Individuals may carry losses up to an amount of EUR 1 million (EUR 2 million for married couples) and 60% of any losses exceeding this threshold forward. There is no time limit for carrying losses forward.
With effect from November 10, 2005, the federal government has effectively reduced the attractiveness of various fund models, such as funds of shipping interests, which aim to generate tax losses that can be carried forward (Gesetz zur Beschränkung der Verlustverrechnung im Zusammenhang mit Steuerstundungsmodellen).
Income in connection with the sale or closure of businesses by retiring entrepreneurs is also subject to income tax. The calculation of tax on this income is subject to special rules which lower the tax by reducing the impact of progressive tax rates.
Value-Added Tax
Value-added tax (“VAT”) is a general consumption tax that is imposed on the value of most goods and services. The rate applicable to most goods and services is 16%. Certain items that are classified as basic necessities, such as food (except beverages and all turnovers in restaurants) and books, are subject to a reduced rate of 7%. In addition to the VAT, there are some specific consumption taxes. The most significant specific consumption taxes relate to petroleum and tobacco.
Environmental Tax
On April 1, 1999, an environmental tax scheme was introduced in order to encourage energy conservation and to lower employers’ and employees contributions to the public pension system at the same time, thereby allocating the burden of taxes and contributions more equally among labor, capital and natural resources. Key points of the environmental tax regime are a new tax on the consumption of electricity, the electricity tax, and a modification of the petroleum tax. The electricity tax rate is EUR 2.05 per kilowatt hour. The rates of the petroleum tax are scaled in accordance with certain environmental criteria.
Trade Tax
Trade tax (Gewerbesteuer) is levied at municipal level and is imposed on the businesses and their objective earning power. The trade tax rate varies and depends on a number of factors, including the nature of the business as well as the municipality that levies the tax. The base for the trade tax is the trade earning of the business. To calculate a business’s trade earning, the gain from the professional undertaking as the starting point is increased by certain additions (e.g., half of the interest paid for long-term debt) and also reduced by certain discounts (e.g., one-half of the rental or leasing income). Trade tax liability is calculated by multiplying a business’s trade earnings by the tax assessment rate (Steuermesszahl) of a maximum of 5% to achieve the base value for trade tax (Steuermessbetrag) which is then multiplied with the municipal collection rate (Hebesatz). Beyond a required minimum level, the municipalities have the discretion to fix the municipal tax collection rate,
G-27
Back to Contents
so that rates may vary. Trade tax is deductible as an operating expenditure and thus has an effect on personal as well as corporate income taxes. In addition, the income tax applicable to unincorporated companies is reduced by an amount equal to 1.8 times the base value for trade tax, so that most of these companies, in effect, enjoy full relief from trade tax.
Recent and Pending Reform Measures
Effective January 1, 2006, certain subsidies to homeowners granted in connection with the construction and purchase of houses and condominiums (Eigenheimzulage) have been abolished. As a temporary measure to boost economic growth, especially to strengthen small and medium-sized enterprises, the depreciation rules for movable assets acquired from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007 were improved. In addition, the turnover limit regarding value-added taxation (as-is taxation) was raised from EUR 125,000 to EUR 250,000 in the western Länder, while the corresponding arrangement for the eastern Länder (with a limit of EUR 500,000) was extended until 2009.
With effect from January 1, 2007, the new government coalition plans to increase the standard rate of VAT by 3 percentage points to 19%. The reduced rate of 7% for basic necessities will not be affected by this measure. The receipts of this tax increase will be partly used to reduce the unemployment insurance contributions. In order to address deficiencies in the taxation of companies — in particular, the comparatively high nominal tax rates, the Federal Government is planning to reform company taxation. Work on this tax reform will be ongoing in 2006 and 2007, with a view to implementing a new tax system in 2008. The Federal Government proposed to introduce a new maximum income tax bracket of 45% for income resulting from wages, capital, and real property exceeding EUR 250,000 p.a. (EUR 500,000 p.a. for married couples) beginning in 2007. There are also plans to reduce the tax-free allowance for investment income (Sparerfreibetrag) from EUR 1,370 to EUR 750 (from EUR 2,740 to EUR 1,500 for married couples) and to reduce the tax allowance for commuters.
