Total operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by approximately $22.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in 2022 is attributable primarily to interest and borrowing expenses, higher base management fees, income-based incentive fees, and partially offset by the reversal of previously recognized capital gain incentive fees.
Interest and borrowing expenses
Interest and borrowing expenses include interest, amortization of debt issuance and deferred financing costs, upfront commitment fees and unused fees on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facilities, Secured Borrowings and the Notes issued in the CLO Transaction.
Interest and borrowing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, were $32,923,711 and $13,936,441, respectively. The weighted average interest rate (excluding deferred upfront financing costs and unused fees) on the Fund’s debt outstanding was 4.32% and 2.50% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The increase in interest and borrowing expenses was primarily driven by the increase in debt borrowings and rising interest rates, during the period.
Management Fee
The gross management fee expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $14,216,401 and $10,090,280, respectively. The increase in the management fee for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a result of the increase in average gross assets during this period, which are the basis used to calculate management fees. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Adviser waived management fees of $283,566 and $1,198,763, respectively.
Net Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund had principal repayments and sales which resulted in $6,174,089 of net realized gain primarily driven by an exit in one of our portfolio companies.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Fund had principal repayments and sales which resulted in $947,978 of net realized loss.
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) on Investments
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund had $30,414,638 in net change in unrealized depreciation on $1,146,231,264 of investments in 179 portfolio companies. Unrealized depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted from a broad portfolio decline due to a decline in loan market secondary prices, widening primary issue credit spreads and the underperformance of certain portfolio company investments. The unrealized depreciation was partially offset by unrealized appreciation on certain debt and equity positions due to company performance or expectation of near-term repayment at par.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Fund had $12,893,899 in net change in unrealized appreciation on $885,880,524 of investments in 151 portfolio companies. Unrealized appreciation for the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted from an increase in the investment portfolio, improved market conditions, and further supported by improved fundamental performance of the portfolio companies.
Net Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets Resulting from Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the net increase in net assets resulting from operations was $10,551,670 and $30,756,594, respectively. Based on the weighted average shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Fund’s per share net increase in net assets resulting from operations was $0.25 and $1.08, respectively.
Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash decreased by $5,703,058. During the same period, the Fund used $227,034,307 in operating activities, primarily as a result of purchases of investments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Fund generated $221,331,249 from financing activities, primarily from borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facilities and Notes, and issuance of Shares.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, cash increased by $32,078,421. During the same period, the Fund used $315,206,780 in operating activities, primarily as a result of purchases of investments. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Fund generated $347,285,201 from financing activities, primarily from borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facilities and issuance of Shares.
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