ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (ASLN) F-1 Registration statement (foreign)

As filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on May 30, 2019.

Registration Statement No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FormF-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands	2834	Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

83 Clemenceau Avenue#12-03 UE Square

Singapore 239920

+65 6222 4235

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.

10 East 40th Street 10th Floor

New York, New York 10016

+1 212 947 7200

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies of all communications, including communications sent to agent for service, should be sent to:

Robert W. Phillips Sean M. Clayton Kristin VanderPas Charles S. Kim Patrick Loofbourrow Cooley LLP 4401 Eastgate Mall San Diego, California 92121 (858)550-6000 Alan F. Denenberg Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP 1600 El Camino Real Menlo Park, California 94025 (650)752-2000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale topublic: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act:

Emerging growth company  ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price(1)	Amount of Registration Fee(2)
Ordinary shares, par value NT$10.00 per ordinary share(3)(4)	$15,000,000	$1,818.00

(1) Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act. Includes the aggregate offering price of additional ordinary shares represented by American Depositary Shares (ADSs) that the underwriters have the option to purchase.

(2) Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act, based on an estimate of the proposed maximum aggregate offering price.

(3) These ordinary shares are represented by ADSs, each of which represents 5 ordinary shares of the Registrant.

(4) ADSs issuable upon deposit of the ordinary shares registered hereby are being registered pursuant to a separate registration statement onForm F-6 (File No. 333-224273).

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information contained in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated May 30, 2019

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

American Depositary Shares

Representing                Ordinary Shares

•  ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited is offering American Depositary Shares, or ADSs. Each ADS represents five ordinary shares. The ADSs will be evidenced by American Depositary Receipts, or ADRs.	•  Trading symbol for ADSs: The Nasdaq Global Market—“ASLN” •  Our ordinary shares are listed on the Taipei Exchange, or TPEx.
•  The last reported sale price of our ADSs on                     , 2019 was $                per share.
•  The last reported sale price of our ordinary shares was NT$                per share, or approximately $                per share, based on an exchange rate of NT$            to $            .

Pursuant to the relevant Taiwan rules and practices, we expect that the public offering price will be (i) at least 90% of the closing price of our ordinary shares on the date of this prospectus or (ii) at least 90% of the simple average of the closing prices of our ordinary shares on the one, three or five business days immediately preceding the date of this prospectus.

Investing in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any ADSs, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our ADSs in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information.

	PER ADS	TOTAL
Public offering price	$	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)	$	$
Proceeds to ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited, before expenses	$	$

⁽¹⁾   See “Underwriting” beginning on page 182 for additional information regarding total underwriter compensation.

We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable at any time through and until one day before the closing date of this offering, to purchase additional                     ADSs.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Delivery of the ADSs is expected to be made on or about                   �� , 2019.

Piper Jaffray

The date of this prospectus is                     , 2019.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
About this Prospectus		ii
Presentation of Financial Information		ii
Prospectus Summary		1
Risk Factors		13
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		60
Industry and Market Data		62
Trademarks, Service Marks and Tradenames		63
Use of Proceeds		64
Dividend Policy		65
Capitalization		66
Dilution		67
Selected Consolidated Financial Data		69
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		71
Business		90
Management		145
Related Party Transactions		159
Principal Shareholders		160
Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents		163
Description of American Depositary Shares		182
Ordinary Shares and ADSs Eligible for Future Sale		198
Material Income Tax Considerations		200
Underwriting		207
Expenses of this Offering		217
Legal Matters		218
Experts		218
Enforcement of Liabilities		219
Where You Can Find Additional Information		221
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information

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others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell our ADSs in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any ADSs.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned bynon-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to the terms “ASLAN,” “ASLAN Pharmaceuticals,” “the company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and its subsidiaries.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board, or IASB, which may differ in material respects from generally accepted accounting principles in other jurisdictions, including the United States.

Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise specified, all monetary amounts presented are in U.S. dollars. All references in this prospectus to “$” mean U.S. dollars, all references in this prospectus to “NT$” mean New Taiwan dollars, the legal currency of the Republic of China, or ROC, and all references in this prospectus to “SG$” mean Singapore dollars, the legal currency of Singapore. The translation of the trading price of our common stock on the TPEx from New Taiwan dollars to U.S. dollars was made at a rate of NT$31.11 to $1.00, based on the exchange reported by the Wall Street Journal as of the closing price of our common stock on the TPEx on May 14, 2019. No representation is made that the New Taiwan dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at any particular rate or at all. Any discrepancies in any table between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this prospectus. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our ADSs. You should read the entire prospectus carefully, including “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our financial statements and the related notes thereto, in each case included in this prospectus. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters discussed in the section of this prospectus titled “Business” before making an investment decision.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage oncology and immunology focused biopharmaceutical company based in Singapore developing novel therapeutics for global markets. We target diseases that are both highly prevalent in Asia and orphan indications in the United States and Europe. Our Asia development platform is designed to enable us to accelerate the development of drugs to treat these diseases. Our portfolio is comprised of four product candidates which target: validated growth pathways applied to new patient segments; novel immune checkpoints; and novel cancer metabolic pathways.

Our lead program,varlitinib,is a reversible small moleculepan-human epidermal growth factor receptor, orpan-HER inhibitor, that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptors HER1, HER2 and HER4.Varlitinibis currently being studied in a global pivotal clinical trial for biliary tract cancer for which we expect to report topline data in the second half of 2019.

We focus on cancers, such as biliary tract cancer, that are orphan diseases in the United States and Europe for which there are few, if any, approved therapies. Although registration trials for orphan diseases may require fewer patients, recruitment for such trials in the United States and Europe is often challenging given the limited availability of suitable patients. Asia offers a unique opportunity to accelerate the development of novel therapies in diseases where either the cancers are more prevalent or the availability of suitable patients is greater.

We have built a development platform centered in Asia that can generate data suitable for submission to regulators in the United States, Europe, China and Japan. The key components of this platform include:

• International presence.    We are strategically positioned, through our teams in Singapore, Taiwan and China, to recruit patients quickly and efficiently in Asia, supplemented with data generated in the United States and Europe. Our local presence in Asia has enabled us to work closely with leading investigators and institutions, and closely oversee the execution of clinical trials to ensure the quality of clinical data.

• Extensive knowledge of Asia prevalent cancers.    In collaboration with leading Asia research centers, such as Singapore’s National Cancer Centre, Japan’s National Cancer Centre Hospital and Taiwan’s Academia Sinica, we have been studying tumor profiles of patients to analyze the expression of certain biomarkers. This allows us to design targeted clinical trials focusing on those patients most likely to respond to our product candidates.

• Experienced management team.    Our senior management team has broad experience in global and regional drug development, regulatory activities and commercialization, having played significant roles at other companies in the development of Crestor, Iressa and Symbicort in Asia and other international markets.

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• Deep local relationships.    Our team’s global experience is complemented by a strong network of local partners and collaborators that we have established over many years operating in Asia, such as the Director of the Clinical Trials Center at Seoul National University Hospital and the Chair of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. We are also represented on some of the top industry and government advisory bodies in Asia, such as Singapore’s International Advisory Council, which advises the Singapore government on the development of the biomedical sector.

Our Product Candidates

The following table summarizes our product candidate pipeline:

We hold global rights to all of our product candidates with the exception ofvarlitiniband ASLAN003, for both of which BioGenetics Co., Ltd., or BioGenetics, acquired rights for the Republic of Korea, or South Korea, and ASLAN002, for which Bristol Myers Squibb Company, or BMS, acquired global rights.

Varlitinib.    Varlitinibis a highly potent, oral, reversible, small molecule inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor, or HER, family of receptor tyrosine kinases, or RTKs. Approved drugs that selectively target HER1 (also known as EGFR) or HER2 have been effective in some patients. However, patients may relapse on or may not respond to these therapies because the growth of their cancers is driven by other HER family receptors.

Varlitinibtargets multiple members of the HER family of receptors and therefore we believe it may be effective in a broader range of tumor types and effective in patients that have progressed on prior HER1-selective or HER2-selective therapies. Following guidance from the U.S. FDA, we initiated a randomized global pivotal clinical trial testingvarlitinibin second-line biliary tract cancer. We expect to report topline data for this trial in the second half of 2019.

We licensedvarlitinibfrom Array BioPharma Inc., or Array, in 2011 after successful completion of five Phase 1 clinical trials in a range of solid tumors, which showed activity in breast cancer. To date, we have completed four additional Phase 1b clinical trials and two Phase 2 clinical trials for this product candidate. Over 600 patients have been dosed withvarlitinibas monotherapy or in combination with other agents. In these clinical trials,varlitinibwas well-tolerated in Caucasian and Asian patients.Varlitinibhas demonstrated activity in a range of tumor types including biliary tract, breast and colorectal cancer. In January 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Array, which replaces

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and supersedes our previous collaboration and license agreement, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinibfor all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses.

We have obtained orphan drug designation from the U.S. FDA forvarlitinibin gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, which represents approximately 60% of biliary tract cancer cases. The IND forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer was originally submitted by Array in 2005 and subsequently inactivated in February 2012. The IND forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer was then reactivated on April 21, 2017. We also have obtained orphan drug designation from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer.

Varlitinib Mechanism of Action

We believe thatvarlitinibhas the potential to be the first targeted therapy approved for biliary tract cancer. We believevarlitinibhas the following potential competitive advantages:

• potent inhibition of HER1, HER2 and HER4 potentially enables it to be used in a broader range of tumors than HER1-selective and HER2-selective agents;

• HER4 inhibition may lead to a more durable response;

• low levels of GI toxicity in comparison to otherpan-HER inhibitors; and

• well-tolerated in conjunction with certain other chemotherapy regimens.

ASLAN003.     ASLAN003 is an orally active, potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, or DHODH, the enzyme controlling the rate limiting step in thede novo synthesis of pyrimidines, essential building blocks for the production of DNA and RNA in mammalian cells. DHODH also contributes to the production of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. In cancer, increased levels of pyrimidines and ATP are required for tumor growth and survival. Inhibition of DHODH depletes the intracellular pool of pyrimidines and contributes to lower levels of ATP. This leads to the induction of the tumor suppressor p53, which at high levels of induction triggers apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

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We believe that ASLAN003 has the potential to be afirst-in-class DHODH inhibitor in oncology due to the following competitive advantages:

• potent inhibition of DHODH, up to two orders of magnitude stronger than first generation inhibitors with the potential to reach the levels required to be efficacious in oncology;

• lack of toxicities associated with first generation inhibitors and other recently launched therapies for acute myeloid leukemia, or AML;

• enables AML blast cells to differentiate into granulocytes and may be applicable in a broad range of AML patients; and

• evidence of activity in triple negative breast cancer, or TNBC.

We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial to develop ASLAN003 in AML. We reported interim data from the first 14 patients in December 2018 and we expect to report data from the dose optimization portion in the second quarter of 2019. If such data is positive, our plan is to meet with regulatory authorities to discuss expedited regulatory strategies, such as accelerated approval. We are also exploring other solid and liquid tumor types where DHODH may be relevant, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, TNBC and hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC.

Additional Pipeline Programs.    In addition tovarlitinib and ASLAN003, we have several other product candidates in development. ASLAN004 is an interleukin 4/interleukin 13, orIL-4/IL-13, receptor antibody, which we believe has the potential to be abest-in-class therapy for severe atopic dermatitis and asthma, due to greater selectivity in binding target cells via theIL-13 receptor. We have initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial investigating ASLAN004 as a therapeutic antibody for atopic dermatitis. The single ascending dose study is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2019.

Additionally, ASLAN005 is an antibody in preclinical development targetingrecepteur d’origine nantais, or RON, an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Opportunity and Rationale for Drug Development in Asia

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally and is rapidly overtaking heart disease in many developed countries to become the number one cause of mortality. In 2015, there were approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer and 600,000 deaths caused by cancer in the United States, as compared to 4.3 million new cases and 2.8 million deaths in China alone. Historically, there has been more research in cancers common in the United States and Europe, such as breast and lung cancer, than there has been in other cancer types which are more prevalent in Asia. This lack of research has contributed to fewer treatment options for those cancers that are more prevalent in Asia. For example, in 2016, the prevalence of biliary tract cancer was over 200,000 patients in Asia, compared to approximately 12,600 in the United States, and there are no therapies approved to treat this disease. In gastric cancer, the prevalence was over one million in Asia in 2012, but only approximately 32,000 in the United States, and there is only one targeted therapy approved for first-line treatment. For the cancers on which we are focusing, such as biliary tract cancer, patients typically present with late-stage disease that has already metastasized. These patients are often not eligible for surgery and curative options are limited. Currently, no drugs are approved in the United States for biliary tract cancer, which has a median overall survival of 11.7 months. We have designed our clinical trials to target the patients most likely to respond to our product candidates, which will be a subset of the overall patient population for each targeted indication.

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We believe that our Asia development platform and our understanding of cancers that are prevalent in Asia, in particular in our areas of focus in China, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, will enable us to develop drugs for these diseases more efficiently than could be done in the United States and Europe.

Our Strategy

We intend to pursue the following strategy:

• Rapidly advancevarlitinibin biliary tract cancer.    We are conducting a global pivotal clinical trial ofvarlitinib, which we refer to as TREatmEnT OPPortunity, or TREETOPP. Based on guidance from the U.S. FDA, we intend to seek accelerated approval for this product candidate if we see an increase in response rate over the current standard of care.

• Develop ASLAN003 in AML.    We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial in Asia to develop ASLAN003 in AML, and we plan to meet with the U.S. FDA to discuss expedited regulatory strategies, such as accelerated approval. We are also conducting preclinical studies in other types of cancer where DHODH has been implicated as a putative target in published research, such as triple negative breast cancer, or TNBC, and hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC.

• Build a broad immuno-oncology portfolio.    We are using antibodies to inhibit specific immune checkpoints, such as RON, a receptor expressed on the macrophage, the inhibition of which could enhanceT-cell activity. We intend to initially pursue Asia prevalent tumor indications with this immuno-oncology portfolio.

• Establish a targeted commercial organization in the United States, China and other Asian markets.    We started building a targeted commercial organization in 2018 in anticipation of the potential regulatory approval ofvarlitinibfor biliary tract cancer. We may also establish collaborations with pharmaceutical companies to maximize the potential of our products in other markets.

• Develop ASLAN004 in severe atopic dermatitis and asthma.    We are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial to develop ASLAN004 as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. We intend to explore the use of ASLAN004 as a treatment for other atopic diseases, such as asthma, in the future.

• Selectivelyin-license or acquire additional oncology product candidates.    We plan to utilize our global relationships and business development experience to identify and evaluate new product candidate opportunities based on our understanding of Asia prevalent cancers and the targets and pathways that drive them.

Risks Associated with Our Business

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this prospectus and, in particular, should evaluate the specific factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” before deciding whether to invest in our ADSs. Among these important risks are the following:

• we have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future;

• we currently do not generate any revenue from product sales, have generated only limited revenue since inception, and may never be profitable;

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• we are a clinical-stage company and will require additional capital beyond this offering, including prior to completing pivotal studies of (except with respect tovarlitinibin biliary tract cancer), filing for regulatory approval for, or commercializing any of our product candidates;

• our success is dependent on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates;

• our Asia development platform may not result in the competitive advantages we anticipate because an Asia-focused development platform is a relatively novel approach to drug development and has not yet resulted in a proven track record of accelerated development or regulatory approval;

• we rely on third parties to manufacture and conduct the clinical trials of our product candidates, which could delay or limit their future development or regulatory approval;

• we currently do not have the infrastructure to commercialize any of our product candidates and our planned commercialization efforts may not prove successful;

• we may be unable to adequately maintain and protect our proprietary intellectual property assets, which could impair our commercial opportunities;

• the rights of our shareholders differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation;

• we believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ending December 31, 2018 and we expect to be a PFIC for the current year and in future taxable years which may result in adverse tax consequences to the U.S. holders of our ADSs, and we do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections that might partially alleviate those adverse tax consequences;

• we qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and frequent disclosures than those of a U.S. domestic public company; and

• there is currently a ten percent limit on the daily price movement on the TPEx and this may materially limit the movement in trading price of any ADSs that are issued in this offering.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, was enacted in April 2012 with the intention of encouraging capital formation in the United States and reducing the regulatory burden on newly public companies that qualify as “emerging growth companies.” We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various public reporting requirements, including the requirement that our internal control over financial reporting be audited by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

We may take advantage of these provisions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier to occur of (1) (a) December 31, 2023 (b) the last day of the fiscal year in which our annual gross revenue is $1.07 billion or more, or (c) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, which means the market value of our equity securities that is held bynon-affiliates

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exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion innon-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

In addition, under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of delayed adoption of new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same requirements to adopt new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We report under the Exchange Act as anon-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

• the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

• the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

• the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

Both foreign private issuers and emerging growth companies are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.

Corporate Information

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. was incorporated in Singapore in April 2010 and ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited was incorporated in Cayman Islands in June 2014 as the listing vehicle for our initial public offering and listing on the TPEx. Our subsidiaries, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. and ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., were incorporated in the Republic of China, Australia, Hong Kong, China and the United States in November 2013, July 2014, July 2015, May 2016 and October 2018, respectively.

Our principal executive offices are located at 83 Clemenceau Avenue#12-03 UE Square, Singapore 239920. Our telephone number at this address is +65 6222 4235. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is at the offices of Intertrust Corporate Services (Cayman) Limited at 190 Elgin Avenue, George Town, Grand CaymanKY1-9005, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. located at 10 East 40th Street 10th Floor, New York, New York 10016. Our website address is www.aslanpharma.com. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference only and the information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus.

We conduct our business using the trademark “ASLAN,” “ASLAN PHARMACEUTICALS” and our lion logo, as well as domain names incorporating either or both of these trademarks. “ASLAN PHARMACEUTICALS” is a registered trademark in Singapore. In terms of Chinese character versions of

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our trademarks, in Taiwan, we have a trademark registration for “ ..” In China, we have a trademark registration for “ ..” We also have a trademark registration in China to protect the following Chinese character version of the wordvarlitinib: “ ” (wei li ti ni). This prospectus contains references to our trademarks and to trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the^™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

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The Offering

ADSs offered by us	ADSs, each representing five ordinary shares.
Ordinary shares to be outstanding immediately after this offering	ordinary shares (or                ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase an additional ADSs).
Option to purchase additional ADSs	We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable at any time through and until one day before the closing date of this offering, to purchase up to an additional                ADSs from us.
American Depositary Shares	Each ADS represents five ordinary shares, par value NT$10.00 per ordinary share. You will have the rights of an ADS holder or beneficial owner (as applicable) as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and holders and beneficial owners of ADSs from time to time. To better understand the terms of our ADSs, see “Description of American Depositary Shares.” We also encourage you to read the deposit agreement, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
Depositary	JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Use of proceeds	We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, to be approximately $         million based on the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on              , 2019). We expect to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the expansion cohorts for ASLAN003 in AML and the multiple ascendingdose study for ASLAN004 in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis patients. The remaining net proceeds, if any, are expected to fund new and other ongoing research and development activities, working capital and other general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for a more complete description of the intended use of proceeds from this offering.
Risk factors	See “Risk Factors” and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our ADSs.
Nasdaq Global Market symbol	“ASLN”

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The number of ordinary shares that will be outstanding after this offering is based on 160,248,940 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and excludes:

• 14,227,545 ordinary shares issuable on the exercise of share options outstanding as of March 31, 2019 under our 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.73 per ordinary share; and

• 174,167 ordinary shares authorized for issuance pursuant to future awards under our 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2019.

Except as otherwise noted, the information in this prospectus assumes the following:

• that the public offering price of our ADSs is                      per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on             , 2019); and

• no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional ADSs.

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Summary Consolidated Financial Data

The following tables summarize our summary consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The summary consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and the summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, and included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated comprehensive loss statement data for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 and the summary consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2019 have been derived from our unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, and on the same basis as the audited financial statements and reflect, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, which include only normal, recurring adjustments that are necessary for the fair statement of the financial information in those statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future and our results for the three months ended March 31, 2019 may not be indicative of results for the full year ended December 31, 2019. The following summary consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	Year ended December 31,									Three months ended March 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018			2019
										(unaudited)
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Summary Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Net revenue	$	11,547		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	3,000
Cost of revenue		(125	)		—			—			—			(425	)
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses		(6,956	)		(8,759	)		(10,514	)		(2,808	)		(2,256	)
Research and development expenses		(13,165	)		(30,381	)		(31,834	)		(5,623	)		(4,450	)
					��
Loss from operations		(8,699	)		(39,140	)		(42,348	)		(8,431	)		(4,131	)
Non-operating income and expenses
Other income		—			—			187			—			—
Other gains and losses, net		127			(698	)		213			(262	)		(80	)
Finance costs		(524	)		(417	)		(492	)		(112	)		(199	)
Interest income		47			363			268			61			69
Totalnon-operating income (expenses)		(350	)		(752	)		176			(313	)		(210	)
Loss before income tax		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,172	)		(8,744	)		(4,341	)
Income tax expense		—			—			(14	)		—			(3	)
Net loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,186	)		(8,744	)		(4,344	)
Total comprehensive loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,186	)		(8,744	)		(4,344	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted		(0.09	)		(0.32	)		(0.28	)		(0.07	)		(0.03	)
Weighted-average shares used in calculating net loss per ordinary share, basic and diluted		105,027,040			124,424,960			149,739,242			130,128,940			160,248,940

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	As of March 31, 2019
	Actual		As Adjusted(1)
	(in thousands)
Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,620	$
Working capital(2)		16,845
Total assets		46,863
Total equity		26,291

⁽¹⁾   Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $        per ADS would increase (decrease) the as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total equity by $        million, assuming that the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million shares in the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total equity by $        million, assuming the assumed public offering price per ADS remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions. This as adjusted information is illustrative only and will depend on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

⁽²⁾  We define working capital as current assets minus current liabilities. See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details regarding our current assets and current liabilities.

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our ADSs involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our ADSs. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.    We are a clinical-stage oncology and inflammatory disease focused biopharmaceutical company based in Singapore developing novel therapeutics for global markets. We target diseases that are both highly prevalent in Asia and orphan indications in the United States and Europe. Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will not demonstrate adequate effectiveness in the targeted indication or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. All of our product candidates will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. We are not profitable and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $9.0 million, $39.9 million and $42.2 million for fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $136.8 million.

We have devoted substantially all our financial resources to developing our product candidates and targeted discovery work, including preclinical development activities and clinical trials. We expect to continue to incur substantial and increased expenses, losses and negative cash flows as we expand our development activities and advance our clinical programs, particularly with respect to our planned clinical development forvarlitinib, ASLAN003 and ASLAN004, as well as the ASLAN005 discovery program. If our product candidates are not successfully developed or commercialized, including because of a lack of capital, or if we do not generate enough revenue following marketing approval, we will not achieve profitability and our business may fail. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates in the United States and Europe, our revenue will also be heavily dependent upon the size of the markets outside of the United States and Europe, in particular China and Japan, as well as our ability to obtain market approval and achieve commercial success in those markets.

We currently do not generate any revenue from product sales, have generated only limited revenue since inception, and may never be profitable.    We do not anticipate generating revenue from sales of our proprietary product candidates for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends on our success in completing clinical development of, obtaining regulatory approval for, and launching and successfully commercializing any product candidates.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, when, or if, we will begin to generate revenue from product sales, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond planned levels if we are required by the U.S. FDA to perform studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate or if such studies are larger, take longer or are otherwise more expensive to conduct than we expect.

Even if one or more of our product candidates is approved for commercial sale, to the extent we do not engage a third-party collaborator, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with

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commercializing any approved product candidate. Even if we are able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

We will need to obtain substantial additional financing for our operations, and if we fail to obtain additional financing, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.    Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive and we have consumed substantial amounts of capital since inception. To date, we have financed our operations through government subsidies and grants, collaboration payments and the sale of equity securities and convertible debt. We will need substantial additional financing to continue our operations and do not expect revenues from product sales or potential licensing transactions to be sufficient to offset our development expenses as we advance our clinical programs, includingvarlitinib.

We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $        million, based on a public offering price of $        per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on             , 2019) and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. As of March 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $21.6 million and working capital of $16.8 million. Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. Regardless of our expectations as to how long our net proceeds from this offering will fund our operations, changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate. For example, our clinical trials may encounter technical, enrollment or other difficulties that could increase our development costs more than we expect. We may also incur expenses as we create additional infrastructure to support our planned commercialization efforts and our operations as a U.S. public company. In any event, we will require additional capital prior to completing pivotal studies of (except with respect tovarlitinib in biliary tract cancer), filing for regulatory approval for, or commercializing,varlitinib, ASLAN003, ASLAN004 or any of our other preclinical product candidates.

We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

• significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates;

• seek corporate partners for our product candidates when we would otherwise develop our product candidates on our own, or at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available;

• relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves; or

• significantly curtail or cease operations.

If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

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Risks Related to Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval

We are heavily dependent on the success of varlitinib, as well as ASLAN003 and ASLAN004. We cannot give any assurance that any of varlitinib, ASLAN003 or ASLAN004 will successfully complete clinical development or receive regulatory approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized.    Our business and future success is substantially dependent on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and successfully commercialize our lead program,varlitinib, as well as ASLAN003 and ASLAN004. Any delay or setback in the development of any of our product candidates, could adversely affect our business and cause the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares to decline. Should our planned clinical development of our more advanced product candidates fail to be completed in a timely manner or at all, we will need to rely on our other product candidates, which will require additional time and resources to obtain regulatory approval and proceed with commercialization. We cannot assure you that our planned clinical development forvarlitinib or our other product candidates will be completed in a timely manner in our planned indications, or at all, or that we will be able to obtain approval forvarlitinib or any of our product candidates from the U.S. FDA, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration, or NMPA (formerly China Food and Drug Administration, or CFDA), or any comparable foreign regulatory authority.

Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. Failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. We have never completed a pivotal clinical trial for our product candidates or submitted a New Drug Application, or NDA, or a Biologics License Application, or BLA, to the U.S. FDA or similar drug approval filings to comparable foreign authorities.    Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of subsequent clinical trials. We have a limited operating history and to date have not demonstrated our ability to complete large scale pivotal clinical trials.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. In addition to the safety and efficacy traits of any product candidate, clinical trial failures may result from a multitude of factors including flaws in trial design, dose selection, placebo effect and patient enrollment criteria. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Based upon negative or inconclusive results, we or any potential future collaborator may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or preclinical studies. In addition, data obtained from trials and studies are susceptible to varying interpretations, and regulators may not interpret our data as favorably as we do, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Our future clinical trials may not be successful.