The Federal Government is also planning to reduce the inheritance tax burden on small and medium-sized enterprises and is considering proposals which provide for a successive reduction of the inheritance tax burden for every year the heirs maintain ownership of the enterprise.
Possibility of Account Information Requests
The Federal Government has improved the means of investigation in order to enforce tax compliance. Since April 1, 2005, the German financial authorities have the possibility to request information about bank accounts for tax purposes under certain conditions, even if there is no initial suspicion of criminal activity. The possibility of account information requests aims at ensuring a more effective and more uniform collection of taxes and social security contributions and also at preventing wrongful receipt of social security benefits. In connection with the taxation process, the financial authorities may submit a request for account information if it is necessary to determine or collect taxes and if an attempt to obtain information from the taxpayer either has not produced or is unlikely to produce the desired result. Such requests must be related to a specific occurrence and be purposeful. Furthermore, such a request must clearly relate to a specific person and responses to such request may only contain certain limited data (e.g., the account number or the date of account opening or closing). Currently, the request of information on account balances or transactions is only possible with the aid of the taxpayer.
(Sources: http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_04/nn_3506/DE/Service/Lexikon__A__Z/U/001.html;
htt p://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_06/nn_3478/DE/Service/Lexikon__A__Z/G/001.html; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_04/nn_3486/DE/Service/Lexikon__A__Z/K/003.html; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_04/nn_3486/DE/Service/Lexikon__A__Z/K/001.html; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/lang_de/DE/Service/Downloads/IP/030__b,templateId=raw,property= publicationFile.pdf; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_02/nn_90/DE/Steuern/Alterseinkuenftegesetz_ _Altersvorsorge/Alterseinkuenftegesetz.html; http://bundesrecht.juris.de/estg/index.html; http://bundesrecht.juri s.de/gewstg/index.html; http://bundesrecht.juris.de/stromstg/index.html; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de /cln_01/nn_3380/DE/Aktuelles/007.html; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_06/nn_4134/DE/Steuern/ Aktuell/010.html; http://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/Inhalte/Pdf/B/br-jahreswirtschaftsbericht-2006,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/cln_02/nn_54/sid_24703E6D8246E3FDA15F1C1EDC566EB6/nsc_tru e/DE/Aktuelles/Pressemitteilungen/2006/05/20061005__PM0062.html; )
G-28
Back to Contents
The following table provides an overview of tax revenues of the Federal Republic, Länder and municipalities divided by categories for the past five years.
