it has agreed to perform to affiliated managers (such as Shanghai Costamare), V.Ships Greece or, subject to our consent, other third-party managers, either through subcontracting or by directing the applicable manager to enter into a direct ship management agreement with the relevant containership- owning subsidiary, then, in the case of subcontracting, Costamare Shipping will be responsible for paying the management fee charged by the relevant sub-manager for providing such services and, in the case of a direct ship management agreement, the fee received by Costamare Shipping will be reduced by the fee payable to the applicable manager under the relevant direct ship management agreement. As a result, these arrangements will not result in any increase in the aggregate management fees we pay. In addition to management fees, we will pay for any capital expenditures, financial costs, operating expenses and any general and administrative expenses, including the salaries of the officers and employees of our general partner and payments to third parties in accordance with the partnership management agreement and the relevant separate ship management agreements or, if we enter into any ship building contracts, supervision agreements. We will also pay to Costamare Shipping a flat fee of $787,405 per newbuild vessel for the supervision of the construction of any newbuild vessel that we may contract. Such fee will be subject to annual negotiation subsequent to the expiry of the initial term of the partnership management agreement and may be further adjusted to reflect any strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar and/or material unforeseen cost increases. Costamare Shipping also receives a fee of 0.75% on all gross freight, demurrage, charter hire, ballast bonus or other income earned with respect to each containership in our fleet.
Pursuant to the terms of our partnership management agreement and the related separate ship management agreements and supervision agreements, liability of our managers to us or our general partner is limited to instances of gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the managers. Further, we are required to indemnify the managers for liabilities incurred by the managers in performance of the partnership management agreement and the related ship management agreements and supervision agreements, except in instances of gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the managers.
A time charter is a contract to charter a vessel for a fixed period of time at a set daily rate and can last from a few days up to several years. Under our time charters the charterer pays for most voyage expenses, which generally include, among other things, fuel costs, port and canal charges, pilotages, towages, agencies, commissions, extra war risks insurance and any other expenses related to the cargoes, and we pay for vessel operating expenses, which generally include, among other costs, costs for crewing, provisions, stores, lubricants, insurance, maintenance and repairs, dry-docking and intermediate and special surveys.
The following discussion describes the material terms of the time charters for our ships.
Initial Term, Extensions and Redelivery
The initial terms of the time charters for theCosco Beijing, theMSC Athens, theMSC Athosand theValuebegan upon delivery of the ships in June 2006, March 2013, April 2013 and June 2013, respectively, and will terminate between April 2018 and February 2023, as applicable. The charters have a fixed term and do not include any extension options, except for the charter on theValue, which grants each party an option to extend the charter for two additional one-year periods. Our time charters provide for redelivery of the ship to us at the expiration of the term, as such term may be extended upon charterer’s or our exercise of the extension option, or upon earlier termination of the charter (as described below), plus or minus 45 days or 60 days, as applicable. Under the charters for theCosco Beijingand theValue, the charterer has the right to extend the term for most periods in which the vessel is off-hire, as described below. If we exercise our option to sell theValueduring the charter term, the charterer has a right of first refusal to the sale. Our charter contracts do not provide the charterers with options to purchase our ships upon expiration of the charter term.
Hire Rate Provisions
“Hire” rate refers to the basic payment from the customer for use of the ship. Under all of our time charters, the hire rate is payable to us every 15 days in advance in U.S. dollars. Our charters contain fixed daily hire rate provisions that apply during the fixed term of the charters and, in the case of theValue, any option periods.
Off-Hire
When a ship is “off-hire”, or not available for service, a time charterer generally is not required to pay the hire rate, and we remain responsible for all costs. A ship generally will be deemed off-hire under our time charters if there is a specified time outside of the annual allowance period when the ship is not available for the charterer’s use due to, among other things, operational deficiencies (including the failure to maintain a certain guaranteed speed), dry-docking for examination or painting bottom, maintenance or inspection, equipment breakdowns, deficiency of personnel or neglect of duty by the ship’s officers or crew, deviation from course, or delays due to arrests, requisition, ship detentions or similar problems.
All ships are dry-docked at least once every five years as required by the ship’s classification society for a special survey. Our ships are considered to be off-hire under our time charters during such periods.
Ship Management and Maintenance
Under the charters, we are responsible for the technical management of our vessels, including engaging and providing qualified crews, maintaining the vessel, arranging supply of stores and equipment, periodic dry-docking, cleaning and painting and ensuring compliance with applicable regulations, including licensing and certification requirements. The vessels in our initial fleet will be managed by Costamare’s affiliated manager, Costamare Shipping, unless Costamare Shipping decides to subcontract or delegate certain of its management services to an affiliated manager (such as Shanghai Costamare), V.Ships Greece or, subject to our consent, other third party managers. Our
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obligations and performance under the charters for theCosco Beijingand theValueare guaranteed by Costamare in favor of the respective charterers.
Termination and Cancellation
Under our time charters, each party has the right to cancel the charter under certain circumstances, which include, among other things, our right to withdraw the vessel from the service of the charterers for failure to make punctual and regular payment of the hire. Under theCosco Beijingcharter, the charterer has an option to cancel the charter in the event of a requisition or a failure of the vessel to maintain certain minimum speed, and either party may cancel the charter in the event of an outbreak of war involving two or more specified nations, which include the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Under the charters for theMSC Athensand theMSC Athos, the charterers have the option to cancel the charter if loss of time due to boycott or government restrictions caused by the vessel’s flag, ownership, crew or employment terms is not remedied within 96 working hours. Under theValuecharter, if the vessel is blocked or trapped in an area exposed to war risks for a period of 365 days, the charter is automatically terminated. In addition, the charterer of theCosco Beijinghas the option to terminate the charter if the vessel is off-hire for any reason other than scheduled dry- docking for a period exceeding 45 days on a cumulative basis in any 365-day period. The charterer of theValuealso has the option to terminate the charter if the vessel is off-hire for any reason other than scheduled dry-docking for more than one period of 60 consecutive full days during the course of the charter.
Technical and Operational Management
Pursuant to the ship management agreements, through Costamare Shipping and, as applicable, any other managers, we manage the day-to-day aspects of ship operations, including crewing, training, insurance, maintenance and repair, procurement of supplies, regulatory and classification compliance and HSSE management and reporting, for our initial fleet. In connection with the offering, we expect to enter into an addendum for each of the existing ship management agreements for our initial fleet such that our operating subsidiaries will continue to be party to such agreements pursuant to the partnership management agreement.
Management of Our Fleet
Costamare Shipping will provide us with general administrative services, certain commercial services, director and officer, or “D&O”, related insurance services and the services of our general partner’s executive officers pursuant to the partnership management agreement to be entered into by Costamare Shipping, our general partner and us at the time of the closing of this offering. The partnership management agreement permits Costamare Shipping to subcontract certain of its obligations or to direct our subsidiaries to enter into direct management agreement with other third-party managers with respect to such obligations. Costamare Shipping, itself or through Shanghai Costamare, V.Ships Greece, or, in certain cases, subject to our consent, other third-party managers, will provide our current fleet of containerships with technical, crewing, commercial, provisioning, bunkering, sale and purchase, chartering, accounting, insurance and administrative services pursuant to the partnership management agreement and the related ship management agreements between each of our containership-owning subsidiaries and Costamare Shipping or, in certain cases, V.Ships Greece. As described below, the Cell under V.Ships Greece is the exclusive third-party manager of Costamare Shipping (except for a limited number of vessels in Costamare’s fleet, which does not currently include any of the vessels in our initial fleet, that may be managed by other third-party managers). The Cell also actively seeks opportunities to manage vessels for third parties. Upon the closing of the offering, the vessels in our initial fleet are expected to be managed by Costamare Shipping without any subcontracting or delegation arrangements.
In return for these services, we and our general partner pay the management fees described below in this section and elsewhere in this prospectus. Our affiliated managers, Costamare Shipping and Shanghai Costamare, control the selection and employment of seafarers for our containerships, directly through their crewing offices in Athens, Greece and Shanghai, China, and indirectly through
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a crewing agent in the Philippines, C-Man Maritime, and independent manning agents in Romania and Bulgaria. The seafarers for our containerships managed by V.Ships Greece are arranged in part through C-Man Maritime and in part through V.Ships Greece (which utilizes the global V.Group network) under the Co-operation Agreement. As discussed below and elsewhere in this prospectus, these arrangements will not result in any increase in the aggregate amount of management fees we and our general partner pay. We believe that having multiple management companies provides us with a deep pool of operational management in multiple locations with market-specific experience and relationships, as well as the geographic flexibility needed to manage and crew our fleet so as to provide a high level of service, while remaining cost-effective. For example, Shanghai Costamare employs Chinese nationals with the language skills and local knowledge we believe are necessary to grow and establish meaningful relationships with Chinese shipyards, charterers, ship-owners, financial institutions and containership service providers. The Cell under V.Ships Greece provides added operational flexibility and economies of scale while maintaining a high level of management services.
Costamare Shipping and Shanghai Costamare are controlled by the chairman and chief executive officer of our general partner. The chairman and chief executive officer and chief financial officer of our general partner supervise, in conjunction with the board of directors of our general partner, the services provided by our managers. Costamare Shipping reports to our general partner through its chairman and chief executive officer and chief financial officer, each of whom is appointed by Costamare. Under the partnership management agreement, we and our general partner are responsible for the cost of the compensation and benefits for our general partner’s executive officers. We could request that Costamare Shipping provide the services of additional officers or employees to us and our general partner pursuant to the partnership management agreement, in which case we and our general partner would be responsible for the cost of their compensation and benefits.
Costamare Shipping, which was established in 1975, is a ship management company which was owned by Vasileios Konstantakopoulos until June 2010, at which point ownership was transferred to the chairman and chief executive officer of our general partner. Costamare Shipping has 41 years of experience in managing containerships of all sizes, developing specifications for newbuild vessels and supervising the construction of such newbuild vessels in reputable shipyards in the Far East. Costamare Shipping has long established relationships with major liner companies, financial institutions and suppliers and we believe is recognized in the containership shipping industry as a leading containership manager. Costamare Shipping provides commercial services and insurance services to all our containerships. Costamare Shipping also provides, either directly or through another manager, as applicable, technical, crewing, provisioning, bunkering, sale and purchase and accounting services to our containerships. For the vessels in our initial fleet, all of these ship management services are provided by Costamare Shipping pursuant to separate ship management agreements between Costamare Shipping and each of our containership-owning subsidiaries. In connection with the offering, we expect to enter into an addendum for each of the existing ship management agreements for our initial fleet such that our operating subsidiaries will continue to be party to such agreements pursuant to the partnership management agreement.
Shanghai Costamare, which was established in February 2005, is owned (indirectly) 70% by our general partner’s chairman and chief executive officer, and (indirectly) 30% by Shen Xiao Dong, a Chinese national who is Shanghai Costamare’s general manager. Shanghai Costamare will be able to service the needs of our containerships when operating in the Far East and South East Asia regions in an efficient and cost-effective manner by providing dedicated on-shore support and manning services in China, and provide a valuable interface with Chinese shipyards, charterers, ship-owners, financial institutions and containership service providers. While none of the vessels in our initial fleet is currently managed by Shanghai Costamare, Costamare may subcontract certain of its obligations to Shanghai Costamare. Any vessels managed by Shanghai Costamare may be exclusively manned by Chinese crews, which means that the Chinese on-shore personnel of Shanghai Costamare can communicate and provide integrated services and support to these containerships in the most efficient manner. Shanghai Costamare provides these services for a fixed daily fee, pursuant to separate ship management agreements between Costamare Shipping and Shanghai Costamare.
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On January 7, 2013, Costamare Shipping entered into a Co-operation Agreement with V.Ships Greece, a member of V.Group, pursuant to which the two companies established the Cell within V.Ships Greece to provide management services to certain of our containerships. The Cell also offers ship management services to third-party owners, including one JV vessel in Costamare’s fleet. The net profit from the operation of the Cell relating to the Partnership’s containerships is passed on to Costamare Shipping to the extent it exceeds $20,000 per vessel while the net profit from the operation of the Cell related to third-party owners is split equally between V.Ships Greece and Costamare Shipping. No such profit was passed to our Predecessor in 2013. Costamare Shipping has certain control rights regarding the employment and dismissal of the Cell’s personnel, the appointment of the Cell’s senior managers and the management of vessels owned by third parties. Costamare Shipping or V.Ships Greece may terminate the Co-operation Agreement upon six months’ notice.
Although the Cell will be operated pursuant to the Co-operation Agreement between Costamare Shipping and V.Ships Greece, it is not controlled by Costamare Shipping and we do not consider it to be an affiliated manager.
We believe that our affiliated managers, Costamare Shipping and Shanghai Costamare, are well regarded in the industry and have used innovative practices and technological advancement to maximize efficiency in the operation of our fleet of containerships. V.Ships Greece is a member of V.Group, one of the largest providers of ship management services worldwide. ISM certification is in place for our fleet of containerships and our affiliated managers, with Costamare Shipping, our head manager under the partnership management agreement, having obtained such certification in 1998, three years ahead of the deadline set by the IMO. Costamare Shipping, Shanghai Costamare and V.Ships Greece are also certified in accordance with ISO 9001-2008 and ISO 14001-2004 relating to quality management and environmental standards. In 2013, Costamare received the Lloyd’s List Greek shipping award for Dry Cargo Company of the Year. Costamare Shipping received that same award in 2004. Additionally, in 2014, Costamare received the Lloyd’s List Company of the Year award. As of December 31, 2014, our affiliated managers did not manage containerships other than those owned by Costamare, which included the four containerships in our initial fleet, and by vessel-owning entities formed under the Framework Agreement. Costamare Shipping is expected to provide commercial and insurance services as well as technical, crewing, provisioning, bunkering, sale and purchase and accounting services to all of the containerships in our initial fleet.
Costamare Shipping has agreed that, during the term of the partnership management agreement, it will not provide any management services to any other entity without our prior written approval. We have consented to Costamare Shipping providing management services to the Costamare fleet, including JV vessels. The partnership management agreement does not prohibit Shanghai Costamare from providing services to third parties. In the past, Shanghai Costamare has only provided services to third parties on a limited basis and there is no current plan to change that practice. The Co-operation Agreement anticipates that the Cell will continue to actively seek to provide ship management services to third-party owners in order to capitalize on the ship management expertise of the Cell and the economies of scale brought by the affiliation with V.Group.
Under the restrictive covenant agreement between Costamare and Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos, during the period of his employment or service with Costamare and for six months thereafter, he has agreed to restrictions on his ownership of any containerships or the acquisition, investment in or control of any business involved in the ownership or operation of containerships, subject to certain exceptions. Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos has also agreed that if one of Costamare’s containerships and a containership owned by him are both available and meet the criteria for an available charter, Costamare’s containerships will receive such charter. Under the omnibus agreement, Costamare has agreed that if Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos is required to offer a vessel or business to Costamare that Costamare in turn would be required to offer to us under the non-competition provisions of that agreement, our general partner can require Costamare to exercise its right under the restrictive covenant agreement and cause such vessel or business to be offered to us, in accordance with the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Restrictive Covenant Agreement”.
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Costamare Shipping receives a fee in 2015 of $956 per day or, in the case of a containership subject to a bareboat charter, $478 per day, for each containership, pro rated for the calendar days we own each containership, for providing us and our general partner with general administrative services, certain commercial services, D&O related insurance services and the services of our general partner’s officers (but not for providing funds for the compensation or benefits of such officers) and for providing the relevant containership-owning subsidiaries with technical, commercial, insurance, accounting, provisioning, chartering, sale and purchase, crewing, bunkering and administrative services. In 2014 such amounts were $919 and $460, respectively. In the event that Costamare Shipping decides to delegate certain or all of the services it has agreed to perform, either through subcontracting or by directing such manager to enter into a direct ship management agreement with the relevant containership-owning subsidiary, then, in the case of subcontracting, Costamare Shipping will be responsible for paying the management fee charged by the relevant sub-manager for providing such services and, in the case of a direct ship management agreement, the fee received by Costamare Shipping will be reduced by the fee payable to the applicable manager under the relevant direct ship management agreement. As a result, these arrangements will not result in any increase in the aggregate management fees we pay.
In addition to management fees, we pay for any capital expenditures, financial costs, operating expenses and any general and administrative expenses, including the salaries of our general partner’s officers and employees and payments to third parties, including specialist providers, in accordance with the partnership management agreement and the relevant separate ship management agreements or supervision agreements. We also pay to Costamare Shipping a flat fee of $787,405 per newbuild vessel for the supervision of the construction of any newbuild vessel for which we may contract. Such fee will be subject to annual negotiation subsequent to the expiry of the initial term of the partnership management agreement and may be further adjusted to reflect any strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar and/or material unforeseen cost increases. Costamare Shipping also receives a fee of 0.75% on all gross freight, demurrage, charter hire and ballast bonus or other income earned with respect to each containership in our fleet. The initial term of the partnership management agreement expires on December 31, 2015. The partnership management agreement automatically renews for five consecutive one-year periods until December 31, 2020, at which point the partnership management agreement will expire. Subsequent to the expiry of the initial term of the partnership management agreement, the daily management fee for each containership will be subject to annual negotiation and may be further adjusted to reflect any strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar and/or material unforeseen cost increases. After the initial term expires on December 31, 2015, we will be able to terminate the partnership management agreement, subject to a termination fee, by providing written notice to Costamare Shipping at least 12 months before the end of the subsequent one-year term. The termination fee is equal to (a) the lesser of (i) five and (ii) the number of full years remaining prior to December 31, 2020, times (b) the aggregate fees due and payable to Costamare Shipping during the 12- month period ending on the date of termination (without taking into account any reduction in fees to reflect that certain obligations have been delegated to a sub-manager);providedthat the termination fee will always be at least two times the aggregate fees over the 12-month period described above. Information about other termination events under the partnership management agreement is set forth in “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Partnership Management Agreement—Term and Termination Rights”.
Pursuant to the terms of our partnership management agreement and separate ship management agreements and supervision agreements, liability of our managers to us is limited to instances of gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the managers. Further, we are required to indemnify the managers for liabilities incurred by the managers in performance of the partnership management agreement and separate ship management agreements and supervision agreements, except in instances of gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the managers. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Partnership Management Agreement”.
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Competition
We operate in markets that are highly competitive and based primarily on supply and demand. Generally, we compete for charters based upon charter rate, customer relationships, operating expertise, professional reputation and containership specifications, size, age and condition. Competition for providing containership services comes from a number of experienced shipping companies, including state-sponsored entities. In addition, in recent years, there have been other entrants in the market, such as leasing companies and private equity firms who have significant capital to invest in vessel ownership, which has provided for additional competition in the sector.
Participants in the container shipping industry include “liner” shipping companies, who operate container shipping services and own containerships, containership owners, often known as “charter owners”, who own containerships and charter them out to liner companies, and shippers who require the seaborne movement of containerized goods. Historically, a significant share of the world’s containership capacity has been owned by the liner companies, but since the 1990s there has been an increasing trend for the liner companies to charter-in a larger proportion of the capacity that they operate as a way of retaining some degree of flexibility with regard to capital spending levels over time given the significant costs associated with purchasing vessels.
We believe that the containership sector of the international shipping industry is characterized by the significant time required to develop the operating expertise and professional reputation necessary to obtain and retain customers. We believe our relationship with Costamare will give us access to Costamare’s relationships with leading liner companies, shipbuilders, financing sources and suppliers and to its technical, commercial and managerial expertise, which we believe will allow us to compete more effectively when seeking additional customers and expanding our fleet. In addition, in the past, Costamare has been able to address the periodic scarcity of secondhand containerships available for acquisition in the open market though the acquisition of containerships mainly from liner company customers in privately negotiated sales. In connection with these acquisitions, the vessel is typically chartered back to these customers. We believe Costamare has been able to pursue these privately negotiated acquisitions because of its long-standing customer relations, which we do not believe new entrants have. We believe we will be able to leverage our relationship with Costamare to exploit such acquisition opportunities. We also believe that our focus on customer service and reliability will enhance our relationships with our charterers.
Inspection by Classification Societies
Every seagoing vessel must be “classed” by a classification society. The classification society certifies that the vessel is “in class”, signifying that the vessel has been built and maintained in accordance with the rules of the classification society and complies with applicable rules and regulations of the vessel’s country of registry and the international conventions of which that country is a member. In addition, where surveys are required by international conventions and corresponding laws and ordinances of a flag state, the classification society will undertake them on application or by official order, acting on behalf of the authorities concerned.
The classification society also undertakes on request other surveys and checks that are required by regulations and requirements of the flag state. These surveys are subject to agreements made in each individual case and/or to the regulations of the country concerned.
For maintenance of the class, regular and extraordinary surveys of hull and machinery, including the electrical plant and any special equipment classed, are required to be performed as follows:
Annual Surveys.For seagoing ships, annual surveys are conducted for the hull and the machinery, including the electrical plant, and where applicable, on special equipment classed at intervals of 12 months from the date of commencement of the class period indicated in the certificate.
Intermediate Surveys.Extended annual surveys are referred to as intermediate surveys and typically are conducted two and one-half years after commissioning and each class renewal. Intermediate surveys may be carried out on the occasion of the second or third annual survey.
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Class Renewal Surveys.Class renewal surveys, also known as special surveys, are carried out on the ship’s hull and machinery, including the electrical plant, and on any special equipment classed at the intervals indicated by the character of classification for the hull. During the special survey, the vessel is thoroughly examined, including audio-gauging to determine the thickness of the steel structures. Should the thickness be found to be less than class requirements, the classification society would prescribe steel renewals. The classification society may grant a one-year grace period for completion of the special survey. Substantial amounts of funds may have to be spent for steel renewals to pass a special survey if the vessel experiences excessive wear and tear. In lieu of the special survey every four or five years, depending on whether a grace period is granted, a ship-owner has the option of arranging with the classification society for the vessel’s hull or machinery to be on a continuous survey cycle, in which every part of the vessel would be surveyed within a five-year cycle. At a ship-owner’s application, the surveys required for class renewal may be split according to an agreed schedule to extend over the entire period of class. This process is referred to as continuous class renewal. All areas subject to surveys as defined by the classification society are required to be surveyed at least once per class period, unless shorter intervals between surveys are otherwise prescribed. The period between two consecutive surveys of each area must not exceed five years.
All vessels are also dry-docked at least once every five years for inspection of their underwater parts and for repairs related to such inspections. If any defects are found, the classification surveyor will issue a “recommendation” which must be rectified by the ship-owner within prescribed time limits.
Insurance underwriters make it a condition for insurance coverage that a vessel be certified as “in class” by a classification society which is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies, or “IACS”. All of our vessels are certified as being “in class” by members of IACS.
The following table lists the dates by which we expect to carry out the next dry-dockings and special surveys for the vessels in our current vessel fleet:
| | |
Ship Name | | Dry-docking and Special Survey |
COSCO BEIJING | | | | 2016 | |
MSC ATHENS | | | | 2018 | |
MSC ATHOS | | | | 2018 | |
VALUE | | | | 2018 | |
Crewing and Shore Employees
We will not directly employ any on-shore employees or seagoing employees. As of the closing of this offering, we expect to have two shore-based officers of our general partner, its chief executive officer and chief financial officer. In each case their services are provided under the partnership management agreement with Costamare Shipping. As of December 31, 2014, Costamare Shipping and the applicable managers (such as Shanghai and V.Ships Greece) had approximately 2,000 people serving in a pool of personnel who rotate their service onboard the containerships managed by Costamare Shipping, which includes the vessels in our initial fleet. Costamare Shipping and Shanghai Costamare each employed approximately 90 and 30 people, respectively, all of whom were shore-based. In addition, our affiliated managers are responsible for recruiting, either directly or through a crewing agent, the senior officers and all other crew members for our containerships that they manage. Recruiting is arranged directly through our managers’ crewing offices in Athens, Greece and Shanghai, China, and indirectly through a crewing agent related to Costamare, C- Man Maritime Inc., or “C-Man Maritime”, in the Philippines, and independent manning agents in Romania and Bulgaria. The senior officers and other crew members for any containerships managed by V.Ships Greece will be arranged in part through C-Man Maritime and in part through V.Ships Greece (which utilizes the global V.Group network) under the Co-operation Agreement. We believe the streamlining of crewing arrangements through our managers ensures that all of our vessels will be crewed with experienced crews that have the qualifications and licenses required by international
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regulations and shipping conventions. Costamare has not experienced any material work stoppages due to labor disagreements during the past three years.
Although our managers have historically experienced a high retention rate for our seafarers, the demand for technically skilled officers and crews to serve on containerships has been increasing as the global fleet of containerships continues to grow. In recent years, the limited supply of and increased demand for well-qualified crew, due to the increase in the size of the global shipping fleet, has created upward pressure on crewing costs, which we generally bear under our time charters.
Risk of Loss, Liability Insurance and Risk Management
The operation of any vessel includes risks such as mechanical failure, collision, property loss or damage, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to a number of reasons, including political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. In addition, there is always an inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, as well as other liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade. The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or “OPA 90”, which imposes under certain circumstances, unlimited liability upon owners, operators and demise charterers of vessels trading in the United States exclusive economic zone for certain oil pollution accidents in the United States, has made liability insurance more expensive for ship-owners and operators trading in the United States market.
We maintain hull and machinery marine risks insurance and hull and machinery war risks insurance for our fleet of containerships to cover normal risks in our operations and in amounts that we believe to be prudent to cover such risks. In addition, we maintain protection and indemnity insurance up to the maximum insurable limit available at any given time. While we believe that our insurance coverage will be adequate, not all risks can be insured, and there can be no guarantee that we will always be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage at reasonable rates or at all, or that any specific claim we may make under our insurance coverage will be paid.
Hull & Machinery Marine Risks Insurance, Hull & Machinery War Risks Insurance and Loss of Hire Insurance
We maintain hull and machinery marine risks insurance and hull and machinery war risks insurance, which cover the risk of particular average, general average, 4/4ths collision liability, contact with fixed and floating objects and actual or constructive total loss in accordance with the Nordic Marine Insurance Plan. Each of our containerships is insured up to what we believe to be at least its fair market value, after meeting certain deductibles.
