Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, are unaudited and exclude some of the disclosures required in audited financial statements. Management believes it has made all necessary adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring items, so that the consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and that estimates made in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 filed with the SEC. Certain amounts in the Company’s prior period consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The Company has chosen to aggregate certain financial statement line items in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Such reclassifications had no effect on net loss or previously reported totals or subtotals in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. In determining whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in a partially owned entity and the requirement to consolidate the accounts of that entity, the Company considers whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and whether it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE when it has (i) the power to direct the most significant activities impacting the economic performance of the VIE and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits significant to the VIE. The Operating Partnership and each of the Company’s joint ventures are considered to be a VIE. The Company consolidates the Operating Partnership because it has the ability to direct the most significant activities of the entities such as purchases, dispositions, financings, budgets, and overall operating plans. Where the Company does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, the Company's interest in partially owned entities are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents represent cash held in banks, cash on hand, and liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company may have bank balances in excess of federally insured amounts; however, the Company deposits its cash and cash equivalents with high credit-quality institutions to minimize credit risk exposure. Restricted Cash As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, restricted cash primarily consists of $41.3 million and $0.9 million respectively, of cash received for subscriptions prior to the date in which the subscriptions are effective. The Company’s restricted cash is held primarily in a bank account controlled by the Company’s transfer agent but in the name of the Company. The remaining balance of restricted cash primarily consists of amounts in escrow related to real estate taxes and insurance in connection with mortgages at certain of our properties and tenant security deposits. Investments in Real Estate In accordance with the guidance for business combinations, the Company determines whether the acquisition of a property qualifies as a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. If the property acquired is not a business, the Company accounts for the transaction as an asset acquisition. All property acquisitions to date have been accounted for as asset acquisitions. The Company capitalizes acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions. Upon acquisition of a property, the Company assesses the fair value of acquired tangible and intangible assets (including land, buildings, tenant improvements, “above-market” and “below-market” leases, acquired in-place leases, other identified intangible assets and assumed liabilities) and allocates the purchase price to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. The Company assesses and considers fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize discount and/or capitalization rates that it deems appropriate, as well as other available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including the historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. The Company also considers an allocation of purchase price of other acquired intangibles, including acquired in-place leases that may have a customer relationship intangible value, including (but not limited to) the nature and extent of the existing relationship with the tenants, the tenants’ credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. Based on its acquisitions to date, the Company’s allocation to customer relationship intangible assets has not been material. Intangible assets are recorded as a component of Other Assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cost of buildings and improvements includes the purchase price of the Company’s properties and any acquisition-related costs, along with any subsequent improvements to such properties. The Company’s investments in real estate are stated at cost and are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: Description Depreciable Life Building 35 - 40 years Building and site improvements 5 - 15 years Furniture, fixtures and equipment 5 - 7 years Lease intangibles Over lease term Repairs and maintenance are expensed to operations as incurred and are included in Rental property operating and Hotel operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Significant improvements to properties are capitalized. When assets are sold or retired, their costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts with the resulting gains or losses reflected in net income or loss for the period. The amortization of acquired above-market and below-market leases is recorded as an adjustment to rental revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amortization of in-place leases is recorded as an adjustment to depreciation and amortization expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s management reviews its real estate properties for impairment when there is an event or change in circumstances that indicates an impaired value. Since cash flows on real estate properties considered to be “long-lived assets to be held and used” are considered on an undiscounted basis to determine whether an asset has been impaired, the Company’s strategy of holding properties over the long term directly decreases the likelihood of recording an impairment loss. If the Company’s strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material to the Company’s results. If the Company determines that an impairment has occurred, the affected assets must be reduced to their fair value, less cost to sell. During the period presented, no such impairment occurred. Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are recorded initially at cost, and subsequently adjusted for equity in earnings and cash contributions and distributions. Under the equity method of accounting, the net equity investment of the Company is reflected within the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the Company’s share of net income or loss from the joint ventures is included within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The joint venture agreements may designate different percentage allocations among investors for profits and losses; however, the Company’s recognition of joint venture income or loss generally follows the joint venture’s distribution priorities, which may change upon the achievement of certain investment return thresholds. The Company’s investments in unconsolidated joint ventures are reviewed for impairment periodically and the Company records impairment charges when events or circumstances change indicating that a decline in the fair values below the carrying values has occurred and such decline is other-than-temporary. The ultimate realization of the investment in unconsolidated joint ventures is dependent on a number of factors, including the performance of each investment and market conditions. The Company will record an impairment charge if it determines that a decline in the value below the carrying value of an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture is other-than-temporary. Investments in Real Estate-Related Securities The Company has elected to classify its investment in real estate-related securities as trading securities and carry such investments at estimated fair value. As such, the resulting gains and losses are recorded as a component of Income from real estate-related securities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s investments in real estate-related securities consist of residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”). Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Including Derivative Instruments The valuation of financial instruments requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the fair value of the instruments. The Company, where possible, bases the fair values of its financial instruments, including its derivative instruments, on listed market prices and third party quotes. Where these are not available, the Company bases its estimates on current instruments with similar terms and maturities or on other factors relevant to the financial instruments. In the normal course of business, the Company is exposed to the effect of interest rate changes. The Company seeks to manage these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures including the use of derivatives to hedge interest rate risk on debt instruments. The Company recognizes all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and measures those instruments at fair value. Any derivative instrument used for risk management that does not meet the hedging criteria is marked-to-market each period as a component of interest expense. Fair Value Measurement Under normal market conditions, the fair value of an investment is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (i.e., the exit price). Additionally, there is a hierarchal framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring investments at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment and the characteristics specific to the investment and the state of the market place, including the existence and transparency of transactions between market participants. Investments with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value. Investments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following levels within the fair value hierarchy: Level 1 — quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the measurement date. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for these investments. Level 2 — quoted prices are available in markets that are not active or model inputs are based on inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date. Level 3 — pricing inputs are unobservable and include instances where there is minimal, if any, market activity for the investment. These inputs require significant judgment or estimation by management or third parties when determining fair value and generally represent anything that does not meet the criteria of Levels 1 and 2. Due to the inherent uncertainty of these estimates, these values may differ materially from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these investments existed. The fair values of the Company’s financial instruments (other than mortgage notes payable and derivative instruments), including cash and cash equivalents and other financial instruments, approximate their carrying or contract value. The following table provides a summary of the carrying and fair values for the Company’s mortgage notes payable, consolidated derivative instruments and investments in real estate-related securities at March 31, 2019 (amounts in thousands): Estimated Fair Value (Level 2) Estimated Fair Value (Level 3) Carrying Value Mortgage notes payable, net $ — $ 260,655 $ 261,717 Interest rate caps 740 — 740 Investments in real estate-related securities 107,195 — 107,195 The Company generally determines the fair value of its real estate-related securities by utilizing third-party pricing service providers. In determining the value of a particular investment, pricing service providers may use broker-dealer quotations, reported trades or valuation estimates from their internal pricing models to determine the reported price. The pricing service providers’ internal models for mortgage-related securities such as RMBS usually consider the attributes applicable to a particular class of security (e.g., credit rating, seniority), current market data, and estimated cash flows for each class and incorporate deal collateral performance such as prepayment speeds and default rates, as available. Fair value of the Company’s indebtedness is estimated by modeling the cash flows required by the Company’s debt agreements and discounting them back to the present value using the appropriate discount rate. Additionally, the Company considers current market rate and conditions by evaluating similar borrowing agreements with comparable loan-to-value ratios and credit profiles. The inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company’s indebtedness are considered Level 3. The Company’s derivative positions are valued using models developed by the respective counterparty as well as third party pricing service providers that use as their basis readily observable market parameters (such as forward yield curves and credit default swap data). The fair values disclosed for mortgage notes payable were calculated using indicative rates provided by lenders of similar loans in the case of mortgage notes payable . Deferred Charges The Company’s deferred charges include financing costs. Deferred financing costs include legal, structuring, and other loan costs incurred by the Company for its financing agreements. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s mortgage notes and term loans are recorded as an offset to the related liability and amortized over the term of the applicable financing instruments as interest expense. Revenue Recognition The Company commences revenue recognition on its leases based on a number of factors, including the initial determination that the contract is or contains a lease. Generally, all of the Company’s contracts are, or contain leases, and therefore revenue is recognized when the lessee takes possession of or controls the physical use of the leased assets. In most instances this occurs on the lease commencement date. At the inception of a new lease, including new leases that arise from amendments, the Company assesses the terms and conditions of the lease to determine the proper lease classification. As described in recent Accounting Pronouncements elsewhere in Note 2, the Company adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and related ASUs subsequently issued (collectively, “ASC 842”) as of January 1, 2019. A lease is classified as an operating lease if none of the following criteria are met: (i) ownership transfers to the lessee at the end of the lease term, (ii) the lessee has a purchase option that is reasonably expected to be exercised, (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the economic life of the leased property, (iv) the present value of the future lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the leased property, and (v) the leased property is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no future alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term. If one or more of these criteria are met, the lease will generally be classified as a sales-type lease, unless the lease contains a residual value guarantee from a third party other than the lessee, in which case it would be classified as a direct financing lease under certain circumstances in accordance with ASC 842. The Company’s Rental revenue primarily consists of base rent arising from tenant leases at the Company’s multifamily properties under operating leases. Revenue under operating leases is recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable terms of the related leases. For leases that have fixed and measurable rent escalations, the difference between such rental income earned and the cash rent due under the provisions of the lease is recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s Hotel revenue consists of room revenue and food and beverage revenue. Room revenue is recognized when the related room is occupied and other hotel revenue is recognized when the service is rendered. Certain of the Company’s contracts contain nonlease components (e.g., charges for management fees, common area maintenance, and reimbursement of third-party maintenance expenses) in addition to lease components (i.e., monthly rental charges). Services related to nonlease components are provided over the same period of time as, and billed in the same manner as, monthly rental charges. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient available under ASC 842, for all classes of assets, not to segregate the lease components from the nonlease components when accounting for operating leases. Since the lease component is the predominant component under each of these leases, combined revenues from both the lease and nonlease components are accounted for in accordance with ASC 842 and reported as rental revenues in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other revenues and interest income are recorded on an accrual basis. Organization and Offering Expenses Organization expenses are expensed as incurred and recorded as a component of General and Administrative Expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and offering costs are charged to equity as such amounts are incurred. The Advisor has agreed to advance organization and offering expenses on behalf of the Company (including legal, accounting, and other expenses attributable to the organization, but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees) through the first anniversary of the date on which the proceeds from escrow are released. The Company will reimburse the Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over a 60 month period following December 21, 2019. These organization and offering costs are recorded as a component of Due to affiliates on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Starwood Capital, L.L.C. (the “Dealer Manager”), a registered broker-dealer affiliated with the Advisor, serves as the dealer manager for the Offering. The Dealer Manager is entitled to receive selling commissions and dealer manager fees based on the transaction price of each applicable class of shares sold in the Offering. The Dealer Manager is also entitled to receive a stockholder servicing fee of 0.85%, 0.85% and 0.25% per annum of the aggregate net asset value (“NAV”) of the Company’s outstanding Class T shares, Class S shares and Class D shares, respectively. There is no stockholder servicing fee with respect to Class I shares. The following table details the selling commissions, dealer manager fees, and stockholder servicing fees for each applicable share class as of March 31, 2019: Common Stock Class T Common Stock Class S Common Stock Class D Common Stock Class I Selling commissions and dealer manager fees (% of transaction price) up to 3.5% up to 3.5% — — Stockholder servicing fee (% of NAV) 0.85% 0.85% 0.25% — For Class S shares sold in the primary offering, investors will pay upfront selling commissions of up to 3.5% of the transaction price. For Class T shares sold in the primary offering, investors will pay upfront selling commissions of up to 3.0% of the transaction price and upfront dealer manager fees of 0.5% of the transaction price, however such amounts may vary at certain participating broker-dealers, provided that the sum will not exceed 3.5% of the transaction price. The Dealer Manager is entitled to receive stockholder servicing fees of 0.85% per annum of the aggregate NAV for Class S shares and Class T shares. For Class T shares such stockholder servicing fee includes, an advisor stockholder servicing fee of 0.65% per annum, and a dealer stockholder servicing fee of 0.20% per annum, of the aggregate NAV for the Class T shares, however, with respect to Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, the advisor stockholder servicing fee and the dealer stockholder servicing fee may be other amounts, provided that the sum of such fees will always equal 0.85% per annum of the NAV of such shares. The Class D shares will incur a stockholder servicing fee equal to 0.25% per annum of the aggregate NAV for the Class D shares. The Dealer Manager has entered into agreements with the selected dealers distributing the Company’s shares in the Offering, which provide, among other things, for the re-allowance of the full amount of the selling commissions and dealer manager fees received and all or a portion of the stockholder servicing fees to such selected dealers. The Company will cease paying the stockholder servicing fee with respect to any Class T share, Class S share or Class D share sold in the primary Offering at the end of the month in which the total selling commissions, dealer manager fees and stockholder servicing fees paid with respect to such share would exceed 8.75% (or, in the case of Class T shares sold through certain participating broker-dealers, a lower limit as set forth in any applicable agreement between the Dealer Manager and a participating broker-dealer) of the gross proceeds from the sale of such share (including the gross proceeds of any shares issued under the Company’s distribution reinvestment plan with respect thereto). The Company will accrue the full cost of the stockholder servicing fee as an offering cost at the time each Class T, Class S and Class D share is sold during the primary Offering. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had accrued $14.0 million and $10.8 million respectively, of stockholder servicing fees related to shares sold and recorded such amount as a component of Due to affiliates on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Income Taxes The Company intends to make an election to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code commencing with its taxable year ending December 31, 2019. If the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal corporate income tax to the extent it distributes 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders. REITs are subject to a number of other organizational and operational requirements. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed income. In anticipation of the Company’s REIT election, the Company has formed wholly-owned subsidiaries to function as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, a TRS may perform additional services for the Company’s tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business other than management or operation or operation of a lodging facility or a health care facility. The TRSs will be subject to taxation at the federal, state and local levels, as applicable. The Company accounts for applicable income taxes by utilizing the asset and liability method. As such, the Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences resulting from the difference between the carrying value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is provided if the Company believes all or some portion of the deferred tax asset may not be realized. The Company intends to file as taxable corporation for its tax year ended December 31, 2018. For the period ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, recognized an income tax provision of $0.1 million and $0.0 respectively. Net Loss per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding (unless their effect is antidilutive) for the period. There are no common share equivalents outstanding that would have a dilutive effect as a result of the net loss, and accordingly, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is identical for the periods ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, for both basic and diluted shares. Recent Accounting Pronouncements On August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosure Framework,” which adds new disclosure requirements and modifies or eliminates existing disclosure requirements of ASC 820. This ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted. The Company does not expect the application of this ASU to materially impact the Company. |