TAX REVENUES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC, LÄNDER AND MUNICIPALITIES(1)
| 2006(2) | | 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 2002 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Federal taxes(3) | 83,462 | | 83,508 | | 84,554 | | 86,609 | | 83,494 | |
Share of the Federal Republic in(4): | | | | | | | | | | |
Wage tax and assessed income tax | 56,759 | | 54,691 | | 54,948 | | 58,504 | | 59,386 | |
Capital gains tax and corporate tax | 14,550 | | 13,142 | | 11,521 | | 8,638 | | 8,444 | |
Interest withholding tax | 3,121 | | 3,076 | | 2,980 | | 3,358 | | 3,730 | |
Value added tax and excise tax on imports | 71,825 | | 70,919 | | 67,049 | | 67,426 | | 68,083 | |
Trade tax | 1,409 | | 1,549 | | 1,461 | | 2,306 | | 1,754 | |
Total federal taxes(5) | 193,840 | | 190,176 | | 186,950 | | 191,935 | | 192,051 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Länder taxes(6) | 21,252 | | 20,579 | | 19,774 | | 18,713 | | 18,576 | |
Share of the Länder in(4): | | | | | | | | | | |
Wage tax and assessed income tax | 56,759 | | 54,691 | | 54,948 | | 58,504 | | 59,385 | |
Capital gains tax and corporation tax | 14,550 | | 13,142 | | 11,521 | | 8,638 | | 8,444 | |
Interest withholding tax | 3,121 | | 3,076 | | 2,980 | | 3,358 | | 3,730 | |
Value added tax and excise tax on imports | 63,823 | | 62,635 | | 64,480 | | 61,517 | | 62,098 | |
Trade tax | 4,694 | | 4,668 | | 4,199 | | 4,779 | | 3,998 | |
Total Länder taxes(7) | 186,037 | | 180,426 | | 179,869 | | 177,577 | | 178,552 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Municipal taxes(8) | 10,940 | | 10,813 | | 10,608 | | 10,339 | | 9,958 | |
Share of the municipalities in: | | | | | | | | | | |
Wage tax , assessed income tax and interest withholding tax | 20,884 | | 20,142 | | 20,206 | | 21,565 | | 21,976 | |
Value added tax and excise tax on imports(9) | 2,952 | | 2,901 | | 2,852 | | 2,844 | | 2,869 | |
Trade tax | 28,097 | | 25,911 | | 22,712 | | 17,053 | | 17,738 | |
Total municipal authorities taxes | 62,873 | | 59,765 | | 56,379 | | 51,801 | | 52,542 | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Revenues of EU(10): | | | | | | | | | | |
Customs duties | 3,700 | | 3,378 | | 3,059 | | 2,877 | | 2,896 | |
Value added tax | 3,600 | | 3,258 | | 2,985 | | 5,209 | | 5,145 | |
Tax based on nominal GNP | 15,450 | | 15,075 | | 13,596 | | 12,840 | | 10,518 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Total tax revenues | 465,499 | | 452,079 | | 442,838 | | 442,238 | | 441,705 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
(1) | The information presented in this table concerning federal tax receipts is not comparable to the information concerning tax receipts in the tables “Public Sector Accounts” and “Federal Government Accounts” as the information was derived from different sources and is the result of different methods of data compilation. |
(2) | Figures estimated by the Working Committee for Tax Estimation (“Arbeitskreis Steuerschätzungen”) in May 2006, based on the Federal Government’s growth rate forecast for nominal GDP of 2.0% in 2006. |
(3) | Including, among others, taxes on tobacco, distilled spirits and mineral fuels. |
(4) | Shared taxes are levied by the Federal Government (with the exception of the trade tax which is levied by the municipalities) and distributed among the Federal Republic, the Länder and the municipalities according to specific distribution schedules. |
(5) | Net of federal grants to certain Länder and of EU contributions. |
(6) | Includes, among others, taxes on property, motor vehicles and beer. |
(7) | Including federal grants to certain Länder. |
(8) | Includes, among others, taxes on land and buildings. |
(9) | Municipalities’ share in value added tax and excise tax on imports. |
(10) | Reflects revenue collections made by the Federal Government on behalf of others. |
G-29
Back to Contents
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Finanzbericht 2006, Table 12, pages 295-296; http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/lang_de/DE/Steuern/Steuerschaetzung__einnahmen/Ergebnis__der__St euerschaetzung/11__Mai__06__01,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf)
Government Participations
As of October 2005, the Federal Republic held direct participations in 90 public or private enterprises, and various special funds held participations in 20 (18 without double counting) enterprises. The aggregate nominal capital of the enterprises in which the Federal Republic or the special funds held direct participations amounted to EUR 18.4 billion as of December 31, 2004 compared to EUR 19.6 billion as of December 31, 2003.