If any product candidate is found to be unsafe or lack efficacy, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval for it and our business may be materially harmed. For example, if the results of our ongoing pivotal studies forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer, our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial of ASLAN003 in AML, our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of ASLAN004 in atopic dermatitis, or any other clinical trials for these product candidates demonstrate unexpected safety findings or do not achieve the primary efficacy endpoints, the prospects for approval of these product candidates, as well the price of our ADSs and ordinary shares and our ability to create shareholder value would be materially and adversely affected.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in composition of the patient populations, adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial

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protocols and the dropout rate among clinical trial participants. For example, we could be required to use a primary endpoint in our pivotal studies that is different from endpoints in our Phase 2 clinical trials, which could result in negative or less compelling efficacy results in pivotal trials despite promising results in Phase 2 clinical trials. We do not know whether any future clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates. If we are unable to bring any of our current or future product candidates to market, our ability to create long-term shareholder value will be limited.

Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any delay could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales.    We may experience delays in clinical trials of our product candidates. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, have an effective design, enroll a sufficient number of patients, or be completed on schedule, if at all. Our clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including:

• inability to raise funding necessary to initiate or continue a trial;

• delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;

• delays in reaching agreement with the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulatory authorities on final trial design;

• imposition of a clinical hold for safety reasons or following an inspection of our clinical trial operations or trial or manufacturing sites by the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulatory authorities;

• delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites;

• delays in obtaining required institutional review board, or IRB, approval at each site;

• delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;

• delays in having patients complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatmentfollow-up;

• clinical sites dropping out of a trial to the detriment of enrollment;

• time required to add new clinical sites; or

• delays by our contract manufacturers to produce and deliver sufficient supply of clinical trial materials.

We could also experience delays if physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and efficacy profiles. Further, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs for the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, any data monitoring committee for such trial, or by the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of clinical trial or manufacturing sites by the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Furthermore, we rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance. If we experience termination of, or delays in the completion of, any clinical trial of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will

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increase our costs and slow down our product development and approval process. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations significantly. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval for our product candidates.

Because we have multiple product candidates in our clinical pipeline and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.    Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus our research and development efforts on those product candidates and specific indications that we believe are the most promising. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities.

We may in the future spend our resources on other research programs and product candidates for specific indications that ultimately do not yield any commercially viable products. For example, one component of our business strategy is to build a broad immuno-oncology portfolio based on antibodies which inhibit specific immune checkpoints in ways that we believe will enable us to simultaneously target multiple pathways. However, these antibodies have not been proven and we cannot assure you that they will be viable candidates for preclinical development, that we will be able to target multiple pathways simultaneously or that our estimates for the resultant pipeline will prove accurate. In addition, the costs, time and resources required to successfully move these antibodies into development may be greater than our estimates. Furthermore, if we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

Our product candidates may cause adverse events or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.    Adverse events, or AEs, caused by our product candidates or other potentially harmful characteristics of our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. For example, across allvarlitinibclinical trials, the most commonly occurring drug-related AEs as of March 31, 2019 were nausea (37% of patients with any grade, 1% with grade 3 or 4), diarrhea (33% of patients with any grade, 1% with grade 3 or 4) and fatigue (33% of patients with any grade, 4% with grade 3 or 4). Grade refers to the severity of the AE, with grade 3 indicating a severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening AE, grade 4 indicating an AE with potentially life-threatening consequences, and grade 5 meaning patient death.

Patients admitted to ourvarlitinibclinical trials are experiencing later stages of cancer and may be in a diminished physical state prior to entering our clinical trials, which put them at increased risk of death. These patients may die while receiving our drug candidates. In such circumstances, it may not be possible to exclude with certainty a causal relationship tovarlitinib. For example, across ourvarlitinibclinical trials, seven patient deaths (grade 5) that were possibly related to thevarlitinibtreatment occurred. One death was related to disease progression (worsening of metastatic breast cancer), one death was related to acute kidney injury, one death was due to liver failure leading to multi-organ failure and sepsis, one death was related to hemorrhage of upper gastrointestinal tract, one death was related to heart failure, one death was related to polymicrobial bacteremia due to hepatobiliary sepsis and one death was related to condition deterioration with suspected cholangiogenic infection. These deaths were reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities as “possibly related” tovarlitinibbecause the immediate cause of the patient’s death could not be determined, and therefore, a relationship tovarlitinibcould not be excluded.

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Serious adverse events observed in any of our clinical trials may adversely impact our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates. Further, if any of our approved products cause serious or unexpected side effects after receiving market approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

• regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or impose restrictions on its distribution;

• regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications;

• we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical studies;

• we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; or

• our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates.

The regulatory approval processes of the U.S. FDA, NMPA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.    The time required to obtain approval by the U.S. FDA, NMPA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. For example, we cannot guarantee that our ongoing pivotal clinical trials ofvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer will be sufficient to warrant accelerated approval or that our Phase 2 clinical trials of ASLAN003 in AML or Phase 1 clinical trials of ASLAN004 in atopic dermatitis will be sufficient to allow subsequent development or that the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will not require additional or different clinical trials prior to subsequent development of ASLAN003 or ASLAN004 or that the required primary endpoints in subsequent pivotal trials or other clinical trials will be different than those in Phase 2 clinical trials.

Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:

• the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design, scope or implementation of our clinical trials;

• we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;

• the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;

• we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

• the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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• the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of an NDA, BLA or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;

• the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and

• the approval policies or regulations of the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change significantly in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

This lengthy approval process, as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, which would harm our business, results of operations and prospects significantly.

In addition, even if we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may not approve the price we intend to charge for our products, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.

We have not previously submitted an NDA, BLA or any similar drug approval filing to the U.S. FDA or any comparable foreign authority for any product candidate, and we cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further, our product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations. Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approvals to market one or more of our product candidates, our revenue will be dependent, to a significant extent, upon the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval. If the markets for patients or indications that we are targeting are not as significant as we estimate, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of such products, if approved.

Pharmaceutical companies in China are required to comply with extensive regulations and hold a number of permits and licenses to carry on their business. Our ability to obtain and maintain these regulatory approvals is uncertain, and future government regulation may place additional burdens on our efforts to commercialize our product candidates.    The pharmaceutical industry in China is subject to extensive government regulation and supervision. The regulatory framework addresses all aspects of operating in the pharmaceutical industry, including approval, registration, production, distribution, packaging, labelling, storage and shipment, advertising, licensing and certification requirements and procedures, periodic renewal and reassessment processes, registration of new drugs and environmental protection. In order to commercialize our product candidates and manufacture and distribute pharmaceutical products in China, we are required to:

• obtain a pharmaceutical manufacturing permit and good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, certificate for each production facility from the NMPA and its relevant branches for trading and distribution of drugs not manufactured by the drug registration certificate holder;

• obtain a drug registration certificate, which includes a drug approval number, from the NMPA for each drug manufactured by us;

• obtain a pharmaceutical distribution permit and good supply practice, or GSP, certificate from the NMPA and its relevant branches; and

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• renew the pharmaceutical manufacturing permits, the pharmaceutical distribution permits, drug registration certificates, cGMP certificates and GSP certificates every five years, among other requirements.

If we are unable to obtain or renew such permits or any other permits or licenses required for our operations, will not be able to engage in the commercialization, manufacture and distribution of our product candidates and our business may be adversely affected.

The regulatory framework governing the pharmaceutical industry in China is subject to change and amendment from time to time. The Chinese government has introduced various reforms to the Chinese healthcare system in recent years and may continue to do so, with an overall objective to expand basic medical insurance coverage and improve the quality and reliability of healthcare services. The specific regulatory changes under the reform still remain uncertain. The implementing measures to be issued may not be sufficiently effective to achieve the stated goals, and as a result, we may not be able to benefit from such reform to the level we expect, if at all. Moreover, the reform could give rise to regulatory developments, such as more burdensome administrative procedures, which may have an adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Although we have obtained orphan drug designation for varlitinib in gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, a form of biliary tract cancer, and for ASLAN003 in AML in the United States, we may not be able to obtain or maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug status, including market exclusivity.    Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and the European Union, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the U.S. FDA may designate a drug as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States. We have obtained orphan drug designation forvarlitinibin gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma from the U.S. FDA, as well as forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea. We have also obtained orphan drug designation from the U.S. FDA for ASLAN003 in AML. Generally, if a drug with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the drug may be entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the U.S. FDA from approving another marketing application for the same molecule for the same indication for that time period. We can provide no assurance that another drug will not receive marketing approval prior to our product candidates. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in Japan and the European Union. The exclusivity period in the European Union can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the U.S. FDA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. In addition, even after a drug is granted orphan exclusivity and approved, the U.S. FDA can subsequently approve another drug for the same condition before the expiration of the seven year exclusivity period if the U.S. FDA, concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.    Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States, China or other markets, the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulatory authorities, as applicable, may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. Our product candidates, if approved, will also be subject to ongoing U.S. FDA, NMPA and/ or other applicable regulatory requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and

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reporting of safety and other post-market information. The holder of an approved NDA or BLA is obligated to monitor and report AEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA or BLA, as applicable. The holder of an approved NDA or BLA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain U.S. FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with U.S. FDA rules and are subject to U.S. FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.

In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the U.S. FDA, NMPA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of a product candidate, a regulatory agency may:

• issue a warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

• seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

• suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

• suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

• refuse to approve a pending NDA or supplements to an NDA submitted by us;

• seize product; or

• refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

In particular, we may seek accelerated approval from the U.S. FDA for our product candidates which will likely require a further confirmatory trial. If this confirmatory trial is not successful, we will be required to withdraw our product candidate from the U.S. market and potentially other markets. For instance, we intend to seek accelerated approval forvarlitinibin second-line biliary tract cancer.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenue.

In addition, if any of our product candidates are approved and we are found to have improperly promotedoff-label uses of those products, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S. FDA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as our product candidates, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the U.S. FDA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the product’s FDA approved labeling. For example, if we receive marketing approval forvarlitinibas a treatment for biliary tract cancer, physicians may nevertheless use our product for their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted suchoff-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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Even if we obtain U.S. FDA approval for our product candidates in the United States, we may never obtain approval to commercialize our product candidates outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential.    In order to market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additional administrative review periods.

Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additionalnon-clinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in those countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our products will be harmed.

If we fail to develop, acquire orin-license other product candidates or products, or other necessary intellectual property, our business and prospects will be limited.    Our long-term growth strategy is to develop, acquire orin-license and commercialize a portfolio of product candidates, including any related intellectual property, in addition tovarlitiniband our other existing product candidates. Identifying, selecting and acquiring or licensing promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial and human resources expertise. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual development, acquisition or license of a particular product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. If we are unable to obtain a license to any third-party intellectual property that is necessary to develop and commercialize any of our product candidates, we may have to abandon development or commercialization of such product candidates. Even if we are able to obtain such license, we cannot guarantee that such license will be available on commercially reasonable terms or exclusive. If we are unable to add additional product candidates to our pipeline, our long-term business and prospects will be limited.

Licensing assets from third parties involves technical and scientific due diligence to assess the opportunity, the strength of the intellectual property protection for the asset and the ability to commercialize the asset. This due diligence is usually conducted over a relatively short period of time. It can be difficult to identify all the issues relevant to the assessment. Failure to identify all the relevant issues can impact negatively on the value of the asset. If we are not able to adequately assess the value of an asset that we license from third parties, our ability to realize the full value of our products may be harmed.

We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.    We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials, including investigator-initiated studies sponsored by the investigator’s institution, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with U.S. FDA laws and regulations regarding current good clinical practice, or cGCP, which are also required by the Competent

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Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of International Council for Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines for all of our products in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce cGCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with cGCP regulations. In addition, our U.S. clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations. While we have agreements governing activities of our CROs, we have limited influence over their actual performance. In addition, portions of the clinical trials for our product candidates are expected to be conducted at various locations great distances from where our principal operations are located in Singapore, which will make it more difficult for us to monitor CROs and perform visits of our clinical trial sites and will force us to rely heavily on CROs to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and compliance with applicable regulations, including cGCP. Failure to comply with applicable regulations in the conduct of the clinical trials for our product candidates may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Some of our CROs have an ability to terminate their respective agreements with us if, among other reasons, it can be reasonably demonstrated that the safety of the subjects participating in our clinical trials warrants such termination, if we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors or if we are liquidated. If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our preclinical and clinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. Consequently, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase substantially and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed significantly.

Switching or adding additional CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.    We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team listed under “Management” located elsewhere in this prospectus, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. While we have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers, any of them could leave our employment at any time, subject to any applicable notice requirements. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with

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similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in clinical studies may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee might impede the progress of our development and commercialization objectives.

We will need to expand our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.    As of December 31, 2018, we had 56 full-time employees. In connection with our January 2019 corporate restructuring plan, we reduced our total workforce by approximately 30%. As of March 31, 2019, we had 36 full-time employees. In the future we may expand our employee base to increase our managerial, scientific, clinical, operational, financial and other resources, to add a sales and marketing function and to hire more consultants and contractors. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from ourday-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Future growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our existing or future product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates, if approved, and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

We may undertake internal restructuring activities in the future that could result in disruptions to our business or otherwise materially harm our results of operations or financial condition.    From time to time we may undertake internal restructuring activities as we continue to evaluate and attempt to optimize our cost and operating structure in light of developments in our business strategy and long-term operating plans. For example, we initiated a corporate restructuring in January 2019 that resulted in a reduction in our workforce. Any such restructuring activities may result in write-offs or other restructuring charges. There can be no assurance that any restructuring activities that we have undertaken or undertake in the future will achieve the cost savings, operating efficiencies or other benefits that we may initially expect. Restructuring activities may also result in a loss of continuity, accumulated knowledge and inefficiency during transitional periods and thereafter. In addition, internal restructurings can require a significant amount of time and focus from management and other employees, which may divert attention from commercial operations. If any internal restructuring activities we have undertaken or undertake in the future fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits therefrom, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

The terms of our Loan Agreement with CSL Finance place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, the terms of any new debt could further restrict our ability to operate our business.    In connection with the license agreement with CSL Limited, or CSL, related to ASLAN004, in May 2014 we entered into a loan agreement with CSL Finance Pty Ltd, or CSL Finance, pursuant to which CSL Finance agreed to provide aten-year facility for $4.5 million, or the CSL Facility. Borrowings under the CSL Facility are unsecured and can be used to reimburse a portion of eligible invoices for certain research and development costs or expenses incurred by us in connection with developing ASLAN004 and approved by CSL Finance at each drawdown period. In addition, we are required to mandatorily prepay amounts outstanding if we receive any income or revenue in connection with the commercialization orout-licensing of any intellectual property rights (other than under the license agreement with CSL Limited related to ASLAN004), in which case we are required to apply at least a low double digit percentage of such income or revenue against any

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amounts then-outstanding under the CSL Facility. Under the CSL Facility, we are subject to customary reporting and restrictive covenants. If an event of default occurs, CSL Finance can terminate the commitment under the CSL Facility and accelerate all amounts outstanding.

Further, if we are liquidated, CSL Finance’s right to repayment would be senior to the rights of the holders of our ordinary shares to receive any proceeds from the liquidation. Any declaration by CSL Finance of an event of default could significantly harm our business and prospects and could cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline. If we raise any additional debt financing, the terms of such additional debt could further restrict our operating and financial flexibility.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability.    The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products and product candidates. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

• impairment of our business reputation;

• withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

• costs due to related litigation;

• distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;

• substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;

• the inability to commercialize our product candidates; and

• decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.

Our current clinical trial liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and in the future we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our operations.    Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such events could cause interruptions of our operations. Furthermore, we do not have formal internal disaster recovery procedures. If our systems experience a disaster or are otherwise unavailable, we may not be able to operate our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial conditions, reputation or business prospects. For instance, the loss of preclinical study or clinical trial data involving our product candidates could result in delays in our development and regulatory filing efforts and significantly increase our costs. In addition, theft or other exposure of data may interfere with our ability to protect our intellectual property, trade secrets, and other information critical to our operations. We

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can provide no assurances that certain sensitive and proprietary information relating to one or more of our product candidates has not been, or will not in the future be, compromised. There can be no assurances we will not experience unauthorized intrusions into our computer systems, or those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants, that we will successfully detect future unauthorized intrusions in a timely manner, or that future unauthorized intrusions will not result in material adverse effects on our financial condition, reputation, or business prospects.

Certain data breaches must also be reported to affected individuals and the government, and in some cases to the media, under provisions of the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, other U.S. federal and state law, and requirements ofnon-U.S. jurisdictions, including the European Union Data Protection Directive, and financial penalties may also apply.

Our insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for the potential losses arising from breaches, failures or disruptions of our infrastructure, catastrophic events and disasters or otherwise. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.

Furthermore, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on other third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition toin-licensing or acquiring product candidates, we may engage in future business acquisitions that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our ADS holders and harm our financial condition and operating results.    While we currently have no specific plans to acquire any other businesses, we have, from time to time, evaluated acquisition opportunities and may, in the future, make acquisitions of, or investments in, companies that we believe have products or capabilities that are a strategic or commercial fit with our current product candidates and business or otherwise offer opportunities for our company. In connection with these acquisitions or investments, we may:

• issue shares that would dilute our ADS holders’ percentage of ownership;

• incur debt and assume liabilities; and

• incur amortization expenses related to intangible assets or incur large write-offs.

We also may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete an acquisition, we cannot assure you that it will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that it will not be viewed negatively by customers, financial markets or investors. Further, future acquisitions could also pose numerous additional risks to our operations, including:

• problems integrating the purchased business, products or technologies;

• increases to our expenses;

• the failure to have discovered undisclosed liabilities of the acquired asset or company;

• diversion of management’s attention from theirday-to-day responsibilities;

• harm to our operating results or financial condition;

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• entrance into markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; and

• potential loss of key employees, particularly those of the acquired entity.

We may not be able to complete one or more acquisitions or effectively integrate the operations, products or personnel gained through any such acquisition without a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Asia development platform is unproven and may not result in the competitive advantages we anticipate.    We have built a development platform centered in Asia that is designed to enable us to accelerate the development of drugs which target Asia prevalent diseases and which we believe can generate data suitable for submission to regulators in the United States, Europe, China and Japan. Although data collected in Asia from thevarlitinibbiliary tract cancer clinical trial as well as othervarlitinibclinical data have been submitted to a number of regulatory authorities, including the U.S. FDA, the NMPA, the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency, or PMDA, the Health Sciences Authority in Singapore, the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea, and after reviewing the data these health authorities have each agreed to include patients from their respective countries in thevarlitinibbiliary tract cancer clinical trials, we cannot guarantee this result will hold true in the future. Regulatory authorities could potentially reject Asia data if they believe that the Asian disease population is substantially different from the disease population in their particular country. Furthermore, while we have shown in certain cases that the pharmacokinetics in Asian and Caucasian patients are similar, we cannot guarantee that this will hold true more generally or in the future, or with respect to other ethnicities. While we believe our platform in Asia offers us an opportunity to accelerate the development of novel therapies in diseases where either the diseases are more prevalent or the availability of suitable patients in clinical trials is greater, an Asia-focused development platform is a relatively novel approach to drug development and has not yet resulted in a proven track record of accelerated development or regulatory approval.

Furthermore, drug development focused in Asia may be subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. We cannot assure you that governments of Asian countries will not enact regulations or incentives that favor local pharmaceutical companies over foreign-owned pharmaceutical companies. Any developments in Asia that make clinical development costlier or more time-consuming could delay our development timelines and materially harm our business and results of operations.

Our operations across Asia could be subject to natural disasters, health epidemics and other business disruptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.    Our operations, and in particular our clinical trials, are being conducted across areas of Asia that may be prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, cyclones, monsoons and floods, which could cause interruptions to our operations. In addition, the areas in which our clinical trials could be adversely affected by the outbreak of influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza (H7N9), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or other pandemics.

Any occurrence of these natural disasters or pandemic diseases or other adverse public health developments in the areas in which we operate our clinical trials could disrupt or delay our business operations or clinical development, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Our business is subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with international operations.    As a company based in Singapore with an Asia based development platform, our business is subject to risks associated with conducting business outside of the United States. Many of our suppliers and collaborative and clinical trial relationships are located outside the United States. Accordingly, our future results could be harmed by a variety of factors, including:

• economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability;

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• differing and changing regulatory requirements for drug approvals;

• differing jurisdictions could present different issues for securing, maintaining or obtaining freedom to operate in such jurisdictions;

• potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

• difficulties in compliance with local laws and regulations;

• changes in local regulations and customs, tariffs and trade barriers;

• changes in currency exchange rates, including the Singapore dollar, and currency controls;

• changes in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic environment;

• the relationship between Singapore and other countries, including China;

• trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements or other restrictive actions;

• differing reimbursement regimes and price controls;

• negative consequences from changes in tax laws;

• compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees;

• workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

• difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations, including differing labor relations;

• production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities; and

• business interruptions resulting fromgeo-political actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including typhoons, floods and fires.

More specifically, the economy in Asia differs from most developed markets in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange, government policy on public order and allocation of resources. In some of the Asian markets, governments continue to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. Moreover, some local governments also exercise significant control over the economic growth and public order in their respective jurisdictions through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policies, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. In addition, some Asian markets have experienced, and may in the future experience, political instability, including strikes, demonstrations, protests, marches, coups d’état, guerilla activity or other types of civil disorder. These instabilities and any adverse changes in the political environment could increase our costs, increase our exposure to legal and business risks, or disrupt our clinical operations.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security policies and contractual obligations governing the use, processing, and cross-border transfer of personal information and our data privacy and security practices.    We receive, generate and store significant and increasing volumes of sensitive information, such as employee, personal and patient data. We are subject to a variety of local, state, national and international laws, directives and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data in the different jurisdictions in which we operate, including comprehensive regulatory systems in the U.S. and Europe. Legal requirements relating to the collection, storage, handling, and transfer of personal information and

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personal data continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement, sanctions and increased costs of compliance.

Compliance with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business. Moreover, complying with these various laws could require us to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to collect, use and disclose data, or in some cases, impact our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions. Failure to comply with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, could result in adverse publicity and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The collection and use of personal data in the European Union are governed by the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR. The GDPR imposes stringent requirements for controllers and processors of personal data, including, for example, more robust disclosures to individuals and a strengthened individual data rights regime, shortened timelines for data breach notifications, limitations on retention of information, increased requirements pertaining to special categories of data, such as health data, and additional obligations when we contract with third-party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the United States and other third countries. In addition, the GDPR provides that European Union member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of personal data, including genetic, biometric or health data.

The GDPR applies extraterritorially, and we may be subject to the GDPR because of our data processing activities that involve the personal data of individuals located in the European Union, such as in connection with any European Union clinical trials. GDPR regulations may impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to the personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new data protection rules. This may be onerous and may interrupt or delay our development activities, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Other jurisdictions outside the European Union are similarly introducing or enhancing privacy and data security laws, rules, and regulations, which could increase our compliance costs and the risks associated withnon-compliance. We cannot guarantee that we may be in compliance with all applicable international regulations as they are enforced now or as they evolve. For example, our privacy policies may be insufficient to protect any personal information we collect, or may not comply with applicable laws, in which case we may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions, lawsuits or reputational damage, all of which may adversely affect our business. If we fail to comply with the GDPR and the applicable national data protection laws of the European Union member states, or if regulators assert we have failed to comply with these laws, it may lead to regulatory enforcement actions, which can result in monetary penalties of up to € 20,000,000 or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, and other administrative penalties. If any of these events were to occur, our business and financial results could be significantly disrupted and adversely affected.

Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach

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or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties. In the United States, notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, the U.S. Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or U.S. state attorneys general. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete. The HHS has the discretion to impose penalties without attempting to resolve violations through informal means. In addition, U.S. state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. Although we have implemented security measures to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and there is no guarantee we can protect our data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also damage our reputation or disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct our analyses, deliver test results, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our current product candidates or any future product candidates which we may develop, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.    We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, confidentiality agreements and proprietaryknow-how, and intend to seek marketing exclusivity for any approved product, in order to protect the intellectual property related to product candidates. The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce or license all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions, is highly uncertain, and has, in the recent years, been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. The patent applications that we own orin-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries for a number of reasons, including because of a finding of lack of novelty or that the claimed inventions are already in the public domain. If this were to occur, early competition from third parties could be expected against our product candidates.

Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being invalidated, rendered unenforceable, narrowed or deemed as not infringing. Also, a third party may challenge our ownership of patents and patent applications assigned to us, or may challenge our exclusive rights to patents and patent applications that we license from third parties. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from circumventing our patents by developing products similar to or competing with our product candidates. If the patent applications we hold with respect to our other product candidates fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop them, and threaten our ability to commercialize any resulting products. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, applications will issue as patents or whether any issued patents will be found not invalid and not unenforceable or will go unthreatened by third parties. In addition, due to the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. Furthermore, patent applications by third parties can result in an interference proceeding in the United States being invoked by a third party or instituted by us to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications or patents.

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Because patent applications in the United States, Europe and many other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, and because publications of discoveries in scientific literature lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our issued patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for protection of the inventions set forth in our patents or patent applications. As a result, we may not be able to obtain or maintain protection for certain inventions. Therefore, the enforceability and scope of our patents in the United States, Europe and in many other jurisdictions cannot be predicted with certainty and, as a result, any patents that we own or license may not provide sufficient protection against competitors. We may not be able to obtain or maintain patent protection from our pending patent applications, from those we may file in the future, or from those we may license from third parties. Moreover, even if we are able to obtain patent protection, such patent protection may be of insufficient scope to achieve our business objectives.

Moreover, some of our owned patents and patent applications are, and may in the future be,co-owned with third parties. For example, under our license agreement with CSL, we and CSL willco-own certain intellectual property that we jointly develop. If we are unable to obtain, or continue to maintain, an exclusive license to any such third-partyco-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications, suchco-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any suchco-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Our inability to protect our confidential information and trade secrets would harm our business and competitive position.    In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietaryknow-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug development process that involve proprietaryknow-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering intonon-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract research organizations, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of thenon-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee that we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights throughout the world.    Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where

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we have patent protection but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. If we are unable to block the commercialization of these products, these products may erode our commercial position in the market place.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our intellectual property and proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Several countries have compulsory licensing laws under which, in certain circumstances, a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected.