We do not and will not obtain loss of hire insurance (or any other kind of business interruption insurance) covering the loss of revenue during off-hire periods for any of our vessels because we believe that this type of coverage is not economical and is of limited value to us, in part because historically our vessels have had a very limited number of off-hire days.
Protection and Indemnity Insurance—Pollution Coverage
Protection and indemnity insurance is usually provided by a protection and indemnity association (a “P&I association”) and covers third-party liability, crew liability and other related expenses resulting from the injury or death of crew, passengers and other third parties, the loss or damage to cargo, third-party claims arising from collisions with other vessels (to the extent not recovered by the hull and machinery policies), damage to other third-party property, pollution arising from oil or other substances and salvage, towing and other related costs, including wreck removal.
Our protection and indemnity insurance is provided by a P&I association which is a member of the International Group of P&I Clubs, or “International Group”. The 13 P&I associations that comprise the International Group insure approximately 90% of the world’s commercial blue-water tonnage and have entered into a pooling agreement to reinsure each association’s liabilities. Insurance provided by a P&I association is a form of mutual indemnity insurance.
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Our protection and indemnity insurance coverage is currently subject to a limit of about $5 billion per vessel per incident, except that for pollution the limit is set at $1 billion per vessel per incident, and for war risks the limit is set at $500 million per vessel per incident.
As a member of a P&I association, which is a member of the International Group, we will be subject to calls payable to the P&I association based on the International Group’s claim records as well as the claim records of all other members of the P&I association of which we are a member.
Environmental and Other Regulations
Government regulation affects the ownership and operation of our vessels in a significant manner. We are subject to international conventions and national, port state and local laws and regulations applicable to international waters and/or territorial waters of the countries in which our vessels may operate or are registered, including those governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of oil spills and the management of other contamination, air emissions, and grey water and ballast water discharges. These laws and regulations include OPA 90, the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or “CERCLA”, the U.S. Clean Water Act, or “CWA”, the U.S. Clean Air Act, or “CAA”, and regulations adopted by the IMO, including the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships, or “MARPOL”, and the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, or “SOLAS”, as well as regulations enacted by the European Union and other international, national and local regulatory bodies. Compliance with these laws, regulations and other requirements entails significant expense, including vessel modifications and implementation of certain operating procedures.
A variety of governmental and private entities subject our vessels to both scheduled and unscheduled inspections. These entities include the local port authorities Port State Control (such as the U.S. Coast Guard, harbor master or equivalent), classification societies, flag state administration (country of registry) and charterers. Certain of these entities require us to obtain permits, licenses, financial assurances and certificates for the operation of our vessels. Failure to maintain necessary permits or approvals could require us to incur substantial costs or result in the temporary suspension of operation of one or more of our vessels in one or more ports.
We believe that the heightened level of environmental and quality concerns among insurance underwriters, regulators and charterers is leading to greater inspection and safety requirements for all vessels and may accelerate the scrapping of older vessels throughout the container shipping industry. Increasing environmental concerns have created a demand for vessels that conform to the strictest environmental standards. We will be required to maintain operating standards for all of our vessels that emphasize operational safety, quality maintenance, continuous training of our officers and crews and compliance with U.S. and international regulations. Our affiliated managers and V.Ships Greece are certified in accordance with ISO 9001-2008 and ISO 14001-2004 (relating to quality management and environmental standards, respectively). We believe that operation of our vessels will be in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and that our vessels will have all material permits, licenses, certificates and other authorizations necessary for their operation.
Our containerships are subject to standards imposed by the IMO, the United Nations agency for maritime safety and the prevention of pollution by ships. The IMO has adopted regulations that are designed to reduce pollution in international waters, both from accidents and from routine operations, and has negotiated international conventions that impose liability for oil pollution in international waters and a signatory’s territorial waters. For example, Annex VI to MARPOL, which became effective on May 19, 2005, sets limits on sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from vessel exhausts and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons. Annex VI also includes a global cap on the sulfur content of fuel oil. In addition, amendments to Annex VI that entered into force in July 2010 seek to reduce air pollution from vessels by, among other things, establishing a series of progressive requirements to further limit the sulfur content of fuel oil that will be phased in through 2020 and by establishing new tiers of nitrogen oxide emission standards for new marine diesel engines, depending on their date of
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installation. Annex VI also provides for the establishment of special areas known as Emission Control Areas where more stringent controls on sulfur and other emissions apply. Currently, the Baltic Sea, certain coastal areas of North America and the U.S. Caribbean Sea are within designated Emission Control Areas, and additional Emission Control Areas could be established in the future. All the vessels in our initial fleet are compliant with current Annex VI requirements. However, if new Emission Control Areas are approved by the IMO or other new or more stringent air emission requirements are adopted by the IMO or the states where we expect to operate, compliance with these requirements could entail significant additional capital expenditures, operational changes or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
The International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (the “Bunker Convention”), which became effective in November 2008, imposes strict liability on vessel owners for pollution damage in jurisdictional waters of ratifying states caused by discharges of bunker fuel. The Bunker Convention also requires registered owners of vessels over 1,000 gross tons to maintain insurance in specified amounts to cover liability for bunker fuel pollution damage. Each of our containerships has been issued a certificate attesting that insurance is in force in accordance with the Bunker Convention.
In 2004, the IMO also adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the “BWM Convention”). The BWM Convention’s implementing regulations call for a phased introduction of mandatory ballast water exchange requirements, to be replaced in time with mandatory concentration limits. The BWM Convention will not enter into force until 12 months after it has been ratified by 30 states, the combined merchant fleets of which represent not less than 35% of the gross tonnage of the world’s merchant shipping. To date, the BWM Convention has not yet entered into force because it has not been ratified by a sufficient number of countries to meet this threshold.
The operation of our vessels is also based on the requirements set forth in the ISM Code. The ISM Code requires vessel owners, bareboat charterers and management companies to develop and maintain an extensive Safety Management System, or “SMS”, that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy, sets forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describes procedures for dealing with emergencies. The ISM Code requires that vessel operators obtain a “Safety Management Certificate” for each vessel they operate from the government of the vessel’s flag state. The certificate verifies that the vessel operates in compliance with its approved SMS. No vessel can obtain a certificate unless the flag state has issued a document of compliance with the ISM Code to the vessel’s manger. Noncompliance by a vessel owner, manager or bareboat charterer with the ISM Code may subject such party to increased liability, invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for the affected vessels and result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. Our managers and each of our containerships are ISM Code-certified.
United States Requirements
OPA 90 established an extensive regulatory and liability regime for the protection of the environment from oil spills and cleanup of oil spills. OPA 90 applies to discharges of any oil from a vessel, including discharges of fuel and lubricants. OPA 90 affects all owners and operators whose vessels trade in the United States, its territories and possessions or whose vessels operate in U.S. waters, which include the United States’ territorial sea and its two hundred nautical mile exclusive economic zone. While we do not carry oil as cargo, we do carry fuel in our containerships, making them subject to the requirements of OPA 90.
Under OPA 90, vessel owners, operators and bareboat charterers are “responsible parties” and are jointly, severally and strictly liable (unless the discharge of pollutants results solely from the act or omission of a third party, an act of God or an act of war) for all containment and clean-up costs and other damages arising from discharges or threatened discharges, of pollutants from their vessels, including bunkers. OPA 90 defines these other damages broadly to include:
| • | | natural resource damages and the costs of assessment thereof; |
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| • | | real and personal property damage; |
| • | | net loss of taxes, royalties, rents, fees and other lost revenues; |
| • | | lost profits or impairment of earning capacity due to property or natural resource damages; and |
| • | | net cost of public services necessitated by a spill response, such as protection from fire, safety or health hazards, and loss of subsistence use of natural resources. |
OPA 90 preserves the right to recover damages under other existing laws, including maritime tort law.
U.S. Coast Guard regulations limit OPA 90 liability to the greater of $1,000 per gross ton or $854,400 per incident for non-tank vessels, subject to periodic adjustments of such limits. These limits of liability do not apply if an incident was directly caused by violation of applicable U.S. safety, construction or operating regulations or by a responsible party’s gross negligence or willful misconduct, or if the responsible party fails or refuses to report the incident or to cooperate and assist in connection with oil removal activities.
CERCLA applies to spills or releases of hazardous substances other than petroleum or petroleum products whether on land or at sea. CERCLA imposes joint and several liability, without regard to fault, on the owner or operator of a vessel, vehicle or facility from which there has been a release, along with other specified parties. Costs recoverable under CERCLA include cleanup and removal costs, natural resource damages and governmental oversight costs. Liability under CERCLA is generally limited to the greater of $300 per gross ton or $5.0 million for vessels carrying any hazardous substances, such as cargo or residue, or $0.5 million for any other vessel, per release of or incident involving hazardous substances. These limits of liability do not apply if the incident is caused by gross negligence, willful misconduct or a violation of certain regulations, in which case liability is unlimited.
All owners and operators of vessels over 300 gross tons are required to establish and maintain with the U.S. Coast Guard evidence of financial responsibility sufficient to meet their potential liabilities under OPA 90 and CERCLA. Under the U.S. Coast Guard regulations, vessel owners and operators may evidence their financial responsibility by providing proof of insurance, surety bond, guarantee, letter of credit or self-insurance. An owner or operator of a fleet of vessels is required only to demonstrate evidence of financial responsibility in an amount sufficient to cover the vessel in the fleet having the greatest maximum liability under OPA 90 and CERCLA. Under the self-insurance provisions, the vessel owner or operator must have a net worth and working capital, measured in assets located in the United States against liabilities located anywhere in the world, that exceeds the applicable amount of financial responsibility. We have received certificates of financial responsibility from the U.S. Coast Guard for each of the vessels in our initial fleet.
OPA 90 specifically permits individual states to impose their own liability regimes with regard to oil pollution incidents occurring within their boundaries, and some states have enacted legislation providing for unlimited liability for oil spills. In some cases, states which have enacted such legislation have not yet issued implementing regulations defining vessels owners’ responsibilities under these laws. We intend to comply with all applicable state regulations in the ports where our vessels call.
We will maintain, for each of our containerships, oil pollution liability coverage insurance in the amount of $1.0 billion per vessel per incident. In addition, we carry hull and machinery and protection and indemnity insurance to cover the risks of fire and explosion. Although our containerships will only carry bunker fuel, a spill of oil from one of our vessels could be catastrophic under certain circumstances. Losses as a result of fire or explosion could also be catastrophic under some conditions. While we believe that our present insurance coverage is adequate, not all risks can be insured, and if the damages from a catastrophic spill exceeded our insurance coverage, the payment of those damages could have an adverse effect on our business or the results of our operations.
Title VII of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004 (the “CGMTA”) amended OPA 90 to require the owner or operator of any non-tank vessel of 400 gross tons or
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more that carries oil of any kind as a fuel for main propulsion, including bunker fuel, to prepare and submit a response plan for each vessel. These vessel response plans include detailed information on actions to be taken by vessel personnel to prevent or mitigate any discharge or substantial threat of such a discharge of oil from the vessel due to operational activities or casualties. Each of the vessels in our initial fleet has an approved response plan.
The CWA prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous substances in navigable waters and imposes liability in the form of penalties for any unauthorized discharges. It also imposes substantial liability for the costs of removal, remediation and damages and complements the remedies available under the more recently enacted OPA 90 and CERCLA, discussed above. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) regulates the discharge of ballast water and other substances under the CWA. EPA regulations require vessels 79 feet in length or longer (other than commercial fishing vessels) to obtain coverage under a Vessel General Permit, or “VGP”, authorizing discharges of ballast waters and other wastewaters incidental to the operation of vessels when operating within the three-mile territorial waters or inland waters of the United States. The VGP requires vessel owners and operators to comply with a range of best management practices and reporting and other requirements for a number of incidental discharge types. The EPA issued a new VGP, which became effective in December 2013, that contains more stringent requirements, including numeric ballast water discharge limits (that generally align with the most recent U.S. Coast Guard standards issued in 2012), requirements to ensure that the ballast water treatment systems are functioning correctly, and more stringent effluent limits for oil to sea interfaces and exhaust gas scrubber wastewater. We have obtained coverage under the current version of the VGP for all of the vessels in our initial fleet. We do not believe that any material costs associated with meeting the requirements under the VGP will be material.
U.S. Coast Guard regulations adopted under the 1996 U.S. National Invasive Species Act, or “NISA”, also impose mandatory ballast water management practices for all vessels equipped with ballast water tanks entering or operating in U.S. waters. Amendments to these regulations that became effective in June 2012 established maximum acceptable discharge limits for various invasive species and/or requirements for active treatment of ballast water. The U.S. Coast Guard ballast water standards are consistent with requirements under the BWM Convention. Several states, including Michigan and California, have adopted legislation or regulations relating to the permitting and management of ballast water discharges. California has extended its ballast water management program to the regulation of “hull fouling” organisms attached to vessels and adopted regulations limiting the number of organisms in ballast water discharges. Other states could adopt similar requirements that could increase the costs of operation in state waters.
The EPA has adopted standards under the CAA that pertain to emissions from vessel vapor control and recovery and other operations in regulated port areas and emissions from model year 2004 and later large marine diesel engines. Several states also regulate emissions from vapor control and recovery under authority of State Implementation Plans adopted under the CAA. On April 30, 2010, the EPA promulgated regulations that impose more stringent standards for emissions of particulate matter, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from new Category 3 marine diesel engines on vessels constructed on or after January 1, 2016 and registered or flagged in the U.S. and implement the new MARPOL Annex VI requirements for U.S. and foreign flagged ships entering U.S. ports or operating in U.S. internal waters. The EPA is also considering a petition from a number of environmental groups that requests the EPA to impose more stringent emissions limits on foreign-flagged vessels operating in U.S. waters. California has adopted emission limits for auxiliary diesel engines of ocean-going vessels operating within 24 miles of the California coast and requires operators to use low sulfur content fuel. If new or more stringent regulations relating to emissions from marine diesel engines or port operations by ocean-going vessels are adopted by the EPA or states, these requirements could require significant capital expenditures or otherwise increase the costs of our operations.
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European Union Requirements
The European Union has also adopted legislation that (1) requires member states to refuse access to their ports to certain sub-standard vessels, according to vessel type, flag and number of previous detentions, (2) obliges member states to inspect at least 25% of foreign vessels using their ports annually and provides for increased surveillance of vessels posing a high risk to maritime safety or the marine environment, (3) provides the European Union with greater authority and control over classification societies, including the ability to seek to suspend or revoke the authority of negligent societies, and (4) requires member states to impose criminal sanctions for certain pollution events, such as the unauthorized discharge of tank washings.
Other Regional Requirements
The environmental protection regimes in certain other countries, such as Canada, resemble those of the United States. To the extent we operate in the territorial waters of such countries or enter their ports, our containerships would typically be subject to the requirements and liabilities imposed in such countries. Other regions of the world also have the ability to adopt requirements or regulations that may impose additional obligations on our containerships and may entail significant expenditures on our part and may increase the costs of our operations. These requirements, however, would apply to the industry operating in those regions as a whole and would also affect our competitors.
Greenhouse Gas Regulations
Currently, emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping are not subject to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which entered into force in 2005 and required adopting countries to implement national programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol was extended to 2020 at the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference, with the hope that a new climate change treaty would be adopted by 2015 and enter into force by 2020.
International or multinational bodies or individual countries may adopt climate change initiatives. For example, the MEPC of the IMO adopted two new sets of mandatory requirements to address greenhouse gas emissions from ships at its July 2011 meeting. The Energy Efficiency Design Index requires a minimum energy efficiency level per capacity mile and is applicable to new vessels, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan is applicable to currently operating vessels. The requirements entered into force in January 2013 and could cause us to incur additional compliance costs. The IMO is also considering the development of a market-based mechanism for greenhouse gas emissions from ships, but it is difficult to accurately predict the likelihood that such a standard might be adopted or its potential impact on our operations at this time.
In June 2013, the European Commission developed a strategy to integrate maritime emissions into the overall European Union Strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If the strategy is adopted by the European Parliament and Council large vessels entering European Union ports would be required to monitor, report and verify their carbon dioxide emissions beginning in January 2018. In December 2013, the European Union environmental ministers discussed draft rules to implement monitoring and reporting of carbon dioxide emissions from ships. In the United States, the EPA has issued a finding that greenhouse gases endanger the public health and safety and has adopted regulations under the CAA to limit greenhouse gas emissions from certain mobile sources and proposed regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources. Although the mobile source emissions do not apply to greenhouse gas emissions from ships, the EPA may, in the future, decide to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from ocean-going vessels. Any passage of climate control legislation or other regulatory initiatives by the IMO, the European Union, the United States or other countries where we operate, or any treaty adopted at the international level to succeed the Kyoto Protocol, that restrict emissions of greenhouse gases could require us to make significant financial expenditures that we cannot predict with certainty at this time. Even in the absence of climate control legislation and regulations, our business and operations may be materially
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affected to the extent that climate change results in sea level changes or more intense weather events.
The State of California has mandated that ships, instead of relying on their shipboard power, must use shore power while breathed through a process known as Cold Ironing or Alternative Maritime Power. The regulation is being phased in starting in 2014. Vessels in our initial fleet built after 2012 and our option vessels have or will have the necessary installation. It is expected that the cost of modifications needed for older vessels will be borne in part by the charterers of each vessel, but it is difficult to predict the exact impact on our operations.
Vessel Security Regulations
A number of initiatives have been introduced in recent years intended to enhance vessel security. On November 25, 2002, the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (the “MTSA”) was signed into law. To implement certain portions of the MTSA, the U.S. Coast Guard issued regulations in July 2003 requiring the implementation of certain security requirements aboard vessels operating in waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Similarly, in December 2002, amendments to SOLAS created a new chapter of the convention dealing specifically with maritime security. This new chapter came into effect in July 2004 and imposes various detailed security obligations on vessels and port authorities, most of which are contained in the newly created International Ship and Port Facilities Security Code (the “ISPS Code”). Among the various requirements are:
| • | | on-board installation of automatic information systems to enhance vessel-to-vessel and vessel-to-shore communications; |
| • | | on-board installation of ship security alert systems; |
| • | | the development of ship security plans; and |
| • | | compliance with flag state security certification requirements. |
The U.S. Coast Guard regulations, intended to align with international maritime security standards, exempt non-U.S. vessels from MTSA vessel security measures;providedsuch vessels have on board a valid “International Ship Security Certificate” that attests to the vessel’s compliance with SOLAS security requirements and the ISPS Code. We have implemented the various security measures required by the IMO, SOLAS and the ISPS Code and have approved ISPS certificates and plans certified by the applicable flag state on board all our containerships.
Permits and Authorizations
We are required by various governmental and other agencies to obtain certain permits, licenses, certificates and financial assurances with respect to each of our vessels. The kinds of permits, licenses, certificates and financial assurances required by governmental and other agencies depend upon several factors, including the commodity being transported, the waters in which the vessel operates, the nationality of the vessel’s crew and the type and age of the vessel. All permits, licenses, certificates and financial assurances currently required to operate our vessels have been obtained (exclusive of cargo- specific documentation, for which charterers or shippers are responsible). Additional laws and regulations, environmental or otherwise, may be adopted which could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of doing business.
Properties
We have no freehold or material leasehold interest in any real property. We occupy office space at 60 Zephyrou Street & Syngrou Avenue, 17564 Athens, Greece, that is provided to us as part of the services we receive under the partnership management agreement. Other than our vessels, we do not have any material property. Our vessels are subject to priority mortgages, which secure our obligations under our credit facilities. In certain cases, we may finance the ownership of vessels through finance lease arrangements with purchase options in our favor, rather than secured loans.
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Legal Proceedings
We have not been involved in any legal proceedings that we believe may have a significant effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity, and we are not aware of any proceedings that are pending or threatened that may have a material effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business, principally property damage and personal injury claims. We expect that these claims would be covered by insurance, subject to customary deductibles. However, those claims, even if lacking merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.
Taxation of the Partnership
Marshall Islands
The following discussion represents the opinion of Cozen O’Connor, our counsel as to matters of the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Because we and our subsidiaries do not and will not conduct business or operations in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, neither we nor our subsidiaries will be subject to income, capital gains, profits or other taxation under current Marshall Islands law, and we do not expect this to change in the future. As a result, distributions we receive from the operating subsidiaries are not expected to be subject to Marshall Islands taxation.
Liberia
The following discussion represents the opinion of Cozen O’Connor, our counsel as to matters of the laws of the Republic of Liberia. The Republic of Liberia enacted a new income tax act effective as of January 1, 2001 (the “New Act”). In contrast to the income tax law previously in effect since 1977, the New Act does not distinguish between the taxation of “non-resident” Liberian corporations, such as our Liberian subsidiaries, which conduct no business in Liberia and were wholly exempt from taxation under the prior law, and “resident” Liberian corporations, which conduct business in Liberia and are (and were under the prior law) subject to taxation.
The New Act was amended by the Consolidated Tax Amendments Act of 2011, which was published and became effective on November 1, 2011 (the “Amended Act”). The Amended Act specifically exempts from taxation non-resident Liberian corporations such as our Liberian subsidiaries that engage in international shipping (and are not engaged in shipping exclusively within Liberia) and that do not engage in other business or activities in Liberia other than those specifically enumerated in the Amended Act. In addition, the Amended Act made such exemption from taxation retroactive to the effective date of the New Act. Accordingly, neither we nor our subsidiaries will be subject to Liberian taxation under the Amended Act so long as the conditions for the exemption from taxation of the Amended Act are satisfied.
If our Liberian subsidiaries were subject to Liberian income tax under the Amended Act, they would be subject to tax at a rate of 35% on their worldwide income. As a result, their, and subsequently our, net income and cash flow would be materially reduced. In addition, as the ultimate stockholder of the Liberian subsidiaries, we would be subject to Liberian withholding tax on dividends paid by our Liberian subsidiaries at rates ranging from 15% to 20%.
United States
The following discussion represents the opinion of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, our U.S. counsel, regarding the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to us of our activities. It is based on the Code, judicial decisions, administrative pronouncements, and existing and proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. In addition, the opinion of our U.S. counsel is not binding on the IRS or any court. This discussion does not address any U.S. state or local taxes. You are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the particular U.S. federal, state and local and foreign
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income and other tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our common units that may be applicable to you.
In General
We have elected to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As such, except as provided below, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our income to the extent such income is from U.S. sources or is otherwise effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
U.S. Taxation of Our Subsidiaries
Our subsidiaries have elected (or are in the process of electing) to be treated as disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, for purposes of the discussion below, our subsidiaries are treated (or will be treated) as branches rather than as separate corporations.
U.S. Taxation of Shipping Income
We expect that substantially all of our gross income will be attributable to income derived from chartering our containerships to our customers. Gross income attributable to transportation exclusively between non-U.S. ports is considered to be 100% derived from sources outside the United States and generally not subject to any U.S. federal income tax. Gross income attributable to transportation that both begins and ends in the United States, or “U.S. Source Domestic Transportation Income”, is considered to be 100% derived from sources within the United States and generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Although there can be no assurance, we do not expect to engage in transportation that gives rise to U.S. Source Domestic Transportation Income.
Gross income attributable to transportation, including shipping income, that either begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States is considered to be 50% derived from sources within the United States (such 50% being “U.S. Source International Transportation Income”). Subject to the discussion of “effectively connected” income below, Section 887 of the Code would impose on us a 4% U.S. income tax in respect of our U.S. Source International Transportation Income (without the allowance for deductions) unless we are exempt from U.S. federal income tax on such income under the rules contained in Section 883 of the Code. The other 50% of the income described in the first sentence of this paragraph would not be subject to U.S. income tax.
For this purpose, “shipping income” means income that is derived from:
(i) the use of ships;
(ii) the hiring or leasing of ships for use on a time, operating or bareboat charter basis;
(iii) the participation in a pool, partnership, strategic alliance, joint operating agreement or other joint venture we directly or indirectly own or participate in that generates such income; or
(iv) the performance of services directly related to those uses.
Under Section 883 of the Code and the regulations thereunder, we will be exempt from U.S. federal income tax on our U.S. Source International Transportation Income if:
(i) we are organized in a foreign country (the “country of organization”) that grants an “equivalent exemption” to corporations organized in the United States with respect to the types of U.S. Source International Transportation Income that we may earn (an “Equivalent Exemption”);
(ii) we satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test (as described below) or the 50% Ownership Test (as described below); and
(iii) we meet certain substantiation, reporting and other requirements.
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In order for a foreign corporation to meet the Publicly-Traded Test, its equity interests must be “primarily traded” and “regularly traded” on an established securities market in the United States or in a foreign jurisdiction that grants an Equivalent Exemption. The Treasury regulations under Section 883 of the Code provide, in pertinent part, that equity of a foreign corporation will be considered to be “primarily traded” on an established securities market in a country if, with respect to the class or classes of equity relied upon to meet the “regularly traded” requirement described below, the number of units of such class of equity that is traded during any taxable year on all established securities markets in that country exceeds the number of equity interests in each such class that is traded during that year on established securities markets in any other single country. We believe that our common units will be the sole class of our equity that will be traded, and that such class will be “primarily traded” on the New York Stock Exchange, which is an established securities market for these purposes.