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Beteiligungsbericht 2004, page 2; Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Beteiligungsbericht 2005, pages 1 and 2)
The following table shows information on the Federal Republic’s significant participations (including those held through its “special funds”) as of October 2005.
| Nominal Capital of | | Participation of the | |
| Enterprise as of | | Federal Republic as | |
Enterprises | October 2005 | | of October 2005 | |
|
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | | (%) | |
Significant majority participations: | | | | |
Deutsche Bahn AG | 2,150 | | 100.0 | |
KfW | 3,750 | | 80.0 | |
| | | | |
Significant minority participations exceeding 25% | | | | |
Flughafen München GmbH | 307 | | 26.0 | |
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Beteiligungsbericht 2005, Chapters B and C, pages 19-104)
G-30
Back to Contents
DEBT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
As of December 31, 2005, the Federal Government’s total debt, not including the debt of the Länder governments and the municipalities, amounted to EUR 886.3 billion, or 39.5% of 2005 GDP at current prices, compared to EUR 812.1 billion, or 36.7% of 2004 GDP at current prices as of December 31, 2004. Since July 1, 1999, the Federal Government has assumed joint liability for the debts of the following special funds: Sinking Fund for Vested Liabilities (Erblastentilgungsfonds) (for former GDR liabilities); the Federal Railway Fund (Bundeseisenbahnvermögen); and the Compensation Fund for Safeguarding the Use of Coal (Ausgleichsfonds Steinkohleneinsatz). The aforementioned special funds are allocated to the Federal Government as of July 1999.
(Source: Deutsche Bundesbank, Monatsbericht März 2006, Table VIII.10; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4 –2005 (March 2006), Table 2.1.1)
The Federal Government raises funds primarily through the issuance of bonds and notes. Euro-denominated bonds and notes issued by the Federal Republic are evidenced by book-entry and no certificates are issued.
In addition to its own direct debt obligations, the Federal Government had outstanding guarantees in an aggregate amount of EUR 229,654 million as of December 31, 2004. Of this amount, EUR 103,160 million was outstanding in the form of export credit insurance, which is handled by EULER HERMES on behalf and for the account of the Federal Government.
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Finanzbericht 2006, Overview 4, page 350)
For more detailed information regarding the Federal Government’s debt and guarantees, see “Tables and Supplementary Information”.
For information on the Federal Government’s liability as of December 31, 2005 for capital subscriptions to various international financial organizations, see the table entitled “III. Liabilities to International Financial Organizations”, below.
G-31
Back to Contents
TABLES AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
I. DIRECT DEBT OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
SUMMARY
| Principal Amount | |
| Outstanding as of | |
| December 31, 2005 | |
|
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
| | |
Federal Bonds | 541,218 | |
Five-year Federal Notes | 178,500 | |
Federal Treasury Notes | 111,000 | |
Federal Savings Notes | 11,055 | |
Treasury Discount Paper | 35,817 | |
Federal Treasury Financing Paper | 1,155 | |
Borrowers’ note loans of which: | 26,796 | |
– From residents | 26,067 | |
– From non-residents | 728 | |
Old debt(1) of which: | 4,484 | |
Equalization claims | 4,118 | |
Other | 40 | |
Repurchased debt | 37,723 | |
Medium-term notes of Treuhandanstalt | 266 | |
|
| |
Total | 872,608 | |
|
| |
|
(1) | Mainly equalization and covering claims of the Deutsche Bundesbank, other banks and insurance companies in connection with the currency reform of 1948. |
(Source: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Übersicht über den Stand der Schuld der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 31. Dezember 2005, Bundesanzeiger Nr. 34 of February 17, 2006, page 1039)
G-32
Back to Contents
DEBT TABLES
1. Federal Bonds (1)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
| Interest | | Year of | | | | Outstanding as of | |
Title | Rate | | Issue | | Maturity | | December 31, 2005 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (% per annum) | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | | | | | |
6% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1986 (II) | 6 | | 1986 | | 2016 | | 3,750 | |
5.625% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1986 | 5.625 | | 1986 | | 2016 | | 750 | |
6.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1994 | 6.25 | | 1994 | | 2024 | | 10,250 | |
6% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1996 (I) | 6 | | 1996 | | 2006 | | 13,000 | |
6% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1996 (II) | 6 | | 1996 | | 2006 | | 6,250 | |
6.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1996 | 6.25 | | 1996 | | 2006 | | 7,250 | |
6% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1997 (I) | 6 | | 1997 | | 2007 | | 15,500 | |
6% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1997 (II) | 6 | | 1997 | | 2007 | | 15,500 | |
6.5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1997 | 6.5 | | 1997 | | 2027 | | 11,250 | |
5.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1998 | 5.25 | | 1998 | | 2008 | | 15,500 | |
5.625% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1998 | 5.625 | | 1998 | | 2028 | | 14,500 | |
4.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1998 (I) | 4.75 | | 1998 | | 2008 | | 8,750 | |
4.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1998 (II) | 4.75 | | 1998 | | 2028 | | 11,250 | |
4.125% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1998 | 4.125 | | 1998 | | 2008 | | 14,000 | |
3.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1999 | 3.75 | | 1999 | | 2009 | | 14,250 | |
4% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1999 | 4 | | 1999 | | 2009 | | 11,250 | |
4.5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1999 | 4.5 | | 1999 | | 2009 | | 20,250 | |
5.375% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 1999 | 5.375 | | 1999 | | 2010 | | 20,250 | |
6.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2000 | 6.25 | | 2000 | | 2030 | | 9,250 | |
5.5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2000 | 5.5 | | 2000 | | 2031 | | 17,000 | |
5.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2000 (I) | 5.25 | | 2000 | | 2010 | | 20,250 | |
5.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2000 (II) | 5.25 | | 2000 | | 2011 | | 23,250 | |
5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2001 | 5 | | 2001 | | 2011 | | 24,000 | |
5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2002 (I) | 5 | | 2002 | | 2012 | | 25,000 | |
5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2002 (II) | 5 | | 2002 | | 2012 | | 27,000 | |
4.5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2003 | 4.5 | | 2003 | | 2013 | | 24,000 | |
3.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2003 | 3.75 | | 2003 | | 2013 | | 22,000 | |
4.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2003 | 4.25 | | 2003 | | 2014 | | 24,000 | |
4.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2003 | 4.75 | | 2003 | | 2034 | | 20,000 | |
4.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2004 | 4.25 | | 2004 | | 2014 | | 25,000 | |
3.75% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2004 | 3.75 | | 2004 | | 2015 | | 23,000 | |
4% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2005 | 4 | | 2005 | | 2037 | | 11,000 | |
3.25% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2005 | 3.25 | | 2005 | | 2015 | | 21,000 | |
3.5% Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2005 | 3.5 | | 2005 | | 2016 | | 8,000 | |
3.875% USD-Bonds of the Federal Republic of 2005 | 3.875 | | 2005 | | 2010 | | 3,968 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
Total Federal Bonds | | | | | | | 541,218 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| |
(1) | Federal Bonds are evidenced by book entry, and no certificates are issued. Maturities are 10 to 30 years. No redemption prior to maturity; including principal strips. |
G-33
Back to Contents
2. Five-Year Federal Notes (1)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
Outstanding as of |
Interest | Year of | December 31, |
Title | Rate | Issue | Maturity | 2005 |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (% per | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
annum) | |
5% Bonds of 2000-Series 137 | 5 | | 2000 | | 2006 | | 14,250 | |
4.5% Bonds of 2001-Series 138 | 4.5 | | 2001 | | 2006 | | 14,250 | |
4% Bonds of 2001-Series 139 | 4 | | 2001 | | 2007 | | 18,000 | |
