Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation, including stock-based compensation and benefits, for sales, marketing, operations, regulatory, quality, executive, finance, legal and administrative personnel. Other significant expenses include costs associated with sales and marketing activities, marketing and advertising materials, insurance, professional fees for legal and accounting services, consulting fees, travel expenses, facility and related operating costs, and recruiting expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses are expected to continue to increase due to the planned increase in the number of employees necessary to support the sales and marketing efforts associated with the growing commercialization of MAKOplasty, an increased number of employees necessary to support our continued growth in operations, and the additional operational and regulatory burdens and costs associated with operating as a publicly traded company. In addition, we are currently taking preliminary steps to investigate the feasibility of establishing clinical sites outside the United States, which may also increase our selling, general and administrative expenses, and we expect to incur additional costs associated with securing and protecting our intellectual property rights as necessary to support our future product offerings.
Costs related to research, design and development of products are charged to research and development expense as incurred. These costs include direct salary and benefit costs for research and development employees including stock-based compensation, cost for materials used in research and development activities and costs for outside services. We expect our research and development expense to increase as we continue to expand our research and development activities, including the support of existing products and the research of potential future products.
A summary of our critical accounting policies is included in our Form 10-K, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” There have been no changes to those policies for the nine months ended September 30, 2009.
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Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense was $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $1.6 million, or 26%, was primarily due to an increase in sales, marketing and operations costs associated with the production and commercialization of our products and an increase in general and administrative costs to support growth and costs associated with operating as a public company. Selling, general and administrative expense for the three months ended September 30, 2009 also included $883,000 of stock-based compensation expense compared with $501,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2008. The increase in stock-based compensation expense was primarily due to additional option and restricted stock grants made in 2009. We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to continue to increase substantially due to our planned increase in the number of employees necessary to support the sales and marketing efforts associated with the growing commercialization of MAKOplasty, continued growth in operations and the costs associated with operating as a public company.
Research and Development. Research and development expense was $3.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $3.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $647,000, or 21%, was primarily due to an increase in research and development activities associated with on-going development of our RIO system, our MAKO implant systems and potential future products. We expect our research and development expense to increase as we continue to expand our research and development activities, including the support of existing products and the research of potential future products.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense was $595,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $483,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $112,000, or 23%, was primarily due to an increase in depreciation of property and equipment as a result of purchases made during 2009 and 2008.
Interest and Other Income. Interest and other income was $59,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $241,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2008. The decrease of $182,000, or 76%, was primarily due to lower yields realized on our cash, cash equivalents and investments for the three months ended September 30, 2009 compared with the same period of 2008.
Income Taxes. No income taxes were recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2009 and 2008, due to net operating losses in each period. In addition, no current or deferred income taxes were recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2009 and 2008, as all income tax benefits were fully offset by a valuation allowance against our net deferred income tax assets.
Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2009 to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2008
Revenue. Revenue was $25.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase in revenue of $23.4 million was primarily due to the recognition of approximately $11.3 million of revenue from seventeen previously deferred unit sales of our TGS and $8.9 million of revenue from twelve unit sales of our RIO system. In accordance with our revenue recognition policy, recognition of revenue on unit sales of our TGS was deferred until delivery of the RIO system, which we commercially released in the first quarter of 2009. Prior to 2009, recognized revenue was primarily generated from the sale of implants and disposable products utilized in knee MAKOplasty procedures. Total revenue was also positively impacted by a $3.2 million increase in procedure revenue attributable to an increase in knee MAKOplasty procedures performed during the nine months ended September 30, 2009 as compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2008. There were 1,041 knee MAKOplasty procedures performed during the nine months ended September 30, 2009 compared to 401 knee MAKOplasty procedures performed during nine months ended September 30, 2008.
Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue was $17.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase in cost of revenue of $15.1 million was primarily due to the recognition of the direct cost of revenue from seventeen previously deferred unit sales of our TGS, including the cost of providing the RIO system upgrades, as described in the “Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations” section above, the cost of revenue from twelve unit sales of our RIO system and an increase in knee MAKOplasty procedures performed.
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Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense was $22.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $16.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $6.1 million, or 38%, was primarily due to an increase in sales, marketing and operations costs associated with the production and commercialization of our products and an increase in general and administrative costs to support growth and costs associated with operating as a public company. Selling, general and administrative expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 also included $2.4 million of stock-based compensation expense compared with $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase in stock-based compensation expense was primarily due to additional option and restricted stock grants made in 2009.
Research and Development. Research and development expense was $9.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $9.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $155,000, or 2%, was primarily due to an increase in research and development activities associated with on-going development of our RIO system, our MAKO implant systems and potential future products. This was partially offset by a nonrecurring charge of $949,000 incurred in the first quarter of 2008 associated with the vesting in full, upon completion of our IPO in February 2008, of restricted common stock issued pursuant to business consultation agreements entered into in December 2004.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense was $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The increase of $332,000, or 25%, was primarily due to an increase in depreciation of property and equipment as a result of purchases made during 2009 and 2008.
Interest and Other Income. Interest and other income was $348,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $642,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. The decrease of $294,000, or 46%, was primarily due to lower yields realized on our cash, cash equivalents and investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 compared with the same period of 2008.
Interest and Other Expense. Interest and other expense was $0 for the nine months ended September 30, 2009, compared to $110,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2008. Through February 2008, interest and other expense consisted primarily of the amortization of a $590,000 discount associated with a deferred payment to IBM of $4.0 million which had been fully amortized and paid upon the completion of our IPO in February 2008.
Income Taxes. No income taxes were recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 and 2008, due to net operating losses in each period. In addition, no current or deferred income taxes were recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 and 2008, as all income tax benefits were fully offset by a valuation allowance against our net deferred income tax assets.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
| | | | | | | |
(in thousands) | | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |
| | 2009 | | 2008 | |
Cash used in operating activities | | $ | (36,473 | ) | $ | (22,308 | ) |
Cash used in investing activities | | | (15,353 | ) | | (2,981 | ) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | | 54,308 | | | 46,489 | |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 2,482 | | $ | 21,200 | |
We have incurred net losses and negative cash flow from operating activities for each period since our inception in November 2004. As of September 30, 2009, we had an accumulated deficit of $104.9 million and have financed our operations principally through the sale of Series A, B and C redeemable convertible preferred stock, the sale of common stock in our IPO in February 2008, our equity financing in October 2008 and our equity financing in August 2009. We received net proceeds of $52.2 million from the issuance of Series A, B and C redeemable convertible preferred stock. In February 2008, we completed our IPO of common stock, issuing a total of 5.1 million shares at an offering price to the public of $10.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds to us, after underwriting discounts and commission and expenses, of approximately $43.8 million. In conjunction with the closing of the IPO in February 2008, all of our outstanding Series A, Series B and Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock was converted into 10,945,080 shares of common stock, as adjusted for a one-for-3.03 reverse stock split, which has been retroactively reflected in the accompanying financial statements.
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In October 2008, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement for an equity financing of up to approximately $60 million, with initial gross proceeds of approximately $40.2 million, which we closed on October 31, 2008, and conditional access at our discretion to an additional $20 million, which we refer to as the Second Closing. In connection with the financing, we issued and sold to the participating investors 6,451,613 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $6.20 per share and issued warrants to the participating investors to purchase 1,290,323 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.125 per warrant and an exercise price of $7.44 per share. In addition, we issued warrants to purchase 322,581 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.125 per warrant and an exercise price of $6.20 per share to investors that agreed to purchase an additional $20 million of common stock in the Second Closing. The financing resulted in net proceeds of approximately $39.7 million, after expenses of approximately $525,000.