The Publicly-Traded Test also requires equity interests in a foreign corporation to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market. The Treasury regulations under Section 883 of the Code provide that equity interests in a foreign corporation are considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market if one or more classes of such equity interests that, in the aggregate, represent more than 50% of the combined vote and value of all outstanding equity interests in the foreign corporation satisfy certain listing and trading volume requirements. These listing and trading volume requirements will be satisfied with respect to a class of equity interests if (i) such equity interests are traded on the market, other than in minimal quantities, on at least 60 days during the taxable year (or 1/6 of the days in a short taxable year) and (ii) the aggregate number of equity interests in such class traded on such market during the taxable year is at least 10% of the average number of equity interests outstanding in that class during such year (as appropriately adjusted in the case of a short taxable year), provided, that if a class of equity interests is traded on an established securities market in the United States and is regularly quoted by dealers making a market in such equity interests then tests (i) and (ii) will be deemed satisfied.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a class of equity interests may fail the regularly traded test if, for more than half the number of days during the taxable year, persons who each own, either actually or constructively under certain attribution rules, 5% or more of the vote and value of the outstanding shares of the class of equity interests, or “5% Unitholders,” own in the aggregate 50% or more of the vote and value of the class of equity interests (which is referred to as the “Closely Held Block Exception”). The Closely Held Block Exception does not apply, however, if the foreign corporation can establish that a sufficient proportion of such 5% Unitholders are Qualified Shareholders (as defined below) so as to preclude the non-qualified 5% Unitholders from owning 50% or more of the total value of the class of equity interests for more than half the number of days during the taxable year. If 50% or more of the vote and value of a class of equity interests is owned, in the aggregate, by 5% Unitholders, then a sufficient number of 5% Unitholders must verify that they are Qualified Shareholders by providing certain information to the foreign corporation, including information about their countries of residence for tax purposes and their actual and/or constructive ownership of such equity interests.
As an alternative to satisfying the Publicly-Traded Test, a foreign corporation may qualify for an exemption under Section 883 of the Code by satisfying the 50% Ownership Test. A corporation generally will satisfy the 50% Ownership Test if more than 50% of the value of its outstanding equity interests is owned, or treated as owned after applying certain attribution rules, for at least half the number of days in the taxable year by individual residents of jurisdictions that grant an Equivalent Exemption, foreign corporations organized in jurisdictions that grant an Equivalent Exemption and that meet the Publicly-Traded Test, or certain other qualified persons described in the Treasury regulations under Section 883 (which are referred to collectively as “Qualified Shareholders”).
The Marshall Islands, the jurisdiction in which we are organized, grants an Equivalent Exemption with respect to the type of U.S. Source International Transportation Income we expect to earn. Therefore, we will be eligible for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code if we satisfy either the Publicly-Traded Test or the 50% Ownership Test and we satisfy certain substantiation, reporting or other requirements.
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Following consummation of the formation transactions (described above in the section “—Formation Transactions”), our equity will consist of common units, subordinated units, a general partner interest and incentive distribution rights. At such time, we will not be eligible to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test because our common unitholders will not have the right to elect any of the directors of our general partner and therefore will not have more than 50% of the voting power of our equity. However, Costamare, which is organized in Marshall Islands, will then own more than 50% of the value of all of our equity, and it will have the power to appoint all of the directors of our general partner. Therefore, if Costamare qualifies under Section 883 of the Code and provides appropriate certifications to us, we will qualify for Section 883 of the Code under the 50% Ownership Test. Costamare believes that it has qualified and currently intends to continue to qualify for this statutory tax exemption under Section 883 for the foreseeable future. However, no assurance can be given that this will be the case in the future, particularly if Costamare sells a portion of our equity that it currently owns in one or more sales in the future or we issue additional equity interests to other owners, such that Costamare’s ownership interest in us no longer satisfies the 50% Ownership Test.
Even if Costamare does qualify under Section 883 of the Code, we cannot assure you that Costamare will provide to us the certifications necessary to allow us to qualify under the 50% Ownership Test. If it does not do so, we will not be exempt under Section 883. Moreover, even if Costamare provides such certification, we cannot assure you of our ability to continue to qualify under the 50% Ownership Test unless Costamare continues to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test and to hold more than 50% of the value of our equity. If either of those conditions is not satisfied, we might no longer be able to satisfy the 50% Ownership Test.
As described elsewhere in this prospectus, our general partner will have the option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and, in that connection, to cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors. This option is exercisable at the sole discretion of our general partner, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Costamare. If that option is exercised, our common units would then be considered to have more than 50% of the voting power of all our equity. Our common units would then be considered to be “regularly traded” on an established securities market if they represented more than 50% of the value of all our equity and the listing and trading conditions described above are satisfied. Based upon our expected cash flow and distributions on our outstanding equity units, we expect that the common units will represent more than 50% of the value of our equity, and we expect that we will also satisfy the listing and trading requirements. However, we cannot assure you this will be the case. If these conditions are satisfied, and except as provided below, we would satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test unless the “Closely Held Block” exception to that test was applicable. If Costamare at that time satisfies the Publicly Traded Test, it would be a Qualified Shareholder of ours, to the extent it continued to own our common units, in determining whether the Closely Held Block Exception to the Publicly Traded Test applied.
In addition, our partnership agreement provides that any person or group (including Costamare) that beneficially owns more than 4.9% of any class of our units then outstanding generally will be treated as owning only 4.9% of such units for purposes of voting for directors. We cannot assure you that this limitation will be effective to eliminate the possibility that we will have any 5% Unitholders for purposes of the Closely Held Block Exception.
However, assuming this limitation is effective, we anticipate that, in the event that Costamare exercises the Costamare option, we will be able to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test if our common units represent more than half the value of our equity.
However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test in the future. There is no assurance that Costamare will exercise the Costamare option, which is necessary for us to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test. Moreover, we cannot assure you that Costamare’s exercise of the Costamare option will be sufficient for us to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test. For example, it is possible that we may not be able to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test in the calendar year during which Costamare exercises the Costamare option, even if Costamare’s ownership of less than a majority of the value of our equity for part of that year also prevents us from satisfying the 50%
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Ownership Test for that year. In addition, if an increase in the value of our incentive distribution rights causes our common units to fail the 50% value test, we will fail to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test even if the option is exercised. Moreover, because we are in legal form a partnership, it is possible that the IRS would assert that our common units do not meet the “regularly traded” test. Furthermore, our board of directors could determine that it is in our best interests to take an action that would result in our not being able to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test in the future. Should any of the requirements described above fail to be satisfied, we may not be able to satisfy the Publicly-Traded Test.
If we are not entitled to the exemption under Section 883 for any taxable year, then we would be subject to the 4% U.S. federal income tax under Section 887 on our U.S. Source International Transportation Income (subject to the discussion of “effectively connected income” below) for those years.
In addition, our U.S. Source International Transportation Income that is considered to be “effectively connected” with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business is subject to the U.S. corporate income tax currently imposed at rates of up to 35% (net of applicable deductions). In addition, we may be subject to the 30% U.S. “branch profits” tax on earnings effectively connected with the conduct of such trade or business, as determined after allowance for certain adjustments, and on certain interest paid or deemed paid attributable to the conduct of our U.S. trade or business.
Our U.S. Source International Transportation Income would be considered effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business only if:
(i) we had, or were considered to have, a fixed place of business in the United States involved in the earning of U.S. source gross transportation income; and
(ii) substantially all of our U.S. source gross transportation income was attributable to regularly scheduled transportation, such as the operation of a ship that followed a published schedule with repeated sailings at regular intervals between the same points for voyages that begin or end in the United States.
We believe that we will not meet these conditions because we will not have, or permit circumstances that would result in having, such a fixed place of business in the United States or any ship sailing to or from the United States on a regularly scheduled basis.
Taxation of Gain on Sale of Shipping Assets
Regardless of whether we qualify for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code, we will not be subject to U.S. Federal income taxation with respect to gain realized on a sale of a vessel,providedthe sale is considered to occur outside of the United States (as determined under U.S. tax principles). In general, a sale of a vessel will be considered to occur outside of the United States for this purpose if title to the vessel (and risk of loss with respect to the vessel) passes to the buyer outside of the United States. We expect that any sale of a vessel will be so structured that it will be considered to occur outside of the United States.
Other Jurisdictions and Additional Information
For additional information regarding the taxation of our subsidiaries, see Note 13 to our audited combined carve-out financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.
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MANAGEMENT
Management of Costamare Partners LP
Costamare Partners GP LLC, our general partner, will manage our operations and day-to-day activities. Unitholders will not be entitled to elect the directors of our general partner or directly or indirectly participate in our management or operation. The directors of our general partner will oversee our operations. The day-to-day affairs of our business are managed by the officers of our general partner. Employees of affiliates of Costamare, including Costamare Shipping, will continue to provide services to us after the closing of this offering under the partnership management agreement. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Partnership Management Agreement”.
Following the closing of this offering, our general partner will have an audit committee of two independent directors. The audit committee will, among other things, review our external financial reporting, engage our external auditors and oversee our internal audit activities and procedures and the adequacy of our internal accounting controls. Such audit committee will initially be comprised of two directors, Bart Veldhuizen and Ulrich Kranich, with Bart Veldhuizen serving as chair of the audit committee. We expect that the board of directors of our general partner will determine that each of Bart Veldhuizen and Ulrich Kranich satisfies the independence standards established by the New York Stock Exchange, and that Bart Veldhuizen qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” for the purposes of the SEC rules and regulations.
In addition, two members of the board of directors of our general partner will serve on a conflicts committee to review specific matters that the board believes may involve conflicts of interest. The conflicts committee will determine if the resolution of the conflict of interest is fair and reasonable to us. The members of the conflicts committee must meet the independence standards established by the New York Stock Exchange and the SEC to serve on an audit committee of a board of directors, and may not be any of the following: (a) officers or employees of our general partner, (b) officers, directors or employees of any affiliate of our general partner (other than the Partnership and its affiliates) or (c) holders of any ownership interest in the general partner, its affiliates or the Partnership and its subsidiaries (other than (x) common units or (y) awards granted pursuant to any long-term incentive plan, equity compensation plan or similar plan of the Partnership or its subsidiaries). Any matters approved by the conflicts committee will be conclusively deemed to be fair and reasonable to us, approved by all of our partners and not a breach by our general partner or its affiliates of any duties any of them may owe us or our unitholders. Our initial conflicts committee will be comprised of Bart Veldhuizen and Ulrich Kranich, with the former serving as the chair of the conflicts committee. For additional information about the conflicts committee, see “Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties—Conflicts of Interest”.
Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under SEC rules, we are permitted to follow the corporate governance practices of the Marshall Islands (the jurisdiction in which we are organized) in lieu of certain of the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance requirements that would otherwise be applicable to us. Under Marshall Islands law, we are not required to have a board of directors comprised of a majority of directors meeting the independence standards described in the New York Stock Exchange rules. In addition, New York Stock Exchange rules do not require a listed company that is a foreign private issuer like us to have a majority of independent directors on the board of directors of our general partner. Accordingly, after this offering, the board of directors of our general partner will not be comprised of a majority of independent directors.
Furthermore, New York Stock Exchange rules do not require foreign private issuers or limited partnerships like us to establish a compensation committee or a nominating/corporate governance committee. Similarly, under Marshall Islands law, we are not required to have a compensation committee or a nominating/corporate governance committee. Accordingly, neither we nor our general partner will have a compensation committee or a nominating/corporate governance committee.
The Chief Executive Officer of our general partner, Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos, and Chief Financial Officer of our general partner, Gregory Zikos, will allocate their time between managing
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our business and affairs and the business and affairs of Costamare. Mr. Konstantakopoulos is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Costamare. Mr. Zikos is the Chief Financial Officer and a member of the board of directors of Costamare. The amount of time Mr. Konstantakopoulos and Mr. Zikos will allocate between our business and the businesses of Costamare will vary from time to time depending on various circumstances and needs of the businesses, such as the relative levels of strategic activities of the businesses. Mr. Konstantakopoulos and Mr. Zikos will devote sufficient time to our business and affairs as is necessary for their proper conduct.
The officers of our general partner and other individuals providing services to our general partner, us or our subsidiaries may face a conflict regarding the allocation of their time between our business and the other business interests of Costamare or its affiliates. Our general partner intends to seek to cause its officers to devote as much time to the management of our business and affairs as they believe is necessary for the proper conduct of our business and affairs.
Whenever our general partner makes a determination or takes or declines to take an action in its individual capacity rather than in its capacity as our general partner, it is entitled to make such determination or to take or decline to take such other action free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to us or any limited partner, and our general partner is not required to act in good faith or pursuant to any other standard imposed by our partnership agreement or under the Marshall Islands Act or any other law. Specifically, pursuant to our partnership agreement, our general partner will be considered to be acting in its individual capacity if it (a) exercises its (i) call right, (ii) pre-emptive rights, (iii) registration rights, (iv) right to make a determination to receive common units in a resetting of the target distribution levels related to the incentive distribution rights or (v) right to exercise or not exercise the option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and in that connection cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors, (b) consents or withholds consent to any merger or consolidation of the partnership, (c) appoints any directors or votes for the election of any director, (d) votes or refrains from voting on amendments to our partnership agreement that require a vote of the outstanding units, (e) voluntarily withdraws from the partnership, (f) transfers (to the extent permitted under our partnership agreement) or refrains from transferring its units or general partner interest or (g) votes upon the dissolution of the partnership. Actions of our general partner, which are made in its individual capacity, will be made by Costamare as sole member of our general partner. In addition, in deciding whether we will exercise the right to acquire a vessel under the vessel option or non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement, our general partner is permitted to consider the interests of Costamare as well as us, so long as it does so in good faith. These decisions may be to the detriment of our future growth.
Although we will initially be managed by our general partner, which will act through its board of directors and officers, all of whom will be appointed by Costamare, our general partner will have the option to cause us instead to be managed by our own board of directors and officers. In that connection, the exercise of such option by our general partner will cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors. This option is exercisable at the sole discretion of our general partner, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Costamare. Our general partner may decide to exercise this right in order to permit us to claim, or continue to claim, an exemption under Section 883 of the Code from U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. However, there is no assurance that our general partner will exercise this right, and in its sole discretion, our general partner may decide not to exercise this right even if, as a result of such non-exercise, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. For 2015, we expect to qualify for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code on the basis of Costamare’s qualification under that section and its ownership and control of us, but we cannot assure you that we will continue to do so in the future. Please read “Business—Taxation of the Partnership—United States” for a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax consequences of our activities and the definition of “U.S. Source International Transportation Income”.
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Directors and Executive Officers
The following table provides information about the directors and executive officers of our general partner. The directors of the general partner will be appointed by Costamare. We will rely solely on the executive officers provided to our general partner by Costamare Shipping who will perform executive officer services for our benefit pursuant to the partnership management agreement and who will be responsible for our day-to-day management. The business address of each of our general partner’s executive officers and directors listed below is 60 Zephyrou Street & Syngrou Avenue, 17564 Athens, Greece. Our telephone number at that address is +30-210-949-0050.
| | | | |
Name | | Age | | Position |
Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos | | | | 45 | | | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board |
Gregory Zikos | | | | 45 | | | Chief Financial Officer |
Ulrich Kranich(1) | | | | 64 | | | Director |
Anastassios Gabrielides | | | | 50 | | | Director |
Diamantis Manos | | | | 66 | | | Director |
Bart Veldhuizen(1) | | | | 47 | | | Director |
|
| (1) | | Ulrich Kranich and Bart Veldhuizen have each agreed to serve on our board of directors, effective as of the listing date for the units of the Partnership in connection with this initial public offering. |
|
Konstantinos Konstantakopouloshas served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the board of directors of Costamare Partners GP LLC since his appointment on August 4, 2014, in connection with the formation of our general partner. He has also served as the chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors of Costamare since April 2008. Mr. Konstantakopoulos also serves as president and chief executive officer of Costamare Shipping, one of our managers, which he wholly owns and joined in 1992 (and where he worked part-time beforehand). In 2001, Mr. Konstantakopoulos founded CIEL, which served as a sub-manager of certain of Costamare’s vessels until April 2013 when it was replaced by V.Ships Greece. In 2005, Mr. Konstantakopoulos founded another of our managers, Shanghai Costamare, of which he is the controlling stockholder. Mr. Konstantakopoulos also owns, indirectly, 25% of C-Man Maritime, a vessel manning agency which he founded in 2006. Mr. Konstantakopoulos has served on the board of directors of the Union of Greek Ship-owners since 2006. Mr. Konstantakopoulos studied engineering at Université Paul Sabatier in France.
Gregory Zikoshas served as the Chief Financial Officer of Costamare Partners GP LLC since his appointment on August 4, 2014, in connection with the formation of our general partner. He has also served as the chief financial officer and a member of the board of directors of Costamare since 2007. Prior to 2007, Mr. Zikos was employed at DryShips, Inc., a public shipping company, as the chief financial officer from 2006 to 2007. From 2004 to 2006, Mr. Zikos was employed with J&P Avax S.A., a real estate investment and construction company, where he was responsible for project and structured finance debt transactions. From 2000 to 2004, Mr. Zikos was employed at Citigroup (London), global corporate and investment banking group, where he was involved in numerous European leveraged and acquisition debt financing transactions. Mr. Zikos practiced law from 1994 to 1998, during which time he advised financial institutions and shipping companies in debt and acquisition transactions. Mr. Zikos holds an M.B.A. in finance from Cornell University, an L.L.M. from the University of London King’s College, and a bachelor of laws, with merits, from the University of Athens.
Anastassios Gabrielideshas served as a member of the board of directors of Costamare Partners GP LLC since its inception. He has also served as the general counsel and secretary of Costamare since 2013. From 2011 to 2012, Mr. Gabrielides worked for Allseas Marine SA, a ship management company. From 2004 to 2011, Mr. Gabrielides has served at the Hellenic Capital Markets Commission, the Greek securities regulator, first as vice chairman (2004 to 2009) and then as chairman (2009 to 2011). Mr. Gabrielides practiced law in Athens from 1999 to 2004, specializing in securities, banking and finance and corporate law. Mr. Gabrielides also worked for the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation from 1991 to 1999 in various posts and was a member of the executive
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committee. Mr. Gabrielides has been a member of the board of supervisors of the European Securities and Markets Authority and has been a member of the Greek FIY. Mr. Gabrielides holds L.L.M. degrees from Harvard Law School and the London School of Economics, a law degree from Athens University Law School, and a B.A. in economics from the American College of Greece, Deree College.
Ulrich Kranichhas agreed to serve as one of our directors. His term will commence as of the listing date for the common units of the Partnership. Mr. Kranich joined Hapag-Lloyd AG, a German container liner shipping company, in 1975 and held various positions until his retirement in June 2014, including, most recently, executive board member and chief financial officer, from July 2006 through June 2008, and executive board member and chief operating officer, from July 2008 through June 2014. As a member of the Hapag-Lloyd AG executive board, Mr. Kranich also served as chairman of the board of Hapag-Lloyd (America) Inc. from January 2009 through June 2014, as well as serving on the boards of various Hapag-Lloyd subsidiaries. Mr. Kranich has also served as a director on the boards of Box Club (International Council of Containership Operators), including as chairman from January 2012 through March 2014, World Shipping Council, European Liner Affairs Association and Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Limited. Since June 2007, Mr. Kranich has served as a non-executive director of the TT Club, Through Transport Mutual Services (UK) Limited, serving as a member of the audit and risk committee since March 2009 and as chairman of the audit and risk committee since March 2014. Mr. Kranich holds a degree in Business Economics from the Academy for Business Administration in Bremen, Germany.
Diamantis Manos has served as a member of the board of directors of Costamare Partners GP LLC since his appointment on August 4, 2014, in connection with the formation of our general partner. He has been the managing director of Costamare Shipping Company S.A. since 2004. Prior to 2004, Mr. Manos was employed as director at “Consolidated Marine Management Inc.” (Latsis group) from 1997 to 2003. From 1995 to 1997, Mr. Manos held the position of Secretary General of the Ministry of Mercantile Marine (M.M.M.). From 1971 to 1995, he served in the Hellenic Coast Guard and he mainly represented the M.M.M at various international Maritime and Economic organizations (UNCTAD, IMO, OECD, EU, CSG, etc.). From 1985 to 1989, Mr. Manos was positioned at the Hellenic Permanent Representation to the European Union in Brussels and represented the M.M.M. at various EU institutions. During the period of the two Greek Presidencies (1988 and 1994) in the EU, Mr. Manos was the chairman of the Maritime Transport Group of the European Council. During 1994-98, he was the chairman of the Maritime Transport Committee of the OECD. In 2002, he was appointed, for a five year period, member of the Board of the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) as one of the four professionals selected by the Commission of the EU. Mr. Manos has been a member of the Board of the ‘’Swedish Club” (Marine and P&I insurance) since 2005 and he is also member of the Board of HELMEPA (Hellenic Maritime Environmental Protection Association). Mr. Manos holds a university degree in Public Administration and Political Sciences from the Panteion University of Athens and a diploma from the Hellenic Naval Academy.
Bart Veldhuizenhas agreed to serve as one of our directors. His term will commence as of the listing date for the common units of the Partnership. Mr. Veldhuizen has been working in the shipping industry since 1994 on both the banking and non banking side. Mr. Veldhuizen is a founding director of Swaen Marine Ltd., an advisory company in London focusing on the maritime industry. From August 2007 until October 2011, he was the managing director & head of shipping of Lloyds Banking. In this capacity, Mr. Veldhuizen managed the combined Lloyds Bank and Bank of Scotland’s US$16 billion shipping loan and lease portfolio. He started his career with Van Ommeren Shipping, a Dutch public shipping & storage company after which he joined DVB bank as a shipping banker working in both Rotterdam and Piraeus. In 2000, he joined Smit International, a publicly listed Maritime service provider active in Salvage, Marine Contracting and Harbour Towage. After working for Smit in both Greece and Singapore, Mr. Veldhuizen returned to the Netherlands in August 2003 to work with NIBC Bank, a Dutch based merchant bank. Mr. Veldhuizen holds a degree in Business Economics from the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Currently, Mr. Veldhuizen is a director of Seadrill Partners LLC, Golar LNG Partners LP and Eagle Bulk Shipping Inc.
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Reimbursement of Expenses of Our General Partner
Our general partner will not receive a management fee in connection with its management of our business, although it will be entitled to reimbursement for expenses incurred on our behalf. These expenses include all expenses necessary or appropriate for conducting our business and allocable to us, as determined by our general partner.
Compensation of Directors and Senior Management
Non-executive directors of our general partner receive annual fees in the amount of $ , plus reimbursement for their out-of-pocket expenses. The officers of our general partner who also serve as directors of our general partner will not receive additional compensation for their service as directors.
Prior to this offering, our general partner has not paid any compensation to its chief executive officer or chief financial officer. Our general partner’s executive officers are provided to us by Costamare Shipping and their compensation is set and paid by Costamare Shipping, from the funds we and our general partner make available to Costamare Shipping under the partnership management agreement as compensation of our general partner’s executive officers. Currently, such compensation is expected to be $ million per year in the aggregate. Our general partner does not have any service contracts with our non-executive directors that provide for benefits upon termination of their services. Under the partnership agreement, the directors and officers of our general partner will be indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law against liabilities, costs and expenses related to their service as directors and officers. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Partnership Management Agreement”.
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP
OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of units of Costamare Partners LP that will be issued upon the consummation of this offering and the related transactions, beneficial owners of 5.0% or more of the units and all of the directors and executive officers of our general partner as a group. The table also does not reflect an aggregate of approximately million and million common units that members of the Konstantakopoulos family and certain funds managed by York, respectively, have indicated that they currently intend to purchase in the offering at the public offering price.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Name of Beneficial Owner | | Common Units to be Beneficially Owned After the Offering | | Subordinated Units to be Beneficially Owned After the Offering | | Percentage of Total Common and Subordinated Units to be Beneficially Owned After the Offering |
| Number | | Percent | | Number | | Percent |
Costamare(1) | | | | | | % | | | | | | | % | | | | | (2 | ) | |
All directors and executive officers as a group ( persons) | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | |
| (1) | | Costamare is controlled by members of the Konstantakopoulos family. Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos, our chairman and chief executive officer, and Christos Konstantakopoulos and Achillefs Konstantakopoulos, the brothers of our chairman and chief executive officer, each own approximately 21.59% of issued and outstanding common stock of Costamare. If they act together, these stockholders would be able to control the outcome of matters on which Costamare stockholders are entitled to vote, including the election of the entire board of directors and other significant corporate actions of Costamare. They could, therefore, indirectly control our general partner. This table excludes the 2.0% general partner interest held by our general partner, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Costamare. |
| (2) | | Assumes no exercise of the option to purchase additional common units. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional common units in full, Costamare’s percentage of common units to be beneficially owned after the offering will decrease to %, and its percentage of total common and subordinated units to be beneficially owned will decrease to %. |
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
After this offering, Costamare will own our general partner and will own common units and subordinated units, representing a % limited partner interest in us, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units, and all of our incentive distribution rights. In addition, our general partner will own general partner units representing a 2.0% general partner interest in us. Costamare’s ability, as sole member of our general partner, to control the appointment of all members of the board of directors of our general partner and to approve certain significant actions we may take, and Costamare’s common and subordinated unit ownership and its right to vote the subordinated units as a separate class on certain matters, means that it, together with its affiliates, will have the ability to control our management.