In China, the validity, enforceability and scope of protection available under the relevant intellectual property laws are uncertain and still evolving. Implementation and enforcement of Chinese intellectual property-related laws have historically been inconsistent. Accordingly, intellectual property and confidentiality legal regimes in China may not afford protection to the same extent as in the United States or other countries. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive, and we may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend patents issued to us or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. The experience and capabilities of Chinese courts in handling intellectual property litigation varies, and outcomes are unpredictable. Further, such litigation may require a significant expenditure of cash and may divert management’s attention from our operations, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. An adverse determination in any such litigation could materially impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation in China.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license rights to technology from third parties, or if the license agreements are terminated for other reasons, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.    We are heavily reliant upon licenses to certain patent rights and proprietary technology from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our product candidates, includingvarlitinib. Accordingly, we are party to a number of technology licenses that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional licenses in the future. For example, our rights tovarlitinibare the subject of an exclusive license agreement with Array. If we fail to comply with our obligations under our agreement with Array (including, among other things, if we fail to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercializevarlitinib) or our other license agreements, or we are subject to insolvency or liquidation, our licensors may have the right to terminate the license. In addition, under our agreement with Array, in the event of a change of control, we may be required to make additional payment to Array if the change of control meets specified conditions. In the event that

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any of our important technology licenses were to be terminated by the licensor, we may need to negotiate new or reinstated agreements, which may not be available to us on equally favorable terms, or at all, or we could lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to intellectual property or technology important to our development programs, which would likely cause us to cease further development of the related program, includingvarlitinib. See “Business—License and Collaboration Agreements” for a description of our license agreements, which includes a description of the termination provisions of these agreements. Furthermore, under certain of our collaboration agreements, our licensors may retain the right to grantnon-exclusive licenses to the licensed patents and technology to other academic or research institutions fornon-commercial research purposes, in which case we would not have exclusive rights to such licensed patents and technologies.

Our technology agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology to and from third parties are complex and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement or decrease the third party’s financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

• the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

• the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

• the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our existing collaborative development relationships and any collaboration relationships we might enter into in the future;

• our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

• the inventorship and ownership of inventions andknow-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our current and future licensors and us; and

• the priority of invention of patented technology.

We are generally also subject to all of the same risks with respect to protection of intellectual property that we license, as we are for intellectual property that we own, which are described elsewhere under “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.” If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize products could suffer. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.    Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, reexamination, post-grant review,inter partes review, and derivation proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications,

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which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our collaborators are developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we or our product candidates are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating their intellectual property without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe.

In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any drug substance formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtain a license under the applicable patents, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or until such patents are invalidated or expire. Similarly, if any third-party patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations or methods of use, the holders of any such patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate formulation or use unless we obtain a license, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making intellectual property claims against us may request and/or obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. Even if we believe any third-party intellectual property claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of validity, enforceability, priority, ornon-infringement. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our infringing products or manufacturing processes, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research, manufacture clinical trial supplies or allow commercialization of our product candidates. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties.

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We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.    Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. If we or one of our licensors were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States or in Europe, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, may narrow the scope of our or our licensor’s patents, or may refuse to stop the defendant from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our collaborators or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs.

Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.    Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Recent patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries, including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or Leahy-Smith Act, could increase those uncertainties and costs. The Leahy-Smith Act includes provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents, and may also affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. In addition, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 15, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 15, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevantlaw-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated fornon-compliance with these requirements.    Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in whichnon-compliance can (i) result in abandonment or lapse of, or (ii) otherwise affect the patentability of, the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits,non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors that control the prosecution and maintenance of our licensed patents fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, as licensees we may not be responsible for or have control over the prosecution or enforceability of our licensed patents. In such cases, we have to rely on the licensor to comply with the requisite obligations of the patent offices, including the duty of disclosure, filing assignments, etc. We cannot guarantee that our licensed patents and patent applications will be prosecuted, maintained and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. As licensees, we may not be in a position to assess if these duties have been complied with or have the ability to complete these duties on behalf of the licensor. Failure by our licensors to comply with such duties may affect the enforceability of the patent rights, narrow the scope of our patent protection and, more generally, could affect the value of our patent rights. If our patent protection is reduced or eliminated, we may not be able to prevent our competitors or other third parties from developing or commercializing products similar to ours and may be required to cease development of our product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we do not obtain patent term extension for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.    Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop, one or more of our owned orin-licensed U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded

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could be less than we request. Similar issues apply in the patent legal systems of other key markets such as the European Union. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.    We employ individuals, and work with consultants or independent contractors, who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information, including trade secrets, of any such individual’s former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees, consultants and independent contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing (and may require further action), or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If our trademarks and tradenames are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets and our business may be adversely affected.    We have registered or applied to register certain trademarks to protect our company name and plan to apply to register trademarks to cover product names in the future once our product candidates are closer to commercialization. We cannot assure you that our trademark applications will be approved or that we will seek registered trademark protection for each of our product names in each jurisdiction in which we operate. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in proceedings before the USPTO and in proceedings before comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources toward advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

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Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.    The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

• others may be able to make products that are similar to any product candidates we may develop or utilize similar technology but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we license or may own in the future;

• we, or our license partners or current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we license or may own in the future;

• we, or our license partners or current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

• others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;

• it is possible that our pending licensed patent applications or those that we may own in the future will not lead to issued patents;

• issued patents that we hold rights to may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

• our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

• we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

• the patents of others may harm our business; and

• we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets orknow-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

Our commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved, among physicians, healthcare payors, patients and the medical community.    Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, the product may not gain market acceptance among physicians, healthcare payors, patients and the medical community, which is critical to commercial success. Market acceptance of any product candidate for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including:

• the efficacy and safety as demonstrated in clinical trials;

• the timing of market introduction of the product candidate as well as competitive products;

• the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved;

• acceptance by physicians, the medical community and patients of the product candidate as a safe and effective treatment and also the willingness of physicians to prescribe a drug based on an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, that is less familiar to them than other drug APIs;

• the convenience of prescribing and initiating patients on the product candidate;

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• the potential and perceived advantages of such product candidate over alternative treatments;

• the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments, including any similar generic treatments;

• favorable pricing and the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors, such as government authorities;

• relative convenience and ease of administration;

• the prevalence and severity of adverse side effects; and

• the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts.

If our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, healthcare payors, patients and the medical community, we will not be able to generate significant revenue, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, even if any of our product candidates gain acceptance, the markets for the treatment of patients with our target indications may not be as significant as we estimate.

Our organization has no prior sales and marketing experience and resources.    We have never, as an organization, commercialized a product and there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so successfully. We will need to establish a commercial team and hire sales forces in the geographies where we are permitted and intend to market our drugs. We will also need to develop a marketing team and strategy in order to successfully market and sell our product candidates,which will require significant time and resources and the development of our ability to market and sell our product and generate revenues from our product candidates may be delayed or limited. We cannot assure you that our sales efforts will be effective or produce the results we expect. We will be competing with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. Further, we may face difficulties or delays in obtaining and maintaining the required licenses and permits to sell our product candidates in individual states and jurisdictions. If our commercialization ofvarlitinibor our other product candidates is unsuccessful or perceived as disappointing, the price of our ADSs could decline significantly and the long-term success of the product and our company could be harmed.

We may also seek to establish collaborations with pharmaceutical companies to maximize the potential of our products in other markets. For example, we are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial to develop ASLAN004 as a treatment for atopic dermatitis, and, in the future, we may seek a global partner to support Phase 3 clinical trials and potential commercialization. We may not be successful in establishing development and commercialization collaborations which could adversely affect, and potentially prohibit, our ability to develop our product candidates.

If our planned targeted commercial organization in the United States and selected Asian markets is not as successful as we anticipate, we may be unable to generate any revenue.    Although we have started building a targeted commercial organization, we currently have a very limited commercial organization and capability, and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved, we must build sales, marketing, managerial and othernon-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. We may enter into strategic partnerships with third parties to commercialize our product candidates.

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Part of our business strategy is to establish collaborative relationships to commercialize and fund development and approval of certain of our product candidates. We may not succeed in establishingand maintaining collaborative relationships, which may significantly limit our ability to develop and commercialize products, for which we pursue this commercialization strategy.    We will need to establish and maintain successful collaborative relationships to obtain sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for the product candidates we do not intend to commercialize ourselves. The process of establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships is difficult, time-consuming and involves significant uncertainty, including:

• we may have limited control over the decisions of any partners and they may change the priority of any programs in a manner that would result in termination or significant delays to a partnered program;

• our ability to generate future payments and royalties from any partners will depend upon the ability of a partner to obtain regulatory approvals and achieve market acceptance of products developed from our product candidates;

• a partner may fail to properly initiate, maintain or defend our intellectual property rights, where applicable, or a party may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or potentially invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential liability;

• a partner may not devote sufficient capital or resources towards our product candidates; and,

• a partner may not comply with applicable government regulatory requirements necessary to successfully market and sell our products.

If any collaborator fails to fulfill its responsibilities in a timely manner, or at all, any clinical development, manufacturing or commercialization efforts pursuant to that collaboration could be delayed or terminated, or it may be necessary for us to assume responsibility for expenses or activities that would otherwise have been the responsibility of our collaborator. If we are unable to establish and maintain collaborative relationships on acceptable terms or to successfully and timely transition terminated collaborative agreements, we may have to delay or discontinue further development of one or more of our product candidates, undertake development and commercialization activities at our own expense or find alternative sources of capital.

Attempting to secure additional financing for a product candidate may also lead to the risks discussed under the risk factor titled “We will need to obtain substantial amounts of financing for our operations, and if we fail to obtain additional financing, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts” described above.

We rely completely on third parties to manufacture our preclinical and clinical drug supplies and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercial supplies of any approved product candidate.    If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of our product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply or storage issues or otherwise, we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, clinical trials. We do not currently have nor do we plan to acquire the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture our preclinical and clinical drug supplies and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. The facilities used by our contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulators pursuant to inspections. While we work closely with our third-party manufacturers on the manufacturing process for our product candidates, including quality audits, we generally do not control the implementation of the manufacturing process of, and are completely

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dependent on, our contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers for compliance with cGMP regulatory requirements and for manufacture of both active drug substances and finished drug products. If our contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to applicable specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulators, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the U.S. FDA, NMPA or other regulators do not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if they withdraw any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which could take several years and would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or market our product candidates, if approved.

We rely on our manufacturers to purchase from third-party suppliers the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for our clinical trials. There are a limited number of suppliers for raw materials that we use to manufacture our product candidates and there may be a need to assess alternate suppliers to prevent a possible disruption of the manufacture of the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for our clinical trials, and if approved, for commercial sale. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these raw materials by our manufacturers. Although we generally do not begin a clinical trial unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a product candidate to complete the clinical trial, any significant delay in the supply of a product candidate, or the raw material components thereof, for an ongoing clinical trial due to the need to replace a contract manufacturer or other third-party manufacturer could considerably delay completion of our clinical trials, product testing and potential regulatory approval of our product candidates. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these raw materials after regulatory approval has been obtained for our product candidates, the commercial launch of our product candidates would be delayed or there would be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to generate revenue from the sale of our product candidates.

We expect to continue to depend on contract manufacturers or other third-party manufacturers for the foreseeable future, and our requirements for and dependence upon these third-party manufacturers will increase when and if one or more of our product candidates is approved and commercialized. We have not entered into any long-term commercial supply agreements with our current contract manufacturers or with any alternate contract manufacturers. Although we intend to do so prior to any commercial launch of our product candidates, if approved by the U.S. FDA, in order to ensure that we maintain adequate supplies of finished drug product, we may be unable to enter into such an agreement or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse impact upon our business, including delaying a product launch or subjecting our commercialization efforts to significant supply risk. Even if we are able to enter into long-term agreements with manufacturers for commercial supply on reasonable terms, we may be unable to do so with sufficient time prior to the launch of our product candidates, which would expose us to substantial supply risk and potentially jeopardize our launch. See “Business—Manufacturing” for additional information.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization.    As we scale up manufacturing of our product candidates and conduct required stability testing, product, packaging, equipment and process-related issues may require refinement or resolution in order to proceed with our planned clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for commercial marketing. In the future, we may identify impurities, which could result in increased scrutiny by the regulatory agencies, delays in our clinical program and regulatory approval, increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for our product candidates.

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Guidelines and recommendations published by various organizations can reduce the use of our product candidates.    Government agencies promulgate regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us and to our product candidates. In addition, professional societies, such as practice management groups, private health and science foundations and organizations involved in various diseases from time to time may also publish guidelines or recommendations to the healthcare and patient communities. Recommendations of government agencies or these other groups or organizations may relate to such matters as usage, dosage, route of administration and use of concomitant therapies. Recommendations or guidelines suggesting the reduced use of our product candidates or the use of competitive or alternative products as the standard of care to be followed by patients and healthcare providers could result in decreased use of our product candidates.

We face significant competition from other biopharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.    Our industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we believe that our Asia based development platform, knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face substantial competition from multinational pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies, universities and other research institutions worldwide. For example, there are several targeted therapies currently in clinical development targeting specific subsets of biliary tract cancer, includingivosidenibbeing developed by Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ARQ087 being developed by Arqule, Inc. andlenvatinibbeing developed by Eisai Inc. In addition,trastuzumabis approved in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of first-line HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer and there are other drugs approved for later lines of treatment including Eli Lilly and Company’sramucirumaband Merck & Co., Inc.’spembrolizumab. There are several other drugs in clinical development for first-line gastric cancer, including BMS’nivolumabandpembrolizumab.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, clinical and human resources. Additionally, small and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. As a result, our competitors may discover, develop, license or commercialize products before or more successfully than we do. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis drug products or drug delivery technologies that are more effective or less costly than our product candidates that we are currently developing or that we may develop.

We believe that our ability to successfully compete will depend on, among other things:

• the efficacy and safety of our product candidates, especially as compared to marketed products and product candidates in development by third parties;

• the time it takes for our product candidates to complete clinical development and receive marketing approval;

• the ability to commercialize and market any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval;

• the price of our products;

• whether coverage and adequate levels of reimbursement are available from third-party payors, such as private and governmental health insurance plans, including Medicare;

• the ability to protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates;

• the ability to manufacture on a cost-effective basis and sell commercial quantities of any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval; and

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• acceptance of any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval by physicians and other healthcare providers.

If our competitors market products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our future products, if any, or that reach the market sooner than our future products, if any, we may not achieve commercial success. Because we have limited research and development capabilities, it may be difficult for us to stay abreast of the rapid changes in technology. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Technological advances or products developed by our competitors may render our technologies or product candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical.

Price controls may adversely affect our future profitability.    In certain countries, prescription drug pricing and reimbursement is subject to governmental control. In those countries that impose price controls, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we or our strategic partners may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidates to other available therapies.

Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In certain markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we or our strategic partners might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of the product candidate, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenue that we generate from the sale of the product in that country. If reimbursement of such product candidates is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, or if there is competition from lower priced cross-border sales, our profitability will be negatively affected.

Legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearance or approval of our product candidates and to produce, market and distribute our products after clearance or approval is obtained.    From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory clearance or approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, U.S. FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the U.S. FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of our product candidates. We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. Such changes could, among other things, require:

• changes to manufacturing methods;

• change in clinical trial design, including additional treatment arm (control);

• recall, replacement or discontinuance of one or more of our products; and

• additional recordkeeping.

Each of these would likely entail substantial time and cost and could harm our business and our financial results.

In addition, in the United States, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the health care system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. The

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pharmaceutical industry in the United States, as an example, has been affected by the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively PPACA, which, among other things, imposed new fees on entities that manufacture or import certain branded prescription drugs and expanded pharmaceutical manufacturer obligations to provide discounts and rebates to certain government programs. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of PPACA, as well as recent efforts by the Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of PPACA. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of PPACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by PPACA. In addition, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, recently published a final rule that will give states greater flexibility in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the PPACA marketplaces. Further, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the PPACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, includes a provision that repealed, effective January 1, 2019, thetax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. On January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for the year ended 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain PPACA-mandated fees, including theso-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax onnon-exempt medical devices. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or the BBA, among other things, amended the PPACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percent thepoint-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” In July 2018, CMS published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain PPACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the PPACA risk adjustment program in response to the outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. On December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court Judge in the Northern District of Texas, or Texas District Court Judge, ruled that the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the PPACA, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax Act, the remaining provisions of the PPACA are invalid as well. While the Texas District Court Judge, as well as the Trump Administration and CMS, have stated that the ruling will have no immediate effect, it is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, , and other efforts to repeal and replace the PPACA will impact the PPACA and our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the PPACA was enacted. For example, in August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by U.S. Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2012 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to certain providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

Further, there has been particular and increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to drug pricing practices in recent years, particularly with respect to drugs that have been

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subject to relatively large price increases over relatively short time periods. There have been several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. At the federal level, the Trump administration’s budget proposal for the year ended 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs forlow-income patients. Additionally, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. HHS has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. For example, in September 2018, CMS announced that it will allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option to use step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2019, and in October 2018, CMS proposed a new rule that would requiredirect-to-consumer television advertisements of prescription drugs and biological products, for which payment is available through or under Medicare or Medicaid, to include in the advertisement the Wholesale Acquisition Cost, or list price, of that drug or biological product.

In addition, on January 31, 2019, the HHS Office of Inspector General, proposed modifications to the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute discount safe harbor for the purpose of reducing the cost of drug products to consumers which, among other things, if finalized, will affect discounts paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans, Medicaid managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers working with these organizations. Although a number of these, and other proposed, measures will require additional authorization to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Additionally, on May 30, 2018, the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017, or the Right to Try Act, was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase I clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

In the future, there will likely continue to be proposals relating to the reform of the U.S. healthcare system, some of which could further limit coverage and reimbursement of drug products, including our product candidates.

Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by PPACA and by other health care reforms that may be enacted or adopted in the future.

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It may be difficult for us to profitably sell any future products that may be approved if coverage and reimbursement for these products is limited by government authorities and/or third-party payor policies.    In addition to any healthcare reform measures which may affect reimbursement, market acceptance and sales of our product candidates, if approved, will depend on, in part, the extent to which our products, and the procedures which utilize our products, will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed care organizations. These third-party payors determine the extent to which new drugs, and the procedures which utilize new drugs, will be covered as a benefit under their plans and the level of reimbursement for any covered product and procedures utilizing such products. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, and the procedures which utilize our product candidates.

A primary trend in the healthcare industry has been cost containment, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products and/or biosimilars. Third-party payors decide which drugs, and procedures using such drugs, they will pay for and establish reimbursement andco-payment levels. Government and other third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for health care products and services, examining the cost effectiveness of drugs in addition to their safety and efficacy, and limiting or attempting to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for prescription drugs and the procedures which utilize prescription drugs. We cannot be sure that coverage will be available for our product candidates, and the procedures which utilize our product candidates, if approved, or, if coverage is available, the level of reimbursement.

There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products, and the procedures which utilize such products. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new medicines, and the procedures which utilize new medicines, are typically made by CMS, as CMS decides whether and to what extent a new medicine, and procedures which utilize a new medicine, will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare. Private payors may follow CMS, but have their own methods and approval processes for determining reimbursement for new medicines, and the procedures that utilize new medicines. It is difficult to predict what CMS or other payors will decide with respect to reimbursement for fundamentally novel products such as ours, as there is no body of established practices and precedents for these new products.

Reimbursement may impact the demand for, and/or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Assuming we obtain coverage for a given product, or a procedure which utilizes a given product, by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or may requireco-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients who are prescribed medications and procedures for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with those prescription drugs and procedures. Patients are unlikely to use our products, or agree to procedures utilizing our products, unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the associated costs. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new product acceptance. Coverage decisions may depend upon clinical and economic standards that disfavor new drug products when more established or lower cost therapeutic alternatives are already available or subsequently become available. There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and the procedures which utilize newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which such drug is approved by the U.S. FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution.

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We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our product candidates due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, medical devices and surgical procedures and other treatments, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the successful commercialization of new products. Further, the adoption and implementation of any future governmental cost containment or other health reform initiative may result in additional downward pressure on the price that we may receive for any approved product. Reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon a number of factors including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

• a covered benefit under its health plan;

• safe, effective and medically necessary;

• appropriate for the specific patient;

• cost-effective; and

• neither experimental nor investigational.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product, or a procedure which utilizes a product, from a government or other third-party payor is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of our products, and the procedures which utilize our products, to the payor. Further, no uniform policy requirement for coverage and reimbursement for drug products, and procedures which utilize drug products, exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for drug products, and the procedures which utilize drug products, can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process may require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and/or sufficient reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage or adequate reimbursement will be available for our product candidates, or the procedures which utilize our product candidates, if approved. Also, we cannot be sure that reimbursement amounts will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our future products. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize our product candidates, or achieve profitably at all, even if approved.

Reimbursement may not be immediately available for our product candidates in China, which could diminish our sales or affect our profitability.    In China, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of China or provincial or local human resources and social security authorities, together with other government authorities, review the inclusion or removal of drugs from China’s National Drug Catalog for Basic Medical Insurance, Work-related Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance, or the National Reimbursement Drug List, or the NRDL, or provincial or local medical insurance catalogues for the National Medical Insurance Program regularly, and the tier under which a drug will be classified, both of which affect the amounts reimbursable to program participants for their purchases of those drugs. These determinations are made based on a number of factors, including price and efficacy.

We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.    Our current and future operations may be directly or indirectly through our relationships with healthcare providers, patients and other persons and entities, subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which

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we research, market, sell and distribute our products. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

The U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, receiving or providing any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other U.S. federal healthcare programs. The U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers, among others, on the other. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution.

The U.S. federal false claims and civil monetary penalties laws, including the False Claims Act, or FCA, which prohibit any person or entity from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to, or approval by, the U.S. federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the U.S. federal government. As a result of a modification made by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. In addition, manufacturers can be held liable under the FCA even when they do not submit claims directly to government third-party payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. The FCA also permits a private individual acting as a “whistleblower” to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the FCA and to share in any monetary recovery. FCA liability is potentially significant in the healthcare industry because the statute provides for treble damages and mandatory penalties per false claim or statement. Government enforcement agencies and private whistleblowers have investigated pharmaceutical companies for or asserted liability under the FCA for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe products; engaging in promotion for“off-label” uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program.

HIPAA prohibits, among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

The Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of PPACA, imposes, among other things, annual reporting requirements for covered manufacturers for certain payments and “transfers of value” provided to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, impose, among other things, specified requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information held by covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses, and their business associates, which include individuals or entities that perform services for covered entities that involve the creation, use, maintenance or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S.

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federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in specified circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Many U.S. states and other foreign jurisdictions have analogous laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, that may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed bynon-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers. In addition, certain states require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and certain states and local jurisdictions require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, recent health care reform legislation, has among other things, amended the intent requirement of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Moreover, recent health care reform legislation provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA.

Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will likely be costly. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations were found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations ofnon-compliance with these laws, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations andnon-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business.    We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, third-party intermediaries, joint venture partners and collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We engage third-party investigators, CROs, and other consultants to design and perform preclinical studies of our product candidates, and will do the same for any clinical trials. Also, once a product candidate has been approved and commercialized, we may engage third-party intermediaries to promote and sell our products abroad and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. We or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal

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activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, collaborators, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities.

Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas, investigations, or other enforcement actions are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In certain cases, enforcement authorities may even cause us to appoint an independent compliance monitor which can result in added costs and administrative burdens.

The incidence and prevalence for target patient populations of our product candidates are based on estimates and third-party sources. If the market opportunities for our product candidates are smaller than we estimate or if any approval that we obtain is based on a narrower definition of the patient population, our revenue and ability to achieve profitability might be materially and adversely affected.    Periodically, we make estimates regarding the incidence and prevalence of target patient populations for particular diseases based on various third-party sources and internally generated analysis and use such estimates in making decisions regarding our drug development strategy, including acquiring orin-licensing product candidates and determining indications on which to focus in preclinical or clinical trials.

These estimates may be inaccurate or based on imprecise data. For example, the total addressable market opportunity will depend on, among other things, acceptance of our drugs by the medical community and patient access, drug pricing and reimbursement. The number of patients in the addressable markets may turn out to be lower than expected, patients may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our drugs, or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which may significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to our ADSs and This Offering

The price of our ADSs may be volatile and may fluctuate due to factors beyond our control.    The trading market for publicly traded emerging biopharmaceutical and drug discovery and development companies has been highly volatile and is likely to remain highly volatile in the future. The market price of our ADSs may fluctuate significantly due to a variety of factors, including:

• positive or negative results from, or delays in, testing and clinical trials by us, collaborators or competitors;

• technological innovations or commercial product introductions by us or competitors;

• changes in government regulations;

• changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

• developments concerning proprietary rights, including patents and litigation matters;

• public concern relating to the commercial value or safety of our product candidates;

• financing, collaborations or other corporate transactions;

• publication of research reports or comments by securities or industry analysts;

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• general market conditions in the pharmaceutical industry or in the economy as a whole;

• the loss of any of our key scientific or senior management personnel;

• the perceived values of our ordinary shares trading on the TPEx and our ADSs trading on Nasdaq relative to one another;

• sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares by us, our senior management and board members or holders of our ADSs or our ordinary shares in the future; or

• other events and factors, many of which are beyond our control.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our ADSs to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our ADSs. In addition, the stock market in general, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, when the market price of a security has been volatile, holders of that security have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the issuer. If any of the holders of our ADSs were to bring such a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit and the attention of our senior management would be diverted from the operation of our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

Restrictions on the ability to deposit our ordinary shares into our American depositary receipt facility may adversely affect the liquidity of our ADSs.    The ability to deposit our ordinary shares into our American depositary receipt facility for the issuance of ADSs is restricted by Republic of China, or ROC, law, which may adversely affect the liquidity of our ADSs. Under current ROC law and the Deposit Agreement, no person or entity, including the holders of ADSs and us, may deposit our ordinary shares in our American depositary receipt facility for the issuance of ADRs without specific approval of the Financial Supervisory Commission, or FSC, unless:

(i) we pay stock dividends on, or make a free distribution of, our ordinary shares;

(ii) the ADS holder exercisespre-emptive rights in the event of capital increases for cash; or

(iii) investors purchase our ordinary shares, directly or through the depositary, on the TPEx, and deliver our ordinary shares to the custodian for deposit into our American depositary receipt facility, or our existing shareholders deliver our ordinary shares to the custodian for deposit into our American depositary receipt facility.

With respect to (iii) above, the depositary may issue ADSs against the deposit of those shares only if the total number of ADSs outstanding following the deposit will not exceed the number of ADSs previously approved by the FSC, plus any ADSs issued pursuant to the events described in items (i) and (ii) above. Issuance of additional ADSs under item (iii) above will be permitted to the extent that a corresponding number of previous ADSs have been cancelled.