In August 2009, we completed a public offering of our common stock, issuing 8,050,000 shares at an offering price to the public of $7.25 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $54.3 million, after underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses.
As of September 30, 2009, we had approximately $80.1 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. Our cash and investment balances are held in a variety of interest bearing instruments, including notes and bonds from U.S. government agencies and investment grade rated U.S. corporate debt.
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities primarily reflects the net loss for those periods, which was reduced in part by depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and inventory write-downs. Net cash used in operating activities was also affected by changes in operating assets and liabilities. Included in changes in operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 are approximately $11.3 million and $3.6 million of decreases to the deferred revenue balance and deferred cost of revenue balance, respectively, due to the recognition of seventeen previously deferred unit sales of our TGS, and $7.9 million of increases in inventory necessitated by the commercial release of the RIO system, the commercial release of the RESTORIS MCK implant system and increased sales of implants and disposable products. Included in changes in operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2008 are approximately $5.5 million and $2.0 million of increases to the deferred revenue balance and deferred cost of revenue balance, respectively, due primarily to unit sales of our TGS, and $2.9 million of increases in inventory necessitated by the commercial release of our RESTORIS unicompartmental knee implant system in the third quarter of 2008. In accordance with our revenue recognition policy, recognition of revenue and direct cost of revenue associated with the unit sales of our TGS was deferred until delivery of the RIO system, which we commercially released in the first quarter of 2009
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 was primarily attributable to the purchase of investments of $17.4 million, which was partially offset by proceeds of $3.3 million from sales and maturities of investments. Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2008 was primarily attributable to the payment of a $4.0 million deferred license fee due to IBM upon completion of our IPO and to $2.0 million of purchases of investments, which was partially offset by proceeds of $4.0 million from sales and maturities of investments.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by our financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2009 was primarily attributable to net proceeds received in connection with our equity financing in August 2009. Net cash provided by our financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2008 was primarily attributable to net proceeds received in connection with our IPO in February 2008.
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Operating Capital and Capital Expenditure Requirements
To date, we have not achieved profitability. We anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial net losses for at least the next two or three years as we expand our sales and marketing capabilities in the orthopedic products market, commercialize our RIO system and RESTORIS unicompartmental and RESTORIS MCK multicompartmental knee implant systems, continue research and development of existing and future products and continue development of the corporate infrastructure required to sell and market our products, support operations and operate as a public company. We also expect to experience increased cash requirements for inventory and property and equipment in conjunction with the continued commercialization of our RESTORIS unicompartmental and RESTOIS MCK multicompartmental knee implant systems and our RIO system.
In executing our current business plan, we believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and investment balances, and interest income we earn on these balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months. To the extent our available cash, cash equivalents and investment balances are insufficient to satisfy our operating requirements after that period, we will need to seek additional sources of funds, including selling additional equity, debt or other securities or entering into a credit facility, or modify our current business plan. The sale of additional equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our current stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities, these securities may have rights senior to those of our common stock and could contain covenants that could restrict our operations and issuance of dividends. We may also require additional capital beyond our currently forecasted amounts. Any required additional capital, whether forecasted or not, may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain additional financing, we may be required to reduce the scope of, delay or eliminate some or all of our planned research, development and commercialization activities, which could materially harm our business and results of operations.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of medical devices and the current economic situation, we are unable to estimate the exact amounts of capital outlays and operating expenditures necessary to complete the development of our products and successfully deliver commercial products to the market. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to the following:
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• | the revenue generated by sales of our current and future products; |
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• | the expenses we incur in selling and marketing our products; |
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• | the costs and timing of regulatory clearance or approvals for upgrades or changes to our products; |
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• | the rate of progress, cost and success of on-going product development activities; |
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• | the emergence of competing or complementary technological developments; |
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• | the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent or license claims and other intellectual property rights, or participating in litigation related activities; |
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• | the acquisition of businesses, products and technologies, although we currently have no understandings, commitments or agreements relating to any material transaction of this type; and |
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• | the continued downturn in general economic conditions and interest rates. |
Contractual Obligations
At September 30, 2009, we were committed to make future purchases for inventory related items under various purchase arrangements with fixed purchase provisions aggregating approximately $5.0 million.