Distributions and Payments to our General Partner and its Affiliates
The following table summarizes the distributions and payments to be made by us to our general partner and its affiliates in connection with our formation, ongoing operation and any liquidation. These distributions and payments were determined by and among affiliated entities and, consequently, are not the result of arm’s-length negotiations.
| | | | |
Formation Stage |
The consideration to be received by our general partner and its affiliates in exchange for the transfer to us of the vessels in our fleet | | • | | common units and subordinated units to be issued to Costamare; |
| | • | | general partner units representing a 2.0% general partner interest in us and all of our incentive distribution rights; and |
| | • | | $ in cash. |
| | | | See “Summary—Formation Transactions” for further information about our formation and assets contributed to us in connection with the closing of this offering. |
| | | | The common units and subordinated units to be owned by Costamare after giving effect to this offering represent a % limited partner interest in us, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units. For more information, see “The Partnership Agreement—Voting Rights” and “The Partnership Agreement—Amendment of the Partnership Agreement”. |
| | | | |
Operational Stage |
Distributions of available cash to our general partner and its affiliates | | | | We will generally make cash distributions of 98.0% of available cash to unitholders (including Costamare, the owner of our general partner and the holder of common units and all of our subordinated units) and the remaining 2.0% to our general partner. |
| | | | |
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| | | | |
| | | | In addition, if distributions exceed the minimum quarterly distribution and other higher target levels, Costamare, as the holder of the incentive distribution rights, will be entitled to increasing percentages of the distributions, up to 48% of the distributions above the highest target level. We refer to the rights to the increasing distributions as “incentive distribution rights”. See “How We Make Cash Distributions—Incentive Distribution Rights” for more information regarding the incentive distribution rights. |
| | | | Assuming we have sufficient available cash to pay the full minimum quarterly distribution on all of our outstanding units for four quarters, but no distributions in excess of the full minimum quarterly distribution, our general partner would receive an annual distribution of approximately $ million on its 2.0% general partner interest, and Costamare would receive an annual distribution of approximately $ million on its common and subordinated units. |
Payments to our general partner and its affiliates | | | | Our general partner will not receive a management fee or other compensation for the management of our partnership. Our general partner and its affiliates will be entitled to reimbursement for all direct and indirect expenses they incur on our behalf. In addition, we and our subsidiaries will pay management fees to Costamare Shipping or any other applicable manager for administrative, commercial and technical management services pursuant to the partnership management agreement and the separate ship management agreements. See “—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Partnership Management Agreement” and “—Agreements Governing the Transactions—Ship Management Agreement”. |
Withdrawal or removal of our general partner | | | | If our general partner withdraws or is removed, its general partner interest will either be sold to the new general partner for cash or converted into common units, in each case for an amount equal to the fair market value of those interests. See “The Partnership Agreement—Withdrawal or Removal of our General Partner”. |
| | | | |
Liquidation Stage |
Liquidation | | | | Upon our liquidation, the partners, including our general partner, will be entitled to receive liquidating distributions as described in “The Partnership Agreement-Liquidation and Distribution of Proceeds”. |
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Agreements Governing the Transactions
We, our general partner, our subsidiaries and certain affiliates have entered into or will enter into various documents and agreements that will effect the transactions relating to our formation and this offering, including the vesting of assets in, and the assumption of liabilities by, us and our subsidiaries. These agreements will not be the result of arm’s-length negotiations and they, or any of the transactions that they provide for, may not be effected on terms at least as favorable to the parties to these agreements as they could have obtained from unaffiliated third parties. All of the transaction expenses incurred in connection with these transactions will be paid from the proceeds of this offering.
Omnibus Agreement
Concurrent with and as of the completion of this offering, the omnibus agreement executed by and among the Partnership, Costamare, York and certain of its subsidiaries, our general partner and certain of our other subsidiaries will automatically become effective. The following discussion describes certain provisions of the omnibus agreement.
Containership Purchase Options
Under the omnibus agreement, we will have the right to purchase theValence(and shares in the relevant vessel-owning entity) from Costamare within 12 months after the closing of this offering at fair market value as determined in accordance with the provisions of the omnibus agreement, provided that Constamare may, at its option, replace theValence with any one of the substitute vessels. In addition, Costamare and York have agreed to notify our general partner and offer us, within 36 months of the respective vessel’s acceptances by the charterer, the right to purchase each of Hulls NCP0113, NCP0114, NCP0115, NCP0116, S2121, S2122, S2123, S2124 and S2125 (and shares in the relevant vessel-owning entities) at fair market value as determined in accordance with the provisions of the omnibus agreement and which would include the value related to any then existing charter on such vessels. Costamare and York will be subject to such requirement only if at the time of such notice and offer, the relevant vessel constitutes a Five-Year Vessel (as defined below). If at the end of any such 36-month period the relevant vessel constitutes a Five-Year Vessel (as defined below) and Costamare and York have not previously notified and offered us the right to purchase such vessel, we will have the right to do so at the end of such 36-month period. Within 30 days of receiving such notice, our general partner must make an election on whether to purchase the relevant vessel.
If we and Costamare and, with respect to the JV vessels, York are unable to agree upon the fair market value of any of theValence(or one of the substitute vessels, as applicable) and Hulls NCP0113, NCP0114, NCP0115, NCP0116, S2121, S2122, S2123, S2124 and S2125 during the 30-day period (provided that, with respect to theValence, such period shall be extended for another 30 calendar days if Costamare exercises its option to replace theValence with a substitute vessel within the initial 30-day period) after our general partner’s notice and exercise of the relevant purchase option, our general partner will appoint a ship broker from a pool of pre-approved ship brokers within five business days following the expiration of such 30-day period. Such ship broker will determine the fair market value of the relevant vessel, and we will have the right, but not the obligation, to purchase the vessel at such price by providing notice to Costamare and, with respect to the JV vessels, York, within 10 business days of such ship broker’s fair market value determination, which would include the value related to any then existing charter on such vessels. If we exercise our right to purchase such vessel, the rights, title and interests in the relevant vessel, including the shares of capital stock in the vessel owning entity, will be transferred to us upon consummation of the acquisition. Unless otherwise agreed by Costamare, the Partnership and, with respect to any JV vessel, York, the consideration for such vessel shall be in all cash. Costamare, the Partnership and York have agreed to a form of agreement that contains other terms applicable to any purchase and sale of vessels pursuant to the purchase option provisions of the omnibus agreement. Our ability to consummate the acquisition of such vessels from Costamare and, as applicable, York will be subject to obtaining any consents of governmental authorities and other
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non-affiliated third parties and to all agreements existing as of the closing date in respect of such vessels. See “Risk Factors—Risks Inherent in Our Business—We may have difficulty obtaining consents that are necessary to acquire vessels with an existing charter or a financing agreement.”
Non-competition
Upon the earliest date on which the purchase options described above are no longer exercisable, either as a result of the expiration of the last of the option periods described above (which may be as late as 2019 based on the expected delivery schedule) or our having made elections with respect to such options (the “Non-Compete Commencement Date”), the following non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement will become applicable to Costamare, York, any JV Entity and us. Under the omnibus agreement, Costamare and, during the capital commitment period under the Framework Agreement, York and any JV Entity will agree, and will cause their controlled affiliates (other than us, our general partner and our subsidiaries) to agree, not to acquire, own, operate or charter any containership less than seven years old with a carrying capacity of greater than 8,000 TEU if charters are secured with committed terms of five full years or more, which for charters that exist at the time of such determination shall mean charters with a remaining term of five full years or more. For purposes of this section, we refer to these vessels (and shares in the relevant vessel-owning entities), together with any related charters, as “Five-Year Vessels” and to all other containerships (and shares in the relevant vessel-owning entities), together with any related charters, as “Non-Five-Year Vessels”. Costamare and, with respect to any JV vessels, York and any JV Entity have agreed to offer to us the right to purchase such Five-Year Vessel at fair market value as determined in accordance with the omnibus agreement under the procedures described below.
In the case of any vessel that constitutes a Five-Year Vessel as of the Non-Compete Commencement Date, Costamare and, with respect to any JV vessels, the JV Entity and York, have agreed to notify our general partner and offer us, within 36 months following the Non-Compete Commencement Date or, if later, the date of delivery to and acceptance by the charterer, the right to purchase such vessel.
For all vessels that become Five-Year Vessels after the Non-Compete Commencement Date, Costamare and, with respect to JV vessels, the JV Entity and York, have agreed to notify our general partner and offer us the right to purchase such Five-Year Vessels within (1) 36 months after the delivery to and acceptance by the charterer in the case of any newbuild Five-Year Vessels or (2) 24 months after the consummation of the acquisition or the commencement of operations or charter in the case of any secondhand Five-Year Vessels.
Costamare and, with respect to any JV vessel, the JV Entity and York will be subject to the requirement described above to provide notice and offer for purchase any Five-Year Vessel (whether the relevant vessel constitutes a Five-Year Vessel as of the Non-Compete Commencement Date or becomes a Five-Year Vessel after the Non-Compete Commencement Date) only if, at the time of such notice and offer, the relevant vessel constitutes a Five-Year Vessel. If at the end of any such 36-month period or 24-month period, as applicable, the relevant vessel constitutes a Five-Year Vessel, and Costamare and York have not previously notified and offered us the right to purchase such vessel, we will have the right to do so at the end of such 36-month period or 24-month period, as applicable. Under these provisions, if a vessel ceases to be a Five-Year Vessel before they are offered to us, that vessel will cease to be subject to these non-competition provisions. Within 30 days of receiving such notice, our general partner must make an election on whether to purchase the relevant vessel. The restrictions in this paragraph will not prevent Costamare, York or any of their controlled affiliates (other than us and our subsidiaries) or a JV Entity, in each case, subject to the terms of the Framework Agreement, from:
| (1) | | acquiring, owning, operating or chartering (i) any vessel owned, operated or chartered in, or contracted for, by Costamare, York or a JV Entity prior to the Non-Compete Commencement Date or (ii) any Non-Five-Year Vessels; |
| (2) | | acquiring one or more Five-Year Vessels if Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, offers to sell the vessel to us for the acquisition price plus any administrative costs (including re-flagging and reasonable legal costs) associated with the transfer to us if |
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| | | the offer is given substantially simultaneously with the acquisition giving rise to such offer, or offers to sell it to us at fair market value during the relevant periods specified above; |
| (3) | | putting a Non-Five-Year Vessel under charter for five full years or more if either (i) it does not result in the vessel becoming a Five-Year Vessel or (ii) it results in the vessel becoming a Five-Year Vessel and Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, offers to sell the vessel to us for fair market value during the relevant periods specified above; |
| (4) | | acquiring Five-Year Vessels as part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in a business or package of assets and owning, operating or chartering those vessels; provided, however, that: |
| (a) | | if less than a majority of the value of the business or assets acquired is attributable to Five-Year Vessels, as determined in good faith by Costamare’s or York’s, as applicable, board of directors, Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, must offer to sell such vessels to us for their fair market value plus any additional tax or other similar costs that Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, incurs in connection with the acquisition and the transfer of such vessels to us separate from the acquired business during the relevant periods specified above; and |
| (b) | | if a majority or more of the value of the business or assets acquired is attributable to Five-Year Vessels, as determined in good faith by Costamare’s or York’s, as applicable, board of directors, Costamare, York or the JV Entity must notify us of the proposed acquisition in advance. Not later than 30 days following receipt of such notice, our general partner will notify Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, if we wish to acquire such vessels in cooperation and simultaneously with Costamare, York or the JV Entity acquiring the Non-Five-Year Vessels. If our general partner does not notify Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, of our intent to pursue the acquisition within 30 days, Costamare, York or the JV Entity, as applicable, may proceed with the acquisition and then offer to sell such vessels to us as provided in (a) above; |
| (5) | | acquiring a non-controlling equity ownership, voting or profit participation interest in any company, business or pool of assets or lending to or investing in the debt of any company, business or pool of assets; |
| (6) | | acquiring, owning, operating or chartering any Five-Year Vessel if we do not fulfill our obligation to purchase such vessel in accordance with the terms of any existing or future agreement; |
| (7) | | acquiring, owning, operating or chartering a Five-Year Vessel subject to the offers to us described in paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) above pending our receipt of such offer, and our determination whether to accept such offers and pending the closing of any offers we accept; |
| (8) | | providing ship management services relating to any vessel; |
| (9) | | prior to the Non-Compete Commencement Date, owning, operating or chartering in any Five-Year Vessel that Costamare, York or a JV Entity owns or is under contract to purchase or charter in on the closing date of this offering that is not part of our initial fleet as of such date; or |
| (10) | | acquiring, owning, operating or chartering a Five-Year Vessel if we have previously advised Costamare, York or the JV Entity that we consent to such acquisition, ownership, operation or charter. |
The non-compete provisions and the exceptions provided above are in addition to the applicable provisions of the Framework Agreement. The provisions of the omnibus agreement shall not prevent York from (a) investing in the debt of any container shipping company or any other person (whether as part of a loan-to-own strategy, with the aim to enter into debt-to-equity swaps or other forms of debt or capital restricting of that business or person and the entry into any related transactions), (b) acquiring an interest in any containership vessel (whether or not a Five-Year Vessel or a Non-Five-Year Vessel) or an interest in a containership vessel owning entity (i) upon enforcement of security or in satisfaction of a judgment; (ii) following the exercise or realization or
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any of its rights as a creditor to a business or any person (including, without limitation, by way of, or as a result of, debt-to-equity swaps, loan-to-own strategies or any other form of debt or capital restructuring); or (iii) by way of any other arrangement or transaction having a similar effect, but in the case of (a) and (b)(ii) and (iii), subject to the provisions of the Framework Agreement that require York under certain circumstances to offer for purchase such interests to Costamare and, to the extent such interests relate to a Five-Year Vessel, the non-compete provisions of the omnibus agreement.
If Costamare, York, any JV Entity or any of their controlled affiliates (other than us, our general partner or our subsidiaries) acquires, owns, operates or charters Five-Year Vessels pursuant to any of the exceptions described above, it may not subsequently expand that portion of its business other than pursuant to those exceptions. However, such Five-Year Vessels could eventually compete with our vessels upon their re-chartering.
In addition, following the Non-Compete Commencement Date, we will agree, and will cause our subsidiaries to agree, to acquire, own, operate or charter Five-Year Vessels only under the omnibus agreement. The restrictions in this paragraph will not:
| (1) | | prevent us or any of our subsidiaries from owning, operating or chartering any Non-Five-Year Vessel that was previously a Five-Year Vessel owned, operated or chartered by us or any of our subsidiaries or a vessel forming part of our initial fleet upon closing of this offering; |
| (2) | | prevent us or any of our subsidiaries from acquiring Non-Five-Year Vessels as part of the acquisition of a controlling interest in a business or package of assets and owning, operating or chartering those vessels; provided, however, that: |
| (a) | | if less than a majority of the value of the business or assets acquired is attributable to Non-Five-Year Vessels, as determined in good faith by our general partner, we must offer to sell such vessels to Costamare for their fair market value plus any additional tax or other similar costs that we incur in connection with the acquisition and the transfer of such vessels to Costamare separate from the acquired business; and |
| (b) | | if a majority or more of the value of the business or assets acquired is attributable to Non-Five-Year Vessels, as determined in good faith by our general partner, we must notify Costamare of the proposed acquisition in advance. Not later than 30 days following receipt of such notice, Costamare must notify us if it wishes to acquire the Non-Five-Year Vessels in cooperation and simultaneously with us acquiring the Five-Year Vessels. If Costamare does not notify us of its intent to pursue the acquisition within 30 days, we may proceed with the acquisition and then offer to sell such vessels to Costamare as provided in (a) above; |
| (3) | | prevent us or any of our subsidiaries from acquiring, owning, operating or chartering any Non-Five-Year Vessels subject to the offer to Costamare described in paragraph (2) above, pending its determination whether to accept such offer and pending the closing of any offer it accepts; or |
| (4) | | prevent us or any of our subsidiaries from acquiring, owning, operating or chartering Non-Five-Year Vessels if Costamare has previously advised us that it consents to such acquisition, ownership, operation or charter. |
The parties to the omnibus agreement acknowledge that any acquisition of a vessel by Costamare pursuant to the terms of the non-compete provisions of the omnibus agreement may be subject to the applicable provisions of the Framework Agreement.
If we or any of our subsidiaries acquires, owns, operates or charters Non-Five-Year Vessels pursuant to any of the exceptions described above, neither we nor such subsidiary may subsequently expand that portion of our business other than pursuant to those exceptions.
During the 30-day period after our general partner’s exercise of the right to purchase a Five-Year-Vessel pursuant to the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement, we, Costamare and, with respect to any JV vessel, York will negotiate in good faith to reach an agreement on the fair market value (or, if the offer to purchase is given substantially simultaneously with the
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acquisition giving right to such offer, the acquisition cost and any applicable break-up costs) of the relevant vessel. If we do not reach an agreement within such 30-day period, our general partner will appoint a ship broker from a pool of pre-approved ship brokers within five business days following the expiration of such 30-day period. Such ship broker will determine the fair market value (or, if the offer to purchase is given substantially simultaneously with the acquisition giving right to such offer, the acquisition cost and any applicable break-up costs) of the relevant vessel, and we will have the option, but not the obligation, to purchase the relevant vessel on such terms by providing notice to Costamare and, with respect to the JV vessels, York within 10 business days of such ship broker’s fair market value determination, which would include the value related to any then existing charter on such vessels. If we exercise our right to purchase such vessel, the rights, title and interests in the relevant vessel, including the shares of capital stock in the vessel owning entity, will be transferred to us upon consummation of the acquisition. Unless otherwise agreed by Costamare, the Partnership and, with respect to any JV vessel, York, the consideration for such vessel shall be in all cash. Costamare, the Partnership and York have agreed to a form of agreement that contains other terms that will be applicable to any purchase and sale of vessels pursuant to the non-compete provisions of the omnibus agreement. Our ability to consummate the acquisition of such Five-Year Vessel from Costamare and, as applicable, York will be subject to obtaining any consents of governmental authorities and other non-affiliated third parties and to all agreements existing with respect to such Five-Year Vessel. See “Risk Factors—Risks Inherent in Our Business—We may have difficulty obtaining consents that are necessary to acquire vessels with an existing charter or a financing agreement.”
Upon a change of control of us or our general partner, the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement will terminate immediately. Upon a change of control of Costamare, the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement applicable to Costamare, any JV Entity and York will terminate at the time that is the later of the date of the change of control and the date on which all of our outstanding subordinated units have converted to common units. In addition, if our general partner exercises its right to delegate management of the partnership to a board of directors of the Partnership, then on the date on which a majority of our directors ceases to consist of directors that were (1) appointed by our general partner and (2) recommended for election by a majority of our appointed directors, the non-competition provisions applicable to Costamare, any JV Entity and York shall terminate immediately.
Rights of First Offer
Under the omnibus agreement, Costamare and, with respect to any JV vessel, the JV Entities and York will agree (and will cause its subsidiaries to agree) to grant to us a right of first offer on any proposed sale, transfer or other disposition of any Five-Year Vessels they might own. These rights of first offer will not apply to (1) transfers, assignments, sales or other disposition of vessels between any affiliated subsidiaries of Costamare, Partnership, or subject to certain restrictions, York, between Costamare or its affiliates on the one hand and York or its affiliates on the other, or pursuant to the terms of any related charter or other agreements with a charter party or pursuant to a financing lease, (2) transfers, assignments, sales or other dispositions pursuant to the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement or (3) grants or security interests in or mortgages or liens in favor of a bona fide third party lender (but not the foreclosing of any such security interest, mortgage or lien).
Prior to engaging in any negotiation regarding any vessel disposition with respect to a Five-Year Vessel with an unaffiliated third party, Costamare, York or a JV Entity will deliver a written notice to us setting forth the material terms and conditions of the proposed transaction. During the 30-day period after the delivery of such notice, we, on the one hand, and Costamare, York or a JV Entity, on the other, will negotiate in good faith to reach an agreement on the transaction. If we do not reach an agreement within such 30-day period, Costamare, York or a JV Entity will be able within the next 180 calendar days to sell, transfer, dispose or re-charter the vessel to a third party (or to agree in writing to undertake such transaction with a third party) on terms generally no less favorable to Costamare, York or a JV Entity than those offered pursuant to the written notice. Our ability to consummate the acquisition of such Five-Year Vessel from Costamare and, as applicable,
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York or a JV Entity will be subject to obtaining any consents of governmental authorities and other non-affiliated third parties and to all agreements existing in respect of such Five-Year Vessel. See “Risk Factors—Risks Inherent in Our Business—We may have difficulty obtaining consents that are necessary to acquire vessels with an existing charter or a financing agreement.”
Upon a change of control of us or our general partner, the right of first offer provisions of the omnibus agreement will terminate immediately. Upon a change of control of Costamare, the right of first offer provisions applicable to Costamare and, as applicable,York or a JV Entity under the omnibus agreement will terminate at the time that is the later of the date of the change of control and the date on which all of our outstanding subordinated units have converted to common units. In addition, if our general partner exercises its right to delegate management of the partnership to a board of directors of the partnership, then on the date on which a majority of our directors ceases to consist of directors that were (1) appointed by our general partner and (2) recommended for election by a majority of our appointed directors, the provisions related to the rights of first offer granted to us by Costamare and, as applicable, York or a JV Entity shall terminate immediately.
For purposes of the omnibus agreement, a “change of control” means, with respect to any “applicable person”, any of the following events: (a) any sale, lease, exchange or other transfer (in one transaction or a series of related transactions) of all or substantially all of the applicable person’s assets to any other person, unless immediately following such sale, lease, exchange or other transfer such assets are owned, directly or indirectly, by the applicable person; (b) the consolidation or merger of the applicable person with or into another person pursuant to a transaction in which the outstanding voting securities of the applicable person are changed into or exchanged for cash, securities or other property, other than any such transaction where (i) the outstanding voting securities of the applicable person are changed into or exchanged for voting securities of the surviving person or its parent and (ii) the holders of the voting securities of the applicable person immediately prior to such transaction own, directly or indirectly, not less than a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the surviving person or its parent immediately after such transaction; and (c) a “person” or “group” (within the meaning of Sections 13(d) or 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act), other than Costamare, York or their affiliates with respect to the general partner or us or certain permitted holders with respect to Costamare, being or becoming the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act) of more than 50% of all of the then outstanding voting securities of the applicable person, except in a merger or consolidation which would not constitute a change of control under clause (b) above.
Under the omnibus agreement, the fair market value to be paid for such vessels and other terms of the purchase will be subject to approval by the conflicts committee of the board of directors of the general partner. The requirement that the conflicts committee approve the fair market value of a vessel or related interests or the terms of the relevant transaction will be deemed satisfied if the conflicts committee determines that the relevant transaction is fair to us from a financial point of view.
Indemnification
Under the omnibus agreement, Costamare will indemnify us after the closing of this offering for a period of five years (and Costamare and, with respect to vessels acquired by the Partnership in which York holds any interest, York will indemnify us for a period of at least three years after our purchase of any of the vessels pursuant to the purchase option or the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement, provided that, with respect to any vessel in which York holds any interest, any such indemnification will be provided by Costamare and York on a several but not joint basis in proportion to their respective ownership percentage in the applicable vessel) against certain environmental and toxic tort liabilities with respect to the initial fleet and any vessels subject to purchase options or the non-competition provisions that are contributed or sold to us to the extent arising prior to the time they were contributed or sold to us. Liabilities resulting from a change in law after the closing of this offering are excluded from the environmental indemnity. For the initial fleet, there is an aggregate cap of $5 million (or $1.25 million for the vessels not in the initial fleet) on the amount of indemnity coverage provided by Costamare and, as applicable, York for
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environmental and toxic tort liabilities. No claim may be made unless the aggregate dollar amount of all claims exceeds $500,000, in which case Costamare and, as applicable, York will be liable for claims only to the extent such aggregate amount exceeds $500,000. Costamare and, as applicable, York will also indemnify us for liabilities related to certain defects in title to the initial fleet and the vessels acquired by the Partnership pursuant to the purchase options or the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement and any failure to obtain, prior to the time they were contributed or sold to us, certain consents and permits necessary to conduct our business, which liabilities arise within three years after the closing of this offering in the case of the initial fleet, or the closing of the vessel acquisition in the case of the other vessels.
In addition, Costamare and, as applicable, York will also indemnify us for liabilities related to certain tax liabilities attributable to the operation of the assets contributed or sold to us prior to the time they were contributed or sold, provided that, with respect to vessels acquired by the Partnership in which York holds any interest, any such indemnification will be provided by Costamare and York on a several but not joint basis in proportion to their respective ownership percentage in the applicable vessel.
Amendments
The omnibus agreement may not be amended without the prior approval of the conflicts committee of our board of directors if the proposed amendment will, in the reasonable discretion of our board of directors, adversely affect holders of our common units.
Partnership Management Agreement
Upon completion of this offering, we and our general partner will enter into a partnership management agreement with Costamare Shipping, pursuant to which Costamare Shipping will provide us and our general partner with general administrative services, certain commercial services, D&O related insurance services and the services of our general partner’s executive officers. This agreement will contain terms that are substantially similar to that of the existing group management agreement between Costamare and Costamare Shipping. The partnership management agreement permits Costamare Shipping to subcontract certain of its obligations or to direct our subsidiaries to enter into direct management agreement with other third-party managers with respect to such obligations. Costamare Shipping provides our current fleet of containerships with technical, crewing, commercial, provisioning, bunkering, sale and purchase, chartering, accounting, insurance and administrative services pursuant to the partnership management agreement and separate ship management agreements between each of our containership-owning subsidiaries and Costamare Shipping. In return for these services, we pay the management fees described below in this section and elsewhere in this prospectus. For the four vessels in our initial fleet, we expect that we and our subsidiaries will pay approximately $1.8 million under the partnership management agreement and the related ship management agreements for the twelve months ending December 31, 2015. The vessels in our initial fleet will be managed by Costamare Shipping without any subcontracting or delegation arrangements.
Reporting Structure. The chairman and chief executive officer and chief financial officer of our general partner supervise, in conjunction with the board of directors of our general partner, the management of our operations by Costamare Shipping, Shanghai Costamare, V.Ships Greece as well as any other third-party managers. Costamare Shipping reports to us and our general partner through the chairman and chief executive officer and chief financial officer of our general partner, each of which is appointed by Costamare.
Under our partnership management agreement, our general partner’s executive officers may unilaterally direct Costamare Shipping to remove and replace any individual serving as an officer or any senior manager serving as head of a business unit of the Partnership or any of its subsidiaries from such position. Costamare Shipping, on the other hand, may not remove any person serving as an officer or senior manager of the Partnership or any of its subsidiaries without the prior written consent of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer.
Compensation of Our Manager. Costamare Shipping receives a fee in 2015 of $956 per day or, in the case of a containership subject to a bareboat charter, $478 per day, for each containership,
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pro rated for the calendar days we own each containership, for providing us and our general partner with general administrative services, certain commercial services, D&O related insurance services and the services of the officers of our general partner (but not for providing funds for the compensation or benefits of such officers) and for providing the relevant containership-owning subsidiaries with technical, commercial, insurance, accounting, provisioning, sale and purchase, chartering, crewing, bunkering and administrative services. In the event that Costamare Shipping decides to delegate certain or all of the services it has agreed to perform to affiliated managers (such as Shanghai Costamare), V.Ships Greece or, subject to our consent, other third-party managers, either through subcontracting or by directing the applicable manager to enter into a direct ship management agreement with the relevant containership-owning subsidiary, then, in the case of subcontracting, Costamare Shipping will be responsible for paying the management fee charged by the relevant sub-manager for providing such services and, in the case of a direct ship management agreement, the fee received by Costamare Shipping will be reduced by the fee payable to the applicable manager under the relevant direct ship management agreement. As a result, these arrangements will not result in any increase in the aggregate management fees we and our general partner pay. Subsequent to the expiry of the initial term of the partnership management agreement, the daily management fee for each containership will be subject to annual negotiation and may be further adjusted to reflect any strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar and/or material unforeseen cost increases.