The price of our ADSs may be limited by the trading price of our ordinary shares on the TPEx.    Our ordinary shares have been listed on the TPEx since June 1, 2017 under the code “6497.” From May 4, 2018 through May 14, 2019, the closing price of our ordinary shares on the TPEx ranged from NT$49.85 per share to NT$20.25 per share (which would be approximately $1.60 per share to $0.65 per share, based on the exchange rate in effect as of May 14, 2019). During the same period, the closing price of our ADSs on The Nasdaq Global Market ranged from $10.24 per ADS to $2.86 per ADS. The TPEx sets certain limitations on the trading volatility of our ordinary shares and applicable ROC law requires the price at which our ADSs are issued in this offering to not be lower than 90% of the closing

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price of our ordinary shares on the pricing date of this offering or an average of closing prices a certain number of days prior to the pricing date of this offering. In addition, there is currently a ten percent limit on the daily price movement on the TPEx. As a result of these limitations, the potential increase in trading price of any ADSs that you may purchase in this offering may be materially limited based on the perceived value of our ordinary shares on the TPEx. Similarly, decreases in the trading price of our ordinary shares on the TPEx due to the perceptions of investors in that market, which may be different from your own, may impact the value of your investment.

The cross listing of our ordinary shares and our ADSs may adversely affect the liquidity and value of our ADSs.    The cross listing of our ordinary shares and our ADSs may dilute the liquidity of these securities in one or both markets and may adversely affect the development of an active trading market for our ADSs in the United States. The price of our ADSs could also be adversely affected by trading in our ordinary shares on the TPEx. In addition, currency fluctuations as between the New Taiwan dollar and U.S. dollar may have an adverse impact on the value of our ADSs.

We have incurred and will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company in the United States, and our senior management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.    Our ADSs began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market on May 4, 2018 under the trading symbol “ASLN”. As a U.S. public company, we have incurred significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur previously, and we will incur additional expenses after we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” or EGC. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements onnon-U.S. reporting public companies, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our senior management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, which in turn could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified senior management personnel or members for our board of directors.

However, these rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, we will be required to furnish a report by our senior management on our internal control over financial reporting and an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an EGC we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by

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Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, we conduct substantially all of our operations and all of our directors and executive officers reside outside of the United States.    We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, or our Articles, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England and Wales, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. Similarly, the rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States, and some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies do not have standing to sue before the federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Although our shareholders are permitted by our Articles to request access to our books and records, our directors have discretion under our Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents—Material Differences in Corporate Law.”

Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.    Future sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares, or the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a decline in the market price of our ADSs. ADSs issued and sold in this offering may be resold in the U.S. public market immediately without restriction. A portion of our ordinary shares outstanding prior to the completion of this offering held by our directors, representatives of our entity directors and executive officers will be subject to thelock-up agreements described in “Ordinary Shares and ADSs Eligible for Future Sale” and “Underwriting.” If, after the end of suchlock-up agreements, these shareholders sell substantial amounts

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of our securities in the public markets, or the market perceives that such sales may occur, the market price of our ADSs and our ability to raise capital through an issue of equity securities in the future could be adversely affected.

If you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment.    We expect the public offering price of our ADSs in this offering to be substantially higher than the as adjusted net tangible book value per ADS, and per underlying ordinary share, prior to this offering. Therefore, if you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will pay a price per ADS, and per underlying ordinary share, that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per ADS, and per underlying ordinary share, after this offering. To the extent outstanding options are exercised for ordinary shares, you may experience further dilution. Based on the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS, you will experience immediate dilution of $         per ADS, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per ADS after giving effect to this offering and the offering price. See “Dilution.”

We may sell additional equity or debt securities or enter into other financing arrangements to fund our operations, which may result in dilution to our shareholders and holders of our ADSs and impose restrictions on our business.    In order to raise additional funds to support our operations, we may sell additional equity or debt securities, which could adversely impact our existing shareholders and new investors participating in this offering, as well as our business. The sale of additional equity or debt securities, or a combination of both, would result in the issuance of additional shares capital and dilution to our shareholders and holders of our ADSs.

The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In the event that we enter into collaborations or licensing arrangements to raise capital, we may be required to accept unfavorable terms, including relinquishing or licensing to a third party on unfavorable terms our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves or potentially reserve for future potential arrangements when we might be able to achieve more favorable terms.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ADSs or ordinary shares in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of potential gains and you may never receive a return on your investment.    We have not paid cash dividends in the past on our ordinary shares. We intend to retain earnings, if any, for use in our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, on our ADSs or ordinary shares will be your sole source of potential gains for the foreseeable future, and you will suffer a loss on your investment if you are unable to sell your ADSs or the underlying ordinary shares at or above the price you pay for our ADSs or ordinary shares. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our ADSs in this offering.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.    Our senior management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our ADSs. The failure by our senior management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses, cause the price of our ADSs to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

Purchasers of our ADSs may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our ordinary shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise their right to vote.    As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in

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accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. After we notify the depositary of the agenda for the shareholders’ meeting, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you once they are available. We have agreed to give the depositary at least 30 days’ prior notice of shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect your interests.    Under the deposit agreement for our ADSs, to the extent we have provided the depositary with at least 45 days’ notice of a proposed meeting, if voting instructions are not timely received by the depositary from you, you shall be deemed to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the shares represented by your ADSs as desired. However, no such instruction shall be deemed given and no discretionary proxy shall be given (a) if we inform the depositary in writing that (i) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (ii) substantial opposition exists with respect to any agenda item for which the proxy would be given or (iii) the agenda item in question, if approved, would materially or adversely affect the rights of holders of shares and (b) unless we have provided the depositary with an opinion of our counsel to the effect that (a) the granting of such discretionary proxy does not subject the depositary to any reporting obligations in the Cayman Islands or the ROC, or by the ROC FSC, or TPEx, (b) the granting of such proxy will not result in a violation of the laws, rules, regulations or permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC or TPEx, (c) the voting arrangement and deemed instruction will be given effect under the laws, rules, regulations and permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC and TPEx and (d) the granting of such proxy will not under any circumstances result in the depositary being treated as the beneficial owner of ADSs under the laws, rules, regulations or permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC and TPEx.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that, if you fail to give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, you cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted at that meeting, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

You may not be able to withdraw the underlying ordinary shares of our ADSs.    Pursuant to ROC law, an ADS holder who is anon-ROC person wishing to withdraw and hold deposited ordinary shares from the ADS facility is required to appoint an eligible agent in the ROC for filing tax returns and making tax payments, or a Tax Guarantor. Such Tax Guarantor will be required to meet the qualifications set by the Ministry of Finance of the ROC and will act as the guarantor of the withdrawing ADS holder’s tax payment obligations. In addition, subject to certain limited exceptions, under current ROC law, repatriation of profits by anon-ROC withdrawing ADS holder is subject to the submission of evidence by the withdrawing ADS holder of the appointment of a Tax Guarantor to, and approval thereof by, the ROC tax authority and of tax clearance certificates or evidentiary documents issued by the Tax Guarantor. We cannot provide any assurances that a withdrawing ADS holder will be able to appoint and obtain approval from the tax authority in a timely manner or at all.

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Pursuant to ROC law, an ADS holder who is not an ROC person or ROC entity wishing to present ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and withdrawal and holding of the Deposited Securities from the depositary receipt facility is required to register as a foreign investor with the Taiwan Stock Exchange, or TWSE, if the ADS holder has never been registered as foreign investor with the TWSE previously, for making investments in the ROC securities market prior to withdrawing and holding the underlying ordinary shares from the depositary receipts facility.

Additionally, pursuant to ROC law, such withdrawing ADS holder is required to appoint a local agent in the ROC to, on such ADS holder’s behalf, open a securities trading account with prior approval granted by the TWSE with a local securities brokerage firm (with qualification set by the FSC) and a bank account, pay ROC taxes, remit funds, exercise shareholder rights and perform such other functions as the ADS holder may designate upon such withdrawal. In addition, such withdrawing ADS holder is also required to appoint a custodian bank and open a custodian account to hold the securities and cash in safekeeping, make confirmations, settle trades and report all relevant information. Without making such appointment and the opening of such custodian account, the withdrawing ADS holder would be unable to hold or subsequently sell the deposited ordinary shares withdrawn from the ADR facility on the TPEx. The laws of the ROC applicable to the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares may change from time to time. We cannot provide any assurances that current law will remain in effect or that future changes of ROC law will not adversely affect the ability of ADS holders to withdraw deposited ordinary shares.

Purchasers of our ADSs may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares in the form of ADSs or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to holders of ADSs.    The depositary for our ADSs has agreed to pay to purchasers of our ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses and certain taxes. Purchasers of our ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it may be unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of our ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of our ADSs. This means that purchasers of our ADSs may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to ADS holders. These restrictions may have a negative impact on the market value of our ADSs.

Purchasers of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.    ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles and by the laws governing Cayman Islands corporations and companies engaging in drug development, marketing and sales businesses, as well as by the common law of the Cayman Islands. Certain rights and responsibilities of our shareholders, ADS holders and members of our board of directors under Cayman law are different from those that apply to a Delaware corporation. For example, Directors of Cayman Islands exempted companies are required to observe certain fiduciary duties. These duties are owed to the Cayman Islands company and include the duty to act in the best interests of the company and the shareholders as a whole. However, the fiduciary duties of a director of a Cayman Islands exempted company may not be the same as the fiduciary duty of a director of a U.S. corporation. In addition, controlling shareholders of U.S. corporations owe fiduciary

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duties to minority shareholders, while shareholders (including controlling shareholders) of Cayman Islands companies owe no fiduciary duties to either to the company or to other shareholders. Further, the rights of our shareholders to bring shareholders’ suits against us or our board of directors under Cayman Islands law are much more limited than those of shareholders of a U.S. corporation. For example, under Cayman Islands law, a shareholder who wishes to bring a claim against a director would generally need to obtain permission from the courts to bring a derivative action, in the name of the company, against the director. This is because the director of a Cayman Islands exempted company owes duties to the company and not to individual shareholders. As a result, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their rights in connection with actions taken by our directors than they would as shareholders of a U.S. corporation. In addition, minority shareholders in a Cayman Islands exempted company have more limited rights than minority shareholders in a U.S. corporation in relation to mergers and similar transactions that the company may carry out. For example, if a merger under the Companies Law involving a Cayman Islands exempted company is approved by the requisite majority of shareholders, a dissenting minority shareholder would have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Such dissenter rights differ substantially from the appraisal rights, which would ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations. Further, if a takeover offer is made to the shareholders of a Cayman Islands exempted company and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected, the offeror may require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion. A minority shareholder in this scenario would have no rights comparable to the appraisal rights which would generally be available to a dissenting shareholder of a U.S. corporation in similar circumstances. See the section of this prospectus titled “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents” for a description of the principal differences between the provisions of Cayman law applicable to us and the U.S. Delaware General Corporate Law relating to shareholders’ rights and protections.

We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and less frequent reporting than that of a U.S. domestic public company.    We report under the Exchange Act as anon-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our ordinary shares or ADSs. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form20-F until the date that is four months after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

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As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listingstandards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.    As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq listing rules that allow us to follow ROC law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in the ROC may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards. When our ADSs are listed on The Nasdaq Global Market, we intend to continue to follow ROC corporate governance practices in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. See “Management—Foreign Private Issuer Exemption.” Therefore, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.    As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq listing rules. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors and more expensive to procure director and officer liability insurance.

We are an EGC and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our ADSs less attractive to investors.    We are an EGC as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an EGC, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not EGCs, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an EGC. We could be an EGC until December 31, 2023, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the aggregate market value of our ADSs and ordinary shares held bynon-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of our second fiscal quarter before that time, in which case we would no longer be an EGC as of the following December 31st (the last day of our fiscal year). We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and the price of our ADSs may be more volatile.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our ADSs.    Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial

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reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404, or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inadequate internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

Management will be required to assess the effectiveness of our internal controls annually, starting with our Annual Report on Form20-F for the year ended December 31, 2019. However, for as long as we are an EGC under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements requiring us to incur the expense of remediation and could also result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our ADSs and our trading volume could decline.    The trading market for our ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If no or too few securities or industry analysts provide coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which might cause the price of our ADSs and trading volume to decline.

Our U.S. ADS Holders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company.    Generally, if for any taxable year (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or (ii) at least 50% of the average quarterly value of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For purposes of the above calculations, anon-U.S. corporation that directly or indirectly owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and capital gains. Based on estimates of our gross income and gross assets (including tangible assets and intangible assets based on the anticipated market value of our ordinary shares), our intended use of proceeds of this offering, and the nature of our business, we believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2018 and we expect to be a PFIC for the current year and in future taxable years. There can be no assurance, however, regarding our PFIC status for any taxable year. If we are characterized as a PFIC, our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our ordinary shares treated as ordinary income, rather than as capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our ordinary shares by individuals who are U.S. Holders (as defined in “Material Income Tax Considerations—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”), and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of share sales and having to comply with certain reporting requirements. Certain elections exist that may alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status and would result in an alternative treatment (such asmark-to-market treatment) of our ordinary shares; however, we do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections if we are classified as a PFIC.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this prospectus are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements include statements about: 

• the outcome, cost and timing of our product development activities and clinical trials;

• our plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals;

• our ability to fund our operations beyond this offering;

• our plans to develop and commercialize our product candidates and expand our development pipeline;

• our ability to enter into a transaction with respect to commercialization of our products and product candidates;

• the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;

• our sales and marketing strategies and plans;

• potential market acceptance of our product candidates;

• potential regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

• the performance of our third-party suppliers and manufacturers;

• our ability to compete with other therapies that are or become available;

• our expectations regarding the period during which we qualify as an EGC under the JOBS Act;

• our use of the net proceeds from this offering;

• our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing; and

• our expectations regarding the terms of our patents and ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates.

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any

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other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for all forward-looking statements.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, as well as estimates by our management based on such data. The market data and estimates used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. While we believe that the information from these industry publications, surveys and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

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TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADENAMES

The ASLAN Pharmaceuticals lion logo and other trademarks or service marks of ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited appearing in this prospectus are our property. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, logos and trade names referred to in this prospectus are without the^® and^™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. This prospectus contains additional trademarks, service marks and trade names of others, which are the property of their respective owners. All trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are, to our knowledge, the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks, copyrights or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of                      ADSs in this offering will be approximately $         million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, based on the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $         million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $         million, assuming that the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ADSs we are offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $         million, assuming the assumed public offering price remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions.

We currently expect to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund the expansion cohorts for ASLAN003 in AML and the multiple ascending dose study for ASLAN004 inmoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis patients. The remaining net proceeds, if any, are expected to fund new and other ongoing research and development activities, working capital and other general corporate purposes. While we anticipate seeking additional capital in the future through further equity offerings and/or debt borrowings, or through collaboration agreements, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to raise additional capital on reasonable terms or at all.

This expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current plans and prevailing business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and prevailing business conditions evolve. Predicting the cost necessary to develop product candidates can be difficult and the amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including the progress of our development, the status of and results from clinical trials, any collaborations that we may enter into with third parties for our product candidates and any unforeseen cash needs. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.

Pending the application of the net proceeds as described above, we plan to invest them in short-term, interest bearing obligations, investment-grade instruments or certificates of deposit.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid a dividend, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

The holders of our ordinary shares would be entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by an ordinary resolution of our board of directors and is subject to our Articles and the Companies Law. Under Cayman Islands law, dividends may be paid only out of profits, which include net earnings and retained earnings undistributed in prior years, and out of share premium, a concept analogous topaid-in surplus in the United States. No dividend may be declared and paid unless our directors determine that immediately after the payment, we will be able to satisfy our liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of business and we have funds lawfully available for such purpose. We are not permitted to pay any dividends or bonuses if (i) we do not have earnings or (ii) we have not yet covered our losses. Our Articles set out further detailed provisions dealing with how we may fund, create reserves for and pay dividends. See “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents.”

Any dividends would be paid to the custodian of the ADSs and would be subject to further distribution to you as a beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares by the custodian.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of March 31, 2019 on:

• an actual basis; and

• an as adjusted basis to give effect to the sale of                      ADSs in this offering at the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on            , 2019) after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

You should read this information together with our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the sections titled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data,” “Use of Proceeds” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

	As of March 31, 2019
	Actual			As Adjusted
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,620		$
Long-term borrowings	$	14,140		$
Equity:
Ordinary shares, NT$10.00 par value per share, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 160,248,940 shares issued and outstanding, actual; shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted	$	51,627
Capital surplus	$	111,477
Accumulated deficit	($	136,813	)
Total equity	$	26,291
Total capitalization	$	40,431		$

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on May    , 2019) would increase (decrease) the as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total equity and total capitalization by $         million, assuming that the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, total equity and total capitalization by $         million, assuming no change in the assumed public offering price per ADS as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

The number of ordinary shares outstanding in the table above does not include:

• 14,227,545 ordinary shares issuable on the exercise of share options outstanding as of March 31, 2019 under our 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.73 per ordinary share; and

• 174,167 ordinary shares authorized for issuance pursuant to future awards under our 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2019.

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DILUTION

If you invest in our ADSs in this offering, your interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the portion of the public offering price per ADS in this offering attributable to each underlying ordinary share represented thereby and the net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the portion of the public offering price per ADS attributable to each underlying ordinary share represented thereby is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per ordinary share. As March 31, 2019, we had a historical net tangible book value of $3.2 million, or $0.02 per ordinary share and $0.1 per ADS. Our net tangible book value per ordinary share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities, all divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding on March 31, 2019.

After giving effect to the sale of                      ADSs in this offering at the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on May    , 2019) and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value at March 31, 2019 would have been $         per ordinary share and $         per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in as adjusted net tangible book value of $         per ordinary share to existing investors and immediate dilution of $         per ordinary share and $         per ADS to new investors. The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing ADSs in this offering:

	Per Ordinary Share		Per ADS
Assumed public offering price per ADS	$		$
Net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS as of March 31, 2019		0.02		0.1
Increase in as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS attributable to new investors purchasing ADSs in this offering
As adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS after this offering
Dilution per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering	$		$

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $         per ADS (based upon the closing price of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, on May    , 2019) would increase (decrease) our as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2019 after this offering by approximately $         per ADS, and would increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by $         per ADS, assuming that the number of ADSs offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million ADSs in the number of ADSs we are offering would increase (decrease) our as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2019 after this offering by approximately $         per ADS, and would increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by approximately $         per ADS, assuming the assumed public offering price per ADS remains the same, and after deducting the estimate underwriting discounts and commissions. The as adjusted information is illustrative only, and we will adjust this information based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full, the as adjusted net tangible book value per ADS after the offering would be $        , the increase in net tangible book value per ADS to existing shareholders would be $        , and the immediate dilution in net tangible book value per ADS to new investors in this offering would be $        .

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The table and discussion above is based on 160,248,940 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and does not include:

• 14,227,545 ordinary shares issuable on the exercise of share options outstanding as of March 31, 2019 under our 2014 Plan and 2017 Plan, at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.73 per ordinary share; and

• 174,167 ordinary shares authorized for issuance pursuant to future awards under our 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2019.

To the extent that share options are issued under our equity incentive plans, or we issue additional ordinary shares in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors participating in this offering.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables summarize our selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, and included elsewhere in this prospectus. The selected consolidated comprehensive loss statement data for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2019 have been derived from our unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, and on the same basis as the audited financial statements and reflect, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, which include only normal, recurring adjustments that are necessary for the fair statement of the financial information in those statements. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future and our results for the three months ended March 31, 2019 may not be indicative of results for the full year ended December 31, 2019. The following summary consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	Year ended December 31,									Three months ended March 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018			2019
										(unaudited)
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Net revenue	$	11,547		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	3,000
Cost of revenue		(125	)		—			—			—			(425	)
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses		(6,956	)		(8,759	)		(10,514	)		(2,808	)		(2,256	)
Research and development expenses		(13,165	)		(30,381	)		(31,834	)		(5,623	)		(4,450	)
Loss from operations		(8,699	)		(39,140	)		(42,348	)		(8,431	)		(4,131	)
Non-operating income and expenses
Other income		—			—			187			—			—
Other gains and losses, net		127			(698	)		213			(262	)		(80	)
Finance costs		(524	)		(417	)		(492	)		(112	)		(199	)
Interest income		47			363			268			61			69
Totalnon-operating income (expenses)		(350	)		(752	)		176			(313	)		(210	)
Loss before income tax		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,172	)		(8,744	)		(4,341	)
Income tax expense		—			—			(14	)		—			(3	)
Net loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,186	)		(8,744	)		(4,344	)
Total comprehensive loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)		(42,186	)		(8,744	)		(4,344	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted		(0.09	)		(0.32	)		(0.28	)		(0.07	)		(0.03	)
Weighted-average shares used in calculating net loss per ordinary share, basic and diluted		105,027,040			124,424,960			149,739,242			130,128,940			160,248,940

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	As of December 31,				As of March 31,
	2017		2018		2019
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	50,573	$	28,909	$	21,620
Working capital(1)		44,666		21,094		16,845
Total assets		51,334		52,881		46,863
Total equity		35,513		30,618		26,291

⁽¹⁾   We define working capital as current assets minus current liabilities. See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details regarding our current assets and current liabilities.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview.    We are a clinical-stage oncology and immunology focused biopharmaceutical company based in Singapore developing novel therapeutics for global markets. We target diseases that are both highly prevalent in Asia and orphan indications in the United States and Europe. Our Asia development platform is designed to enable us to accelerate the development of drugs to treat these diseases. Our portfolio is comprised of four product candidates which target: validated growth pathways applied to new patient segments; novel immune checkpoints; and novel cancer metabolic pathways.

Our lead program,varlitinib, is a reversible small moleculepan-HER inhibitor that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptors HER1, HER2 and HER4.Varlitinibis currently being studied in a global pivotal clinical trial for biliary tract cancer for which we expect to report topline data in the second half of 2019.

We focus on cancers, such as biliary tract cancer, that are orphan diseases in the United States and Europe for which there are few, if any, approved therapies. Although registration trials for orphan diseases may require fewer patients, recruitment for such trials in the United States and Europe is challenging given the limited availability of suitable patients. Asia offers a unique opportunity to accelerate the development of novel therapies in diseases where either the cancers are more prevalent or the availability of suitable patients is greater.

Since our inception in 2010, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to acquiring rights to, and developing our product candidates, including preclinical studies and clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for our operations. We have not generated any revenue from product sales and we do not currently have any products approved for commercialization. We have financed our operations through a combination of debt and equity financings and government grants. Since inception we have raised $167.2 million from the sale of our ordinary shares including $33.0 million in a public offering conducted in Taiwan on June 1, 2017, and $42.2 million in a public offering conducted in the United Stated on May 4, 2018. Our ordinary shares are listed on the TPEx and our ADSs are listed on The Nasdaq Global Market. We recorded $11.5 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was generated primarily throughout-licensing activities. We did not generate revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded $3 million of revenue through twoout-licensing transactions. To date we have outsourced our manufacturing and clinical operations to third parties. We do not intend to conduct our own clinical trials or build or acquire infrastructure for manufacturing our product candidates for clinical or commercial supply. All of our clinical supplies are manufactured in accordance with cGMP using high quality contract manufacturing organizations based in the United States, Europe and Asia.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $28.9 million and $21.6 million, respectively. We have never been profitable and have incurred significant net losses in each period since our inception. Our total comprehensive losses were $39.9 million and $42.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019,

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our total comprehensive losses were $4.3 million, and we had an accumulated deficit of $136.8 million as of March 31, 2019. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from funding our research and development programs and general and administrative costs associated with our operations. In January 2019, we implemented a corporate restructuring plan to focus our resources on our lead clinical programs:varlitinib in biliary tract cancer, ASLAN003 in AML and ASLAN004 in atopic dermatitis. As part of the corporate restructuring plan, we substantially reduced research and development costs and administrative expenses by closing certain studies and reducing our workforce. Following this strategic restructuring, our headcount was reduced by 30% and our overall operational costs were reduced by 50%.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We expect our expenses will increase in connection with our ongoing activities as we:

• continue to invest in the clinical development of our product candidates, including in connection with the following planned and ongoing clinical trials:

• global pivotal clinical trial forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer;

• global Phase 2 clinical trials for ASLAN003 in AML;

• ASLAN004 Phase 1 clinical trials in atopic dermatitis; and

• any additional clinical trials that we may conduct for product candidates;

• identify and acquire new product candidates;

• engage third parties to manufacture product candidates for clinical trials and, if any product candidates are approved, for commercialization;

• establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure;

• maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and

• incur additional costs with operating as a U.S. public company.

We will continue to require additional capital to support our operating activities as we advance our product candidates through clinical development, regulatory approval and, if any of our product candidates are approved, commercialization. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our product development efforts.

Out-licensing Agreements.    To date, we haveout-licensing arrangements with BMS and BioGenetics.

BMS

On November 2, 2011, we entered into a license agreement with BMS, pursuant to which we received exclusive rights to develop and commercialize ASLAN002 in China, Australia, South Korea, Taiwan and other selected Asian countries, and BMS retained exclusive rights in the rest of the world. On July 19, 2016, BMS initiated their rights pursuant to the agreement to buy back the exclusive rights from us to develop and commercialize ASLAN002. In connection with thebuy-back, we received an upfront payment of $10.0 million in 2016, and are eligible to receive additional payments upon BMS’s achievement of development and regulatory milestones in the future. Furthermore, we are eligible to receive royalty payments on future worldwide sales generated by BMS. BMS also purchased from us research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results related to ASLAN002 for $1.2 million, which was paid in 2016. As BMS has assumed the responsibility for all development and commercialization activities and expenses and we have no further obligations under the license agreement, we have recognized $11.2 million in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. Since the conditions enabling capitalization of research and development costs related to ASLAN002 as an asset

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were not met and the research supplies related to ASLAN002 had no alternative future uses if the project is abandoned, all research and development expenditures were recognized in profit or loss when incurred. As a result, no cost of revenue was recorded in connection with the revenue recognized for the year ended December 31, 2016.

BioGenetics—License of varlitinib for South Korea

On February 27, 2019, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with BioGenetics, pursuant to which we granted BioGenetics the exclusive right under certain of our intellectual property and intellectual property that we have licensed from Array to commercialize, and if agreed, manufacture,varlitinib for the treatment of all indications in South Korea. In consideration of the rights granted to BioGenetics under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $2 million from BioGenetics and are eligible to receive up to $11 million in sales and development milestones, where the thresholds for the sales milestones depend on the aggregate annual net sales ofvarlitinib and ASLAN003 products under our agreements with BioGenetics. We are also eligible to receive tiered double-digit percentage royalties on net sales ofvarlitinibranging from a percentage in themid-teens up to a percentage within themid-twenties. BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals ofvarlitinib in South Korea. Since we had no further performance obligation under the agreement, we recognized the upfront payment of $2 million as revenue in February 2019.