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In May 2009, we entered into a license agreement for patents relating to our RIO system, which we refer to as the robotic arm license. The robotic arm license requires minimum running royalties on sales of our RIO systems. The minimum running royalties are estimated to be approximately $200,000 for the year ended December 31, 2009, and increase annually thereafter through 2013. The minimum running royalties for the year ended December 31, 2013 and for each subsequent year through the term of the agreement are estimated to be approximately $1.0 million annually.
In June 2009, we entered into a Research and Development License and Supply Agreement, or the R&D Agreement, associated with a potential future product for RIO enabled hip procedures. The R&D Agreement required an up-front payment of $450,000, and requires future milestone payments based on development progress. The aggregate milestone payments we are obligated to pay under the R&D Agreement are $1.6 million assuming the achievement of all development milestones. Through September 30, 2009, we had paid the $450,000 up-front payment and we had paid a $350,000 milestone payment which became due upon the achievement of the related milestone. The aggregate up-front payment and milestone payments of $2.0 million we are required to pay under the R&D Agreement will be recognized as research and development expense on a straight-line basis over the period development services are performed based on our current expectation that all development milestones will be achieved.
Other than as described above and scheduled payments through September 30, 2009, there have been no significant changes in our contractual obligations during the nine months ended September 30, 2009 as compared to the contractual obligations described in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued an accounting standard update. As codified in Accounting Standards Codification 815-40, or ASC 815-40,Derivatives and Hedging, this update provides guidance for determining whether an equity-linked financial instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to an entity’s own stock. The update applies to any freestanding financial instrument or embedded feature that has all the characteristics of a derivative, for purposes of determining whether that instrument or embedded feature qualifies for the first part of the scope exception under ASC 815-10-15. The update also applies to any freestanding financial instrument that is potentially settled in an entity’s own stock, regardless of whether the instrument has all the characteristics of a derivative under previous derivative Generally Accepted Accounting Principals, or GAAP, for purposes of determining whether the instrument is within the scope of derivative accounting. ASC 815-40 was effective beginning first quarter of fiscal 2009. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Effective January 1, 2009, we adopted a new accounting standard update regarding business combinations. As codified under ASC 805,Business Combinations, this update requires an entity to recognize the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contractual contingencies, and contingent consideration at their fair value on the acquisition date. It further requires that acquisition-related costs be recognized separately from the acquisition and expensed as incurred; that restructuring costs generally be expensed in periods subsequent to the acquisition date; and that changes in accounting for deferred tax asset valuation allowances and acquired income tax uncertainties after the measurement period be recognized as a component of provision for taxes. In addition, acquired in-process research and development is capitalized as an intangible asset and amortized over its estimated useful life. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
In December 2007, the FASB issued accounting guidance regarding noncontrolling interests, as codified in ASC 810-10-65. ASC 810-10-65 establishes accounting and reporting standards for ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent, the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the noncontrolling interest, changes in a parent’s ownership interest and the valuation of retained noncontrolling equity investments when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. ASC 810-10-65 also establishes reporting requirements that provide sufficient disclosures that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the noncontrolling owners. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
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Effective April 1, 2009, we adopted a new accounting standard, as codified in ASC 820-10-65, which provides additional guidance for estimating fair value when the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability have significantly decreased. ASC 820-10-65 also includes guidance on identifying circumstances that indicate a transaction is not orderly. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
In April 2009, the FASB issued an accounting standard update, as codified in ASC 320-10-65, to amend the other-than-temporary impairment guidance in debt securities to be based on intent to sell instead of ability to hold the security and to improve the presentation and disclosure of other-than-temporary impairments on debt and equity securities in the financial statements. This pronouncement is effective for periods ending after June 15, 2009. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
Effective April 1, 2009, we adopted a new accounting standard for subsequent events, as codified in ASC 855-10, which establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date, but before the financial statements are issued or available to be issued (“subsequent events”). ASC 855-10 is effective for interim or annual periods ending after June 15, 2009. In accordance with ASC 855-10, we have evaluated subsequent events through the time of filing this Form 10-Q with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on November 4, 2009. No material subsequent events have occurred since September 30, 2009 that required recognition or disclosure in these financial statements.