In addition to management fees, we and our general partner pay for any capital expenditures, financial costs, operating expenses and any general and administrative expenses, including the salaries of the officers and employees of the general partner and payments to third parties in accordance with the partnership management agreement and the relevant separate ship management agreements or supervision agreements.
We will also pay to Costamare Shipping a flat fee of $787,405 per newbuild vessel for the supervision of the construction of any newbuild vessel that we may contract. Such fee will be subject to annual negotiation subsequent to the expiry of the initial term of the partnership management agreement and may be further adjusted to reflect any strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar and/or material unforeseen cost increases.
Costamare Shipping also receives a fee of 0.75% on all gross freight, demurrage, charter hire and ballast bonus or other income earned with respect to each containership in our fleet.
Term and Termination Rights. Subject to the termination rights described below, the initial term of the partnership management agreement expires on December 31, 2015. The partnership management agreement automatically renews for five consecutive one-year periods until December 31, 2020, at which point the agreement will expire. In addition to the termination provisions outlined below, after the initial term expiring on December 31, 2015, we will be able to terminate the partnership management agreement subject to a termination fee, by providing 12 months’ written notice to Costamare Shipping that we wish to terminate the partnership management agreement at the end of the then-current term.
Our Manager’s Termination Rights. Costamare Shipping may terminate the partnership management agreement prior to the end of its term if:
| • | | any moneys payable by us under the partnership management agreement have not been paid when due or if on demand within 20 business days of payment having been demanded; |
| • | | if we materially breach the agreement and we have failed to cure such breach within 20 business days after we are given written notice from Costamare Shipping; or |
| • | | there is a change of control of our general partner or the Partnership. |
Our Termination Rights. We may terminate the partnership management agreement prior to the end of its term if:
| • | | any moneys payable by Costamare Shipping under or pursuant to the partnership management agreement are not paid or accounted for within 10 business days after receiving written notice from us; |
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| • | | Costamare Shipping materially breaches the agreement and has failed to cure such breach within 20 business days after receiving written notice from us; |
| • | | there is a change of control of Costamare Shipping; or |
| • | | Costamare Shipping is convicted of, enters a plea of guilty or nolo contendere with respect to, or enters into a plea bargain or settlement admitting guilt for a crime (including fraud), which conviction, plea bargain or settlement is demonstrably and materially injurious to us, if such crime is not a misdemeanor and such crime has been committed solely and directly by an officer or director of Costamare Shipping acting within the terms of its employment or office. |
Mutual Termination Rights.Either we or Costamare Shipping may terminate the partnership management agreement if:
| • | | the other party ceases to conduct business, or all or substantially all of the properties or assets of the other party are sold, seized or appropriated which, in the case of seizure or appropriation, is not discharged within 20 business days; |
| • | | the other party files a petition under any bankruptcy law, makes an assignment for the benefit of its creditors, seeks relief under any law for the protection of debtors or adopts a plan of liquidation, or if a petition is filed against such party seeking to have it declared insolvent or bankrupt and such petition is not dismissed or stayed within 40 business days of its filing, or such party admits in writing its insolvency or its inability to pay its debts as they mature, or if an order is made for the appointment of a liquidator, manager, receiver or trustee of such party of all or a substantial part of its assets, or if an encumbrancer takes possession of or a receiver or trustee is appointed over the whole or any part of such party’s undertaking, property or assets or if an order is made or a resolution is passed for Costamare Shipping’s or our winding up; |
| • | | the other party is prevented from performing any obligations under the partnership management agreement by any cause whatsoever of any nature or kind beyond the reasonable control of such party respectively for a period of two consecutive months or more, or “Force Majeure”; or |
| • | | all supervision agreements and all ship management agreements are terminated in accordance with their respective terms. |
If Costamare Shipping terminates the partnership management agreement for any reason other than Force Majeure, or if we terminate the partnership management agreement pursuant to our ability to terminate with 12 months’ written notice, we will be obliged to pay to Costamare Shipping a lump sum termination fee which will be determined by reference to the period between the date of termination and December 31, 2020. The termination fee is equal to (a) the lesser of (i) five and (ii) the number of full years remaining prior to December 31, 2020, times (b) the aggregate fees due and payable to Costamare Shipping during the 12-month period ending on the date of termination (without taking into account any reduction in fees to reflect that certain obligations have been delegated to a sub-manager),providedthat the termination fee will always be at least two times the aggregate fees over the 12-month period described above. In addition, the individual ship management agreements to which our vessels are subject may be terminated by either us or the applicable manager if the vessel is sold, becomes a total loss or is requisitioned.
Ship Management Agreements
After the closing of this offering, the agreements governing the crew and technical management of the vessels in our initial fleet will remain in place. Each vessel in our initial fleet is subject to an existing ship management agreement pursuant to which certain crew and technical services are provided by Costamare Shipping. In connection with the offering, we expect to enter into an addendum for each of the existing ship management agreements for our initial fleet such that our operating subsidiaries will continue to be party to such agreements pursuant to the partnership management agreement. In addition to the fees payable pursuant to the partnership management agreement for the ship management services, our operating subsidiaries will reimburse the managers for postage and communication expenses, traveling expenses, and other out-of-pocket expenses.
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Management services.Each ship management agreement requires that Costamare Shipping and any other applicable managers to use their best endeavors to perform, among others, the following management services:
| • | | provision of competent personnel to supervise the maintenance and general efficiency of the vessel; |
| • | | arrangement and supervision of dry dockings, repairs, alterations and the upkeep of the vessel to the standards required by the owners provided that the managers shall be entitled to incur the necessary expenditure to ensure that the vessel will comply with the law of the flag of the vessel and of the places where she trades, and all requirements and recommendations of the classification society; |
| • | | arrangement of the supply of necessary stores, spares and lubricating oil; |
| • | | appointment of surveyors and technical consultants as the managers may consider from time to time to be necessary; |
| • | | development, implementation and maintenance of a Safety Management System (SMS) in accordance with the ISM Code and of a security system in accordance with the ISPS Code; |
| • | | handling any claims against the builder of the vessel arising out of the relevant shipbuilding contract, if applicable; and |
| • | | on request by the owners, providing the owners with a copy of any inspection report, survey, valuation or any other similar report prepared by any shipbrokers, surveyors and the class. |
Term.Each ship management agreement continues until the partnership management agreement is terminated, unless the ship management is earlier terminated in accordance with its terms.
Automatic termination and termination by either party.Each ship management agreement will be deemed to be terminated if the vessel is sold, becomes a total loss, declared as a constructive, compromised or arranged total loss or is requisitioned.
Termination by either party. Either party shall be entitled to terminate the ship management agreement by written notice if:
| • | | The other party ceases to conduct business, or all or substantially all of the equity-interests, properties or assets of such other party are sold, seized or appropriated which, in the case of seizure or appropriation, is not discharged within 20 business days; |
| • | | (i) the other party files a petition under any bankruptcy law, makes an assignment for the benefit of its creditors, seeks relief under any law for the protection of debtors or adopts a plan of liquidation; (ii) a petition is filed against the other party seeking to have it declared insolvent or bankrupt and such petition is not dismissed or stayed within 40 business days of its filing; (iii) the other party shall admit in writing its insolvency or its inability to pay its debts as they mature; (iv) an order is made for the appointment of a liquidator, manager, receiver or trustee of the other party of all or a substantial part of its assets; (v) an encumbrancer takes possession of or a receiver or trustee is appointed over the whole or a substantial part of the other party’s undertaking, property or assets; or (vi) an order is made or a resolution is passed for the other party’s winding up; |
| • | | the other party is prevented from performing its obligations under the ship management agreement, in any material respect, by reasons of Force Majeure for a period of two or more consecutive months; or |
| • | | all supervision agreements and all ship management agreements are terminated in accordance with the respective terms thereof |
Termination by the manager.Under each ship management agreement, the relevant manager may terminate the applicable ship management agreement with immediate effect by written notice if:
| • | | any moneys payable to the manager pursuant to the ship management agreement has not been paid within 20 days of payment having been requested in writing by the manager or if the vessel is repossessed by its mortgagees; or |
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| • | | the owner (i) proceeds with the employment of or continues to employ the vessel in carriage of contraband, blockade running or in an unlawful trade or on a voyage, which in the reasonable opinion of the manager, is unduly hazardous or improper or (ii) fails to meet certain of its obligations under the ship management agreement and, in each case, fails to remedy such default to the satisfaction of the manager within 20 business days of the receipt of the notice of default. |
Termination by the owner.Under each ship management agreement, the owner may terminate the applicable ship management agreement with immediate effect by written notice if the manager fails to meet any material obligation of the ship management agreement and fails to remedy such default within 20 business days of the receipt of notice of default.
Supervision Agreement
Pursuant to the partnership management agreement, our subsidiaries that enter into ship building contracts to acquire newbuilds may enter into supervision agreements with Costamare Shipping or other applicable managers to whom Costamare has delegated its obligations. In addition to the fees payable pursuant to the partnership management agreement for the supervision services, the applicable subsidiaries will reimburse the managers for any expenses incurred under the relevant ship building contract.
Pursuant to a supervision agreement, Costamare Shipping or other applicable managers will be appointed to act as the owner’s representative and to perform the duties and rights that rest with the subsidiary acquiring the newbuild under the ship building contract. As the owner’s representative, the applicable manager will, among other things, review and approve the lists of plans and the drawings, attend the testing of the vessel’s machinery, outfitting and equipment, request any tests or inspections that the manager considers appropriate, request and agree to any minor alterations or modifications to the extent permitted under the ship building contract, determine whether the vessel has been constructed and completed in accordance with, and complies with, the ship building contract and give the shipbuilder a notice of acceptance or rejection. The supervision agreement will generally continue until the delivery of the vessel in accordance with the ship building contract, unless the supervision agreement is earlier terminated in accordance with its terms. Certain termination rights of each party will be provided in the supervision agreement.
Contribution Agreement
In connection with the closing of this offering, we will enter into a contribution agreement with Costamare and certain of its subsidiaries that will effect the transactions described under “Summary—Formation Transactions”, including the transfer of the ownership interests in the vessels, and the use of the net proceeds of this offering and the borrowings under our new credit facility. This agreement will not be the result of arm’s-length negotiations, and it, or any of the transactions that it provides for, may not be effected on terms at least as favorable to the parties to this contribution agreement as could have been obtained from unaffiliated third parties. All of the transaction expenses incurred in connection with these transactions will be paid from the proceeds of this offering.
Restrictive Covenant Agreement
Costamare has entered into a restrictive covenant agreement with Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos. Under such agreement, for the period of Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos’s employment or service with Costamare and for six months thereafter, he has agreed to restrictions on his ownership of any containerships and on the acquisition of any shareholding in a business involved in the ownership of containerships (such activities are referred to here as “the restricted activities”), subject to the exceptions described below.
Under the omnibus agreement, Costamare has agreed that if Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos is required to offer a vessel or business to Costamare that Costamare in turn would be required to offer to us under the non-competition provisions of that agreement, our general partner can require
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Costamare to exercise its right under the restrictive covenant agreement and cause such vessel or business to be offered to us, in accordance with the non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement.
In exercising its rights under the above provisions, our general partner is permitted to consider the interests of Costamare, as well as us, so long as it does so in good faith. As such, our general partner can be expected to balance the interests of Costamare and us in its discretion and is not required to take actions that, when viewed solely from our perspective, or the perspective of our unitholders, would be in our interest.
Under Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos’s restrictive covenant agreement with Costamare, Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos is permitted to engage in the restricted activities in the following circumstances: (a) pursuant to his involvement with Costamare (which for this purpose includes us), (b) with respect to certain permitted acquisitions (as described below) and (c) pursuant to his passive ownership of up to 19.99% of the outstanding voting securities of any publicly traded company that is engaged in the containership business.
As noted above, Konstantinos Konstantakopoulos is permitted to engage in restricted activities with respect to two types of permitted acquisitions: (1) the acquisition of a containership or an acquisition or investment in a containership business, on terms and conditions that are not materially more favorable, than those first offered to Costamare and refused by an independent conflicts committee of Costamare’s directors, and/or (2) the acquisition of a business that includes containerships. Under this second type of permitted acquisition, Costamare must be given the opportunity to buy the containerships or containership businesses included in the acquisition, in each case for its fair market value plus certain break-up costs.
Other Related Party Transactions
As a result of our relationships with Costamare and its affiliates, we, our general partner and our subsidiaries have entered into or will enter into various agreements that will not be the result of arm’s length negotiations. We generally refer to these agreements and the transactions that they provide for as “transactions with affiliates” or “related party transactions”.
Our partnership agreement sets forth procedures by which future related party transactions may be approved or resolved by our general partner. Pursuant to our partnership agreement, our general partner may, but is not required to, seek the approval of a related party transaction from the conflicts committee of the board of directors or from the common unitholders (excluding common units owned by our general partner and its affiliates). Neither our general partner nor its board of directors will be in breach of their obligations under the partnership agreement or their duties stated or implied by law or equity if the transaction is approved by the conflicts committee or the requisite majority of the unitholders. If approval of the conflicts committee is sought, then the conflicts committee will be authorized to consider any and all factors as it determines to be relevant or appropriate under the circumstances and it will be presumed that, in making its decision, the conflicts committee acted in good faith. In order for a determination or other action to be in “good faith” for purposes of the partnership agreement, the person or persons making such determination or taking or declining to take such other action must reasonably believe that the determination or other action is in our best interests, unless the context otherwise requires.
The conflicts committee of our general partner will be comprised of two members of the board of directors of our general partner. The conflicts committee will be available at the general partner’s discretion to review specific matters that the general partner believes may involve conflicts of interest. The members of the conflicts committee must meet the independence standards established by the New York Stock Exchange and the SEC to serve on an audit committee of a board of directors, and may not be any of the following: (a) officers or employees of our general partner, (b) officers, directors or employees of any affiliate of our general partner (other than the Partnership and its subsidiaries) or (c) holders of any ownership interest in the general partner, its affiliates or the Partnership and its subsidiaries (other than (x) common units or (y) awards granted pursuant to any long-term incentive plan, equity compensation plan or similar plan of the Partnership or its subsidiaries).
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Transactions with our affiliates that are not approved by the conflicts committee and that do not involve a vote of unitholders must be on terms no less favorable to us than those generally provided to or available from unrelated third parties or be “fair and reasonable” to us. In determining whether a transaction or resolution is “fair and reasonable”, our general partner may consider the totality of the relationships between the parties involved, including other transactions that may be advantageous or beneficial to us. If our general partner does not seek approval by the conflicts committee or the requisite majority of the unitholders and instead determines that the terms of a transaction with an affiliate are no less favorable to us than those generally provided to or available from unrelated third parties or are “fair and reasonable” to us, it will be presumed that, in making its decision, our general partner acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by or on behalf of any limited partner or the partnership, the person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding will have the burden of overcoming such presumption. See “Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties”.
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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AND FIDUCIARY DUTIES
Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest exist and may arise in the future as a result of the relationships between our general partner and its affiliates, including Costamare, on the one hand, and us and our unaffiliated limited partners, on the other hand. The directors and officers of our general partner, Costamare Partners GP LLC, have certain fiduciary duties to manage our general partner in a manner beneficial to its owners. At the same time, our general partner has a fiduciary duty to make any decisions relating to our management in a manner beneficial to us and our unitholders. In addition, certain of the officers and/or directors of our general partner will also be officers and/or directors of Costamare or its affiliates and will have fiduciary duties to Costamare or its affiliates that may cause them to pursue business strategies that disproportionately benefit Costamare or its affiliates or which otherwise are not in the best interests of us or our unitholders. As a result of these relationships, conflicts of interest may arise between us and our unaffiliated limited partners on the one hand, and Costamare and its affiliates, including our general partner, on the other hand. The resolution of these conflicts may not be in the best interest of us or our unitholders.
Our partnership affairs are governed by our partnership agreement and the Marshall Islands Act. The provisions of the Marshall Islands Act resemble provisions of the limited partnership laws of a number of states in the United States, most notably Delaware. We are not aware of any material difference in unitholder rights between the Marshall Islands Act and the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act. The Marshall Islands Act also provides that it is to be applied and construed to make it uniform with the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act and, so long as it does not conflict with the Marshall Islands Act or decisions of the Marshall Islands courts, interpreted according to the non-statutory law or “case law” of the courts of the State of Delaware. There have been, however, few, if any, court cases in the Marshall Islands interpreting the Marshall Islands Act, in contrast to Delaware, which has a well-developed body of case law interpreting its limited partnership statute. Accordingly, we cannot predict whether Marshall Islands courts would reach the same conclusions as courts in Delaware. For example, the rights of our unitholders and fiduciary responsibilities of our general partner and its affiliates under Marshall Islands law are not as clearly established as under judicial precedent in existence in Delaware. Due to the less-developed nature of Marshall Islands law, our public unitholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests or seeking remedies in the face of actions by our general partner, its affiliates or our controlling unitholders than would unitholders of a limited partnership organized in the United States.
Whenever a conflict arises between our general partner or its affiliates, on the one hand, and us or any other partner, on the other, our general partner will resolve that conflict. Our partnership agreement contains provisions that modify and limit the fiduciary duties of our general partner to the unitholders under Marshall Islands law. Our partnership agreement also restricts the remedies available to unitholders for actions taken by our general partner that, without those limitations, might constitute breaches of fiduciary duty.
Our partnership agreement provides that our general partner will not be in breach of its obligations under the partnership agreement or its duties to us or our unitholders stated or implied by law or equity if the resolution of the conflict is:
| • | | approved by the conflicts committee, although our general partner is not obligated to seek such approval; |
| • | | approved by the vote of a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding any common units owned by our general partner or any of its affiliates, although our general partner is not obligated to seek such approval; |
| • | | on terms no less favorable to us than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties, but our general partner is not required to obtain confirmation to such effect from an independent third party; or |
| • | | “fair and reasonable” to us, taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved, including other transactions that may be favorable or advantageous to us. |
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Our general partner may, but is not required to, seek the approval of such resolution from the conflicts committee of the board of directors of our general partner or from the common unitholders. If our general partner does not seek approval from the conflicts committee, and the board of directors of our general partner determines that the resolution or course of action taken with respect to the conflict of interest satisfies either of the standards set forth in the third and fourth bullet points above, then it will be presumed that, in making its decision, our general partner and its board of directors, including the board members affected by the conflict, acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by or on behalf of any limited partner or the partnership, the person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding will have the burden of overcoming such presumption. When our partnership agreement requires someone to act in good faith, it requires that person to reasonably believe that he is acting in the best interests of the partnership, unless the context otherwise requires. See “Management—Management of Costamare Partners LP” for information about the composition and formation of the conflicts committee of the board of directors of our general partner.
Conflicts of interest could arise in the situations described below, among others.
Actions taken by our general partner may affect the amount of cash available for distribution to unitholders or accelerate the right to convert subordinated units.
The amount of cash that is available for distribution to unitholders is affected by decisions of our general partner regarding such matters as:
| • | | the amount and timing of asset purchases and sales; |
| • | | cash expenditures; |
| • | | borrowings; |
| • | | estimates of maintenance and replacement capital expenditures; |
| • | | the issuance of additional units; and |
| • | | the creation, reduction or increase of reserves in any quarter. |
In addition, borrowings by us and our affiliates do not constitute a breach of any duty owed by our general partner to our unitholders, including borrowings that have the purpose or effect of:
| • | | enabling our general partner or its affiliates to receive distributions on any subordinated units held by them or the incentive distribution rights; or |
| • | | hastening the expiration of the subordination period. |
For example, in the event we have not generated sufficient cash from our operations to pay the minimum quarterly distribution on our common units and our subordinated units, our partnership agreement permits us to borrow funds, which would enable us to make this distribution on all outstanding units. See “How We Make Cash Distributions—Subordination Period”.
Our partnership agreement provides that we and our subsidiaries may borrow funds from our general partner and its affiliates. Our general partner and its affiliates may not borrow funds from us or our subsidiaries.
Neither our partnership agreement nor any other agreement requires Costamare to pursue a business strategy that favors us or utilizes our assets or dictates what markets to pursue or grow. Costamare’s directors and executive officers have a fiduciary duty to make these decisions in the best interests of the stockholders of Costamare, which may be contrary to our interests.
Because we expect that certain of our general partner’s directors and officers will also be directors and officers of Costamare and its affiliates, such directors and officers have fiduciary duties to Costamare and its affiliates that may cause them to pursue business strategies that disproportionately benefit Costamare, or which otherwise are not in the best interests of us or our unitholders.
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Our general partner is allowed to take into account the interests of parties other than us, such as Costamare.
Our partnership agreement contains provisions that reduce the standards to which our general partner would otherwise be held by Marshall Islands fiduciary duty law. For example, our partnership agreement permits our general partner to make a number of decisions in its individual capacity, as opposed to in its capacity as our general partner. This entitles our general partner to consider only the interests and factors that it desires, and it has no duty or obligations to give any consideration to any interest of or factors affecting us, our affiliates or any unitholder. Decisions made by our general partner in its individual capacity will be made by its sole owner, Costamare. Specifically, pursuant to our partnership agreement, our general partner will be considered to be acting in its individual capacity if it (a) exercises its (i) call right, (ii) pre-emptive rights, (iii) registration rights, (iv) right to make a determination to receive common units in a resetting of the target distribution levels related to the incentive distribution rights or (v) right to exercise or not exercise the option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and in that connection cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors, (b) consents or withholds consent to any merger or consolidation of the partnership, (c) appoints any directors or votes for the election of any director, (d) votes or refrains from voting on amendments to our partnership agreement that require a vote of the outstanding units, (e) voluntarily withdraws from the partnership, (f) transfers (to the extent permitted under our partnership agreement) or refrains from transferring its units or general partner interest or (g) votes upon the dissolution of the partnership.
In addition, in deciding whether we will exercise the right to acquire a vessel under the vessel option or non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement, our general partner is permitted to consider the interests of Costamare as well as us, so long as it does so in good faith.
We do not have any officers and rely solely on officers of Costamare Partners GP LLC, and our officers face conflicts in the allocation of their time to our business.
The officers of our general partner, all of whom are employed by an affiliate of Costamare, Costamare Shipping, and perform executive officer functions for us pursuant to the partnership management agreement, are not required to work full-time on our affairs and also perform services for affiliates of our general partner, including Costamare. The affiliates of our general partner, including Costamare, conduct substantial businesses and activities of their own in which we have no economic interest. As a result, there could be material competition for the time and effort of our officers who also provide services to our general partner’s affiliates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “Management”.
We will reimburse our general partner and its affiliates for expenses.
We will reimburse our general partner and its affiliates for costs incurred, if any, in managing and operating us. Our partnership agreement provides that our general partner will determine the expenses that are allocable to us in good faith. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Management—Reimbursement of Expenses of Our General Partner”.
Our general partner intends to limit its liability regarding our obligations.
Our partnership agreement directs that liabilities of our general partner for the contractual arrangements of the partnership are limited so that the other party has recourse only to our assets and not against our general partner or its assets or any affiliate of our general partner or its assets. Our partnership agreement provides that any action taken by our general partner to limit the liability of our general partner is not a breach of the fiduciary duties of our general partner, even if we could have obtained terms that are more favorable without the limitation on liability.
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Common unitholders will have no right to enforce obligations of our general partner and its affiliates under agreements with us.
Any agreements between us, on the one hand, and our general partner and its affiliates, on the other, will not grant to the unitholders, separate and apart from us, the right to enforce the obligations of our general partner and its affiliates in our favor.
Contracts between us, on the one hand, and our general partner and its affiliates, on the other, will not be the result of arm’s-length negotiations.
Neither our partnership agreement nor any of the other agreements, contracts and arrangements between us and our general partner and its affiliates are or will be the result of arm’s-length negotiations. Our partnership agreement generally provides that any future transaction with our affiliates, such as an agreement, contract or arrangement between us and our general partner and its affiliates, must be:
| • | | on terms no less favorable to us than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties; or |
| • | | “fair and reasonable” to us, taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved (including other transactions that may be favorable or advantageous to us). |
Costamare Shipping, which will provide certain commercial, technical and administrative management services to our general partner, us and our subsidiaries, may delegate (either by subcontracting or by directing our vessel owning subsidiaries to enter into a direct ship management agreement with another manager) certain of its obligations to an affiliated manager (such as Shanghai Costamare), V.Ships Greece or, subject to our consent, other third-party managers; however, there is no obligation of any affiliate of Costamare Shipping or third parties to enter into any contracts of this kind.
Common units are subject to our general partner’s limited call right.
Our general partner may exercise its right to call and purchase all of our common units at any time our general partner and its affiliates hold 80% or more of the then issued and outstanding partnership interests of any class as provided in the partnership agreement, or assign this right to one of its affiliates or to us. Our general partner may use its own discretion, free of fiduciary duty restrictions, in determining whether to exercise this right. Our general partner is not obligated to obtain a fairness opinion regarding the value of the common units to be repurchased by it upon the exercise of this limited call right. As a result, a common unitholder may have common units purchased from the unitholder at an undesirable time or price. See “The Partnership Agreement—Limited Call Right”.
Our general partner, in its sole discretion, may exercise or not exercise the option to cause the formation of a board of directors and management at our level and cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of its directors.
We will initially be managed by our general partner, which will act through its board of directors and officers, all of whom will be appointed by Costamare. Our general partner will have the option to cause us instead to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and, in that connection, to cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors. This option is exercisable at the sole discretion of our general partner, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Costamare. Our general partner may decide to exercise this right in order to permit us to claim, or continue to claim, an exemption under Section 883 of the Code from U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. However, there is no assurance that our general partner will exercise this right, and in its sole discretion, our general partner may decide not to exercise this right even if, as a result of such non-exercise, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. For 2015, we expect to qualify for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code on the basis of Costamare’s qualification under that section and its ownership and control of us, but we cannot
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assure you that we will continue to do so in the future. Please read “Business—Taxation of the Partnership—United States” for a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax consequences of our activities and the definition of “U.S. Source International Transportation Income”.