4.5% Bonds of 2002-Series 140 | 4.5 | | 2002 | | 2007 | | 20,000 | |
4.25% Bonds of 2002-Series 141 | 4.250 | | 2002 | | 2008 | | 14,000 | |
3% Bonds of 2003-Series 142 | 3 | | 2003 | | 2008 | | 14,000 | |
3.5% Bonds of 2003-Series 143 | 3.5 | | 2003 | | 2008 | | 14,000 | |
3.25% Bonds of 2004-Series 144 | 3.25 | | 2004 | | 2009 | | 18,000 | |
3.5% Bonds of 2004-Series 145 | 3.5 | | 2004 | | 2009 | | 18,000 | |
3.25% Bonds of 2005-Series 146 | 3.25 | | 2005 | | 2010 | | 17,000 | |
2.5% Bonds of 2005-Series 147 | 2.5 | | 2005 | | 2010 | | 17,000 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
Total Five-Year Federal Notes | | | | | | | 178,500 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| |
(1) | Five-Year Federal Notes are evidenced by book entry, and no certificates are issued. Maturities are five years. No redemption prior to maturity. |
|
3. Federal Treasury Notes (1)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
Outstanding as of |
Interest | Year of | December 31, |
Title | Rate | Issue | Maturity | 2005 |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| (% per | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
annum) | |
2% Notes of 2004 | 2 | | 2004 | | 2006 | | 15,000 | |
2.75% Notes of 2004 | 2.75 | | 2004 | | 2006 | | 15,000 | |
2.5% Notes of 2004 | 2.5 | | 2004 | | 2006 | | 17,000 | |
2.25% Notes of 2004 | 2.25 | | 2004 | | 2006 | | 14,000 | |
2.5% Notes of 2005 | 2.5 | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 15,000 | |
2% Notes of 2005 | 2 | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 13,000 | |
2.25% Notes of 2005 | 2.25 | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 15,000 | |
2.75% Notes of 2005 | 2.75 | | 2005 | | 2007 | | 7,000 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
Total Federal Treasury Notes | | | | | | | 111,000 | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| |
(1) | Federal Treasury Notes are evidenced by book-entry, and no certificates are issued. Maturities are two years. No redemption prior to maturity. |
|
4. Federal Savings Notes (1)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
Outstanding as of |
Interest Rate | Year of Issue | Maturity | December 31, 2005 |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | | | | | |
Federal Savings Notes | 1% to 6.5% | | 1999 to 2005 | | 2006 to 2012 | | 11,055 | |
G-34
Back to Contents
5. Treasury Discount Paper (2)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
Outstanding as of |
Interest Rate (3) | Year of Issue | Maturity | December 31, 2005 |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
Treasury Discount Paper | 2.01% to 2.44 % | | 2005 | | 2006 to 2007 | | 35,817 | |
6. Federal Treasury Financing Paper (4)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
Outstanding as of |
Interest Rate (3) | Year of Issue | Maturity | December 31, 2005 |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
Federal Treasury Financing Paper | 1.70% to 2.55% | | 2004 to 2005 | | 2006 to 2007 | | 1,155 | |
7. Borrowers’ note loans (5)
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
| | | Year of | | | | Outstanding as of | |
| Interest Rate | | Incurrence | | Maturity | | December 31, 2005 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
Borrowers’ note loans | 2.16% to 8.0% | | 1954 to 2005 | | 2006 to 2037 | | 26,796 | |
| |
(1) | Federal Savings Notes are evidenced by book entry and no certificates are issued. Maturities are six or seven years. The bonds are redeemable after one year from the issue date at the option of the holders thereof in installments of EUR 5,113 per holder and month. The terms of the Federal Savings Notes provide for interest rates that increase during the term of the bonds. In addition, the seven-year Federal Savings Notes provide for payment of compounded interest at maturity or upon redemption prior to maturity. |
(2) | Treasury Discount Papers are issued at a discount and repaid at par value on the maturity date. No interest payments are made during the term of the paper. It is issued in the form of one global bearer security. Maturities range from one year to two years. No redemption is permitted prior to maturity. |
(3) | Reflects annual interest rate paid to the holder by way of the initial issue discount. |