BioGenetics—License of ASLAN003 for South Korea

On March 11, 2019, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with BioGenetics, pursuant to which we granted BioGenetics the exclusive right under certain of our intellectual property and intellectual property that we have licensed from Almirall, to commercialize, and if agreed, manufacture, ASLAN003 for the treatment of all indications in South Korea, excluding topically administered products for the treatment of keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders and certainnon-melanoma skin cancers. In consideration of the rights granted to BioGenetics under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $1 million from BioGenetics and are eligible to receive up to $8 million in sales and development milestones, where the thresholds for payment of such sales milestones depend on the aggregate of net sales ofvarlitinib and ASLAN003 products under our agreements with BioGenetics. We are also eligible to receive tiered double-digit percentage royalties on aggregate net sales of ASLAN003 products, ranging from a percentage in themid-teens up to a percentage within themid-twenties. BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals of ASLAN003 in South Korea. Since we had no further performance obligation under the agreement, we recognized the upfront payment of $1 million as revenue in March 2019. Under ourin-license agreement from Almirall, we are obligated to pay Almirall 10% of any proceeds other than royalties resulting from ourout-licensing activities of ASLAN003, including such upfront payment. The related cost of revenue in the amount of $100,000 payable to Almirall was recognized as operating costs accordingly.

Hyundai

On October 30, 2015, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Hyundai, pursuant to which we granted Hyundai the right to develop and an option to commercializevarlitinib for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (subsequently amended to be for the treatment of biliary tract cancer) in South Korea. In consideration of the rights granted to Hyundai under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $0.3 million from Hyundai in 2016. On February 26, 2019, prior to executing the broader agreement forvarlitinib with BioGenetics above, we made a payment of $325,000 to Hyundai to buy back the rights tovarlitinib in biliary tract cancer in South Korea and terminated theout-license to Hyundai.

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In-licensing Agreements

We are required to make milestone payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones and royalties based on the net sales of the licensed products and therefore, we expect our results of operations will continue to be affected by these agreements. In 2016, we made a payment of less than $0.1 million to Exploit Technologies Pte Ltd to acquire their license that was capitalized as intangible assets. In 2018, we paid an aggregate of $23 million to Array Biopharma Inc. to acquire an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinib, which was capitalized as intangible assets. In June 2018, we paid $0.5 million to CSL Limited upon the filing of our clinical trial authorization submission with the Singapore Health Sciences Authority, as required under the terms of our license agreement with CSL Limited. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we did not make any other payments related to thein-license agreements. See “Business—License and Collaboration Agreements” for a description of our license agreements, which includes a description of the termination provisions of these agreements.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue.    To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales unless and until our product candidates receive regulatory approval. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and the three months ended March 31, 2019, revenues consisted primarily of payments received underout-licensing arrangements, as described above. We did not generate any revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

Cost of Revenue.    In connection with the upfront payment that we received from Hyundai in 2016 and BioGenetics in 2019, we made a $0.1 million and $0.4 million payment to the third parties with whom we have a licensing agreement, and such payments were recognized as costs of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 and the three months ended March 31, 2019, respectively. We did not recognize costs of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

Research and Development Expenses.    The largest component of our operating expenses since inception has been research and development activities, including the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Our research and development expenses primarily consist of:

• costs incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and investigative sites that conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials;

• costs related to manufacturing pharmaceutical active ingredients and product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials;

• salaries and personnel-related costs, including bonuses, related benefits and share-based compensation expense for our scientific personnel performing or managingout-sourced research and development activities;

• fees paid to consultants and other third parties who support our product candidate development;

• other costs incurred in seeking regulatory approval of our product candidates; and

• allocated facility-related costs and overhead.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration oflater-stage clinical trials. Accordingly, we expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as our programs progress. However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total program-specific expenses through commercialization. Our expenditures

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on current and future preclinical and clinical development programs are subject to numerous uncertainties in timing and cost to completion. In addition, we may enter into additional collaboration arrangements for our product candidates, which could affect our development plans or capital requirements.

We allocate direct costs to product candidates when they enter into clinical development. For product candidates in clinical development, we allocate development and manufacturing costs to our product candidates on a program-specific basis, and we include these costs in the program-specific expenses. Our direct research and development expenses tracked by program consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants, CROs, and CMOs in connection with our preclinical development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. We do not allocate employee costs or facility expenses, including other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately presented. We use internal resources primarily to oversee research and discovery as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. These employees work across multiple programs and, therefore, we do not track their costs by program.

The table below summarizes our research and development expenses incurred by program for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,						Three months ended March 31,
	2016		2017		2018		2018		2019
	(in thousands)
Direct research and development expense by product:
Varlitinib	$	7,270	$	19,578	$	17,474	$	2,599	$	2,799
ASLAN003		312		778		1,623		250		115
ASLAN004		1,104		3,265		5,897		874		822
Other		839		1,368		2,241		24		—
Indirect research and development expense:
Employee benefit and travel expense		3,230		4,381		4,320		1,422		550
Other indirect research and development expense		410		1,011		279		454		164
Total research and development expense	$	13,165	$	30,381	$	31,834	$	5,623	$	4,450

General and Administrative Expenses.    General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, allocated expenses and other expenses for outside professional services, including legal, audit and accounting services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation. Other general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs not otherwise allocated to research and development expense, professional fees, expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents and costs of our information systems. Our general and administrative expenses have been reduced considerably due to the effects of the strategic restructuring carried out earlier this year. Following this strategic restructuring, our headcount was reduced by 30% and our overall operational costs were reduced by 50%. Our general and administrative costs include support for our continued research and development and potential commercialization of our product candidates, as well as expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, additional insurance expenses, investor relation activities and other administrative and professional fees.

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Non-Operating Income and Expenses

Other Income.    Other income is the gain recognized on the disposal of the licensed intellectual property and other rights arising from a third-party license agreement.

Other Gains and Losses, Net.    Other gains and losses are primarily net gains and losses from realized and unrealized currency exchange differences incurred during the period.

Finance Costs.    Finance costs are interest expenses primarily from the Singapore Economic Development Board, or EDB, repayable grant and the CSL Facility, as well as dividend accruals for preference shares from January to May 2016, all of which were converted into ordinary shares on May 27, 2016 in connection with our initial public offering in Taiwan. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amount of funds disbursed under the EDB repayable grant plus accrued interest was $9.9 million, and $10.1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amounts outstanding in principal and accrued interest for the CSL Facility were $4.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019.    The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2019
	(in thousands)
Net revenue	$	—		$	3,000
Cost of revenue		—			(425	)
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses		(2,808	)		(2,256	)
Research and development expenses		(5,623	)		(4,450	)
Loss from operations		(8,431	)		(4,131	)
Non-operating income and expenses
Other gains and losses, net		(262	)		(80	)
Finance costs		(112	)		(199	)
Interest income		61			69
Totalnon-operating income (expenses)		(313	)		(210	)
Loss before income tax		(8,744	)		(4,341	)
Income tax expense		—			(3	)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders		(8,744	)		(4,344	)
Total comprehensive loss		(8,744	)		(4,344	)

Revenue.    Revenue was $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, consisting of upfront payments from BioGenetics related to theout-licensing ofvarlitinib and ASLAN003 in South Korea. We did not generate revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses.    The following table sets forth a summary of our general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated. General and administrative expenses for the three

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months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 were $2.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively. The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the cost cutting measures deployed during restructuring activities we undertook in January 2019.

	Three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
	(in thousands)
General and administrative expenses
Employee benefit and travel expenses	$	1,635	$	1,611
Professional fees		589		268
Rent expense related to operating leases		172		111
Other costs		412		266
Total general and administrative expenses	$	2,808	$	2,256

Research and Development Expenses.    The following table sets forth a summary of our research and development expenses for the periods indicated. Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 were $5.6 million and $4.5 million, respectively, consisting of expenditures relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing work performed for our various product candidates. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to the completion of product manufacturing by December 31, 2018 in connection with the development of our lead product candidatevarlitinib, as well as the cost saving measures deployed during restructuring activities we undertook in January 2019.

	Three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
	(in thousands)
Research and development expenses
Preclinical and clinical development expenses	$	3,448	$	3,815
Manufacturing expenses		753		85
Employee benefit and travel expenses		1,422		550
Total research and development expenses	$	5,623	$	4,450

Other Gains and Losses, Net.    Other net losses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 were $0.3 million and $0.1 million respectively. The increase in net losses was primarily attributable to the payment to Hyundai in order to buy back the rights to commercializevarlitinib in cholangiocarcinoma.

Finance Costs.    Finance costs for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 were $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, consisting primarily of interest expense related to interest accrued on long-term borrowings. The increase was primarily due to the drawdown of the CSL Facility in November 2018 that resulted in increased interest expense in 2019.

Net Loss Attributable to Ordinary Shareholders.    For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, we had a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of $8.7 million and $4.3 million, respectively. The overall decreases in research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses as well as revenues generated fromout-licensing activities were the key drivers of the decreased loss in 2019.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.    The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be

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read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	Year ended December 31,
	2017			2018
	(in thousands)
Net revenue	$	—		$	—
Cost of revenue		—			—
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses		(8,759	)		(10,514	)
Research and development expenses		(30,381	)		(31,834	)
Loss from operations		(39,140	)		(42,348	)
Non-operating income and expenses
Other income		—			187
Other gains and losses, net		(698	)		213
Finance costs		(417	)		(492	)
Interest income		363			268
Total non-operating income (expenses)		(752	)		176
Loss before income tax		(39,892	)		(42,172	)
Income tax expense		—			(14	)
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders		(39,892	)		(42,186	)
Total comprehensive loss		(39,892	)		(42,186	)

Revenue.    We did not generate revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses.    The following table sets forth a summary of our general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated.

General and administrative expenses increased by $1.7 million from $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in employee benefit and travel expenses, including an increase in headcount and staffing costs, and office administration costs.

	Year ended December 31,
	2017		2018
	(in thousands)
General and administrative expenses
Employee benefit and travel expenses	$	5,044	$	6,527
Professional fees		2,103		2,263
Rent relating to operating leases		882		1,045
Other costs		730		679
Total general and administrative expense	$	8,759	$	10,514

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Research and Development Expenses.    The following table sets forth a summary of our research and development expenses for the periods indicated. Research and development expenses increased by $1.4 million from $30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $31.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to an increase in preclinical and clinical development work as we advanced our drug candidate pipeline.

	Year ended December 31,
	2017		2018
	(in thousands)
Research and development expenses
Preclinical and clinical development expenses	$	19,459	$	21,361
Manufacturing expenses		6,541		6,153
Employee benefit and travel expenses		4,381		4,320
Total research and development expenses	$	30,381	$	31,834

Other Gains and Losses, Net.    Other net losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $0.7 million and other net gains for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $0.2 million, consisting primarily of realized and unrealized foreign exchange losses. The increase in net gains was primarily attributable to foreign currency translation gains as a result of the translation of our assets, liabilities and results of operations into U.S. dollars using the relevant foreign currency exchange rates. This was caused by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Singapore dollar during those years.

Interest Income.    Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 were $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in bank deposits in 2018.

Other Income.    Other income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 were $0 and $0.2 million, respectively. The increase was primarily due to a gain on the disposal of intellectual property.

Net Loss Attributable to Ordinary Shareholders.    For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, we had a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of $39.9 million and $42.2 million, respectively. The increases in general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses were the key drivers of the increased expenditure in 2018.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2017.    The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017
	(in thousands)
Net revenue	$	11,547		$	—
Cost of revenue		(125	)		—
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses		(6,956	)		(8,759	)
Research and development expenses		(13,165	)		(30,381	)
Loss from operations		(8,699	)		(39,140	)
Non-operating income and expenses
Other gains and losses, net		127			(698	)
Finance costs		(524	)		(417	)
Interest income		47			363
Totalnon-operating income (expenses)		(350	)		(752	)
Loss before income tax		(9,049	)		(39,892	)
Income tax expense		—			—
Net loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)
Total comprehensive loss		(9,049	)		(39,892	)

Revenue.    Revenue was $11.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, consisting primarily of an upfront milestone payment of $10.0 million from BMS, a payment of $1.2 million from BMS for the sale of research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results related to ASLAN002, as well as a payment of $0.3 million from Hyundai related tothe out-licensing of varlitinib in South Korea. We did not generate revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017.

General and Administrative.    The following table sets forth a summary of our general and administrative expenses for the periods indicated.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 were $6.9 million and $9.1 million, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in headcount and staffing costs, fund raising activity costs and office administration costs.

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017
	(in thousands)
General and administrative expense
Employee benefit and travel expenses	$	4,678	$	5,044
Professional fees		1,316		2,103
Rent expense related to operating leases		280		882
Other costs		683		730
Total general and administrative expense	$	6,957	$	8,759

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Research and Development.    The following table sets forth a summary of our research and development expenses for the periods indicated.

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 were $13.2 million and $30.0 million, respectively, consisting of expenditures relating to clinical development and clinical manufacturing work performed for our various product candidates. This was primarily due to the increased spending on the clinical trial activities and product manufacturing in connection with the development of our lead product candidate, varlitinib.

	Year ended December 31,
	2016		2017
	(in thousands)
Research and development expense
Preclinical and clinical development expense	$	6,440	$	19,459
Manufacturing expense		3,495		6,541
Employee benefit and travel expenses		3,230		4,381
Total research and development expense	$	13,165	$	30,381

Other Gains and Losses, Net.    Other net gains for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $0.1 million and other net losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $0.7 million, consisting primarily of realized and unrealized foreign exchange losses. The increase in net losses was primarily attributable to foreign currency translation losses as a result of the translation of our assets, liabilities and results of operations into U.S. dollars using the relevant foreign currency exchange rates. This was caused by the strengthening of the Singapore dollar against the U.S. dollar during those years.

Finance Costs.    Finance costs for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 were $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, consisting primarily of interest expense related to interest accrued on long-term borrowings. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of the CSL Facility in 2016 that resulted in decreased expense generated in 2017.

Interest Income.    Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 were $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The increase was primarily due to an increase in bank deposits in 2017 that resulted in increased interest income generated in 2017.

Net Loss Attributable to Ordinary Shareholders.    For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, we had a net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of $9.0 million and $39.9 million, respectively. The increases in research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses andnon-operating expenses were the key drivers of the increased expenditure in 2017.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have invested most of our resources in the development of our product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, developing our supply chain, conducting business planning, raising capital and providing support for our operations. To date we have funded our operations through public and private placements of equity securities, upfront and milestone payments received from our collaborators, funding from governmental bodies and interest income from banks. Through March 31, 2019, we had raised aggregate gross proceeds of $167.2 million from private and public offerings, we had received aggregate gross upfront payments of $13.3 million from our collaborators and received an aggregate of $7.4 million in grants from government bodies. Since our inception, we have incurred net losses and have had negative cash flows from our operations. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from funding our research and development programs and general and administrative costs associated

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with our operations. We incurred net losses of $9.0 million, $39.9 million and $42.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our total comprehensive losses were $4.3 million. As of March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $136.8 million. Our operating activities used $5.8 million, $34.1 million and $39.5 million of cash during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, cash used in our operating activities were $7.2 million. As of March 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21.6 million.

We have not achieved profitability since our inception and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. In January 2019, we implemented a corporate cost savings plan to focus our resources on our lead clinical programs:varlitinib in biliary tract cancer, ASLAN003 in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and ASLAN004 in atopic dermatitis. As part of the corporate restructuring plan, we substantially reduced research and development costs and administrative expenses by terminating certain studies and reducing our workforce. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. If our planned preclinical and clinical trials are successful, or our other product candidates enter clinical trials or advance beyond the discovery stage, we will need to raise substantial additional financing in the future to fund our operations. In order to meet these additional cash requirements, we may incur debt,out-license certain intellectual property and seek to sell additional equity or convertible securities that may result in dilution to our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible securities, these securities could have rights or preferences senior to those of our ADSs and ordinary shares and any indebtedness could contain covenants that restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

CSL Loan Facility.    In connection with the license agreement with CSL Limited related to ASLAN004, in May 2014 we entered into the CSL Facility with CSL Finance, pursuant to which CSL Finance agreed to provide aten-year facility for $4.5 million. Borrowings under the CSL Facility are unsecured and can be used to reimburse a portion of eligible invoices for certain research and development costs or expenses incurred by us in connection with developing ASLAN004 and approved by CSL Finance at each drawdown period. Interest on the loan is computed at 6% plus LIBOR and is payable on a quarterly basis. Any outstanding principal on the loan must be repaid 10 years from the date of the CSL Facility. Amounts outstanding can be voluntarily prepaid. In addition, we are required to mandatorily repay amounts outstanding before the maturity date if we receive any income or revenue in connection with the commercialization orout-licensing of any intellectual property rights (other than under the license agreement with CSL Limited related to ASLAN004), in which case we are required to apply at least a low double digit percentage of such income or revenue against any amounts then-outstanding under the CSL Facility.

Under the CSL Facility, we are subject to customary reporting and repayment conditions. In addition, if Carl Firth, our chief executive officer, were to resign or be removed, we are obligated to find and hire within 12 months a replacement with at least the same level of experience, seniority and expertise commensurate with that of a CEO of a company in the same field of activity and similar size and resources as ours. If an event of default occurs, CSL Finance can terminate the commitment under the CSL Facility and accelerate all amounts outstanding.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amounts outstanding in principal and accrued interest for the CSL Facility was $4.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively.

EDB Repayable Grant.    On April 27, 2011, EDB awarded us a repayable grant, or the Grant, not exceeding approximately $7.4 million (SG$10 million) to support our drug development activities over a

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five-year qualifying period commencing February 24, 2011, or the Project. The Project was successfully implemented, resulting in substantially the full amount of the Grant being disbursed to us.

In the event any of our clinical product candidates achieve commercial approval after Phase 3 clinical trials, we will be required to repay the funds disbursed to us under the Grant plus interest of 6%. Until we have fulfilled our repayment obligations under the Grant, we have ongoing update and reporting obligations to the EDB. In the event we breach any of our ongoing obligations under the Grant, EDB can revoke the Grant and demand that we repay the funds disbursed to us under the Grant.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amounts outstanding in principal and accrued interest for the Grant was $9.9 million and $10.1 million, respectively.

Cash Flows.    The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

	Year ended December 31,									Three months ended March 31,
	2016			2017			2018			2018			2019
	(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(5,789	)	$	(34,117	)	$	(39,470	)	$	(10,008	)	$	(7,227	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(523	)		(336	)		(23,094	)		(12,030	)		(4	)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities		30.987			33,289			40,899			0			(58	)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	24,675		$	(1,164	)	$	(21,665	)	$	(22,038	)	$	(7,289	)

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The use of cash resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted fornon-cash charges and changes in components of our operating assets and liabilities. The primary cash inflow was generated from the consideration received for theout-licensing of experimental drugs. The primary use of our cash was to fund our research and development activities, regulatory and other clinical trial costs, and related supporting administration. Our prepayments and other current assets, accounts payable and other payables balances were affected by the timing of vendor invoicing and payments.

Net cash used in operating activities were $10 million and $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to the completion on the product manufacturing in connection with the development of our lead product candidate,varlitinib as well as the restructuring activities carried out in 2019.

Net cash used in operating activities were $34.1 million and $39.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The increase of net cash used in operating activities for 2018 was primarily due to an increase of $1.7 million related to general and administrative expenses, and an increase of $1.4 million related to research and development expenses from 2017 to 2018, as we incurred more expenditures for our clinical trial activities.

Net cash used in operating activities were $5.8 million and $34.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The increase of net cash used in operating activities for 2017 was primarily due to the fact that no revenue was generated in 2017, compared to revenue of $11.5 million generated fromout-licensing activities in 2016, and an increase of $17.2 million related to research and development expenses from 2016 to 2017 as we incurred more expenditures for our clinical

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trial activities ofvarlitinib and manufacturing activities in connection with the development of our various product candidates.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $12 million and $0.04 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The decrease of net cash used in investing activities for 2019 was primarily due to the purchase of the worldwide commercial rights forvarlitinib in 2018.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.3 million and $23.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The increase in cash used in investing activities for 2018 was primarily due to the purchase of the worldwide commercial rights forvarlitinib.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.5 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The decrease of net cash used in investing activities for 2017 was primarily due to lower expenditures related to office equipment and leasehold improvements and intangible assets.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was nil and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The increase of net cash used in financing activities for 2019 was primarily due to the repayment of the principal portion of our lease liabilities.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $31.0 million, $33.3 million, and $40.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which consisted primarily of the net proceeds from our private financings in 2016, net proceeds from our initial public offering in Taiwan in 2017, and net proceeds from our issuance of ADSs in our initial public offering in the United States in 2018.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands). Amounts we pay in future periods may vary from those reflected in the table.

	Total		Less than 1 year		2 – 3 years		4 – 5 years		More than 5 years
Lease obligations(1)	$	599	$	493	$	106	$	—	$	—
CSL loan facility(2)	$	4,060	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,060
Total	$	4,659	$	493	$	106	$	—	$	4,060

⁽¹⁾ Lease obligations reflect lease payments for our office space in Singapore, Taipei, Taiwan and Shanghai, China.

⁽²⁾  Reflects the principal amount outstanding under the CSL Facility as of December 31, 2018. Any outstanding principal on the loan must be repaid 10 years from the date of the CSL Facility. In addition, we are required to mandatorily prepay amounts outstanding if we receive any income or revenue in connection with the commercialization orout-licensing of any intellectual property rights (other than under the license agreement with CSL Limited related to ASLAN004), in which case we are required to apply at least a low double digit percentage of such income or revenue against any amounts then-outstanding under the CSL Facility.

The table above does not include:

• our repayment obligations under the loan from EDB, which are contingent on future events, and which as of December 31, 2018 was approximately $9.9 million; and

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• we also have obligations to make future payments to third-party licensors that become due and payable on the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones as well as tiered royalties on net sales. We have not included these commitments on our balance sheet or in the table above because the commitments are cancellable if the milestones are not achieved and achievement and timing of these obligations are not fixed or determinable.

As of March 31, 2019, there were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business in our contractual obligations from those disclosed in the table above.

Purchase Commitments

Other than amounts as described above, we have no materialnon-cancelable purchase commitments with contract manufacturers or service providers as we have generally contracted on a cancelable basis.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, anyoff-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable SEC regulations.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Our financial risk management objective is to monitor and manage the financial risks relating to our operations. These risks include risks in financial markets (including currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. In order to minimize the effect of financial risks, we devote time and resources to identifying and evaluating the uncertainty of the financial market to mitigate risk exposures.

Our activities expose us primarily to risks of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and other price risks.

Foreign Exchange Risk

We have foreign currency transactions, which expose us to foreign currency risks. The significant financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as of December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SG$	SG$	2,297,231		0.7335	US$	1,685,019
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SG$	SG$	13,515,737		0.7335	US$	9,914,437

A hypothetical rate change of 5% is used when reporting foreign currency risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates. Based on outstanding foreign currency-denominated monetary items, a 5% weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Singapore dollar would result in a $0.4 million increase to net loss and decrease to equity for the year ended December 31, 2018.

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The significant financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as of March 31, 2019 were as follows:

	March 31, 2019
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SG$	SG$	1,659,951		0.7378	US$	1,224,642
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SG$	SG$	13,662,288		0.7378	US$	10,079,462

A hypothetical rate change of 5% is used when reporting foreign currency risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates. Based on outstanding foreign currency-denominated monetary items, a 5% weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Singapore dollar would result in a $0.4 million increase to net loss and decrease to equity for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk because we have historically borrowed and from time to time may borrow funds at both fixed and floating interest rates. Our interest rate risk was mainly concentrated in the fluctuation of the benchmark interest rates arising from long-term borrowings.

The sensitivity analysis below was determined based on our exposure to interest rates for both derivatives andnon-derivative instruments at the end of the reporting period. For floating rate liabilities, the analysis was prepared assuming the amount of the liability outstanding at the end of the reporting period was outstanding for the whole year. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates. A 100 basis points increase in interest rates with all other variables held constant would result in a $0.1 million and $0.03 million increase to our net loss and decrease to equity for the year ended December 31, 2018 and for the three months ended March 31, 2019, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Critical Accounting Policies.    Summarized below are our accounting policies that we believe are important to the portrayal of our financial results and also involve the need for management to make estimates about the effect of matters that are uncertain in nature. Actual results may differ from these estimates, judgments and assumptions. Certain accounting policies are particularly critical because of their significance to our reported financial results and the possibility that future events may differ significantly from the conditions and assumptions underlying the estimates used and judgments made by our management in preparing our financial statements. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes, which are included in this prospectus.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for theout-licensing of experimental drugs that have reached ‘proof of concept’ to business partners for ongoing global

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development and launch, in the ordinary course of our activities. Revenue is presented, net of goods and services tax, rebates and discounts.

We recognize revenue when we have completed theout-licensing of the experimental drug to business partners, such partners have accepted the products, and collectability of the related receivables is reasonably assured.

Typically the consideration received fromout-licensing may take the form of upfront payments, option payments, milestone payments, and royalty payments on licensed products. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contracts with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations. At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, assess whether each promised good or service is distinct and identify those that are performance obligations. We recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Upfront License Fees

If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues fromnon-refundable,up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other performance obligations, we use judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether it is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. We evaluate the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone Payments

At the inception of each contract with customers that includes development or regulatory milestone payments (i.e., the variable consideration), we include some or all of an amount of variable consideration in the transaction price estimated only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of events that are uncertain or not controllable, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered highly probable of being achieved until those approvals are received, and therefore not included in the transaction price. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate the probability of achievement of such milestones and any related constraints, and if necessary, may adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price.

Royalties

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based on the level of sales, and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the subsequent sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, we have not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any ofout-licensing arrangements.

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Acquiredin-process research and development product candidate

In January 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Array Biopharma Inc. to acquire an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinib for all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses. Sincevarlitinib is still under development and not yet approved for commercialization, the acquiredin-process research and development costs related tovarlitinib are capitalized as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until the completion or abandonment of the related research and development activities. When the related research and development is completed or a change in circumstance occurs that defines the useful life, the asset is reclassified to a definite-lived intangible asset and amortized over its estimated useful life.

Indefinite-lived intangible asset is not subject to amortization, but is tested annually for impairment or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment. In respect of the impairment indicators, we consider both internal and external sources of information to determine whether an asset may be impaired, which may include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes with adverse effects in the use of the assets, as well as the internal reporting which indicates the economic performance of an asset is worse than expected. If any such indicators exist, we will estimate the recoverable amount of such indefinite-lived intangible asset and compare it with its carrying amount. Same as what is performed in the annual impairment testing, if the recoverable amount is less than its carrying amount, an impairment charge is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income accordingly. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we did not recognize any impairment charges related to the indefinite-lived intangible asset.