We may choose not to retain separate counsel for ourselves or for the holders of common units.
The attorneys, independent accountants and others who perform services for us have been retained by our general partner. Attorneys, independent accountants and others who perform services for us are selected by our general partner or the conflicts committee and may perform services for our general partner and its affiliates. We may retain separate counsel for ourselves or the holders of common units in the event of a conflict of interest between our general partner and its affiliates, on the one hand, and us or the holders of common units, on the other, depending on the nature of the conflict. We do not intend to do so in most cases.
Our general partner’s affiliates, including Costamare, may compete with us.
Our partnership agreement provides that our general partner will be restricted from engaging in any business activities other than acting as our general partner and those activities incidental to its ownership of interests in us. In addition, our partnership agreement provides that following the Non- Compete Commencement Date, our general partner, for so long as it is general partner of our partnership, and Costamare and certain of its affiliates, for so long as Costamare controls our partnership, will not engage in, by acquisition or otherwise, the businesses described above under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions-Agreements Governing the Transactions-Omnibus Agreement-Non-competition”. Except as provided in our partnership agreement and the omnibus agreement, affiliates of our general partner, including Costamare, are not prohibited from engaging in other businesses or activities, including those that might be in direct competition with us.
Fiduciary Duties
Our general partner and its affiliates are accountable to us and our unitholders as fiduciaries. Fiduciary duties owed to unitholders by our general partner and its affiliates are prescribed by law and the partnership agreement. The Marshall Islands Act provides that Marshall Islands limited partnerships may, in their partnership agreements, expand or restrict the fiduciary duties otherwise owed by our general partner and its affiliates to the limited partners and the partnership. If our general partner exercises its option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors, our directors will be subject to the same fiduciary duties as our general partner, as expanded or restricted by the partnership agreement.
In addition, in connection with this offering, our general partner, we and our subsidiaries will enter into partnership management agreement and remain party to related ship management agreements, and may enter into additional agreements with Costamare Shipping and other affiliates of Costamare. In the performance of their obligations under these agreements, Costamare Shipping and other affiliates of Costamare are not held to a fiduciary standard of care but rather to the standards of care specified in the relevant agreement.
Our partnership agreement contains various provisions restricting the fiduciary duties that might otherwise be owed by our general partner. We have adopted these provisions to allow our general partner to take into account the interests of other parties in addition to our interests when resolving conflicts of interest. We believe this is appropriate and necessary because the board of directors and officers of our general partner have fiduciary duties to manage our general partner in a manner beneficial both to its owner, Costamare, as well as to you. These modifications disadvantage the common unitholders because they restrict the rights and remedies that would otherwise be available to unitholders for actions that, without those limitations, might constitute breaches of fiduciary duty, as described below. The following is a summary of:
| • | | the fiduciary duties imposed on our general partner by the Marshall Islands Act; |
| • | | material modifications of these duties contained in our partnership agreement; and |
| • | | certain rights and remedies of unitholders contained in the Marshall Islands Act. |
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Marshall Islands law fiduciary duty standards | | Fiduciary duties are generally considered to include an obligation to act in good faith and with due care and loyalty. The duty of care, in the absence of a provision in a partnership agreement providing otherwise, would generally require a general partner and the directors of a Marshall Islands limited partnership to act for the partnership in the same manner as a prudent person would act on its own behalf and to refrain from engaging in grossly negligent or reckless conduct, intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law. The duty of loyalty, in the absence of a provision in a partnership agreement providing otherwise, would generally require that a partner refrain from dealing with the partnership in the conduct or winding up of the partnership business or affairs as or on behalf of a party having an interest adverse to the partnership, refrain from competing with the partnership in the conduct of the partnership business or affairs before the dissolution of the partnership, and to account to the partnership and hold as trustee for it any property, profit or benefit derived by the partner in the conduct or winding up of the partnership business or affairs or derived from a use by the partner of partnership property, including the appropriation of a partnership opportunity. In addition, although not a fiduciary duty, a partner shall discharge the duties to the partnership and exercise any rights consistently with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing.
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Partnership agreement modified standards | | Our partnership agreement contains provisions that waive or consent to conduct by our general partner and its affiliates that might otherwise raise issues as to compliance with fiduciary duties under the laws of the Marshall Islands. For example, our partnership agreement provides that when our general partner is acting in its capacity as our general partner, as opposed to in its individual capacity, it must act in “good faith” and will not be subject to any other standard under the laws of the Marshall Islands to the extent permitted by law. Such standards, such as the duty of care and duty of loyalty, are described in the immediately preceding paragraph under “—Marshall Islands law fiduciary duty standards���. In addition, when our general partner is acting in its individual capacity, as opposed to in its capacity as our general partner, it may act without any fiduciary obligation to us or the unitholders whatsoever. These standards reduce the obligations to which our general partner would otherwise be held. Our partnership agreement generally provides that transactions with our affiliates and resolutions of conflicts of interest not involving a vote of unitholders and that are not approved by the conflicts committee of the board of directors of our general partner must be:
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| | • | | on terms no less favorable to us than those generally being provided to or available from unrelated third parties; or |
| | • | | “fair and reasonable” to us, taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved (including other transactions that may be favorable or advantageous to us). |
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| | If our general partner obtains the approval of the conflicts committee or the requisite majority of the unitholders, then our partnership agreement provides that our general partner will not be in breach of its obligations under the partnership agreement or its duties to us and our unitholders stated or implied by law or equity. In approving a transaction, the conflicts committee will be authorized to consider any and all factors as it determines to be relevant or appropriate under the circumstances and it will be presumed that, in making its decision, the conflicts committee acted in good faith. |
| | If our general partner does not seek approval from the conflicts committee, and the board of directors of our general partner determines that the resolution or course of action taken with respect to the conflict of interest satisfies either of the standards set forth in the bullet points above, then it will be presumed that, in making its decision, our board of directors acted in good faith, and in any proceeding brought by or on behalf of any limited partner or the partnership, the person bringing or prosecuting such proceeding will have the burden of overcoming such presumption. These standards reduce the obligations to which our general partner would otherwise be held. |
| | In addition to the other more specific provisions limiting the obligations of our general partner, our partnership agreement further provides that our general partner and its officers and directors will not be liable for monetary damages to us or our limited partners for any matter whatsoever, unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that our general partner or its officers or directors engaged in actual fraud or willful misconduct. In the absence of these specific provisions contained in our partnership agreement, our general partner and its directors would be subject to the fiduciary duty standards set forth under “—Marshall Islands law fiduciary duty standards”. |
| | In addition, in deciding whether we will exercise the right to acquire a vessel under the vessel option or non-competition provisions of the omnibus agreement, our general partner is permitted to consider the interests of Costamare as well as us, so long as it does so in good faith. |
Rights and remedies of unitholders | | The provisions of the Marshall Islands Act resemble the provisions of the limited partnership act of Delaware. For example, like Delaware, the Marshall Islands Act favors the principles of freedom of contract and enforceability of partnership agreements and allows the partnership agreement to contain terms governing the rights of the unitholders. The rights of our unitholders, including voting and approval rights and the ability of the partnership to issue additional units, are governed by the terms of our partnership agreement. See “The Partnership Agreement”.
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| | As to remedies of unitholders, the Marshall Islands Act permits a limited partner to institute legal action on behalf of the partnership to recover damages from a third party where a general partner has refused to institute the action or where an effort to cause a general partner to do so is not likely to succeed. These actions include actions against a general partner for breach of its fiduciary duties or of the partnership agreement. |
In becoming one of our limited partners, a common unitholder effectively agrees to be bound by the provisions in the partnership agreement, including the provisions discussed above. The failure of a limited partner or transferee to sign a partnership agreement does not render the partnership agreement unenforceable against that person.
Under the partnership agreement, we must indemnify our general partner and its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law against liabilities, costs and expenses incurred by our general partner or these other persons. We must provide this indemnification unless there has been a final and non-appealable judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction determining that these persons engaged in actual fraud or willful misconduct. We also must provide this indemnification for criminal proceedings when our general partner or these other persons acted with no reasonable cause to believe that their conduct was unlawful. Thus, our general partner and its directors and officers could be indemnified for their negligent acts if they met the requirements set forth above. To the extent that these provisions purport to include indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (or the Securities Act), in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is contrary to public policy and therefore unenforceable. See “The Partnership Agreement—Indemnification”.
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DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMON UNITS
The Units
The common units and the subordinated units represent limited partner interests in us. The holders of units are entitled to participate in partnership distributions and exercise the rights and privileges available to limited partners under our partnership agreement. No certificates will be issued to the unitholders in respect of the common units or subordinated units. For a description of the relative rights and privileges of holders of common units and subordinated units in and to partnership distributions, see this section and “How We Make Cash Distributions”. For a description of the rights and privileges of limited partners under our partnership agreement, including voting rights, see “The Partnership Agreement”.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
Duties
American Stock Transfer & Trust, LLC will serve as registrar and transfer agent for the common units. We pay all fees charged by the transfer agent for transfers of common units, except the following, which must be paid by unitholders:
| • | | surety bond premiums to replace lost or stolen certificates (to the extent the original certificates were ever issued), taxes and other governmental charges; |
| • | | special charges for services requested by a holder of a common unit; and |
| • | | other similar fees or charges. |
There is no charge to unitholders for disbursements of our cash distributions. We will indemnify the transfer agent, its agents and each of their stockholders, directors, officers and employees against all claims and losses that may arise out of acts performed or omitted for its activities in that capacity, except for any liability due to any gross negligence or intentional misconduct of the indemnified person or entity.
Resignation or Removal
The transfer agent may resign, by notice to us, or be removed by us. The resignation or removal of the transfer agent will become effective upon our appointment of a successor transfer agent and registrar and its acceptance of the appointment. If a successor has not been appointed or has not accepted its appointment within 30 days after notice of the resignation or removal, our general partner may act as the transfer agent and registrar until a successor is appointed.
Transfer of Common Units
By transfer of common units in accordance with our partnership agreement, each transferee of common units will be admitted as a limited partner with respect to the common units transferred when such transfer and admission is reflected in our books and records. Each transferee:
| • | | represents that the transferee has the capacity, power and authority to become bound by our partnership agreement; |
| • | | automatically agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of, and is deemed to have executed, our partnership agreement; and |
| • | | gives the consents and approvals contained in our partnership agreement, such as the approval of all transactions and agreements we are entering into in connection with our formation and this offering. |
A transferee will become a substituted limited partner of our partnership for the transferred common units automatically upon the recording of the transfer on our books and records. Our general partner will cause any transfers to be recorded on our books and records no less frequently than quarterly.
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We may, at our discretion, treat the nominee holder of a common unit as the absolute owner. In that case, the beneficial holder’s rights are limited solely to those that it has against the nominee holder as a result of any agreement between the beneficial owner and the nominee holder.
Common units are securities and are transferable according to the laws governing transfer of securities. In addition to other rights acquired upon transfer, the transferor gives the transferee the right to become a limited partner in our partnership for the transferred common units.
Until a common unit has been transferred on our books, we and the transfer agent may treat the record holder of the unit as the absolute owner for all purposes, except as otherwise required by law or stock exchange regulations.
See “How We Make Cash Distributions” for descriptions of the general partner interest and the incentive distribution rights.
THE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
The following is a summary of the material provisions of our partnership agreement. The form of our partnership agreement is included in this prospectus as Appendix A. We will provide prospective investors with a copy of our partnership agreement upon request at no charge.
We summarize the following provisions of our partnership agreement elsewhere in this prospectus:
| • | | with regard to distributions of available cash, see “How We Make Cash Distributions”; |
| • | | with regard to the fiduciary duties of our general partner and our directors, see “Conflicts of Interest and Fiduciary Duties”; and |
| • | | with regard to the transfer of common units, see “Description of the Common Units—Transfer of Common Units”. |
Organization and Duration
We were organized on July 30, 2014 and have perpetual existence.
Purpose
Our purpose under the partnership agreement is to engage in any business activities that may lawfully be engaged in by a limited partnership organized pursuant to the Marshall Islands Act.
Although our general partner has the ability to cause us or our subsidiaries to engage in activities other than the provision of marine transportation services, it has no current plans to do so and may decline to do so free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in good faith or in the best interests of us or the limited partners. Our general partner is authorized in general to perform all acts it determines to be necessary or appropriate to carry out our purposes and to conduct our business.
Cash Distributions
Our partnership agreement specifies the manner in which we will make cash distributions to holders of our common units and other partnership interests, including to the holders of our incentive distribution rights, as well as to our general partner in respect of its general partner interest. For a description of these cash distribution provisions, see “How We Make Cash Distributions”.
Capital Contributions
Unitholders are not obligated to make additional capital contributions, except as described below under “—Limited Liability”. For a discussion of our general partner’s right to contribute capital to maintain its 2.0% general partner interest if we issue additional units, see “—Issuance of Additional Interests”.
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Voting Rights
The following is a summary of the unitholder vote required for the approval of the matters specified below. Matters that require the approval of a “unit majority” require:
| • | | during the subordination period, the approval of a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding those common units held by our general partner and its affiliates, voting as a single class, and a majority of the subordinated units, voting as a single class; and |
| • | | after the subordination period, the approval of a majority of the outstanding common units, voting as a single class. |
In voting their common units and subordinated units our general partner and its affiliates will have no fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in good faith or in the best interests of us or the limited partners.
Each outstanding common unit is entitled to one vote on matters subject to a vote of common unitholders. However, to preserve our ability to claim an exemption from U.S. federal income tax under Section 883 of the Code, if at any time any person or group owns beneficially more than 4.9% of any class of units then outstanding, any units beneficially owned by that person or group in excess of 4.9% may not be voted on any matter and will not be considered to be outstanding when sending notices of a meeting of unitholders, calculating required votes, determining the presence of a quorum or for other similar purposes under our partnership agreement, unless otherwise required by a mandatory provision of applicable law. Effectively, this means that the voting rights of any such unitholders in excess of 4.9% will be redistributed pro rata among the other common unitholders holding less than 4.9% of the voting power of all classes of units entitled to vote. Our general partner, its affiliates and persons who acquired common units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner will not be subject to this 4.9% limitation or redistribution of the voting rights described above.
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Action | | Unitholder Approval Required and Voting Rights |
Issuance of additional units | | No approval rights; general partner approval required for all issuances. See “—Issuance of Additional Interests”. |
Amendment of the partnership agreement | | Certain amendments may be made by our general partner without the approval of the unitholders. Other amendments must be proposed by the general partner and generally require the approval of a unit majority. See
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| | “—Amendment of the Partnership Agreement”. |
Merger of our partnership or the sale of all or substantially all of our assets | | Unit majority and approval of our general partner. See “—Merger, Sale, Conversion or Other Disposition of Assets”.
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Dissolution of our partnership | | Unit majority and approval of our general partner. See “—Termination and Dissolution”. |
Reconstitution of our partnership upon dissolution | | Unit majority. See “—Termination and Dissolution”.
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Withdrawal of our general partner | | Under most circumstances, the approval of a majority of the common units, excluding common units held by our general partner and its affiliates, is required for the withdrawal of our general partner prior to December 31, 2024 in a manner that would cause a dissolution of our partnership. See “—Withdrawal or Removal of our General Partner”.
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Action | | Unitholder Approval Required and Voting Rights |
Removal of our general partner | | Not less than 80.0% of the outstanding units, including units held by our general partner and its affiliates, voting together as a single class. See “—Withdrawal or Removal of our General Partner”. |
Transfer of our general partner interest in us | | Our general partner may transfer all, but not less than all, of its general partner interest in us without a vote of our unitholders to an affiliate or another person in connection with its merger or consolidation with or into, or sale of all or substantially all of its assets to, such person. The approval of a majority of the common units, excluding common units held by our general partner and its affiliates, is required in other circumstances for a transfer of the general partner interest to a third party prior to December 31, 2024. See “—Transfer of General Partner Interest”.
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Transfer of incentive distribution rights | | Except for transfers to an affiliate or another person as part of a merger or consolidation with or into, or sale of all or substantially all of the assets to, such person, the approval of a majority of the common units, excluding common units held by our general partner and its affiliates, voting separately as a class, is required in most circumstances for a transfer of the incentive distribution rights to a third party prior to December 31, 2019. See “—Transfer of Incentive Distribution Rights”.
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Transfer of ownership interests in our general partner | | No approval required at any time. See “—Transfer of Ownership Interests in General Partner”.
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Applicable Law; Forum, Venue and Jurisdiction
Our partnership agreement is governed by Marshall Islands law. Our partnership agreement requires that any claims, suits, actions or proceedings:
| • | | arising out of or relating in any way to the partnership agreement (including any claims, suits or actions to interpret, apply or enforce the provisions of the partnership agreement or the duties, obligations or liabilities among limited partners or of limited partners to us, or the rights or powers of, or restrictions on, the limited partners or us); |
| • | | brought in a derivative manner on our behalf; |
| • | | asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of us or our general partner, or owed by our general partner, to us or the limited partners; |
| • | | asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Marshall Islands Act; and |
| • | | asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; |
shall be exclusively brought in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, unless otherwise provided for by Marshall Islands law, regardless of whether such claims, suits, actions or proceedings arise under laws relating to contract, tort, fraud or otherwise, are based on common law, statutory, equitable, legal or other grounds, or are derivative or direct claims. By purchasing a common unit, a limited partner is irrevocably consenting to these limitations and provisions regarding claims, suits, actions or proceedings and submitting to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, unless otherwise provided for by Marshall Islands law, in connection with any such claims, suits, actions or proceedings; however, a court could rule that such provisions are inapplicable or unenforceable. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our common units shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions
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described above. This forum selection provision may limit our unitholders’ ability to obtain a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees or unitholders.
Limited Liability
Assuming that a limited partner does not participate in the control of our business within the meaning of the Marshall Islands Act and that he otherwise acts in conformity with the provisions of our partnership agreement, his liability under the Marshall Islands Act will be limited, subject to possible exceptions, to the amount of capital he is obligated to contribute to us for his common units plus his share of any undistributed profits and assets. If it were determined, however, that the right, or exercise of the right, by the limited partners as a group:
| • | | to remove or replace our general partner; |
| • | | to approve some amendments to our partnership agreement; or |
| • | | to take other action under our partnership agreement; |
constituted “participation in the control” of our business for the purposes of the Marshall Islands Act, then the limited partners could be held personally liable for our obligations under the laws of the Marshall Islands, to the same extent as our general partner. This liability would extend to persons who transact business with us who reasonably believe that the limited partner is a general partner. Neither our partnership agreement nor the Marshall Islands Act specifically provides for legal recourse against our general partner if a limited partner were to lose limited liability through any fault of our general partner. While this does not mean that a limited partner could not seek legal recourse, we know of no precedent for this type of a claim in Marshall Islands case law.
Under the Marshall Islands Act, a limited partnership may not make a distribution to a partner if, after the distribution, all liabilities of the limited partnership, other than liabilities to partners on account of their partnership interests and liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of the partnership, would exceed the fair value of the assets of the limited partnership. For the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets of a limited partnership, the Marshall Islands Act provides that the fair value of property subject to liability for which recourse of creditors is limited shall be included in the assets of the limited partnership only to the extent that the fair value of that property exceeds the non-recourse liability. The Marshall Islands Act provides that a limited partner who receives a distribution and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the Marshall Islands Act shall be liable to the limited partnership for the amount of the distribution for three years. Under the Marshall Islands Act, a purchaser of units who becomes a limited partner of a limited partnership is liable for the obligations of the transferor to make contributions to the partnership, except that the transferee is not obligated for liabilities unknown to him at the time he became a limited partner and that could not be ascertained from the partnership agreement.
Maintenance of our limited liability may require compliance with legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries conduct business, which may include qualifying to do business in those jurisdictions. Limitations on the liability of limited partners for the obligations of a limited partnership or limited liability company have not been clearly established in many jurisdictions. If, by virtue of our membership interest in an operating subsidiary or otherwise, it was determined that we were conducting business in any jurisdiction without compliance with the applicable limited partnership or limited liability company statute, or that the right or exercise of the right by the limited partners as a group to remove or replace the general partner, to approve some amendments to the partnership agreement or to take other action under the partnership agreement constituted “participation in the control” of our business for purposes of the statutes of any relevant jurisdiction, then the limited partners could be held personally liable for our obligations under the law of that jurisdiction to the same extent as our general partner under the circumstances. We will operate in a manner that our general partner considers reasonable and necessary or appropriate to preserve the limited liability of the limited partners.
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Issuance of Additional Interests
The partnership agreement authorizes us to issue an unlimited amount of additional partnership interests and rights to buy partnership interests for the consideration and on the terms and conditions determined by our general partner without the approval of the unitholders.
We intend to fund acquisitions through borrowings and the issuance of additional common units or other equity securities and the issuance of debt securities. Holders of any additional common units we issue will be entitled to share equally with the then-existing holders of common units in our distributions of available cash. In addition, the issuance of additional common units or other equity securities may dilute the value of the interests of the then-existing holders of common units in our net assets.
In accordance with Marshall Islands law and the provisions of our partnership agreement, we may also issue additional partnership interests that, as determined by our general partner, have special voting rights to which the common units are not entitled.
Upon issuance of additional partnership interests (other than the issuance of common units upon exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units, the issuance of common units in connection with a reset of the incentive distribution target levels or the issuance of partnership interests upon conversion of outstanding partnership interests), our general partner will have the right, but not the obligation, to make additional capital contributions to the extent necessary to maintain its 2.0% general partner interest in us. Our general partner’s interest in us will thus be reduced if we issue additional partnership interests in the future and our general partner does not elect to maintain its 2.0% general partner interest in us. Our general partner and its affiliates will have the right, which it may from time to time assign in whole or in part to any of its affiliates, to purchase common units, subordinated units or other equity securities whenever, and on the same terms that, we issue those securities to persons other than our general partner and its affiliates, to the extent necessary to maintain its and its affiliates’ percentage interest, including its interest represented by common units and subordinated units, that existed immediately prior to each issuance. Other holders of common units will not have similar pre-emptive rights to acquire additional common units or other partnership interests.
Tax Status
The partnership agreement provides that the partnership will elect to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Amendment of the Partnership Agreement
General
Amendments to our partnership agreement may be proposed only by or with the consent of our general partner. However, our general partner will have no duty or obligation to propose any amendment and may decline to do so free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in good faith or in the best interests of us or the limited partners. In order to adopt a proposed amendment, other than the amendments discussed below, our general partner must seek written approval of the holders of the number of units required to approve the amendment or call a meeting of the limited partners to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment. Except as we describe below, an amendment must be approved by a unit majority.
Prohibited Amendments
No amendment may be made that would:
| (1) | | increase the obligations of any limited partner without its consent, unless approved by at least a majority of the type or class of limited partner interests so affected; or |
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| (2) | | increase the obligations of, restrict in any way any action by or rights of, or reduce in any way the amounts distributable, reimbursable or otherwise payable by us to our general partner or any of its affiliates without the consent of the general partner, which may be given or withheld at its option. |
The provision of our partnership agreement preventing the amendments having the effects described in clauses (1) through (2) above can be amended upon the approval of the holders of at least 90% of the outstanding units voting together as a single class (including units owned by our general partner and its affiliates). Upon completion of this offering, the owner of our general partner will own % of our outstanding common and subordinated units, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units.
Additionally, except for as discussed in “—No Unitholder Approval” and “—Merger, Sale, Conversion or Other Disposition of Assets” below, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or preferences of any class of partnership interests in relation to other classes must be approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding partnership interests of the class affected.
No Unitholder Approval
Our general partner may generally make amendments to our partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner to reflect:
| (1) | | a change in our name, the location of our principal place of business, our registered agent or our registered office; |
| (2) | | the admission, substitution, withdrawal or removal of partners in accordance with our partnership agreement; |
| (3) | | a change that our general partner determines to be necessary or appropriate for us to qualify or to continue our qualification as a limited partnership or a partnership in which the limited partners have limited liability under the Marshall Islands Act; |
| (4) | | an amendment that is necessary, upon the advice of our counsel, to prevent us or our general partner or its directors, officers, agents or trustees from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, the U.S. Investment Advisors Act of 1940, or plan asset regulations adopted under the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 whether or not substantially similar to plan asset regulations currently applied or proposed; |
| (5) | | an amendment that our general partner determines to be necessary or appropriate for the authorization of additional partnership interests or rights to acquire partnership interests, including any amendment that our general partner determines is necessary or appropriate in connection with: |
| • | | the adjustments of the minimum quarterly distribution, first target distribution, second target distribution and third target distribution in connection with the reset of our incentive distribution rights as described under “How We Make Cash Distributions-Costamare’s Right to Reset Incentive Distribution Levels”; |
| • | | the implementation of the provisions relating to Costamare’s right to reset the incentive distribution rights in exchange for common units; |
| • | | any modification of the incentive distribution rights made in connection with the issuance of additional partnership interests or rights to acquire partnership interests, provided that, any such modifications and related issuance of partnership interests have received approval by a majority of the members of the conflicts committee of the board of directors of our general partner; or |
| • | | any amendment expressly permitted in the partnership agreement to be made by our general partner acting alone; |
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| (6) | | an amendment effected, necessitated or contemplated by a merger agreement that has been approved under the terms of the partnership agreement; |
| (7) | | any amendment that our general partner determines to be necessary or appropriate for the formation by us of, or our investment in, any corporation, partnership or other entity, as otherwise permitted by the partnership agreement; |
| (8) | | a change in our fiscal year or taxable year and related changes; |
| (9) | | certain mergers or conveyances as set forth in our partnership agreement; |
| (10) | | an amendment to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency; or |
| (11) | | an amendment that is necessary or appropriate to effect our general partner’s exercise of its option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors and officers; or |
| (12) | | any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in (1) through (11) above. |
In addition, our general partner may make amendments to the partnership agreement without the approval of any limited partner if our general partner determines that those amendments:
| (1) | | do not adversely affect the rights of our limited partners (or any particular class of limited partners) in any material respect; |
| (2) | | are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any Marshall Islands authority or statute; |
| (3) | | are necessary or appropriate to facilitate the trading of limited partner interests or to comply with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any securities exchange on which the limited partner interests are or will be listed for trading; |
| (4) | | are necessary or appropriate for any action taken by our general partner relating to splits or combinations of units under the provisions of the partnership agreement; or |
| (5) | | are required to effect the intent expressed in this prospectus or the intent of the provisions of the partnership agreement or are otherwise contemplated by the partnership agreement. |
Opinion of Counsel and Unitholder Approval
Our general partner will not be required to obtain an opinion of counsel that an amendment will not result in a loss of limited liability to the limited partners if one of the amendments described above under “—Amendment of the Partnership Agreement—No Unitholder Approval” should occur. No other amendments to our partnership agreement will become effective without the approval of holders of at least 90% of the outstanding units voting as a single class unless we obtain an opinion of counsel to the effect that the amendment will not affect the limited liability under applicable law of any of our limited partners.