(4) | Federal Treasury Financing Papers are issued at a discount and repaid at par value on the maturity date. No interest payments are made during the term of the paper. It is issued in the form of one global bearer security. Maturities range from one year to two years. No redemption is permitted prior to maturity. |
(5) | Borrowers’ note loans are an instrument of the German capital market where the lending entity, generally an institutional investor, receives a certificate evidencing its loan to the borrower and the term of such loans. The certificate generally authorizes at least three assignments. No redemption is permitted prior to maturity. |
8. Other Liabilities
| | | | | | | Principal Amount | |
| | | Year of | | | | Outstanding as of | |
Title | Interest Rate | | Incurrence | | Maturity | | December 31, 2005 | |
|
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | (EUR in millions) | |
Old debt (1) | 0% to 4% | | Various | | Various | | 4,484 | |
Other debt (2) | Various | | Various | | Various | | 40 | |
| |
(1) | Includes mainly equalization and covering claims of the Deutsche Bundesbank, other banks and insurance companies in connection with the currency reform of 1948. |
(2) | Includes liabilities of the Federal Government to repay amounts received from the Investitionshilfeabgabe, a special duty levied on income, the proceeds of which were to be used to promote investments. |
(Sources for Tables 1 through 3: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Übersicht über den Stand der Schuld der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 31. Dezember 2005, Bundesanzeiger Nr. 34 of February 17, 2006, page 1039; internal documents of the Federal Ministry of Finance)
G-35
Back to Contents
II. GUARANTEES BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
| Principal Amount Outstanding | |
| | | | |
As of | As of |
December 31, | December 31, |
Purpose of Guarantees | 2003 | 2004 |
|
| |
| |
| (EUR in millions) | |
| | | | |
Export finance loans (including rescheduled loans) | 102,898 | | 103,160 | |
Untied loans; direct foreign investments by German companies; Loans of the European Investment Bank to non-EU borrowers | 27,919 | | 28,445 | |
Loans in connection with EU agricultural policy measures | 6,650 | | 6,650 | |
Loans to domestic corporations and for projects in areas of Agriculture, fishing and housing construction | 50,727 | | 48,998 | |
Contributions to international financing institutions | 40,256 | | 40,256 | |
Co-financing of bilateral projects of German financial co-operation | 794 | | 770 | |
Successor agencies to Treuhandanstalt | 1,375 | | 1,375 | |
|
| |
| |
Total guarantees | 230,619 | | 229,654 | |
|
| |
| |
(Sources: Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Finanzbericht 2006, Overview 4, page 349; Finanzbericht 2005, page 369)
G-36
Back to Contents
III. LIABILITIES TO INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
The Federal Republic is obligated to contribute to the capital subscriptions and, in some cases, to the additional financing requirements of certain international organizations in which it participates. Such contributions are in many cases stated initially in 1944 U.S. dollars. One 1944 U.S. dollar is equivalent to one Special Drawing Right (“SDR”), a unit of value established by an amendment in July 1969 to the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund. From July 1, 1974 to December 31, 1980, the exchange rate between world currencies and the SDR was determined on the basis of a basket of 16 currencies, including the U.S. dollar, which accounted for approximately one-third of the value of the basket. From 1981 to 2000, the exchange rate between world currencies and the SDR was determined on the basis of a basket of five currencies, including the U.S. dollar. The currencies that determine the value of the SDR, the proportion of each of these currencies in the basket, and the financial instruments used in determining the interest rate on the SDR, are reviewed every five years. The adoption of the euro as the common currency for the initial 11 Member States of the European Union called for a change in the composition of the SDR basket. With effect from January 1, 2001, the SDR basket consists of four currencies: U.S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen and pound sterling. The currency weight of the U.S. dollar in the SDR basket initially was 45%, changing on a daily basis as a result of exchange rate fluctuations. On December 30, 2005, SDR 1 equalled EUR 1.211550.