Realization of Deferred Income Tax Assets

When we have net operating loss carry forwards or temporary differences in the amount of tax recorded for tax purposes and accounting purposes, we may be able to reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in future periods. We generally recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable benefits will be available to utilize. The income tax benefit or expense is recorded when there is a net change in our total deferred tax assets and liabilities in a period. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets depends upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the net operating losses and temporary differences become deductible may be utilized. Since the determination of the amount of realization of the deferred tax assets is based, in part, on our forecast of future profitability, it is inherently uncertain and subjective. In cases where the actual profits generated are less than expected, a material adjustment of deferred tax assets may arise, which would be recognized in profit or loss for the period in which such adjustment takes place. As of December 31 , 2018 and March 31, 2019, no deferred tax asset has been recognized on tax losses due to the unpredictability of future profit streams.

Research and Development Expenses

Research is expensed as incurred and development expenditures are capitalized only if development costs can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable, and we intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. The conditions enabling capitalization of development costs as an asset have not yet been met and, therefore, all development expenditures are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations when incurred.

Share-Based Compensation

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, there were options outstanding to purchase 14,343,213 and 14,227,545 ordinary shares, respectively. The options granted pursuant to our 2014 Employee Share Option Scheme Plan are either vested in full as of the date of grant or are 25% vested as of the date of

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grant, with the remaining 75% vesting in equal annual installments over the three years following the date of grant. Options granted pursuant to our 2017 Employee Share Option Plan 1 vest in full upon the second anniversary of the date of grant.

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. The fair value determined at the grant date of the employee share options is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the estimate of employee share options that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in capital surplus—employee share options. The fair value determined at the grant date of the employee share options is recognized as an expense in full at the grant date when the share options granted vest immediately.

At the end of each reporting period, we revise our estimate of the number of employee share options expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates is recognized in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the capital surplus—employee share options.

We are responsible for determining the fair value of the stock options granted to employees following the regulatory requirements of the TPEx and using various information, including information provided by an independent third-party valuation firm. The binomial option pricing model is applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted to employees. See footnote 20 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further details on the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of share-based awards granted in prior periods.

JOBS Act

Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, we are entitled to rely on certain exemptions and reduced reporting requirements as an EGC. We are not required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b), (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required ofnon-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (including critical audit matters), and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply until December 31, 2023 or until we no longer meet the requirements of being an EGC, whichever is earlier.

Recent Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 3, “Application of new, amended and revised standards and interpretations,” to our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a clinical-stage oncology and immunology focused biopharmaceutical company based in Singapore developing novel therapeutics for global markets. We target diseases that are both highly prevalent in Asia and orphan indications in the United States and Europe. Our Asia development platform is designed to enable us to accelerate the development of drugs to treat these diseases. Our portfolio is comprised of four product candidates which target: validated growth pathways applied to new patient segments; novel immune checkpoints; and novel cancer metabolic pathways.

Our lead program,varlitinib,is a reversible small moleculepan-HER inhibitor that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptors HER1, HER2 and HER4.Varlitinibis currently being studied in a global pivotal clinical trial for biliary tract cancer for which we expect to report topline data in the second half of 2019.

We focus on cancers, such as biliary tract cancer, that are orphan diseases in the United States and Europe for which there are few, if any, approved therapies. Although registration trials for orphan diseases may require fewer patients, recruitment for such trials in the United States and Europe is often challenging given the limited availability of suitable patients. Asia offers a unique opportunity to accelerate the development of novel therapies in diseases where either the cancers are more prevalent or the availability of suitable patients is greater.

• The cancers are more prevalent.    As an example, there are approximately 12,600 new cases of biliary tract cancer every year in the United States. In Asia, the incidence of biliary tract cancer is approximately 200,000 new cases every year, of which up to 145,000 are in China. The higher incidence in Asia is believed to be driven by both genetic and environmental factors.

• The availability of suitable patients is greater.    As an example, in acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, there are a large number of clinical trials in the United States and Europe competing for a relatively small patient population. By conducting clinical development primarily in Asia, we are able to access a larger population of patients more easily and cost-effectively, with fewer competing trials.

We have built a development platform centered in Asia that can generate data suitable for submission to regulators in the United States, Europe, China and Japan. The key components of this platform include:

• International presence.    We are strategically positioned, through our teams in Singapore, Taiwan and China, to recruit patients quickly and efficiently in Asia, supplemented with data generated in the United States and Europe. Our local presence in Asia has enabled us to work closely with leading investigators and institutions, and closely oversee the execution of clinical trials to ensure the quality of clinical data.

• Extensive knowledge of Asia prevalent cancers.    In collaboration with leading Asia research centers, such as Singapore’s National Cancer Centre, Japan’s National Cancer Centre Hospital and Taiwan’s Academia Sinica, we have been studying tumor profiles of patients to analyze the expression of certain biomarkers. This allows us to design targeted clinical trials focusing on those patients most likely to respond to our product candidates.

• Experienced management team.    Our senior management team has broad experience in global and regional drug development, regulatory activities and commercialization, having played significant roles at other companies in the development of Crestor, Iressa and Symbicort in Asia and other international markets.

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• Deep local relationships.    Our team’s global experience is complemented by a strong network of local partners and collaborators that we have established over many years operating in Asia, such as the Director of the Clinical Trials Center at Seoul National University Hospital and the Chair of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. We are also represented on some of the top industry and government advisory bodies in Asia, such as Singapore’s International Advisory Council, which advises the Singapore government on the development of the biomedical sector.

Our senior management team has extensive experience in global and regional development, regulatory activities and commercialization of drugs and has an aggregate of over 70 years of experience working in Asia. Our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Carl Firth, was previously New Product Director for China and Regional Business Development and Strategic Planning Director for AstraZeneca plc, or AstraZeneca. Our Chief Development Officer, Dr. Mark McHale, was previously Head of Molecular Sciences for Respiratory and Inflammation at AstraZeneca. Our Chief Business Officer, Stephen Doyle, was previously a VP in the Specialty Care Business Unit of Boehringer-Ingelheim GmbH in China and VP Oncology of Sanofi S.A. in China. Our scientific advisory board is chaired by Professor Sir David Lane, the discoverer of p53 and Chief Scientist of Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research, or A*STAR. Our partners include some of the leading global research centers, such as the MD Anderson Cancer Center, the Huntsman Institute, National Taiwan University and Singapore’s National Cancer Centre.

Our Product Candidates

The following table summarizes our product candidate pipeline:

We hold global rights to all of our product candidates with the exception ofvarlitiniband ASLAN003, for both of which BioGenetics Co., Ltd., or BioGenetics, acquired rights for South Korea, and ASLAN002, for which Bristol Myers Squibb Company, or BMS, acquired global rights.

Our lead program,varlitinib, is a highly potent, oral, reversible small moleculepan-HER inhibitor. Targeting individual members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor, or HER, family is a well-validated approach to cancer treatment. In some cancers, HER1-selective or HER2-selective agents, such as Herceptin, appear to be effective for a large number of patients. However, in other cancers only a small number of patients have tumors driven by a single receptor, such as HER2. We believe there are larger subsets of patients with cancers driven by a combination of HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4. We have demonstrated thatvarlitinibhas activity in biliary tract cancer, where HER family expression is known to be high, as well as in HER2-positive breast cancer and in subsets of colorectal cancer. Following discussions with the United States Food and Drug Administration, or U.S. FDA, and other

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regulators, we have initiated a global pivotal clinical trial ofvarlitinibfor biliary tract cancer. We believevarlitinibhas the potential to be the first targeted therapy approved for biliary tract cancer.

In addition tovarlitinib, we have several other product candidates in development. We are developing ASLAN003, an inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, or DHODH, in AML and are exploring development in other solid tumors where this mechanism has been shown to be relevant. ASLAN003 has the potential to induce differentiation in leukemic blast cells and our observed signs of clinical activity and tolerance leads us to believe that ASLAN003 could be applicable in a broad range of AML patients.

ASLAN004 is anIL-4/IL-13 receptor antibody, which we believe has the potential to be abest-in-class therapy formoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and asthma, due to greater selectivity in binding target cells via theIL-13 receptor. We have initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial investigating ASLAN004 in healthy volunteers. The single ascending dose (SAD) study is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2019 and we expect to initiate a multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in the second half of 2019.

ASLAN005 is an antibody in preclinical development targetingrecepteur d’origine nantais, or RON, an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to become a leader in the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for global markets, targeting diseases that are both highly prevalent in Asia and orphan indications in the United States and Europe. We plan to leverage our international presence, broad experience in Asia, extensive knowledge of our target diseases and deep local relationships to expedite drug development.

To achieve our goal, we intend to pursue the following strategy:

• Rapidly advancevarlitinibin biliary tract cancer.We are conducting a global pivotal clinical trial ofvarlitinib, which we refer to as TREatmEnT OPPortunity, or TREETOPP. Based on guidance from the U.S. FDA, we intend to seek accelerated approval for this product candidate if we see an increase in response rate over the current standard of care.

• Develop ASLAN003 in AML.We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial in Asia to develop ASLAN003 in AML, and we plan to meet with the U.S. FDA to discuss expedited regulatory strategies, such as accelerated approval. We are also conducting preclinical studies in other types of cancer where DHODH has been implicated as a putative target in published research, such as triple negative breast cancer, or TNBC, and hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC.

• Build a broad immuno-oncology portfolio.We are using antibodies to inhibit specific immune checkpoints, such as RON, a receptor expressed on the macrophage, the inhibition of which could enhanceT-cell activity. We intend to initially pursue Asia prevalent tumor indications with this immuno-oncology portfolio.

• Establish a targeted commercial organization in the United States, China and other Asian markets.We started building a targeted commercial organization in 2018 in anticipation of the potential regulatory approval ofvarlitinibfor biliary tract cancer. We may also establish collaborations with pharmaceutical companies to maximize the potential of our products in other markets.

• Develop ASLAN004 in severe atopic dermatitis and asthma.We are conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial to develop ASLAN004 as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. We intend to explore the use of ASLAN004 as a treatment for other atopic diseases, such as asthma, in the future.

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• Selectivelyin-license or acquire additional oncology product candidates.We plan to utilize our global relationships and business development experience to identify and evaluate new product candidate opportunities based on our understanding of Asia prevalent cancers and the targets and pathways that drive them.

Opportunity and Rationale for Drug Development in Asia

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally and is rapidly overtaking heart disease in many developed countries to become the number one cause of mortality. In 2015, there were approximately 1.7 million new cases of cancer and 600,000 deaths caused by cancer in the United States, as compared to 4.3 million new cases and 2.8 million deaths in China alone. Historically, there has been more research in cancers common in the United States and Europe, such as breast and lung cancer, than there has been in other cancer types which are more prevalent in Asia. This lack of research has contributed to fewer treatment options for those cancers that are more prevalent in Asia. For example, in 2016, the prevalence of biliary tract cancer was over 200,000 patients in Asia, compared to approximately 12,600 in the United States, and there are no therapies approved to treat this disease. In gastric cancer, the prevalence was over one million in Asia in 2012, but only approximately 32,000 in the United States, and there is only one targeted therapy approved for first-line treatment. For the cancers on which we are focusing, such as biliary tract cancer, patients typically present with late-stage disease that has already metastasized. These patients are often not eligible for surgery and curative options are limited. Currently, no drugs are approved in the United States for biliary tract cancer, which has a median overall survival of 11.7 months. We have designed our clinical trials to target the patients most likely to respond to our product candidates, which will be a subset of the overall patient population for each targeted indication.

We believe that our Asia development platform and our understanding of cancers that are prevalent in Asia, in particular in our areas of focus in China, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, will enable us to develop drugs for these diseases more efficiently than could be done in the United States and Europe.

The advantages of developing drugs in Asia are:

• The prevalence and etiology of certain cancers in Asia differ from the United States and Europe.While certain cancers, such as breast and lung cancer, are common worldwide, other cancers, such as gastric and biliary tract cancer, are many times more prevalent in Asia than in the United States and Europe.

Cancer	Prevalence				Prevalence rate (per 100,000)				Difference in prevalence rates
	Asia-Pacific3		U.S.		Asia-Pacific3		U.S.		Asia-Pacific3/U.S.
Gastric cancer1		1,027,691		32,076		70.9		12.7		5.6x
Nasopharyngeal cancer1		112,790		6,072		7.8		2.4		3.2x
Biliary tract cancer2		200,968		12,601		11.0		3.9		2.8x
Liver cancer1		422,635		27,479		29.1		10.9		2.7x

Sources:	(1)As of 2012, based on Globocan (2012); Bray et.al, (2013), Estimates of global cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008.
	(2)As of 2016, based on Edison Investment Research, “Novel treatments for worldwide unmet needs,” dated November 8, 2017, surveying Randi et.al, (2008), Epidemiology of biliary tract cancers: an update: Bridgewater et.al, (2014), Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
	(3)In this table, Asia-Pacific refers to only China, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam.

Causes for these differences are believed to include both genetic and environmental factors, including diet, levels of socio-economic development, endemic infections and medical practice. For example, Northern Thailand has the highest incidence of biliary tract cancer globally, where it affects more patients than any other cancer, due to the consumption of a

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local fish that often contains parasites that reside in the bile duct of its human host. The higher prevalence ofHelicobacter pyloriinfections in certain Asian countries including Japan, China and South Korea, as well as the consumption of salty or spicy foods, are believed to be responsible for the higher levels of gastric cancer in these countries. Globally, HCC is the sixth most common cancer and has one of the highest cancer mortality rates. Prevalence in Asia is higher, with China accounting for over 50% of all HCC cases reported worldwide, and is believed to be driven by the higher prevalence of chronic Hepatitis B and C infection.

• The quality of clinical centers and translational medicine in Asia is high. Following investments made over the last two decades, countries such as Singapore and South Korea have emerged as centers of excellence in translational medicine and innovative clinical development. The growth of investments in medical research in Asia has increased significantly, with such investments increasing from $2.6 billion in 2004 to $9.7 billion in 2012. Asia’s share of global research funding increased from 13% in 2004 to 20% in 2011. In addition, recent data published by the U.S. FDA for the period from 2000 to 2015 shows that countries across Asia have been contributing to global studies for decades and have reached the level of quality demanded by international regulators based on findings during regulatory inspections. Many of the leading research centers and key opinion leaders for Asia prevalent cancers are based in Asia. Key immuno-oncology studies for Asia prevalent cancers have also been led by Asia investigators and led from Asian clinical centers:

• The regulatory environment in Asia is maturing quickly.Major Asian regulators such as the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or the PMDA and, in China, the National Medical Products Administration, or NMPA (formerly China Food and Drug Administration, or CFDA), have historically been viewed as being generally more conservative than their United States and European counterparts. However, regulators in Asia have recently become more progressive in their approach towards drug development.

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For example, in 2014, Japan was first to approve the novel PD1 inhibitornivolumabfor unresectable melanoma and, in 2013, Taiwan was first to approveafatinibfornon-small cell lung cancer, in each case ahead of approval by United States and European regulators. In 2015, the PMDA introduced its first accelerated regulatory pathway, thesakigakedesignation scheme, on a pilot basis, potentially allowing innovative drugs targeting diseases with high unmet need a faster route to market and a longer marketing exclusivity period. In 2017, the State Council in China introduced a series of reforms allowing imported drugs to be approved using foreign data, which should dramatically shorten approval timelines when implemented by the NMPA.

• Conducting clinical trials in Asia can accelerate drug development.By working with some of the leading centers in Asia, the recruitment rate for clinical trials can be significantly increased. For example, compared to recruitment rates in the United States, we estimate that the recruitment rate for patients for trials involving biliary tract cancer in Japan is approximately double and recruitment rates for gastric cancer in South Korea and Taiwan are approximately two to three times higher. Even for cancer types where disease prevalence is no higher in Asia than in the United States and Europe, often patients in Asia can be more easily recruited for clinical trials because there are fewer competing studies and large urban centers allow Asia-based clinical institutions to access a large patient pool.

Our Product Candidates

Varlitinib (ASLAN001).    Varlitinibis a highly potent, oral, reversible, small molecule inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor, or HER, family of receptor tyrosine kinases, or RTKs. Approved drugs that selectively target HER1 (also known as EGFR) or HER2 have been effective in some patients. However, patients may relapse on or may not respond to these therapies because the growth of their cancers is driven by other HER family receptors.

Varlitinibtargets multiple members of the HER family of receptors and therefore we believe it may be effective in a broader range of tumor types and effective in patients that have progressed on prior HER1-selective or HER2-selective therapies. Following guidance from the U.S. FDA, we initiated a randomized global pivotal clinical trial testingvarlitinibin second-line biliary tract cancer. We expect to report topline data for this trial in the second half of 2019.

We licensedvarlitinibfrom Array BioPharma Inc., or Array, in 2011 after successful completion of five Phase 1 clinical trials in a range of solid tumors, which showed activity in breast cancer. To date, we have completed four additional Phase 1b clinical trials and two Phase 2 clinical trials for this product candidate. Over 600 patients have been dosed withvarlitinibas monotherapy or in combination with other agents. In these clinical trials,varlitinibwas well-tolerated in Caucasian and Asian patients.Varlitinibhas demonstrated activity in a range of tumor types including biliary tract, breast and colorectal cancer. In January 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Array, which replaces and supersedes our previous collaboration and license agreement, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinibfor all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses.

We have obtained orphan drug designation from the U.S. FDA forvarlitinibin gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, which represents approximately 60% of biliary tract cancer cases. The IND forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer was originally submitted by Array in 2005 and subsequently inactivated in February 2012. The IND forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer was then reactivated on April 21, 2017. We also have obtained orphan drug designation from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea forvarlitinibin biliary tract cancer.

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Mechanism of Action

Varlitinibtargets the HER family of receptors, comprised of four members, HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4, which is responsible for driving growth in human epithelial cells. These receptors can be mutated or overexpressed in many tumors, which can cause excessive proliferative activity and uncontrolled growth. For instance, HER2 is often overexpressed or amplified in breast cancer. Many of these tumors are dependent on continued HER2 activity for growth and are therefore sensitive to HER2 targeted agents such as Herceptin (trastuzumab). We believe that apan-HER inhibitor such asvarlitinib,which targets HER1, HER2 and HER4, could inhibit proliferation and control tumor growth. HER3 requires active HER1, HER2 or HER4 to function and thereforevarlitinibindirectly inhibits HER3.

Varlitinibhas been designed to have favorable properties with low nanomolar, or nM, potency for the HER family.Varlitinibselectively inhibits the HER family and therefore has the potential for feweroff-target effects. It was well-tolerated in the clinic, with reduced gastrointestinal, or GI, toxicity compared to otherpan-HER inhibitors.

Varlitinib Mechanism of Action

As a reversiblepan-HER inhibitor,varlitinibbinds temporarily to the HER family of receptors when the drug concentration is high, but dissociates when the drug concentration falls. Irreversiblepan-HER inhibitors bind permanently to the receptor so when they are absorbed in the GI tract, the receptors in the gut epithelium are irreversibly inhibited and prevented from proliferating, which may lead to high rates of diarrhea in patients. In contrast, the gut epithelium of patients taking a reversible inhibitor likevarlitinibcan proliferate when the local concentration in the gut falls between dosing, which should result in lower frequency and severity of diarrhea. Importantly, we believe the concentration ofvarlitinibin the tumor remains stable between dosing leading to sustained target inhibition predicted to be in excess of 90%.

Advantages

We believe thatvarlitinibhas the potential to be the first targeted therapy approved for biliary tract cancer. We believevarlitinibhas the following potential competitive advantages:

• Potent inhibition of HER1, HER2 and HER4 potentially enables it to be used in a broader range of tumors than HER1-selective and HER2-selective agents. Drugs such as Herceptin only target HER2, which is only effective in tumors driven specifically by HER2. We believe there are other patients whose tumors are driven by different combinations of HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4, that may respond topan-HER inhibitors.

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• HER4 inhibition may lead to a more durable response. The upregulation of HER4 has been shown to act as an escape mechanism in breast cancer cell lines treated withlapatinib,which has no activity against HER4, leading to resistance. These cell lines remain sensitive tovarlitinib, suggesting thatvarlitinibmay lead to a more durable response. We believe that this response may also be seen in other tumor types.

• Low levels of GI toxicity in comparison to otherpan-HER inhibitors.Varlitinibhas demonstrated a low level of GI toxicity, which we believe is because it is a reversible inhibitor. Otherpan-HER inhibitors are irreversible inhibitors and patients in those trials have exhibited as much as 40% grades 3/4 diarrhea. In contrast, across allvarlitinib clinical trials as of March 21, 2019, only 1% of patients experienced grades 3/4 diarrhea.

• Well-tolerated in conjunction with certain other chemotherapy regimens.Varlitinibhas been tested in combination with seven different chemotherapy regimens including doublet chemotherapy and doses have been established for all of these regimens. We believe this is important as chemotherapy protocols used for diseases like biliary tract cancer can vary from country to country.

Biliary Tract Cancer

Market Opportunity

Annually, there are approximately 200,000 new cases of biliary tract cancer in Asia, of which up to 145,000 are in China, and approximately 12,600 new cases in the United States. Biliary tract cancer has a five-year survival rate of less than 10% and there has been little improvement in prognosis or treatment outcomes over the last two decades.

Biliary tract cancer consists of intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the bile duct), cancer of the gall bladder and papilla of Vater (the final portion of the bile duct emptying into the small bowel). Though biliary tract cancer is considered to be a subset of liver cancer, therapies approved for liver cancer are not approved for biliary tract cancer. There are no therapies approved for biliary tract cancer in the United States.

Approximately 35% of patients undergo surgical resection, but recurrence is common, with the disease returning in 50% to 60% of patients. Late-stage patients typically receive chemotherapy and have an overall survival of around 11.7 months. In the first-line setting, the doublet combination ofgemcitabineandcisplatinis commonly used and has demonstrated a response rate of 26% and progression free survival of 8.0 months. In the second-line setting, various chemotherapy regimens are used, including capecitabine, which typically demonstrate response rates of less than 10% and progression free survival of approximately 3 months.

Specific pathways driving biliary tract cancer have not been identified, however recent data from Japan and China show that approximately 70% of biliary tract cancer tumors exhibit HER family overexpression, with HER4 expressed most widely.

Preclinical and Clinical Development

In a pooled analysis of biliary tract cancer patients from three Phase 1 clinical trials ofvarlitinib in combination with platinum-based regimens assessing efficacy and safety, 43 patients who have had up to four prior treatments have been enrolled as of the datacut-off date of November 26, 2018. Of the 27 patients evaluable for efficacy, nine patients achieved a partial response (33%) and 14 patients had stable disease, corresponding to an ORR of 33% and disease control rate of 81%. Two of the four second-line patients demonstrated particularly deep and durable responses, including one patient with 74% tumor

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shrinkage that was on study for 653 days and a second patient with 87% tumor shrinking that was on study for 210 days.

Maximum change in tumor size in biliary tract cancer patients from three Phase 1 clinical trials:Varlitinib in combination with platinum-based regimens

	Case 1	Case 2
Demographic	51 years, female	58 years, male
Line of therapy	2nd	2nd
Best response	PR	PR
Days on study	653 (476 days monotherapy)	210 (91 days monotherapy)

Ongoing Clinical Trials

First-Line Biliary Tract Cancer

We have initiated a Phase 1b clinical trial to test the safety, tolerability and efficacy ofvarlitinib in first-line biliary tract cancer in combination withgemcitabine/cisplatin. In the Phase 1b clinical trial, increasing doses ofvarlitinib are combined withgemcitabine/cisplatin to determine the maximum tolerated dose, or MTD, in first-line biliary tract cancer. When the MTD is declared, the clinical trial is expected to progress to Phase 2.

In the ongoing Phase 1b clinical trial, 21 biliary tract cancer patients who had not received prior systemic therapy had been enrolled as of thecut-off date of November 26, 2018. Of the 16 patients evaluable for efficacy (11 in the 200mg cohort and five in the 300mg cohort), seven patients achieved a partial response and eight had stable disease for a period greater than or equal to 12 weeks, corresponding to an ORR of 44% and DCR of 94%. In the higher 300mg dose cohort, three of five patients achieved a partial response and two had stable disease greater or equal to 12 weeks, corresponding to a higher ORR of 60% and DCR of 100%. These preliminary results demonstrate increased activity ofvarlitinib in combination withgemcitabine/cisplatincompared to the commonly used doublet chemotherapy combination ofgemcitabine/cisplatinalone, where ORR and DCR are 26% and 81%, respectively.

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Maximum change in tumor size in first-line biliary tract cancer patients from Phase 1b clinical trials:

Varlitinib in combination withgemcitabine/cisplatin

TREETOPP Trial in Second-Line Biliary Tract Cancer

Based on the results in biliary tract cancer from the Phase 1b clinical trials, we met with the U.S. FDA in October 2016 regarding the design of a registration trial and the overall development pathway forvarlitinibin this indication. If this registration trial demonstrates a significant effect on overall response rate,varlitinibcould be granted accelerated approval subject to a second confirmatory trial being run after approval to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival. TREETOPP is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in second-line biliary tract cancer comparingvarlitinibandcapecitabineto placebo andcapecitabine. This clinical trial is being led by Dr. Milind Javle at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Theco-primary endpoints are ORR and PFS and will be assessed by ICR according to RECIST. The secondary endpoints are OS, DOR, DCR and tumor size percentage change at week 12, as defined by RECIST. In order to maintain an overallone-sided 10% type I error rate for the trial, we plan to use a Hochberg procedure, meaning that the trial would be deemed to have met its primary objective if either endpoint is significant at theone-sided 5% level or if both endpoints are significant at theone-sided 10% significance level. We completed recruitment of 127 patients in December 2018 and expect to report topline data from this trial in the second half of 2019. If the endpoints are met, we intend to submit a New Drug Application, or NDA, to the U.S. FDA for accelerated approval in second-line biliary tract cancer.

Pivotal Biliary Tract Cancer Trial Design (ongoing)

Gastric cancer

Market Opportunity

As of 2012, gastric cancer, or cancer of the stomach, was the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Prevalence was highest in Asia with 1.2 million patients,

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of which approximately 590,000 were in China. There were approximately 30,000 patients in the United States and 190,000 in Europe. The five-year survival rate of gastric cancer is less than 20%.