Effective July 1, 2009, we adoptedThe FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or ASC 105. ASC 105 establishes the FASB Accounting Standards Codification as the source of authoritative accounting principles recognized by the FASB to be applied in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. ASC 105 explicitly recognizes rules and interpretive releases of the SEC under federal securities laws as authoritative GAAP for SEC registrants. As ASC 105 was not intended to change or alter existing GAAP, it did not have any impact on our financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In September 2009, the FASB issued Update No. 2009-13,Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, or ASU 2009-13. ASU 2009-13 updates the existing multiple-element revenue arrangements guidance currently included under ASC 605-25. ASU 2009-13 eliminates the need for objective and reliable evidence of the fair value for the undelivered element in order for a delivered item to be treated as a separate unit of accounting and eliminates the residual method to allocate the arrangement consideration. In addition, the guidance also expands the disclosure requirements for revenue recognition. ASU 2009-13 will be effective for the first annual reporting period beginning on or after June 15, 2010, with early adoption permitted provided that the revised guidance is retroactively applied to the beginning of the year of adoption. We are currently evaluating the future impact that ASU 2009-13 will have on our financial statements.
In September 2009, the FASB issued Update No. 2009-14,Certain Revenue Arrangements That Include Software Elements, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force, or ASU 2009-14. ASU 2009-14 modifies the scope of ASC 985-605 to exclude from its requirements (a) non-software components of tangible products and (b) software components of tangible products that are sold, licensed, or leased with tangible products when the software components and non-software components of the tangible product function together to deliver the tangible product’s essential functionality. ASU 2009-14 will be effective for the first annual reporting period beginning on or after June 15, 2010, with early adoption permitted provided that the revised guidance is retroactively applied to the beginning of the year of adoption. We are currently evaluating the future impact that ASU 2009-14 will have on our financial statements.
Other than as described above, there have been no significant changes in Recent Accounting Pronouncements during the nine months ended September 30, 2009 as compared to the Recent Accounting Pronouncements described in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
Our exposure to market risk is confined to our cash, cash equivalents and investments. The goals of our cash investment policy are the security of the principal invested and fulfillment of liquidity needs, with the need to maximize value being an important consideration. To achieve our goals, we maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities including notes and bonds from U.S. government agencies and investment grade rated U.S. corporate debt. The securities in our investment portfolio are not leveraged and are classified as available for sale. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure. We do not believe that a variation in market rates of interest would significantly impact the value of our investment portfolio.
ITEM 4T. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, our management evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, or the Certifying Officers, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2009. Based upon their evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, our Certifying Officers concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2009 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC rules and forms, and to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
We believe that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and therefore can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected.
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PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2009.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.
| | | |
Exhibit No. | | Description | |
| | | |
| | |
31.1 | | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act |
31.2 | | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act |
32.1 | | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 |
32.2 | | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 |
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
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| MAKO Surgical Corp. | |
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Date: November 4, 2009 | By: | /s/ Fritz L. LaPorte | |
| | | |
| | Fritz L. LaPorte |
| | Senior Vice President of Finance and |
| | Administration, Chief Financial Officer and |
| | Treasurer |
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EXHIBIT INDEX
| | | |
Exhibit No. | | Description | |
| | | |
| | |
31.1 | | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act |
31.2 | | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act |
32.1 | | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 |
32.2 | | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 |
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