SUBSCRIPTIONS OR COMMITMENTS BY THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC
TO INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2005
| Subscription or | | | |
| Commitment by the | | Amount | |
Name of Organization | Federal Republic(1) | | Paid In | |
|
| |
| |
| (U.S.$ millions) | |
| | | | |
International Monetary Fund(2) | 18,592.17 | | 18,592.2 | |
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(3) | 8,734.0 | | 542.9 | |
International Development Association (IDA)(3)(6) | 14,212.8 | | 14,212.8 | |
International Finance Corporation (IFC)(3) | 128.9 | | 128.9 | |
European Investment Bank(4) | 31,438.5 | | 1,573.1 | |
African Development Bank(3) | 1,277.4 | | 124.6 | |
African Development Fund(3) | 2,131.2 | | 1,809.6 | |
Asian Development Bank(3) | 2,187.8 | | 153.2 | |
Asian Development Fund(3) | 1,723.9 | | 1,543.2 | |
Inter-American Development Bank(3) | 1,913.7 | | 82.3 | |
Inter-American Investment Corporation(3) | 13.3 | | 11.6 | |
Fund for Special Operations(3) | 237.7 | | 237.7 | |
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)(3) | 296.4 | | 280.4 | |
Caribbean Development Bank(3) | 50.2 | | 11.1 | |
Special Development Fund of the Caribbean Development Bank(3) | 61.9 | | 49.7 | |
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)(3)(5) | 2,017.3 | | 529.6 | |
Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB)(3)(5) | 650.9 | | 71.9 | |
| | | | |
(1) | Subscriptions are in part committed in $, SDR, ECU or DM. SDR, ECU and DM commitments are converted to $ at year-end exchange rates, except that certain SDR commitments are converted at the fixed conversion rate of SDR 1 = $ $1.42927. |
(2) | Source: computation provided by Ministry of Finance on the basis of data by the International Monetary Fund. |
(3) | Source: computation provided by Ministry of Finance, Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. |
(4) | Source: computation provided by Ministry of Finance: Euro exchange rate of the European Central Bank on December 31, 2005, which was EUR 1 per $ 1.1797. |
(5) | Calculated using the noon buying rate for cable transfers in New York City payable in euro on December 30, 2005, which was EUR 1 per $ 1.1842. |
(6) | Source: Worldbank Annual Report 2005. The amount does not differentiate between amount subscribed and paid-in. |
G-37
Back to Contents
EXHIBIT (e)
Back to Contents
Consent of Deloitte & Touche GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
We hereby consent to the inclusion in this Annual Report on Form 18-K of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank of the translation of our original German auditor's report dated March 15, 2006 in the form issued for the original German financial statements of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank for the year ended December 31, 2005, and to the incorporation by reference of such information in the Registration Statement under Schedule B (Registration No. 333-121401) of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States of America. We note that our original German auditor's report was given only with respect to the original and complete German financial statements and not to the English translation of the financial statements.
We also consent in this regard to the reference to Deloitte & Touche GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesell-schaft under the heading “Financial Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 18-K and in the Registration Statement under Schedule B of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States of America, into which such Annual Report is incorporated by reference.
Düsseldorf, May 19, 2006
| | | Deloitte & Touche GmbH |
| | | Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft |
| | | |
| By: | | /s/ Dr. Göttgens |
| | | Dr. Göttgens |
| | | |
| By: | | /s/ Dr. Braun |
| | | Dr. Braun |
Back to Contents
EXHIBIT (f)
Back to Contents
Consent of the Federal Republic of Germany
On behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany, I hereby consent to the making of the statements with respect to the Federal Republic of Germany included in the Annual Report on Form 18-K of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank for the year ended December 31, 2005, and to the incorporation by reference of such information in the Registration Statement under Schedule B (Registration No. 333-121401) of Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the United States of America.
May 19, 2006
| | | Federal Republic of Germany |
| | | |
| By: | | /s/ Heinjoerg Hermann |
| | | Heinjoerg Hermann |
| | | Ministerialrat |