Surgical resection is still the primary curative treatment for localized gastric cancer, however less than 50% of patients present with localized disease. In the metastatic setting, chemotherapy, such as FOLFOX, XELOX,cisplatin/capecitabineorcisplatin/5-FU, is the standard of care, typically a combination of platinum-based therapy and fluorouridine-based therapy. Recent advances have demonstrated the role of the HER family of receptors in driving tumor growth. Herceptin, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, was the first targeted drug in the metastatic setting to have shown benefit in overall survival when combined with standard doublet chemotherapy.

Preclinical and Clinical Development

To determine whether HER1 and HER2 were driving tumor growth in HER1/HER2 coexpressing tumors, we conducted a Phase 2 paired biopsy clinical trial in patients who had failed one or more courses of prior treatment for gastric cancer. Patients were biopsied on day one, dosed withvarlitinibmonotherapy for 28 days and then biopsied again. Tumor samples were stained by immunohistochemistry to quantify markers of proliferation (MAPK and Ki67) and survival (AKT and TUNEL). Twenty-three patients were recruited in two cohorts: tumors coexpressing HER1 and HER2, and tumors that were HER2-amplified. The data demonstrated thatvarlitinibtreatment led to down regulation of proliferation and upregulation of tumor apoptosis in evaluable patients that were coexpressing HER1/HER2.

Phase 2 Gastric Cancer Biopsy Data

Marker	Evaluable HER1/HER2 coexpressing patients	Implications
Inhibition of phospho-MAPK	86%	Indicative of reduced tumor proliferation
Downregulation of Ki67	71%	Indicative of reduced tumor proliferation
Inhibition ofphospho- AKT	29%	Indicative of tumor cell death
Upregulation of TUNEL	60%	Indicative of tumor cell death

First-Line Gastric Cancer

In January 2019, we completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical trial in first-line HER1/HER2-coexpressing gastric cancer comparingvarlitinib/FOLFOX to placebo/FOLFOX. The Phase 2 clinical trial enrolled 52 patients with a primary endpoint of tumor shrinkage at week 12, as assessed by ICR according to RECIST. Based on ICR, patients treated withvarlitinib/FOLFOX had an average tumor shrinkage of 22.0% after 12 weeks compared to 12.5% for patients treated with placebo/FOLFOX. The difference in tumor shrinkage did not reach statistical significance andvarlitinib did not meet the primary endpoint. However,varlitinib/FOLFOX was very well-tolerated with 73.1% of patients takingvarlitinib experiencing a grade 3 or higher adverse event compared to 88.5% of patients taking FOLFOX alone.

Second-Line Gastric Cancer

In May 2019,varlitinib was selected by the Korean Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment Enterprise(K-MASTER) to treat second-lineHER1/HER-coexpressing gastric cancer patients as part of a Phase 1b/2 umbrella clinical trial.K-MASTER is Korea’s leading precision medicine research group, operated by Korea University, and is funded by the Korean government. The study, led by Professor SunYoung Rha of the Yonsei Cancer Center, will be conducted in up to 10 sites in South Korea.

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Thetwo-part, Phase 1b/2, open label, multi-center clinical trial will recruit approximately 400 patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer, divided between four experimental arms and a common control arm based on biomarker profiling. Patients that are HER1/HER2-coexpressing will receivevarlitinib in combination with weeklypaclitaxel. Other arms will test other drugs, including PD1 and PI3K-beta inhibitors. The primary objective of the Phase 1b clinical trial is to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the recommended Phase 2 dose of thevarlitinib andpaclitaxel combination. The Phase 2 part will evaluate the treatment effect ofvarlitinib andpaclitaxel combination on PFS in subjects with HER1/HER2 coexpression in advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.

Phase 1b/2 Second-Line Gastric Cancer Trial Design (ongoing)

Breast Cancer

The prevalence of breast cancer in Asia was approximately 2.3 million patients in 2012, while the prevalence in the United States was approximately 1.0 million, of which approximately 5% was metastatic in both cases.

Metastatic breast cancer has a five-year survival rate of 26%. Approximately 20% of these patients have tumors with HER2 amplification and will typically receive the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody therapies Herceptin andpertuzumabin first-line treatment and thenado-trastuzumab emtansinein second-line treatment. In third-line treatment, patients receive the HER1/HER2 small molecule inhibitorlapatinibpluscapecitabine.Varlitinibhas demonstrated an improved objective response rate and with lower levels of diarrhea compared tolapatinibin a Phase 2 clinical trial.

We have completed a randomized open label Phase 2 clinical trial in HER2 amplified patients who have progressed on Herceptin. The open label clinical trial enrolled 50 patients with two arms comparingvarlitinib andcapecitabinetolapatinibandcapecitabine,with a primary endpoint of tumor shrinkage at week 12, as assessed by ICR according to RECIST. Six patients withdrew consent within the first 30 days following enrollment, of which only one patient experienced a grade 4 serious adverse event, which was diarrhea and assessed as being drug-related. One patient died due to liver failure leading to multi-organ failure and sepsis after 11 days on treatment withvarlitinibandcapecitabineand was reported as “possibly related” tovarlitinibbecause the immediate cause of the patient’s death could not be determined, and therefore, a relationship tovarlitinibcould not be excluded. These patients were excluded from the subsequent efficacy analysis. For the patients who remained in the clinical trial, the average tumor shrinkage in thevarlitinibarm was 36% compared to 18% in thelapatinibarm, with p=0.075, which met the preset statistical criterion for significance for this clinical trial. (For reference, the U.S. FDA would typically require p£0.05 to demonstrate statistical significance in a pivotal clinical trial.) The ORR was 60% for patients in thevarlitinibarm compared to 46% for those in thelapatinibarm.Varlitinibandcapecitabinewas well-tolerated with 12.5% grades 3/4 diarrhea that was controlled on standard doses ofloperamide. The incidence of diarrhea observed in thevarlitinibandcapecitabinearm also compared favorably to an observed incidence of 40% grades 3/4 diarrhea in published data for

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neratinib, an irreversiblepan-HER inhibitor. In addition, the 60% ORR seen withvarlitinibandcapecitabineis comparable to the 64% ORR seen inneratinibstudies.

Phase 2 Metastatic Breast Cancer Trial Design (completed)

In an ongoinginvestigator-led clinical trial in neoadjuvant breast cancer testingvarlitinib in combination withpaclitaxelandtrastuzumab, three out of five patients (60%) demonstrated pathological complete response. We also have an ongoinginvestigator-led clinical treat in breast cancer with brain metastasis.

Safety

Varlitinibhas been dosed as monotherapy and in combination with singlet and doublet chemotherapies commonly used in biliary tract, gastric, metastatic breast and colorectal cancer. The maximum tolerated doses varied from 300mg twice daily to 500mg twice daily (BID).

Across allvarlitinibclinical trials, the most commonly occurring drug-related adverse events, or AEs, as of March 31, 2019 were nausea (37% of patients with any grade, 1% with grade 3 or 4), diarrhea (33% of patients with any grade, 1% with grade 3 or 4) and fatigue (33% of patients with any grade, 4% with grade 3 or 4). Grade refers to the severity of the AE, with grade 3 indicating a severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening AE and grade 4 indicating an AE with potentially life-threatening consequences.

ASLAN003.    ASLAN003 is an orally active, potent inhibitor of DHODH that has the potential to befirst-in-class in AML. AML is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized primarily by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that build up in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. We are conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial to develop ASLAN003 in AML. We reported interim data from the first 14 patients in December 2018 and we expect to report data from the dose optimization portion in the second quarter of 2019. If such data is positive, our plan is to meet with regulatory authorities to discuss expedited regulatory strategies, such as accelerated approval. We are also exploring other solid and liquid tumor types where DHODH may be relevant, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, TNBC and HCC. We licensed ASLAN003 from Almirall in 2012 after Almirall’s completion of a Phase 1 single ascending dose clinical trial, in which the drug was well-tolerated in healthy volunteers. We then conducted two additional Phase 1 clinical trials, exploring multiple ascending doses and fed/fasted comparison in healthy volunteers. These trials demonstrated that the drug was well-tolerated and plasma concentrations following dosing were similar in Caucasians and Asians. In August 2018, we obtained orphan drug designation from the U.S. FDA for ASLAN003 in AML.

Mechanism of Action

In cancer, increased levels of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, and pyrimidines are required for tumor growth and survival. ASLAN003 is an inhibitor of DHODH, which is the enzyme controlling the rate limiting step in thede novosynthesis of pyrimidines. Pyrimidines are nucleotides and are essential

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building blocks for the production of DNA and RNA in mammalian cells. DHODH is located in the mitochondria and during manufacture of nucleotides it also contributes to the production of ATP. Inhibition of DHODH depletes the intracellular pool of pyrimidines and contributes to lower levels of ATP. This leads to the induction of the tumor suppressor p53, which at high levels of induction triggers apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

In AML, blast cells are unable to differentiate and form granulocytes, such as neutrophils and eosinophils, causing depletion of white blood cells.All-trans retinoic acid, or ATRA, which is approved to treat certain types of AML representing up to 15% of all AML patients, is able to differentiate these AML blast cells. Over 90% of patients with these types of AML experience a complete response and have a five-year survival of 75% when treated with ATRA. In other subsets of AML, DHODH inhibitors have been shown to promote differentiation of these blast cellsin vitro, allowing them to turn into granulocytes, which potentially may reverse the condition.

Teriflunomideandleflunomide,which is a prodrug ofteriflunomide,are first generation DHODH inhibitors, approved in the United States, Europe and Asia for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, respectively. These molecules are less potent inhibitors of DHODH as compared to ASLAN003 and are sufficient to slow the proliferation of inflammatory cells and therefore adequate in chronic inflammatory disorders. However, these molecules have limited use in oncology because the inhibition of tumor growth requires more potent and sustained inhibition of DHODH. Previous efforts to develop high potency DHODH inhibitors for oncology indications were unsuccessful. Candidate drugs had unacceptable levels of toxicity due tooff-target binding and would accumulate in the body, requiring up to two years to clear below pharmacologically active levels after dosing was stopped. As a result, development of these inhibitors did not progress. In contrast, ASLAN003 is not chemically related to first generation DHODH inhibitors. ASLAN003 is up to two orders of magnitude more potent at inhibiting DHODH thanleflunomideandteriflunomide, and has a half-life of 18 hours. We assessed the potency of ASLAN003 using three standard assays: cell free, human primary cell and human whole blood. The table below shows that ASLAN003 is more potent thanteriflunomide. The IC₅₀ value is the concentration of the drug required to produce 50% inhibition of response in the assay.

ASLAN003 Cellular and Biochemical Potency

Assay	ASLAN003 (IC50µM)		Teriflunomide (IC50µM)
Cell free		0.035		1.1
Human primary cell		1.4		46
Human whole blood		2.5		259

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Advantages

We believe that ASLAN003 has the potential to be afirst-in-class DHODH inhibitor in oncology due to the following competitive advantages:

• Potent inhibition of DHODH.The binding affinity of ASLAN003 to DHODH is up to two orders of magnitude stronger than first generation DHODH inhibitors, such asleflunomideandteriflunomide. This highly specific and potent inhibition of human DHODH has the potential to reach the levels required to be efficacious in oncology.

• Lack of toxicities associated with first generation inhibitors and other novel AML therapies.Existing DHODH inhibitors, such asleflunomideandteriflunomide, are associated with significant liver toxicity. Both of these drugs take between three and four weeks to build to therapeutic levels and two years to clear completely after dosing is stopped. In contrast, ASLAN003 reaches full exposure in 24 hours with a half-life of 18 hours allowing rapid clearance following cessation of treatment. Furthermore, recently launched AML therapies, such asmidostaurinandenasidenib, are associated with significant hematological and liver toxicities. Many AML patients are elderly or cannot otherwise tolerate significant toxicities. As a result, we believe the safety profile of ASLAN003 could allow its use in these patients.

• Enables AML blast cells to differentiate into granulocytes and may be applicable in a broad range of AML patients.ASLAN003 has demonstrated the ability to differentiate AML blast cells into granulocytes in a variety of AML cell lines that do not respond to ATRA. ASLAN003 may have applicability in patients that do not respond to ATRA, which represent approximately 85% of AML patients.

• Evidence of activity in TNBC.Recent data suggest that DHODH inhibition is active in animal models of TNBC, an aggressive type of breast cancer with few effective treatment options.

Market Opportunity

AML patients that have failed on standard of care chemotherapy in AML or do not respond to chemotherapy are termed relapsed/refractory, and represent the majority of the total AML population. In 2016, the annual incidence of relapsed/refractory patients is approximately 13,000 patients in the United States, 8,000 in Europe, 5,000 in Japan and 24,000 in China. Survival isage-dependent and survival rates are extremely poor for the elderly. The five-year relative survival rate for AML patients aged 19 years and below is 65%, but declines to 50% for patients aged 20 to 49 years, and the survival rate for patients aged 65 years or older is only 6%.

The first-line treatment for patients with AML is a combination of aggressive chemotherapies. However, elderly patients with AML typically are ineligible for aggressive treatment regiments due to the significant toxicity associated with these therapies. The survival of these patients is usually less than one year. Over the past two decades, many compounds have been evaluated in AML patients, however the prognosis remains poor, with many drugs targeting relatively small subsets of patients and disease relapse common.

Preclinical and Clinical Development

Our Phase 1 single and multiple ascending dose clinical trials of ASLAN003, which were conducted with 95 healthy subjects, demonstrated dose proportional pharmacokinetics and no accumulation in the body. The exposure profile of the drug was highly similar in Asian and Caucasian subjects, and demonstrated stable drug levels in plasma at multiple doses.

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After a single 100mg oral dose of ASLAN003, the plasma levels of the drug in Caucasians and Asians were highly similar. ASLAN003 also reached steady state after the second day of dosing and did not accumulate in the body.

ASLAN003 Pharmacokinetic Profile

We predict the exposure of ASLAN003 to result in approximately 90% inhibition of DHODH, with 400mg taken once daily, in comparison to the maximum dose ofteriflunomide, which leads to only 30% inhibition, as shown in the graph below:

DHODH Binding with ASLAN003 Compared to Teriflunomide

ASLAN003 in AML

In AML, cancerous blast cells fail to differentiate into mature blood cells and do not follow normal processes controlling cell death due to genetic mutations. As a result, the number of blast cells increases to very high levels, crowding out normal red and white blood cell production in the bone marrow, which can eventually result in patient death. Normal differentiated blast cells express specific cell surface markers, such as CD11b, and contain granules, which are active compartments inside the cell that store molecules for killing invading pathogens.

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ASLAN003 has demonstrated the ability to cause differentiation of AML blast cells leading to mature cells that correctly express CD11b and contain active granules.

Data published in 2016 identified inhibition of DHODH as a key mechanism that can trigger differentiation of blast cells in AML. Inhibition of DHODH and the resultant depletion of the pyrimidine pool in AML resulted in extensive differentiation inin vitroandin vivomouse bone marrow transplant models. In preclinical studies, we have demonstrated that ASLAN003 can differentiate AML blast cellsin vitroand in vivoin a variety of AML cell lines and primary AML cells.

Differentiation of AML Cell Lines with ASLAN003

The human AML blast cell line,THP-1, demonstrated differentiation when exposed to low doses of ASLAN003 characterized by expression of cell surface markers of normal immune cells, such as CD11b, condensation of the nuclei and formation of active granules that are indicative of normal human white blood cells. Low concentrations of ASLAN003, approximately equivalent to a 50mg once daily dose in patients, led to over 95% upregulation of CD11b which is indicative of differentiation of AML blast cells to granulocytes.

ASLAN003 exposure also resulted in blast cells developing condensed, lobed nuclei, characteristic of normal human granulocytes, and in the appearance of active granules in the cytoplasm, as demonstrated by the reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium, or NBT, a standard assay for granulocytes, as shown below:

In addition toTHP-1, the differentiation effect of ASLAN003 has also been demonstrated in other AML cell lines, namelyKG-1 andMOLM-14 with similar nanomolar potency.

ASLAN003in vitro differentiation activity

AML cell line	ED50 (nM) for differentiation
THP-1	28
KG-1	56
MOLM-14	85

We have also demonstrated that ASLAN003 reduces leukemic burden and prolongs survivalin vivo in mice bearing AML cell linesTHP-1 andMOLM-14. ASLAN003 also reduced leukemic burden in an AML PDX model.

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Survival advantage of ASLAN003in vivo

Reduction of leukemic burden in AML PDX model by ASLAN003

AML Phase 2 Clinical Trial

We have initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial with ASLAN003 in patients with advanced relapsed/refractory AML in Australia and Singapore. We intend to initially recruit 24 patients in the first part of this trial and test at least four doses of ASLAN003 (100mg QD, 200mg QD, 100mg BID and 200mg BID) in the AML population as monotherapy for 28 days or until progression with a primary endpoint of the rates of complete remission, or CR, and complete remission with incomplete bone marrow recovery, or CRi, followed by an expansion cohort of an additional 20 patients to study the optimum dose selected by the steering committee. In addition, we are planning an additional clinical trial recruiting up to 10 patients to explore the efficacy of ASLAN003 in combination with azacitidine.

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Phase 2 AML Trial Design (ongoing)

As of November 16, 2018, 14 patients with AML ineligible for standard treatment, including relapsed, refractory and treatment naïve patients, had been enrolled in the multicenter dose optimization study to evaluate ASLAN003 monotherapy administered as a28-day cycle. Eight patients had received at least one post-treatment assessment at thecut-off date and were evaluable for efficacy. Of the eight evaluable patients, four patients showed clinical signs of efficacy: two patients exhibited evidence of myeloid differentiation; and, one patient in the 100mg BID cohort developed suspected differentiation syndrome. Overall, four patients had stable disease for more than three months. One AML patient that entered suspected differentiation syndrome demonstrated a reduction in peripheral blood blast cells from 66% to 6% with a concomitant increase in neutrophils. Despite this significant reduction in blood blast cells, we were unable to confirm whether this patient had a complete remission (which would require bone marrow blast cells to be 5% or less) because the patient had bone marrow fibrosis and it was therefore not possible to take a viable bone marrow biopsy.

Efficacy summary of ongoing ASLAN003 AML Phase 2 clinical trial

Cohort	100mg QD		200mg QD		100mg BID		Total
Patients treated		6		6		2		14
Patients evaluable for efficacy		2		5		1		8
Patients with signs of efficacy		1		3		0		4

(Data cutoff November 16, 2018, data presented at ASH 2018)

In May 2019, we completed recruitment for the 100mg BID and 200mg BID cohorts (cohorts 3 and 4) and continue to see further evidence of activity. Provided that we do not need to replace any patients in the last cohort, we expect to complete cohort 4 by the end of the second quarter of 2019.

In the 100mg BID cohort, only one patient received ASLAN003 for more than one cycle. This patient demonstrated a reduction in peripheral blood blast cells from 46% at cycle 1/day 1 (C1D1) to 0.9% at cycle 5/day 1 (C5D1) which represents a 98% reduction in blast cells. In addition, this patient achieved a partial response as demonstrated by a reduction in their bone marrow blast cells from 54% at baseline to 24% by cycle 4/day 1 (C4D1).

In the 200mg BID cohort, six patients have been enrolled and dosing is ongoing as of May 7, 2019. Of the six patients, one had completed two cycles, four had completed one cycle and one is still in cycle one. A reduction in peripheral blood blast cells have been observed in two patients after just eight days of dosing at 200mg BID (C1D8). One patient demonstrated a drop in circulating blast cells from 59% at C1D1 to 8% at cycle 1/day 22 (C1D22) (86% reduction) and a second patient from 49% at C1D1 to 11% by cycle 2/day 1 (C2D1) (78% reduction). Data on the post-treatment bone marrow blast cells are

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not yet available for these two patients, but they are both showing significant reductions in peripheral blood blast cells and a fast onset of blast cell reduction.

Later in 2019, we intend to open an expansion cohort testing ASLAN003 monotherapy and a second cohort to explore the safety, tolerability and efficacy of ASLAN003 in combination with azacitidine. In December 2018, we submitted an IND to the U.S. FDA for ASLAN003 that was subsequently granted to allow the current Phase 2 clinical trial to open additional centers in the United States.

Potential Development Opportunity for ASLAN003 in Solid Tumors

Recent publications have demonstrated that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (Mathuret. al., Cancer Discovery 2017) and KRAS (Koundinyaet. al., Cell Chemical Biology 2018) mutant cancers are both highly sensitive to DHODH inhibition. Additional evidence suggests that DHODH inhibitors may have synergistic efficacy in TNBC in combination with commonly used chemotherapies (Brownet. al., Cancer Discovery 2017). We have reproduced this data, and our data in PTEN mutant TNBC PDX models with ASLAN003 confirms inhibition of DHODH leads to efficacy comparable to chemotherapy (doxorubicin). Finally, Bajzikovaet. al., (Cell Metabolism 2019) demonstrated that tumorigenesis is dependent onde novo synthesis of pyrimidines via DHODH and that DHODH activity is conserved in multiple cancer types, therefore inhibition of DHODH can be efficacious in a wide variety of cancers.

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Safety

As of May 7, 2019, ASLAN003 has been well-tolerated in AML patients with only one patient out of 24 experiencing febrile neutropenia and tumor lysis syndrome, which were classified as drug-related serious adverse events. The most commonly occurring drug-related AEs were leukocytosis, nausea, abdominal pain and rash maculo-papular.

Adverse event	N=24
	Any grade				Grade ³  3
	N		(%)		N		(%)
Leukocytosis		3		13		2		8
Nausea		3		13		0		0
Abdominal pain		2		8		0		0
Rash maculo-papular		2		8		0		0
Anaemia		1		4		1		4
Arthralgia		1		4		0		0
Conjunctivitis		1		4		0		0
Decreased appetite		1		4		0		0
Epistaxis		1		4		0		0
Fatigue		1		4		0		0
Febrile neutropenia		1		4		1		4
Hyperuricaemia		1		4		0		0
Hypokalaemia		1		4		0		0
Pleural effusion		1		4		1		4
Rash generalized		1		4		0		0
Tumor lysis syndrome		1		4		1		4
White blood cell count increased		1		4		1		4

ASLAN004.    ASLAN004 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets theIL-13 receptora1 subunit, orIL-13Ra1. ASLAN004 is currently in clinical development, and we are not aware of any other antibodies in clinical development targetingIL-13Ra1. By targetingIL-13Ra1, which forms the Type II receptor complex withIL-4Ra, ASLAN004 potently inhibits signaling of both interleukin 4(IL-4) and interleukin 13(IL-13).IL-4 andIL-13 are central to triggering symptoms of allergy in atopic dermatitis, such as redness and itching of the skin, as well as asthma symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing.Dupilumabis marketed for bothmoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis andmoderate-to-severe asthma. As we target the same pathways asdupilumab, we believe ASLAN004 can follow a similar regulatory path. We believe ASLAN004 has the potential to become afirst-in-class inhibitor. By targetingIL-13Ra1, rather thanIL-4Ra, we believe ASLAN004 has the potential to offer a differentiated profile, including competitive efficacy, lower dosing frequency and a favorable side effect profile.

We are conducting a Phase 1 single ascending dose clinical trial for ASLAN004 in healthy volunteers, which is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2019. We plan to initiate a multiple ascending dose study in moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in the second half of 2019 and we may also develop ASLAN004 in other inflammatory indications, such as asthma, nasal polyps, schleroderma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). We licensed worldwide rights for ASLAN004 from CSL Limited, or CSL, in May 2014.

Mechanism of Action

ASLAN004 is a fully human monoclonal antibody with high affinity binding that inhibits bothIL-4 andIL-13 signaling by binding toIL-13Ra1. The cytokinesIL-4 andIL-13 are the main drivers of allergic

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inflammation and have mutually redundant functions. They selectively bind and stimulate the Type II receptor, which is a complex composed ofIL-4Ra andIL-13Ra1. Stimulation of the common receptor forIL-4 orIL-13 triggers a signaling cascade, which releases inflammatory mediators that can result in severe atopic dermatitis or asthma. The pivotal role for this pathway in these disease indications has been exemplified by the monoclonal antibodydupilumabwhich binds toIL-4Ra to block signaling byIL-4 andIL-13. We are not aware of any other distinct monoclonal antibody in development that can inhibit bothIL-4 andIL-13 signaling.

ASLAN004 binds more strongly to the receptor thandupilumab relative to its respective ligand. ASLAN004 has a60-fold higher affinity for theIL-13Ra1 thanIL-13, whereasdupilumab has only a four fold higher affinity for theIL-4Ra thanIL-4. This means that the concentration of ASLAN004 required to block the Type II receptor is significantly lower than the concentration ofdupilumab required to do the same.

Unlikedupilumab, ASLAN004 does not bind to the Type I receptor, which contains theIL-4Ra but notIL-13Ra1. We believe that by avoiding inhibition of the Type I receptor, ASLAN004 may have fewer side effects thandupilumab, which does bind the Type I receptor.

The figure below demonstrates the binding of ASLAN004 anddupilumabto the Type II receptor:

IL-4 /IL-13 Receptor Antibody Mechanism of Action

Advantages

We believe that ASLAN004 has the potential to be abest-in-class therapy:

• Validated mechanism with the potential for greater efficacy thanIL-13 selective andIL-4 selective inhibitors.IL-13 selective, such aslebrikizumab and tralokinumab, have shown mixed efficacy in treating allergic inflammation. We believe that agents that can block the activity of bothIL-4 andIL-13 will be more efficacious as redundancy in signaling is removed by blocking Type II receptor signaling.Dupilumab was shown to be effective in

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treatingmoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. ASLAN004 anddupilumab share the same mechanism of action through blockingIL-4 andIL-13 signaling through the Type II receptor.

• Potential for less frequent dosing.Dupilumab requires significantly higher steady state concentrations than ASLAN004 for full target inhibition, which may allow for less frequent dosing.Dupilumab is dosed once every two weeks via subcutaneous injection. ASLAN004 may offer the potential for monthly dosing and this will be fully investigated in clinical development. A reduced injection frequency would provide patients with greater convenience.

• Potential for faster onset of action. In the clinic, ASLAN004 delivered intravenously demonstrated a rapid onset of action with full receptor occupancy and complete inhibition of a key downstream biomarker ofIL-13 andIL-4 signaling within one hour of dosing, closely reflecting the data obtained in the cynomolgus monkey. 

• Potential for improved safety profile.ASLAN004 targets theIL-13Ra1 subunit of the Type II receptor, whereasdupilumab binds toIL-4Ra. As a result, both ASLAN004 anddupilumab block the Type II receptor, which containsIL-4Ra andIL-13Ra1, however onlydupilumab blocks the Type I receptor, which containsIL-4Ra only, and is expressed on naïveT-cells andB-cells. In published clinical studies in atopic dermatitis,dupilumab demonstrated severe, persistent conjunctivitis in5-28% of patients, requiring topical ocular treatment with tacrolimus or steroids. In contrast,lebrikizumab targets only theIL-13 ligand and shows a far lower incidence of conjunctivitis in atopic dermatitis patients, suggesting that inhibition of the Type I receptor, rather than the Type II receptor, is responsible for driving conjunctivitis.