In addition to the above restrictions, any amendment that would have a material adverse effect on the rights or privileges of any type or class of outstanding units in relation to other classes of units will require the approval of at least a majority of the type or class of units so affected. Any amendment that reduces the voting percentage required to take any action must be approved by the affirmative vote of limited partners whose aggregate outstanding units constitute not less than the voting requirement sought to be reduced.
Merger, Sale, Conversion or Other Disposition of Assets
A merger or consolidation of us requires the consent of our general partner. However, to the fullest extent permitted by law, our general partner will have no duty or obligation to consent to any merger or consolidation and may decline to do so free of any fiduciary duty or obligation whatsoever to us or the limited partners, including any duty to act in good faith or in the best interests of us or the limited partners. In addition, our partnership agreement generally prohibits our general partner, without the prior approval of the holders of units representing a unit majority, from
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causing us to, among other things, sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets in a single transaction or a series of related transactions, including by way of merger, consolidation or other combination, or approving on our behalf the sale, exchange or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of our subsidiaries taken as a whole. Our general partner may, however, mortgage, pledge, hypothecate or grant a security interest in all or substantially all of our assets without the prior approval of the holders of units representing a unit majority. Our general partner may also determine to sell all or substantially all of our assets under a foreclosure or other realization upon those encumbrances without the approval of the holders of units representing a unit majority.
If conditions specified in our partnership agreement are satisfied, our general partner may convert us or any of our subsidiaries into a new limited liability entity or merge us or any of our subsidiaries into, or convey some or all of our assets to, a newly formed entity if the sole purpose of that merger or conveyance is to effect a mere change in our legal form into another limited liability entity. The unitholders are not entitled to dissenters’ rights of appraisal under our partnership agreement or applicable law in the event of a conversion, merger or consolidation, sale of substantially all of our assets or any other transaction or event.
Termination and Dissolution
We will continue as a limited partnership until terminated or converted under our partnership agreement. We will dissolve upon:
| (1) | | the election of our general partner to dissolve us, if approved by the holders of units representing a unit majority; |
| (2) | | at any time there are no limited partners, unless we continue without dissolution in accordance with the Marshall Islands Act; |
| (3) | | the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution of us; or |
| (4) | | the withdrawal or removal of our general partner or any other event that results in its ceasing to be our general partner other than by reason of a transfer of its general partner interest in accordance with the partnership agreement or withdrawal or removal following approval and admission of a successor. |
Upon a dissolution under clause (4), the holders of a unit majority may also elect, within specific time limitations, to continue our business on the same terms and conditions described in the partnership agreement by appointing as general partner an entity approved by the holders of units representing a unit majority, subject to our receipt of an opinion of counsel to the effect that the action would not result in the loss of limited liability of any limited partner.
Liquidation and Distribution of Proceeds
Upon our dissolution, unless we are continued as a new limited partnership, the liquidator authorized to wind up our affairs will, acting with all of the powers of our general partner that are necessary or appropriate, liquidate our assets and apply the proceeds of the liquidation as provided in “How We Make Cash Distributions—Distributions of Cash Upon Liquidation”. The liquidator may defer liquidation or distribution of our assets for a reasonable period or distribute assets to partners in kind if it determines that a sale would be impractical or would cause undue loss to our partners.
Withdrawal or Removal of our General Partner
Except as described below, our general partner has agreed not to withdraw voluntarily as our general partner prior to December 31, 2024 without obtaining the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding common units held by our general partner and its affiliates, and furnishing an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability. On or after December 31, 2024, our general partner may withdraw as general partner without first obtaining approval of any unitholder by giving 90 days’ written notice, and that withdrawal will not constitute a violation of the partnership agreement. Notwithstanding the above, our general partner may
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withdraw without unitholder approval upon 90 days’ written notice to the limited partners if at least 50% of the outstanding common units are held or controlled by one person and its affiliates other than our general partner and its affiliates. In addition, the partnership agreement permits our general partner in some instances to sell or otherwise transfer all, but not less than all, of its general partner interest in us without the approval of the unitholders. See “—Transfer of General Partner Interest” and “—Transfer of Incentive Distribution Rights”.
Upon withdrawal of our general partner under any circumstances, other than as a result of a transfer by our general partner of all or a part of its general partner interest in us, the holders of a majority of the outstanding common units and subordinated units, voting as separate classes, may select a successor to that withdrawing general partner. If a successor is not elected, or is elected but an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability cannot be obtained, we will be dissolved, wound up and liquidated, unless within a specified period of time after that withdrawal, the holders of a unit majority agree in writing to continue our business and to appoint a successor general partner. See “—Termination and Dissolution”.
Our general partner may not be removed unless that removal is approved by the vote of the holders of not less than 80.0% of the outstanding common and subordinated units, including units held by our general partner and its affiliates, voting together as a single class, and we receive an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability. The ownership of more than % of the outstanding units by our general partner and its affiliates would provide the practical ability to prevent our general partner’s removal. At the closing of this offering, our general partner and Costamare will own % of the outstanding common and subordinated units, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units. Any removal of our general partner is also subject to the successor general partner being approved by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding common units and subordinated units, voting as a single class.
Our partnership agreement also provides that if our general partner is removed as our general partner under circumstances where cause does not exist and units held by our general partner and its affiliates are not voted in favor of that removal:
| • | | the subordination period will end and all outstanding subordinated units will immediately convert into common units on a one-for-one basis; |
| • | | any existing arrearages in payment of the minimum quarterly distribution on the common units will be extinguished; and |
| • | | our general partner will have the right to convert its general partner interest and the holder of the incentive distribution rights will have the right to convert such incentive distribution rights into common units or to receive cash in exchange for those interests based on the fair market value of those interests at the time. |
In the event of removal of our general partner under circumstances where cause exists or withdrawal of our general partner where that withdrawal violates the partnership agreement, a successor general partner will have the option to purchase the general partner interest owned by the departing general partner for a cash payment equal to the fair market value of that interest. Under all other circumstances where our general partner withdraws or is removed by the limited partners, the departing general partner will have the option to require the successor general partner to purchase the general partner interest of the departing general partner for its fair market value. In each case, this fair market value will be determined by agreement between the departing general partner and the successor general partner. If no agreement is reached, an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert selected by the departing general partner and the successor general partner will determine the fair market value. Or, if the departing general partner and the successor general partner cannot agree upon an expert, then an expert chosen by agreement of the experts selected by each of them will determine the fair market value.
If the option described above is not exercised by either the departing general partner or the successor general partner, the departing general partner’s general partner interest and the incentive distribution rights of any holder thereof will automatically convert into common units equal to the fair market value of those interests as determined by an independent investment banking firm or other independent expert selected in the manner described in the preceding paragraph.
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In addition, we will be required to reimburse the departing general partner for all amounts due the departing general partner, including, without limitation, any employee-related liabilities, including severance liabilities, incurred for the termination of any employees employed by the departing general partner or its affiliates for our benefit.
Transfer of General Partner Interest
Except for the transfer by our general partner of all, but not less than all, of its general partner interest in us to:
| • | | an affiliate of our general partner (other than an individual); or |
| • | | another entity as part of the merger or consolidation of our general partner with or into another entity or the transfer by our general partner of all or substantially all of its assets to another entity, |
our general partner may not transfer all or any part of its general partner interest in us to another person prior to December 31, 2024, without the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding common units held by our general partner and its affiliates. As a condition of this transfer, the transferee must, among other things, assume the rights and duties of the general partner, agree to be bound by the provisions of the partnership agreement and furnish an opinion of counsel regarding limited liability.
Our general partner and its affiliates may at any time transfer units to one or more persons, without unitholder approval.
Transfer of Ownership Interests in General Partner
At any time, the members of our general partner may sell or transfer all or part of their respective membership interests in our general partner to an affiliate or a third party without the approval of our unitholders.
Transfer of Incentive Distribution Rights
Costamare or its affiliates, or a subsequent holder, may transfer its incentive distribution rights to an affiliate of the holder (other than an individual) or another entity as part of the merger or consolidation of such holder with or into another entity, or sale of all or substantially all of its assets to that entity, without the prior approval of the unitholders. Prior to December 31, 2019, Costamare may also transfer a portion of its incentive distribution rights to York, but other transfers of the incentive distribution rights will require the affirmative vote of holders of a majority of the outstanding common units, excluding common units held by Costamare and its affiliates. On or after December 31, 2019, the incentive distribution rights will be freely transferable.
Change of Management Provisions
The partnership agreement contains specific provisions that are intended to discourage a person or group from attempting to remove Costamare Partners GP LLC as our general partner or otherwise change management. If any person or group acquires beneficial ownership of more than 4.9% of any class of units then outstanding, that person or group loses voting rights on all of its units in excess of 4.9% of all such units. Our general partner, its affiliates, including Costamare, and persons who acquired common units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner will not be subject to this 4.9% limitation.
The partnership agreement also provides that if our general partner is removed under circumstances where cause does not exist and units held by our general partner and its affiliates are not voted in favor of that removal:
| • | | the subordination period will end and all outstanding subordinated units will immediately convert into common units on a one-for-one basis; |
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| • | | any existing arrearages in payment of the minimum quarterly distribution on the common units will be extinguished; and |
| • | | our general partner will have the right to convert its general partner interest into common units or to receive cash in exchange for that interest. |
Limited Call Right
If at any time our general partner and/or its affiliates hold 80% or more of the then-issued and outstanding partnership interests of any class, our general partner will have the right, which it may assign in whole or in part to any of its affiliates or to us, to acquire all, but not less than all, of the remaining partnership interests of the class held by unaffiliated persons as of a record date to be selected by the general partner, on at least ten but not more than 60 days’ written notice at a price equal to the greater of (x) the average of the daily closing prices of the partnership interests of such class over the 20 trading days preceding the date three days before the notice of exercise of the call right is first mailed and (y) the highest price paid by our general partner or any of its affiliates for partnership interests of such class during the 90-day period preceding the date such notice is first mailed. Our general partner is not obligated to obtain a fairness opinion regarding the value of the common units to be repurchased by it upon the exercise of this limited call right and has no fiduciary duty in determining whether to exercise this limited call right.
As a result of the general partner’s right to purchase outstanding partnership interests, a holder of partnership interests may have the holder’s partnership interests purchased at an undesirable time or price. The tax consequences to a unitholder of the exercise of this call right are the same as a sale by that unitholder of common units in the market. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders—Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Common Units” and “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Taxation of Non- U.S. Holders-Disposition of Units”.
At the completion of this offering and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units, Costamare, the sole member of our general partner, will own % of our common units. At the end of the subordination period, assuming no additional issuances of common units, no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional common units and conversion of all of our subordinated units into common units, Costamare will own % of our common units.
Our General Partner’s Option to Create a Partnership Board of Directors
We will initially be managed by our general partner, which will act through its board of directors and officers, all of whom will be appointed by Costamare. Our general partner will have the option to cause us instead to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and, in that connection, to cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors. This option is exercisable at the sole discretion of our general partner, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Costamare. Our general partner may decide to exercise this right in order to permit us to claim, or continue to claim, an exemption under Section 883 of the Code from U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. However, there is no assurance that our general partner will exercise this right, and in its sole discretion, our general partner may decide not to exercise this right even if, as a result of such non-exercise, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on U.S. Source International Transportation Income. For 2015, we expect to qualify for the exemption under Section 883 of the Code on the basis of Costamare’s qualification under that section and its ownership and control of us, but we cannot assure you that we will continue to do so in the future. Please read “Business—Taxation of the Partnership—United States” for a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax consequences of our activities and the definition of “U.S. Source International Transportation Income”. If our general partner exercises this option, we would need to obtain a waiver or amendment of the provision of our new credit facility, which makes it a change of control if our general partner ceases to be able to appoint a majority of our directors.
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Meetings; Voting
Except as described below regarding a person or group owning more than 4.9% of any class of units then outstanding, unitholders who are record holders of units on the record date will be entitled to notice of, and to vote at, meetings of our limited partners and to act upon matters for which approvals may be solicited.
The general partner does not anticipate that any meeting of unitholders will be called in the foreseeable future. Any action that is required or permitted to be taken by the unitholders may be taken either at a meeting of the unitholders or without a meeting if consents in writing describing the action so taken are signed by holders of the number of units necessary to authorize or take that action at a meeting. Meetings of the unitholders may be called by the general partner or by unitholders owning at least 20% of the outstanding units of the class for which a meeting is proposed. Unitholders may vote either in person or by proxy at meetings. The holders of a majority of the outstanding units of the class or classes for which a meeting has been called, represented in person or by proxy, will constitute a quorum unless any action by the unitholders requires approval by holders of a greater percentage of the units, in which case the quorum will be the greater percentage.
Each record holder of a unit may vote according to the holder’s percentage interest in us, although additional limited partner interests having special voting rights could be issued. See “—Issuance of Additional Interests”. However, if at any time, any person or group owns beneficially more than 4.9% of any class of units then outstanding, any such units owned by that person or group in excess of 4.9% may not be voted on any matter and will not be considered to be outstanding when sending notices of a meeting of unitholders, calculating required votes, determining the presence of a quorum or for other similar purposes under our partnership agreement, unless otherwise required by a mandatory provision of applicable law. Effectively, this means that the voting rights of any such unitholders in excess of 4.9% will be redistributed pro rata among the other common unitholders holding less than 4.9% of the voting power of all classes of units entitled to vote. This limitation will help our ability to claim an exemption from U.S. federal income tax under Section 883 of the Code, in the event our general partner exercises its option to cause us to be managed by our own board of directors and officers and, in that connection, to cause the common unitholders to permanently have the right to elect a majority of our directors. Our general partner, its affiliates and persons who acquired common units with the prior approval of the board of directors of our general partner will not be subject to this 4.9% limitation or redistribution of the voting rights described above. Units held in nominee or street name account will be voted by the broker or other nominee in accordance with the instruction of the beneficial owner unless the arrangement between the beneficial owner and his nominee provides otherwise. Except as the partnership agreement otherwise provides, subordinated units will vote together with common units as a single class.
Any notice, demand, request, report or proxy material required or permitted to be given or made to record holders of common units under the partnership agreement will be delivered to the record holder by us or by the transfer agent.
Status as Limited Partner or Assignee
Except as described above under “—Limited Liability”, the common units will be fully paid, and unitholders will not be required to make additional contributions. By transfer of common units in accordance with our partnership agreement, each transferee of common units will be admitted as a limited partner with respect to the common units transferred when such transfer and admission is reflected in our books and records.
Indemnification
Under the partnership agreement, in most circumstances, we will indemnify the following persons, to the fullest extent permitted by law, from and against all losses, claims, damages or similar events:
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| (1) | | our general partner; |
| (2) | | any departing general partner; |
| (3) | | any person who is or was an affiliate of our general partner or any departing general partner; |
| (4) | | any person who is or was an officer, director, member, partner, fiduciary or trustee of any entity described in (1), (2) or (3) above; |
| (5) | | any person who is or was serving as a director, officer, member, partner, fiduciary or trustee of another person at the request of our general partner or any departing general partner; and |
| (6) | | any person designated by our general partner. |
Any indemnification under these provisions will only be out of our assets. Unless it otherwise agrees, the general partner will not be personally liable for, or have any obligation to contribute or lend funds or assets to us to enable us to effectuate, indemnification. We may purchase insurance against liabilities asserted against and expenses incurred by persons for our activities, regardless of whether we would have the power to indemnify the person against liabilities under the partnership agreement.
Reimbursement of Expenses
Our partnership agreement requires us to reimburse our general partner for all expenses it incurs or payments it makes on our behalf and all other expenses allocable to us or otherwise incurred by our general partner in connection with operating our business. These expenses include salary, bonus, incentive compensation and other amounts paid to persons who perform services for us or on our behalf, and expenses allocated to us by our general partner.
Books and Reports
Our general partner is required to keep appropriate books and records of our business at our principal offices. The books will be maintained for both tax and financial reporting purposes on an accrual basis. For tax and financial reporting purposes, our fiscal year is the calendar year.
We will furnish or make available to record holders of common units, within 120 days after the close of each fiscal year, an annual report containing audited financial statements and a report on those financial statements by our independent registered public accounting firm. Except for our fourth quarter, we will also furnish or make available summary financial information within 90 days after the close of each quarter.
Right to Inspect Our Books and Records
The partnership agreement provides that a limited partner can, for a purpose reasonably related to his interest as a limited partner, upon reasonable written demand stating the purpose of such demand and at the limited partner’s own expense, have furnished to the limited partner:
| (1) | | a current list of the name and last known address of each partner; |
| (2) | | information as to the amount of cash, and a description and statement of the agreed value of any other property or services, contributed or to be contributed by each partner and the date on which each became a partner; |
| (3) | | copies of the partnership agreement, the certificate of limited partnership of the partnership and related amendments; |
| (4) | | information regarding the status of our business and financial position; and |
| (5) | | any other information regarding our affairs as is just and reasonable. |
Our general partner may, and intends to, keep confidential from the limited partners trade secrets or other information the disclosure of which our general partner believes in good faith is not
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in our best interests or that we are required by law or by agreements with third parties to keep confidential.
Registration Rights
Under the partnership agreement, we have agreed to register for resale under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws any common units, subordinated units or other partnership interests proposed to be sold by (i) members of the Konstantakopoulos family and certain funds managed by York or (ii) our general partner or any of its affiliates, if an exemption from the registration requirements is not otherwise available or advisable. These registration rights continue for two years following any withdrawal or removal of Costamare Partners GP LLC as our general partner and are subject to certain restrictions as set forth in the partnership agreement. We are obligated to pay all expenses incidental to the registration, including the fees and expenses of one counsel to represent all holders participating in any registration. The holders participating in a registration shall pay all underwriting fees, discounts and other underwriting or selling compensation and transfer taxes, and the fees and expenses of any additional counsel or other advisors. In connection with these registration rights, we will not be required to pay any damages or penalties related to any delay or failure to file a registration statement or to cause a registration statement to become effective. See “Units Eligible for Future Sale”.
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UNITS ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE
After the sale of the common units offered by this prospectus, our general partner and Costamare will hold an aggregate of common units and subordinated units. All of the subordinated units will convert into common units at the end of the subordination period. The sale of these common and subordinated units could have an adverse impact on the price of the common units or on any trading market that may develop.
The common units sold in this offering will generally be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. None of the directors or officers of our general partner own any common units prior to this offering. In addition, members of the Konstantakopoulos family and certain funds managed by York have indicated that they currently intend to purchase an aggregate of approximately million and million common units, respectively, in the offering at the public offering price. Assuming members of the Konstantakopoulos family and certain funds managed by York purchase in the aggregate million common units, such common units will be held by persons who have contractually agreed not to sell such units for 180 days following the date of this prospectus. Any additional common units held by an “affiliate” of ours may not be resold publicly except in compliance with the registration requirements of the Securities Act or under an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Rule 144 or otherwise. Rule 144 permits securities acquired by an affiliate of ours to be sold into the market in an amount that does not exceed, during any three- month period, the greater of:
| • | | 1% of the total number of the class of securities outstanding; or |
| • | | the average weekly reported trading volume of the common units for the four calendar weeks prior to the sale. |
Sales under Rule 144 are also subject to specific manner of sale provisions, holding period requirements, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us. A person who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of ours at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has beneficially owned common units for at least six months (provided we are in compliance with the current public information requirement) or one year (regardless of whether we are in compliance with the current public information requirement), would be entitled to sell those common units under Rule 144 without regard to the public information requirements, volume limitations, manner of sale provisions and notice requirements of Rule 144.
Our partnership agreement provides that we may issue an unlimited number of limited partner interests of any type without a vote of the unitholders. Any issuance of additional common units or other equity securities would result in a corresponding decrease in the proportionate ownership interest in us represented by, and could adversely affect the cash distributions to and market price of, common units then outstanding. See “The Partnership Agreement—Issuance of Additional Interests”.
Under our partnership agreement, our general partner and its affiliates have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws the offer and sale of any common units that they hold. Subject to the terms and conditions of the partnership agreement, these registration rights allow our general partner and its affiliates or their assignees holding any common units to require registration of any of these common units and to include any of these common units in a registration by us of other common units, including common units offered by us or by any unitholder. Our general partner and its affiliates will continue to have these registration rights for two years following its withdrawal or removal as our general partner. In connection with any registration of this kind, we will indemnify each unitholder participating in the registration and its officers, directors and controlling persons from and against any liabilities under the Securities Act or any applicable state securities laws arising from the registration statement or prospectus. We will bear all costs and expenses incidental to any registration, excluding any underwriting discounts and commissions. Except as described below, our general partner and its affiliates may sell their common units in private transactions at any time, subject to compliance with applicable laws.
We, our subsidiaries and our general partner and its affiliates, including the directors and officers of our general partner, Costamare, as well as members of the Konstantakopoulos family and
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certain funds managed by York who have indicated that they currently intend to purchase our common units, have agreed not to sell any common units for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. See “Underwriting” for a description of these lock-up provisions.
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to prospective unitholders and, unless otherwise noted in the following discussion, is the opinion of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, our U.S. counsel, insofar as it contains legal conclusions with respect to matters of U.S. federal income tax law. The opinion of our counsel is dependent on the accuracy of factual representations made by us to them, including descriptions of our operations contained herein.
This discussion is based upon provisions of the Code, Treasury Regulations and current administrative rulings and court decisions, all as in effect or existence on the date of this prospectus and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes in these authorities may cause the tax consequences of unit ownership to vary substantially from the consequences described below. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we”, “our” or “us” are references to Costamare Partners LP.
The following discussion applies only to beneficial owners of common units that own the common units as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (i.e., generally, for investment purposes) and is not intended to be applicable to all categories of investors, such as unitholders subject to special tax rules (e.g.,financial institutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations, retirement plans or individual retirement accounts or former citizens or long-term residents of the United States), persons who will hold the units as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or persons that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, each of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. If a partnership or other entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our common units, the tax treatment of its partners generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our common units, you are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences to you of the partnership’s ownership of our common units.
No ruling has been or will be requested from the IRS regarding any matter affecting us or prospective unitholders. The opinions and statements made herein may be challenged by the IRS and, if so challenged, may not be sustained upon review in a court. This discussion does not contain information regarding any U.S. state or local, estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations concerning the ownership or disposition of common units. This discussion does not comment on all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular unitholders in light of their individual circumstances, and each prospective unitholder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and other tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of common units.
Election to be Treated as a Corporation
We have elected to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, U.S. Holders (as defined below) will not be directly subject to U.S. federal income tax on our income, but rather will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on distributions received from us and dispositions of units as described below.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders
As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our common units that owns (actually or constructively) less than 10.0% of our equity and that is:
| • | | an individual U.S. citizen or resident (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes), |
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| • | | a corporation (or other entity that is classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, |
| • | | an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or |
| • | | a trust if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) the trust has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person for U.S. federal income tax purposes. |
Distributions
Subject to the discussion below of the rules applicable to PFICs, any distributions to a U.S. Holder made by us with respect to our common units generally will constitute dividends to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our earnings and profits will be treated first as a nontaxable return of capital to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its common units and thereafter as capital gain. U.S. Holders that are corporations generally will not be entitled to claim a dividends received deduction with respect to distributions they receive from us because we are not a U.S. corporation. Dividends received with respect to our common units generally will be treated as foreign source “passive category income” for purposes of computing allowable foreign tax credits for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Dividends received with respect to our common units by a U.S. Holder that is an individual, trust or estate, or a “U.S. Individual Holder”, generally will be treated as “qualified dividend income”, which is taxable to such U.S. Individual Holder at preferential tax rates provided that: (i) our common units are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States (such as the New York Stock Exchange on which we expect our common units to be traded); (ii) we are not a PFIC for the taxable year during which the dividend is paid or the immediately preceding taxable year (which we do not believe we are, have been or will be, as discussed below under “—PFIC Status and Significant Tax Consequences”); (iii) the U.S. Individual Holder has owned the common units for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the date on which the common units become ex-dividend (and has not entered into certain risk limiting transactions with respect to such common units); and (iv) the U.S. Individual Holder is not under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. There is no assurance that any dividends paid on our common units will be eligible for these preferential rates in the hands of a U.S. Individual Holder, and any dividends paid on our common units that are not eligible for these preferential rates will be taxed at ordinary income rates to a U.S. Individual Holder.
Special rules may apply to any amounts received in respect of our common units that are treated as “extraordinary dividends”. In general, an extraordinary dividend is a dividend with respect to a common unit that is equal to or in excess of 10.0% of a unitholder’s adjusted tax basis (or fair market value upon the unitholder’s election) in such common unit. In addition, extraordinary dividends include dividends received within a one-year period that, in the aggregate, equal or exceed 20.0% of a unitholder’s adjusted tax basis (or fair market value). If we pay an “extraordinary dividend” on our common units that is treated as “qualified dividend income”, then any loss recognized by a U.S. Individual Holder from the sale or exchange of such common units will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of such dividend.
Ratio of Dividend Income to Distributions
The amount of distributions we pay on our common units that is treated as dividend income will depend upon the amount of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. We will compute our earnings and profits for each taxable year in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Based upon various assumptions and estimates regarding our expected earnings and profits, we
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estimate that all of the cash distributions received by a purchaser of common units in this offering that holds such common units through December 31, 2016 will constitute dividend income. However, if any distributions received by a purchaser exceed the earnings and profits of the Partnership, such excess portion will instead be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the purchaser’s tax basis in its common units, and thereafter, as capital gain. These estimates are based upon the assumption that we will pay the minimum quarterly distribution of $ per unit on our common units during the referenced period and on other assumptions with respect to our earnings, capital expenditures and cash flow for this period. These estimates and assumptions are subject to, among other things, numerous business, economic, regulatory, competitive and political uncertainties that are beyond our control.
Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Common Units
Subject to the discussion of PFIC status below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon a sale, exchange or other disposition of our units in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the U.S. Holder from such sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such units. The U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in its units generally will be the U.S. Holder’s purchase price for the units and that tax basis will be reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any distributions on the units that are treated as non-taxable returns of capital (as discussed above under “—Distributions” and “—Ratio of Dividend Income to Distributions”). Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period is greater than one year at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition. Certain U.S. Holders (including individuals) may be eligible for preferential rates of U.S. federal income tax in respect of long-term capital gains. A U.S. Holder’s ability to deduct capital losses is subject to limitations. Such capital gain or loss generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss, as applicable, for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
Medicare Tax on Net Investment Income
Certain U.S. Holders, including individuals, estates and trusts, will be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax on, among other things, dividends and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of equity interests. For individuals, the additional Medicare tax applies to the lesser of (i) “net investment income” or (ii) the excess of “modified adjusted gross income” over $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly or $125,000 if married and filing separately). “Net investment income” generally equals the taxpayer’s gross investment income reduced by deductions that are allocable to such income. Unitholders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional Medicare tax resulting from their ownership and disposition of our common units.
PFIC Status and Significant Tax Consequences
Adverse U.S. federal income tax rules apply to a U.S. Holder that owns an equity interest in a non-U.S. corporation that is classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, we will be treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder if, for any taxable year in which the holder held our units, either:
| • | | at least 75.0% of our gross income (including the gross income of our vessel-owning subsidiaries) for such taxable year consists of passive income (e.g., dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents derived other than in the active conduct of a rental business); or |
| • | | at least 50.0% of the average value of the assets held by us (including the assets of our vessel-owning subsidiaries) during such taxable year produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. |
Income earned, or treated as earned (for U.S. federal income tax purposes), by us in connection with the performance of services would not constitute passive income. By contrast, rental income
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generally would constitute “passive income” unless we were treated as deriving that rental income in the active conduct of a trade or business under the applicable rules.
Based on our current and projected methods of operation, and an opinion of counsel, we do not believe that we are or will be a PFIC for our current or any future taxable year. We have received an opinion of our U.S. counsel, Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, in support of this position that concludes that the income our subsidiaries earn from certain of our present time-chartering activities should not constitute passive income for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC. In addition, we have represented to our U.S. counsel that we expect that more than 25.0% of our gross income for our current taxable year and each future year will arise from such time-chartering activities, and more than 50.0% of the average value of our assets for each such year will be held for the production of such nonpassive income. Assuming the composition of our income and assets is consistent with these expectations, and assuming the accuracy of other representations we have made to our U.S. counsel for purposes of their opinion, our U.S. counsel is of the opinion that we should not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future year.
Our counsel has indicated to us that the conclusions described above are not free from doubt. While there is legal authority supporting our conclusions, including IRS pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters as services income, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (or the Fifth Circuit) held inTidewater Inc. v. United States, 565 F.3d 299 (5th Cir. 2009) that income derived from certain marine time charter agreements should be treated as rental income rather than services income for purposes of a “foreign sales corporation” provision of the Code. In that case, the Fifth Circuit did not address the definition of passive income or the PFIC rules; however, the reasoning of the case could have implications as to how the income from a time charter would be classified under such rules. If the reasoning of this case were extended to the PFIC context, the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time-chartering activities may be treated as rental income, and we would likely be treated as a PFIC. The IRS has announced its nonacquiescence with the court’s holding in theTidewatercase and, at the same time, announced the position of the IRS that the marine time charter agreements at issue in that case should be treated as service contracts.
Distinguishing between arrangements treated as generating rental income and those treated as generating services income involves weighing and balancing competing factual considerations, and there is no legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our specific method of operation. Conclusions in this area therefore remain matters of interpretation. We are not seeking a ruling from the IRS on the treatment of income generated from our time-chartering operations, and the opinion of our counsel is not binding on the IRS or any court. Thus, while we have received an opinion of counsel in support of our position, it is possible that the IRS or a court could disagree with this position and the opinion of our counsel. In addition, although we intend to conduct our affairs in a manner to avoid being classified as a PFIC with respect to any taxable year, we cannot assure unitholders that the nature of our operations will not change in the future and that we will not become a PFIC in any future taxable year.
As discussed more fully below, if we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to different taxation rules depending on whether the U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us as a “Qualified Electing Fund”, which we refer to as a “QEF election”. As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder should be able to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common units, as discussed below. In addition, if a U.S. Holder owns our common units during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such units owned by such holder will be treated as PFIC units even if we are not a PFIC in a subsequent year and, if the total value of all PFIC stock that such holder directly or indirectly owns exceeds certain thresholds, such holder must file an annual report with the IRS.
The PFIC rules are complex, and you are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules, including the annual PFIC reporting requirement.
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Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a Timely QEF Election
If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, and a U.S. Holder makes a timely QEF election, such holder hereinafter an “Electing Holder”, then, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, that holder must report as income for its taxable year its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain, if any, for our taxable years that end with or within the taxable year for which that holder is reporting, regardless of whether or not the Electing Holder received distributions from us in that year. The Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common units will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed earnings and profits. Distributions of earnings and profits that were previously taxed will result in a corresponding reduction in the Electing Holder’s adjusted tax basis in common units and will not be taxed again once distributed. An Electing Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common units. A U.S. Holder makes a QEF election with respect to any year that we are a PFIC by filing IRS Form 8621 with its U.S. federal income tax return. If contrary to our expectations, we determine that we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, we will provide each U.S. Holder with the information necessary to make the QEF election described above. Although the QEF election is available with respect to subsidiaries, in the event we acquire or own a subsidiary in the future that is treated as a PFIC, no assurances can be made that we will be able to provide U.S. Holders with the necessary information to make the QEF election with respect to such subsidiary.
Taxation of U.S. Holders Making a “Mark-to-Market” Election
If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and, as we anticipate, our units were treated as “marketable stock”, then, as an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our common units, provided the U.S. Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury Regulations. If that election is made, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the U.S. Holder’s common units at the end of the taxable year over the holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common units. The U.S. Holder also would be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common units over the fair market value thereof at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its common units would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss recognized. Gain recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our common units would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss recognized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the common units would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included in income by the U.S. Holder. The mark-to-market election generally will not be available with respect to subsidiaries. Accordingly, in the event we acquire or own a subsidiary in the future that is treated as a PFIC, the mark-to-market election generally will not be available with respect to such subsidiary.
Taxation of U.S. Holders Not Making a Timely QEF or Mark-to-Market Election
If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder that does not make either a QEF election or a “mark-to-market” election for that year, such holder hereinafter a “Non-Electing Holder”, would be subject to special rules resulting in increased tax liability with respect to (1) any excess distribution (i.e., the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder on our common units in a taxable year in excess of 125.0% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the portion of the Non- Electing Holder’s holding period for the common units before the taxable year) and (2) any gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of the units. Under these special rules:
| • | | the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing Holder’s aggregate holding period for the common units; |
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| • | | the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the taxable year we were first treated as a PFIC with respect to the Non-Electing Holder would be taxed as ordinary income; and |
| • | | the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayers for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year. |
These penalties would not apply to a qualified pension, profit sharing or other retirement trust or other tax-exempt organization that did not borrow money or otherwise utilize leverage in connection with its acquisition of our common units. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year and a Non-Electing Holder who is an individual dies while owning our common units, such holder’s successor generally would not receive a step-up in tax basis with respect to such units. A Non-Electing Holder may be required to report its ownership of our units by filing IRS Form 8621 with its U.S. federal income tax return.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders
A beneficial owner of our common units (other than a partnership or an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is not a U.S. Holder is referred to as a Non-U.S. Holder. If you are a partner in a partnership (or an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holding our common units, you are encouraged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences to you of the partnership’s ownership of our common units.
Distributions
Distributions we pay to a Non-U.S. Holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax if the Non-U.S. Holder is not engaged in a U.S. trade or business. If the Non-U.S. Holder is engaged in a U.S. trade or business, our distributions will be subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent they constitute income effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s U.S. trade or business. However, distributions paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business may be exempt from taxation under an income tax treaty if the income arising from the distribution is not attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder.
Disposition of Units
In general, a Non-U.S. Holder is not subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax on any gain resulting from the disposition of our common units provided the Non-U.S. Holder is not engaged in a U.S. trade or business. A Non-U.S. Holder that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business will be subject to U.S. federal income tax in the event the gain from the disposition of units is effectively connected with the conduct of such U.S. trade or business (provided, in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder entitled to the benefits of an income tax treaty with the United States, such gain also is attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment). However, even if not engaged in a U.S. trade or business, individual Non-U.S. Holders may be subject to tax on gain resulting from the disposition of our common units if they are present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year in which those units are disposed and meet certain other requirements.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
In general, payments to a U.S. Individual Holder of distributions or the proceeds of a disposition of common units will be subject to information reporting. These payments to a U.S. Individual Holder also may be subject to backup withholding if the U.S. Individual Holder:
| • | | fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number; |
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| • | | is notified by the IRS that it has failed to report all interest or corporate distributions required to be reported on its U.S. federal income tax returns; or |
| • | | in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements. |
Non-U.S. Holders may be required to establish their exemption from information reporting and backup withholding by certifying their status on IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8ECI or W-8IMY, as applicable.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, a unitholder generally may obtain a credit for any amount withheld against its liability for U.S. federal income tax (and obtain a refund of any amounts withheld in excess of such liability) by timely filing a U.S. federal income tax return with the IRS.
U.S. Holders purchasing more than $100,000 of our common units in this offering generally will be required to file IRS Form 926 reporting such payment. For purposes of determining the total dollar value of common units purchased by a U.S. Holder in this offering, units purchased by certain related parties (including family members) are included. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. Holder that fails to comply with this reporting obligation. Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor as to the possible obligation to file IRS Form 926.
In addition, individual citizens or residents of the United States holding certain “foreign financial assets” (which generally includes stock and other securities issued by a foreign person unless held in an account maintained by a financial institution) that exceed certain thresholds (the lowest being holding foreign financial assets with an aggregate value in excess of: (1) $50,000 on the last day of the tax year or (2) $75,000 at any time during the tax year) are required to report information relating to such assets. Significant penalties may apply for failure to satisfy the reporting obligations described above. Unitholders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding their reporting obligations, if any, that would result from their purchase, ownership or disposition of our units.
NON-UNITED STATES TAX CONSIDERATIONS
Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we”, “our” or “us” are references to Costamare Partners LP.
Marshall Islands Tax Consequences
The following discussion is the opinion of Cozen O’Connor, our counsel as to matters of the laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the current laws of the Republic of the Marshall Islands applicable to persons who do not reside in, maintain offices in or engage in business in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
Because we and our subsidiaries do not and do not expect to conduct business or operations in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and because all documentation related to this offering will be executed outside of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, under current Marshall Islands law you will not be subject to Marshall Islands taxation or withholding on distributions, including upon distribution treated as a return of capital, we make to you as a unitholder. In addition, you will not be subject to Marshall Islands stamp, capital gains or other taxes on the purchase, ownership or disposition of common units, and you will not be required by the Republic of the Marshall Islands to file a tax return relating to your ownership of common units.
EACH PROSPECTIVE UNITHOLDER IS ENCOURAGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX COUNSEL OR OTHER ADVISOR WITH REGARD TO THE LEGAL AND TAX CONSEQUENCES OF UNIT OWNERSHIP UNDER ITS PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
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UNDERWRITING
Under the terms and subject to the conditions in an underwriting agreement dated the date of this prospectus, the underwriters named below, for whom Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. are acting as representatives, have severally agreed to purchase, and we have agreed to sell to them, severally, the number of common units set out below:
| | |
Name | | Number of Common Units |
Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC | | | | | |
Barclays Capital Inc. | | |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc. | | |
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC | | |
Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC | | |
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC | | |
| | |
Total: | | |
| | |
The underwriters and the representatives are collectively referred to as the “underwriters” and the “representatives”, respectively. The underwriters are offering the common units subject to their acceptance of the common units from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters to pay for and accept delivery of the common units offered by this prospectus are subject to the approval of certain legal matters by their counsel and to certain other conditions. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the common units offered by this prospectus if any such common units are taken. However, the underwriters are not required to take or pay for the common units covered by the underwriters’ over-allotment option described below.
The underwriters initially propose to offer part of the common units directly to the public at the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus and part to certain dealers, which may include the underwriters, at such offering price less a selling concession of not in excess of $ per share. After the initial offering of the common units, the offering price and other selling terms may from time to time be varied by the representatives.
We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to additional common units at the public offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters may exercise this option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made in connection with the offering of the common units offered by this prospectus. To the extent the option is exercised, each underwriter will become obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase about the same percentage of the additional common units as the number listed next to the underwriter’s name in the preceding table bears to the total number of common units listed next to the names of all underwriters in the preceding table.
The following table shows the per unit and total public offering price, underwriting discounts and commissions, and proceeds before expenses to us. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase up to an additional common units.
| | | | | | |
| | Per Unit | | Total |
| No Exercise | | Full Exercise |
Public offering price | | | $ | | | | | | $ | | | | | | $ | | | |
Underwriting discounts and commissions to be paid by us(1) | | | $ | | | | $ | | | | $ | |
Proceeds, before expenses, to us(1) | | | $ | | | | $ | | | | $ | |
| (1) | | Excludes an aggregate structuring fee of % of the offering proceeds before discounts and expenses payable to Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Barclays Capital Inc. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. for providing advice regarding the capital structure of our partnership, the terms of |
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| | | the offering, the terms of our partnership agreement and the terms of certain other agreements between us, our general partner, Costamare and its affiliates, as applicable. |
The estimated offering expenses payable by us, exclusive of the underwriting discounts and commissions and structuring fee, are approximately $ . We have agreed to reimburse the underwriters for expenses relating to clearance of this offering with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority up to $25,000.
The underwriters have informed us that they do not intend sales to discretionary accounts to exceed 5% of the total number of common units offered by them.
We will apply to have our common units approved for listing on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “CMRP”.
We, all of the directors and executive officers of our general partner, our subsidiaries and our affiliates, including our general partner and Costamare, and York have agreed that, without the prior written consent of the representatives, on behalf of the underwriters, we and they will not, during the period ending 180 days after the date of this prospectus (the “restricted period”):
| • | | offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any common units or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common units; |
| • | | file any registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to the offering of any common units or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common units; or |
| • | | enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the common units, |
whether any such transaction described above is to be settled by delivery of common units or such other securities, in cash or otherwise.
The restrictions described in the immediately preceding paragraph do not apply to:
| • | | the sale of common units to the underwriters; |
| • | | the issuance by the Partnership of common units upon the exercise of an option or a warrant or the conversion of a security outstanding on the date of this prospectus of which the underwriters have been advised in writing; |
| • | | transactions by any person other than us relating to common units or other securities acquired in open market transactions after the completion of the offering of the common units; provided that no filing under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is required or voluntarily made in connection with subsequent sales of the common units or other securities acquired in such open market transactions; |
| • | | the establishment of a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act for the transfer of common units, provided that (i) such plan does not provide for the transfer of common units during the restricted period and (ii) to the extent a public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act, if any, is required or voluntarily made regarding the establishment of such plan, such announcement or filing shall include a statement to the effect that no transfer of common units may be made under such plan during the restricted period; |
| • | | transfers by a holder of common units or any security convertible into common units as a bona fide gift; |
| • | | distributions by a holder of common units or any security convertible into common units to limited partners or stockholders of such holder; or |
| • | | transfers by a holder of common units or any security convertible into common units to any immediate family member of such holder or any trust or other entity for the direct or indirect benefit of such holder or the immediate family of such holder, |
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provided, with respect to the transfers described in the last three bullet points above, that any donee, distributee, transferee or beneficiary agrees to be subject to the restrictions described in this paragraph and no filing under the Exchange Act is required or voluntarily made. The representatives, in their sole discretion, may release the common units and other securities subject to the lock-up agreements described above in whole or in part at any time.
Any of the common units purchased by members of the Konstantakopoulos family and certain funds managed by York which have indicated that they currently intend to purchase common units in the offering at the public offering price will also be subject to the lock-up agreement described above. The number of common units available for sale to the general public will be reduced to the extent of these sales.
In order to facilitate the offering of the common units, the underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the common units. Specifically, the underwriters may sell more common units than they are obligated to purchase under the underwriting agreement, creating a short position. A short sale is covered if the short position is no greater than the number of common units available for purchase by the underwriters under the over-allotment option. The underwriters can close out a covered short sale by exercising the over-allotment option or purchasing common units in the open market. In determining the source of common units to close out a covered short sale, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the open market price of common units compared to the price available under the over-allotment option. The underwriters may also sell common units in excess of the over-allotment option, creating a naked short position. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing common units in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common units in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering. As an additional means of facilitating this offering, the underwriters may bid for, and purchase, common units in the open market to stabilize the price of the common units. These activities may raise or maintain the market price of the common units above independent market levels or prevent or retard a decline in the market price of the common units. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities and may end any of these activities at any time.
We and the underwriters have agreed to indemnify each other against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on websites maintained by one or more underwriters, or selling group members, if any, participating in this offering. The representatives may agree to allocate a number of common units to underwriters for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the representatives to underwriters that may make Internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations.
The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging. financing and brokerage activities. Certain of the underwriters and their respective affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various financial advisory and investment banking services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses. Affiliates of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC will be lenders under our new credit facility.
In addition, in the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers and may at any time hold long and short positions in such securities and instruments. Such investment and securities activities may involve our securities and instruments. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long or short positions in such securities and instruments.
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Pricing of the Offering
Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common units. The initial public offering price was determined by negotiations between us and the representatives. Among the factors considered in determining the initial public offering price were our future prospects and those of our industry in general, our sales, earnings and certain other financial and operating information in recent periods, and the price-earnings ratios, price-sales ratios, market prices of securities, and certain financial and operating information of companies engaged in activities similar to ours.
Selling Restrictions
Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.
Notice to Prospective Investors in European Economic Area
In relation to each member state of the European Economic Area that has implemented the Prospectus Directive (each, a relevant member state), other than Germany, with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented in that relevant member state (the relevant implementation date), an offer of securities described in this prospectus may not be made to the public in that relevant member state other than:
| • | | to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive; |
| • | | to fewer than 100 or, if the Relevant Member State has implemented the relevant provision of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150, natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), as permitted under the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the relevant Dealer or Dealers nominated by the Issuer for any such offer; or |
| • | | in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive. |
provided that no such offer of securities shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.
For purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of securities to the public” in any relevant member state means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities, as the expression may be varied in that member state by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that member state, and the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the Relevant Member State), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State, and includes any relevant implementing measure in each relevant member state. The expression 2010 PD Amending Directive means Directive 2010/73/EU.
We have not authorized and do not authorize the making of any offer of securities through any financial intermediary on their behalf, other than offers made by the underwriters with a view to the final placement of the securities as contemplated in this prospectus. Accordingly, no purchaser of the securities, other than the underwriters, is authorized to make any further offer of the securities on behalf of us or the underwriters.
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Notice to Potential Investors in the United Kingdom
The Partnership may constitute a “collective investment scheme” as defined by section 235 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) that is not a “recognised collective investment scheme” for the purposes of FSMA (“CIS”) and that has not been authorized or otherwise approved. As an unregulated scheme, it cannot be marketed in the United Kingdom to the general public, except in accordance with FSMA. This prospectus is only being distributed in the United Kingdom to, and is only directed at (i) investment professionals falling within the description of persons in Article 14(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes) Order 2001, as amended (the “CIS Promotion Order”) or Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended (the “Financial Promotion Order”) or (ii) high net worth companies and other persons falling with Article 22(2)(a) to (d) of the CIS Promotion Order or Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Financial Promotion Order, or (iii) to any other person to whom it may otherwise lawfully be made, (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”). The common units are only available to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to subscribe, purchase or otherwise acquire such common units will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.
Each underwriter has represented, warranted and agreed that:
(a) it has only communicated or caused to be communicated and will only communicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of Section 21 of FSMA received by it in connection with the issue or sale of any common units which are the subject of the offering contemplated by this Prospectus (the “Securities”) in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of FSMA does not apply to the Partnership; and
(b) it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to the Securities in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.
Notice to Prospective Investors in France
Neither this prospectus nor any other offering material relating to the common units described in this prospectus has been submitted to the clearance procedures of theAutorité des Marchés Financiersor of the competent authority of another member state of the European Economic Area and notified to theAutorité des Marchés Financiers.The common units have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France. Neither this prospectus nor any other offering material relating to the common units has been or will be:
| • | | released, issued, distributed or caused to be released, issued or distributed to the public in France; or |
| • | | used in connection with any offer for subscription or sale of the common units to the public in France. |
Such offers, sales and distributions will be made in France only:
| • | | to qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) and/or to a restricted circle of investors (cercle restreint d’investisseurs), in each case investing for their own account, all as defined in, and in accordance with articles L.411-2, D.411-1, D.411-2, D.734-1, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the FrenchCode monétaire et financier; |
| • | | to investment services providers authorized to engage in portfolio management on behalf of third parties; or |
| • | | in a transaction that, in accordance with article L.411-2-II-1°-or-2°-or 3° of the FrenchCode monétaire et financierand article 211-2 of the General Regulations (Règlement Général) of theAutorité des Marchés Financiers, does not constitute a public offer (appel public à l’épargne). |
The common units may be resold directly or indirectly, only in compliance with articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 through L.621-8-3 of the FrenchCode monétaire et financier.
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Notice to Prospective Investors in Germany
This prospectus has not been prepared in accordance with the requirements for a securities or sales prospectus under the German Securities Prospectus Act (Wertpapierprospektgesetz), the German Sales Prospectus Act (Verkaufsprospektgesetz), or the German Investment Act (Investmentgesetz). Neither the German Federal Financial Services Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht-BaFin) nor any other German authority has been notified of the intention to distribute our common units in Germany. Consequently, our common units may not be distributed in Germany by way of public offering, public advertisement or in any similar manner and this prospectus and any other document relating to this offering, as well as information or statements contained therein, may not be supplied to the public in Germany or used in connection with any offer for subscription of the common units to the public in Germany or any other means of public marketing. Our common units are being offered and sold in Germany only to qualified investors which are referred to in Section 3, paragraph 2 no. 1, in connection with Section 2, no. 6, of the German Securities Prospectus Act, Section 8f paragraph 2 no. 4 of the German Sales Prospectus Act, and in Section 2 paragraph 11 sentence 2 no. 1 of the German Investment Act. This prospectus is strictly for use of the person who has received it. It may not be forwarded to other persons or published in Germany.
This offering of our common units does not constitute an offer to buy or the solicitation or an offer to sell our common units in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful.
Notice to Prospective Investors in the Netherlands
Our common units may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in the Netherlands, other than to qualified investors (gekwalificeerde beleggers) within the meaning of Article 1:1 of the Dutch Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht).
Notice to Prospective Investors in Switzerland
This prospectus is being communicated in Switzerland to a small number of selected investors only. Each copy of this prospectus is addressed to a specifically named recipient and may not be copied, reproduced, distributed or passed on to third parties. Our common units are not being offered to the public in Switzerland, and neither this prospectus, nor any other offering materials relating to our common units may be distributed in connection with any such public offering.
We have not been registered with the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA as a foreign collective investment scheme pursuant to Article 120 of the Collective Investment Schemes Act of June 23, 2006, or CISA. Accordingly, our common units may not be offered to the public in or from Switzerland, and neither this prospectus, nor any other offering materials relating to our common units may be made available through a public offering in or from Switzerland. Our common units may only be offered and this prospectus may only be distributed in or from Switzerland by way of private placement exclusively to qualified investors (as this term is defined in the CISA and its implementing ordinance).
Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong
The common units may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong by means of any document other than (i) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (ii) to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32, Laws of Hong Kong) and no advertisement, invitation or document relating to the common units may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere), which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to common units which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong
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Kong or only to “professional investors” within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Japan
The common units offered in this prospectus have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan. The common units have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the account of any resident of Japan (including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), except (i) pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law and (ii) in compliance with any other applicable requirements of Japanese law.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Singapore
This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the common units may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the common units be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the “SFA”), (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA, in each case subject to compliance with conditions set forth in the SFA.
Where the common units are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:
| • | | a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or |
| • | | a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, |
shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the common units pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:
| ™ | | to an institutional investor (for corporations, under Section 274 of the SFA) or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person pursuant to an offer that is made on terms that such shares, debentures and units of shares and debentures of that corporation or such rights and interest in that trust are acquired at a consideration of not less than S$200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction, whether such amount is to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets, and further for corporations, in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA; |
| ™ | | where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer; or |
| ™ | | where the transfer is by operation of law. |
Notice to Prospective Investors in Australia
No placement document, prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), in relation to the offering. This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act 2001 (the Corporations Act), and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.
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Any offer in Australia of the common units may only be made to persons (the Exempt Investors) who are “sophisticated investors” (within the meaning of section 708(8) of the Corporations Act), “professional investors” (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of the Corporations Act so that it is lawful to offer the common units without disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.
The common units applied for by Exempt Investors in Australia must not be offered for sale in Australia in the period of 12 months after the date of allotment under the offering, except in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act would not be required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the Corporations Act or otherwise or where the offer is pursuant to a disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring common units must observe such Australian on-sale restrictions.
This prospectus contains general information only and does not take account of the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate to their needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.
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