• Fewer injection site reactions. Injection site reactions, such as reddening and pain, have been reported in approximately 10% of patients usingdupilumab. By contrast, only patient experienced an injection site reaction (a mild itch) with ASLAN004 other, which fully resolved within one day.

• Potential for increased drug stability.Dupilumab can be stored for a maximum of 14 days at room temperature (2°C or 77°F) and cannot be stored above room temperature. As this drug can be self-administered, it may require special storage and handling when travelling. ASLAN004 has much greater storage flexibility, with more than 9 months stability at room temperature.

Market Opportunity

Market Opportunity in Severe Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is the most common dermatological disease, affecting over 200 million patients worldwide, characterized by red inflamed skin and severe daytime and nighttime itching, which can severely impact patients’ quality of life. Up toone-third of adult atopic dermatitis patients are consideredmoderate-to-severe, for which currently available therapeutics are limited and management is challenging in the majority of cases.

Treatment options have focused on topical therapies. In December 2016, the U.S. FDA granted approval for Eucrisa (developed by Pfizer Inc.), a topical treatment for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. More recently in March 2017, the U.S. FDA granted approval fordupilumab(developed by Sanofi S.A. and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) for adults withmoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

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Two therapeutics are in clinical development that target the ligand,IL-13:lebrikizumab (Dermira, Inc.) andtralokinumab (Leo Pharma A/S). Both therapies previously failed in phase 3 studies in allergic asthma and are now being developed in atopic dermatitis.

Market Opportunity in Asthma

Asthma affects approximately 300 million patients worldwide. Chronic inflammation of the airway, combined with bronchial hyper-reactivity causes shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing, potentially leading to exacerbations that may result in hospitalization or death. Over 4.5 million severe asthmatics have symptoms which cannot be controlled with conventional therapies, such as bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids.

Xolair(anti-IgE) and Nucala(anti-IL5) are the two leading biological therapies by sales. Novel therapies likedupilumabare anticipated to compete with biological therapies and inhaled therapies.

Preclinical and Clinical Development

ASLAN004 is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the humanIL-13Ra1 protein and was originally made using the Medarex mouse technology. The antibody was isolated and optimized to have picomolar binding affinity by CSL Behring, a member of the CSL group of companies.

ASLAN004 is a potent inhibitor of bothIL-4 andIL-13 signaling with a binding affinity in the picomolar range for humanIL-13Ra1. Inin vitroassays, ASLAN004 inhibits the release of key allergic mediators, such as thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) that maintain and amplify allergic reactions initiated byIL-4 andIL-13.

ASLAN004 potently inhibits TARC release from human cells

We have constructed high quality manufacturing cell lines that have delivered a yield of2-3 grams per liter of therapeutic antibody. ASLAN004 has been successfully manufactured at the500-liter production scale in accordance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP. Two 500L batches have been manufactured to date. The manufacturing process is robust with high levels of comparability between batches. ASLAN004 has been tested in four-week and 13 week GLP, toxicology studies in primates, which showed that ASLAN004 was safe and well-tolerated, even at high doses.

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We initiated a Phase 1 dose escalation clinical trial for ASLAN004. The first subject was enrolled in October 2018 and the last subject was dosed in March 2019. The single ascending dose study recruited healthy volunteers and explored the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic profile and pharmodynamic profile of ASLAN004 when dosed via both intravenous and subcutaneous routes of administration. The study consisted of 10 cohorts with up to six patients per cohort.

Phase 1 ASLAN004 Single Ascending Dose Trial Design (completed)

As of May 7, 2019, ASLAN004 was well tolerated at all dose levels via both intravenous and subcutaneous routes of administration. No conjunctivitis was noted in any subjects dosed with ASLAN004 and there were no adverse events that led to discontinuation at any dose level.

Adverse event	N=44
	Any grade				Severity
	N		(%)		Mild		Moderate		Severe
Decreased appetite		2		5		1		1		0
Alanine aminotransferase increased		1		2		1		0		0
Diarrhoea		1		2		1		0		0
Pyrexia		1		2		1		0		0
Blood lactate dehydrogenase increase		1		2		1		0		0
Weight decrease		1		2		1		0		0
Lymphocyte count decrease		1		2		1		0		0
Headache		1		2		0		1		0
C-reactive protein increase		1		2		1		0		0
Injection site pruritus (mild)		1		2		1		0		0

The SAD study also measured the pharmacokinetic profile of ASLAN004 and pharmacodynamic markers of inhibitingIL-4 andIL-13 binding to theIL-13Ra1, such asIL-13Ra1 receptor occupancy and inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT6 (pSTAT6), a key marker of the signal transduction in allergic inflammation immediately downstream ofIL-4 andIL-13 binding to the type II receptor. In mouse models of allergic inflammation, the knockout of STAT6 completely abolished allergic inflammation.

When greater than or equal to 600mg ASLAN004 was administered intravenously (10mg/kg) it demonstrated 100% receptor occupancy and complete inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation in less than 1 hour after dosing. These effects were maintained for over 29 days following a single dose of ASLAN004, suggesting monthly dosing may be achievable. The rapid inhibition ofIL-4 andIL-13 signaling by ASLAN004 could also lead to a fast onset of symptom relief in atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma patients.

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We plan to initiate a MAD study in the second half of 2019 in moderate to severe atopic dermatitis patients. The MAD study will provide safety and tolerability data as well as efficacy data in the same patient population targeted bydupilumab. The primary end point of the MAD study is safety and tolerability, however, secondary endpoints will be percentage change in EASI score, percentage of patients achieving EASI50, EASI75, pruritus score, IGA, and the biomarkers of allergic inflammation, TARC and IgE. Patients will be dosed for eight weeks, with placebo controls in each dose cohort.

ASLAN004 MAD Design inModerate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis

Preclinical Pipeline

We have been building an immuno-oncology portfolio to provide a pipeline of innovative drug candidates that could be used as monotherapy or in combination with other drug candidates in our portfolio.

• ASLAN005 – an immuno-oncology target expressed on the macrophage, whose inhibition could enhanceT-cell activity.We have an ongoing collaboration with the Huntsman Institute in Utah studying the effects of RON inhibition. RON kinase activation may lead to the formation of macrophages with an M2 phenotype, which are tumor supportive. By inhibiting RON, the macrophage type 1 phenotype may be preferred and this phenotype is tumor suppressive, releasing cytokines that can potentially enhance the activity ofT-cells. This may lead to synergistic activity when combined with PD1 or CTLA4 inhibitors. We have started development of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody against the extracellular domain of RON kinase in collaboration with Professor Sir David Lane and the p53 Laboratory in Singapore.

Competition

Our industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we believe that our knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face substantial competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. Small and early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. As a result, our competitors may discover, develop, license or commercialize products before or more successfully than we do.

We face competition with respect to our current product candidates, and will face competition with respect to future product candidates, from segments of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other related sectors, as well as from academic institutions.

The acquisition or licensing of pharmaceutical products is also very competitive. If we seek to acquire or license products, we will face substantial competition from a number of more established companies,

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some of which have acknowledged strategies to license or acquire products and many of which are bigger than us and have more institutional experience and greater cash flows than we have. These more established companies may have competitive advantages over us, as may other emerging companies taking similar or different approaches to product licenses or acquisitions. In addition, a number of established research-based pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may acquire products in late stages of development to augment their internal product lines, which may provide those companies with an even greater competitive advantage.

If our product candidates are approved, they may compete with currently marketed drugs and therapies used for treatment of the same indications, and potentially with drug candidates currently in development. The key competitive factors affecting the success of any approved product include its efficacy, safety profile, price, method of administration and level of promotional activity.

Varlitinib

• There are no approved targeted therapies for biliary tract cancer; however, there are several targeted therapies currently in clinical development targeting specific subsets of biliary tract cancer, includingivosidenibbeing developed by Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ARQ087 being developed by Arqule, Inc. andlenvatinibbeing developed by Eisai Inc.

• There are no targeted therapies approved for first-line HER1/HER2 coexpressing gastric cancer (that is not HER2-amplified); however,trastuzumabis approved in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of first-line HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer and there are other drugs approved for later lines of treatment, including Eli Lilly and Company’sramucirumaband Merck & Co., Inc.’spembrolizumab. There are several other drugs in clinical development for first-line gastric cancer, including BMS’nivolumabandpembrolizumab.

ASLAN003

• We do not consider chemotherapy to be a competitor as we expect ASLAN003 to be used either in patients that are not eligible for chemotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy.

• Enasidenibwas recently approved to treat adults with AML whose tumors have mutations in IDH2, which represents around10-15% of AML patients. In thesingle-arm registration study, 40% of patients responded toenasidenib.

• Midostaurinwas also recently approved to treat newly diagnosed AML patients with a FLT3 mutation, which represents around 30% of AML patients.

• There are a large number of drugs currently in development for AML. Most of these target specific subsets of disease.

ASLAN004

• We are not aware of any other drugs targetingIL-13Ra1 and we believe our intellectual property would preclude such development.

• Dupilumabfrom Sanofi S.A. and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is approved to treat bothmoderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis andmoderate-to-severe asthma.

• There are severalIL-13 selective inhibitors in development, includinglebrikizumabbeing developed by Dermira, Inc., andtralokinumabbeing developed by Leo Pharma A/S. Both of these drugs have recently failed in Phase 3 clinical trials in asthma, however they may be successful in other indications, such as atopic dermatitis.

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Manufacturing

We do not have internal manufacturing capabilities for small molecules or biological drugs and we do not intend to build or acquire infrastructure for manufacturing our product candidates for clinical or commercial supply. All of our clinical supplies are manufactured in accordance with cGMP using high quality contract manufacturing organizations based in the United States, Europe and Asia.

We are currently developing a validated commercial process for the manufacture ofvarlitinib. We have contracted with three cGMP compliant third-party manufacturers in the United Kingdom and China to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient and final tablet. The first batches ofvarlitinibdrug substance manufactured using the validated commercial process are expected to be available inmid-2019.

We have worked with one contract manufacturing organization to manufacture ASLAN004 at a 500 liter scale and are currently in the process of selecting a long term late-stage clinical commercial manufacturer for this drug.

Varlitinib.    Varlitinibdrug substance is manufactured in accordance with cGMP by Sterling Pharma Solutions Limited in the United Kingdom. We have manufactured at the 200kg scale and are currently in process validation at the 350kg scale.Varlitinibdrug product (tablet) is manufactured in accordance with cGMP by PCI Pharma Services in the United Kingdom. Both drug substance and drug product can be scaled to over four tons per year. A second site manufacture forvarlitinibin accordance with cGMP has been established at WuXi Apptec Co., Ltd., or WuXi, in China for both drug substance and drug product. Currently, WuXi has successfully manufactured at the 30kg scale.

ASLAN003.    ASLAN003 drug substance has been manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Company LTD in Switzerland at the 30kg scale in accordance with cGMP. ASLAN003 drug product in the form of capsules has been manufactured by WuXi in China in accordance with cGMP. We expect to develop an ASLAN003 tablet in 2019 and plan to conduct further scale up and process optimization of both drug substance and drug product.

ASLAN004.    Manufacturing cell lines for ASLAN004 have been created by Selexis SA. Process development for ASLAN004 drug substance has been successful and was developed by JHL Biotech, Inc. Manufacture at 500 liter scale for bothnon-GMP (for toxicology) and cGMP compliant (for clinical trials) has been completed.

License and Collaboration Agreements

Collaboration and License Agreements with BioGenetics

License of varlitinib for South Korea

On February 27, 2019, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with BioGenetics pursuant to which we granted BioGenetics the exclusive right under certain of our intellectual property and property that we have licensed from Array to commercialize, and if agreed, manufacture,varlitinib for the diagnosis and treatment of all indications in South Korea. Under the agreement, BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals ofvarlitinib in South Korea. In addition to certain other obligations, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide information and cooperation as needed for these regulatory approvals. We may provide clinical drug supplies to BioGenetics required for regulatory filings and for commercialization of products, pursuant to a separate manufacturing and supply agreement which the parties shall use commercially reasonable efforts to enter into no later than June 30, 2020.

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In consideration of the rights granted to BioGenetics under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $2 million from BioGenetics and are eligible to receive up to $11 million in certainone-time sales and development milestones, where the thresholds for payment of such sales milestones depend on the aggregate of net sales of varlitiniband ASLAN003 products under our agreements with BioGenetics. We are also eligible to receive tiered double-digit royalties on net sales ofvarlitinibproducts ranging from a percentage in themid-teens up to a percentage within themid-twenties. BioGenetics is obligated to pay such royalties on aproduct-by-product basis until the expiration of the license period described below.

During the license period and for one year thereafter, it was agreed that neither BioGenetics, nor any of its affiliates, will participate in or fund, directly or indirectly, the development, manufacture or commercialization of a product which competes withvarlitinib. The license period commences on the effective date of the agreement and, unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the agreement, expires on the tenth anniversary of first commercial sale, subject to an automatic renewal for a further year, which may be cancelled upon either party’s notice. Either party may terminate the agreement in the event of an uncured material breach by, or insolvency of, the other party, or in the event of a material safety risk associated with the product. On any termination of the agreement, the license granted to BioGenetics will terminate, subject to certain transitional provisions.

License of ASLAN003 for South Korea

On March 11, 2019, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with BioGenetics, pursuant to which we granted BioGenetics the exclusive right under certain of our intellectual property and intellectual property that we have licensed from Almirall, to commercialize, and if agreed, manufacture, ASLAN003 for the treatment of all indications in South Korea, excluding topically administered products for the treatment of keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders and certainnon-melanoma skin cancers. Under the agreement, BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals of ASLAN003 in South Korea, and we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to provide information and cooperation as needed for these regulatory approvals. We may provide clinical drug supplies to BioGenetics required for regulatory filings and for commercialization of products, pursuant to a separate manufacturing and supply agreement which the parties shall use commercially reasonable efforts to enter into no later than June 30, 2020.

In consideration of the rights granted to BioGenetics under the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $1 million from BioGenetics and are eligible to receive up to $8 million in certainone-time sales and development milestones, the thresholds for payment of such sales milestones being the aggregate of sales ofvarlitinib under the license summarized above and sales of ASLAN003 products. We are also eligible to receive tiered double-digit royalties on the aggregate net sales of ASLAN003 products, ranging from a percentage in themid-teens up to a percentage within themid-twenties. BioGenetics is obligated to pay such royalties on aproduct-by-product basis until the expiration of the license period described below. BioGenetics agreed to contribute a low single-digit percentage of certain clinical trial costs we incur in the clinical development of ASLAN003 products for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

Under the agreement, we reserve the right to revoke the rights granted to BioGenetics under this agreement at any time until the date of a certain regulatory milestone. If we exercise our right to revoke the rights granted to BioGenetics, we will be obligated to pay BioGenetics a sum of (i) a low single-digit multiple of certain sums paid by BioGenetics under this license agreement and, if we have agreed upon an international licensing deal for ASLAN003, (ii) a low single-digit percentage of the upfront payment, royalties and sales milestones received by us in any such deal.

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During the license period and for one year thereafter, neither BioGenetics, nor any of its affiliates, will participate in or fund, directly or indirectly, the development, manufacture or commercialization of a product which competes with ASLAN003. The license period commences on the effective date of the agreement and, unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of the agreement, expires on the tenth anniversary of first commercial sale, subject to an automatic renewal for a further year, which may be cancelled upon either party’s notice. Either party may terminate the agreement in the event of an uncured material breach by, or insolvency of, the other party, or in the event of a material safety risk associated with the product. On any termination of the agreement, the license granted to BioGenetics will terminate, subject to certain transitional provisions.

License Agreement with Array.    On January 3, 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Array pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinibfor all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses. This new license agreement replaces and supersedes our previous collaboration and license agreement with Array dated July 12, 2011.

Under the new license agreement, we agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain approval by the U.S. FDA or the applicable health regulatory authority and commercializevarlitinib.

In consideration of the rights granted to us under the agreement, we made an initial upfront payment to Array of $12 million and an additional upfront payment of $11 million in July 2018. In addition, we will be required to pay up to $30 million if certain development milestones are achieved, $20 million if certain regulatory milestones are achieved, and up to $55 million if certain commercial milestones are achieved. We are also required to pay Array tiered royalties in the low tens on net sales ofvarlitinib. Our royalty obligations will continue on acountry-by-country basis through the later of the expiration of the last valid patent claim forvarlitinibor ten years after the first commercial sale ofvarlitinibin a given country.

If within two years of the date of the new license agreement we sublicensevarlitiniband are paid an upfront payment, Array will further be entitled to receiveone-half of the portion of any such upfront payment that exceeds a specified amount. In the event that the base royalty under a sublicense agreement is 20% or less, we will only be required to share with Arrayone-half of the amount actually received by us under such sublicense agreement in lieu of the tiered royalties described above,provided that the royalty paid in such case shall in no event be less than a royalty in the high single digit range. If we undergo a change in control during a defined period following execution of the new license agreement, Array will also be entitled to receive a low to mid single-digit percentage of the proceeds resulting from the change in control. Unless earlier terminated, the agreement will continue on acountry-by-country basis until the expiration of the respective royalty obligations in such country. Upon such expiration in such country, Array will grant to us a perpetual, royalty-free,non-terminable,non-revocable,non-exclusive license to exploit certainknow-how in connection with the development, manufacturing and/or commercialization ofvarlitinibfor all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses in such country. Either party may terminate the agreement (i) in the event of the other party’s material breach of the agreement that remains uncured for a specified period of time or (ii) the insolvency of the other party. We may also terminate the agreement without cause at any time upon 180 days advance notice to Array.

Development and License Agreement with Almirall.    On May 16, 2012, we entered into a development and license agreement with Almirall, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to certain patents,know-how and other intellectual property controlled by Almirall to a DHODH inhibitor, LAS186323, which we refer to as ASLAN003. The licensed field covered by this agreement was limited to the treatment or prevention of rheumatoid arthritis, excluding any topical formulation.

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On December 21, 2015, we entered into an amended development and license agreement with Almirall which replaced the previous agreement, further amended by an amendment agreement entered into on March 16, 2018. Under the agreement as so amended, we obtained from Almirall an expanded exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ASLAN003 products for all human diseases with primary focus on oncology diseases, excluding topically-administered products embodying the compound for keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders, and thenon-melanoma skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas and Gorlin Syndrome, or collectively, the KHD/NMSC products. We generally have the right to sublicense our rights under the agreement. If Almirall wishes to use a third party to develop KHD/NMSC products, we have a right of first negotiation to obtain a license from Almirall to carry out those developments.

Under the amended agreement, we are generally obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop ASLAN003 products in accordance with the development plan, and to commercialize ASLAN003 products, either by ourselves or through sublicensees. We agreed not to develop or commercialize any competing product that has the same mechanism of action as ASLAN003 while the intellectual property licensed from Almirall remains in force or for ten years after the launch of ASLAN003 products on acountry-by-country basis, whichever is longer. In addition, we granted to Almirall the right to use certain developedknow-how for Almirall’s internal and commercial programs for KHD/NMSC products, and Almirall granted us the right to use certainknow-how developed by or on behalf of Almirall in the course of its programs for KHD/NMSC products in the field licensed to ASLAN.

In consideration of the rights granted to us under the amended agreement, we will be required to pay an aggregate of up to $30 million if certain development milestones are achieved and an aggregate of up to $50 million if certain regulatory milestones are achieved, in each case across different indications. If we commercialize any ASLAN003 products, we will be required to pay Almirall tiered royalties in the mid single-digit range on net sales of ASLAN003 products, subject to adjustments in certain circumstances. In the event we sublicense any of our rights under the agreement relating to the ASLAN003 technology, we will be obligated to pay Almirall 10% of sublicensee income we may receive under such sublicenses.

Unless earlier terminated, the amended agreement continues indefinitely. Either party may terminate the agreement (i) in the event of the other party’s material breach of the agreement that remains uncured for a specified period of time, (ii) if significant safety issues arise which make development or commercialization of the product unlawful or in violation of standard industry practices, (iii) if the other party becomes insolvent or (iv) if the continuation of the agreement is no longer commercially viable, as proven by us based on supporting objective data reasonably acceptable to Almirall and us. Almirall may terminate the agreement (i) if we fail to provide evidence of having used commercially reasonable efforts to pursue development or commercialization, (ii) if we challenge or assist third parties in challenging any intellectual property rights licensed from Almirall under the amended agreement, (iii) if there is a general withdrawal or recall of ASLAN003 products from any country, on aproduct-by-product and/orcountry-by-country basis or (iv) upon a change of control of ASLAN if such change of control could reasonably be expected to lead to an impairment to Almirall, subject to certain conditions. Under the agreement, an impairment in connection with a change of control will only be deemed to occur if Almirall can demonstrate that (i) a competitor of Almirall will control us, (ii) the commercial value of ASLAN003 products may be damaged, (iii) the commercial value of Almirall’s KHD/NMSC products may be adversely affected, (iv) Almirall’s reputation or the reputation of any of Almirall’s products or compounds in the marketplace may be damaged and/or (v) the party that will control us lacks the resources to maximize commercial sales of ASLAN003 products.

License Agreement with CSL.    On May 12, 2014, we entered into a license agreement with CSL, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to certain patents,know-how and other intellectual property owned or controlled by CSL related to CSL’s anti-IL13 receptor monoclonal

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antibody, CSL334, which we refer to as ASLAN004, and antigen binding fragments thereof. Under the agreement, we have the exclusive right to develop ASLAN004 products through clinical proof of concept for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of diseases or conditions in humans. Although we do not have the right to commercialize ASLAN004 products ourselves, we have the right to grant the commercial rights to third parties after we achieve clinical proof of concept subject to certain conditions.

On September 18, 2018, we amended the license agreement with CSL, primarily to change the focus of the development program from asthma to atopic dermatitis.

We are obligated to develop ASLAN004 products through clinical proof of concept at our own expense, and we are required to achieve certain development milestones by specified dates.

In consideration of the rights granted to us under the agreement, we are required to pay to CSL a share in the range of 40 to 50 percent of all licensing revenue we receive. We are also responsible for all payments to third-party licensors to CSL, to the extent such obligations relate to our exploitation of the rights licensed under CSL’s agreement with those parties.

The agreement continues until 12 months after the final development milestone date. However, if we have entered into a sublicense granting the right to commercialize ASLAN004 products to a third party before such date, then the agreement will be extended until the expiration or termination of such third-party sublicense.

Either party may terminate the agreement (i) in the event of the other party’s material breach of the agreement that remains uncured for a specified period of time, (ii) under certain circumstances related to the safety of ASLAN004 or (iii) if the other party becomes insolvent. In addition, we may terminate the agreement under certain circumstances related to the development and commercialization of ASLAN004.

In the event that we enter into an agreement with a third party for the commercialization of ASLAN004 products, and such agreement subsequently expires by its terms, the license of CSL patents andknow-how granted under the license agreement will become fullypaid-up and perpetual as they relate to the agreement with the third party. If the agreement is terminated or expires and CSL subsequently commercializes ASLAN004 products or grants third-party rights to commercialize ASLAN004 products, then CSL will pay us royalties on the net sales of ASLAN004 products or share license revenue with us (whichever is applicable).

Intellectual Property

Patents.    Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to identify, obtain and seek protection for our products, drug candidates and our core technologies employing a combination of patent rights, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements and contractual obligations and to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating on the proprietary rights of third parties. It is also important that we prevent others from infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our proprietary or intellectual property rights.

Our intellectual property strategy is, where appropriate, to file new patent applications on inventions, including improvements to existing products/candidates and processes to improve our competitive edge or to improve business opportunities. We continually assess and refine our intellectual property strategy to endeavor to ensure it is fit for purpose.

Our strategy requires us to license assets from third parties with suitable protection and to identify and seek patent protection for our inventions, when possible. This process is expensive and time consuming and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a

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reasonable cost, in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions where protection may be commercially advantageous, or we may financially not be able to protect our proprietary rights at all. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may be able to obtain and use information we regard as proprietary.

The issuance of a patent does not ensure that it is valid or enforceable. Therefore, even if we are issued a patent, it may not be valid or enforceable against third parties. Issued patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented. In addition, court decisions may introduce uncertainty in the enforceability or scope of patents owned by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Thus, any of our patents, including patents that we may rely on to protect our market for approved drugs, may be held invalid or unenforceable by a court of final jurisdiction.

In addition, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that prevent marketing of our products or working our own technology. We endeavor to identify early third-party patents and patent applications which may be blocking to a product or technology, to minimize this risk. However, relevant documents may be overlooked or missed, which may in turn impact of the freedom to commercialize the relevant asset.

Varlitinib

Licensed from Array

On July 12, 2011, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Array, relating to Array’span-HER inhibitor,ARRY-543, which we refer to as ASLAN001 orvarlitinib, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop products incorporatingvarlitinibas an active ingredient for the treatment or prevention of any diseases or conditions in humans, pursuant to an agreed development plan, and an exclusive, worldwide license to pursue a commercial licensing program in relation to such products. On January 3, 2018, we entered into a new license agreement with Array, which replaces and supersedes our previous collaboration and license agreement, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinibfor all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses.

With respect tovarlitinib, we exclusively licensed from Array a family of patents which includes composition of matter patents. These patents disclose a genus and also explicitly disclosesvarlitinib. More specifically, as of May 15, 2019, this patent family included four issued patents in the United States, 58 issued patents in a number of foreign countries and jurisdictions, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, China (at least three patents), Chile, Colombia, Europe, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Iceland, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Macau, Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Ukraine, South Africa, and Taiwan, one pending patent application in the United States and three pending patent applications in a number of foreign countries, including Brazil, Egypt and Venezuela. The scope of the claims may differ in the various countries. The issued patents in this family and the pending patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire in August 2023 in the United States and August 2024 outside the United States, subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.

The first patent application filed in China was not granted based on a technicality of Chinese practice. Subsequently filed divisional patent applications were granted. If the validity of one or more of the granted divisional patents is challenged, then one or more of these patents may ultimately be considered invalid.

In addition, we exclusively licensed from Array a family of patents derived from WO2007/059257, filed November 15, 2006, which relate to the synthetic process of makingvarlitiniband a key intermediate in that process. As of May 15, 2019, this patent family includes two issued patents in the United States, 17

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issued patents in a number of foreign countries and jurisdictions, including China, Colombia, Europe, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Singapore, and Ukraine, one pending patent application in the United States and one pending patent application in Brazil. The scope of the claims may differ in the various countries. The issued patents in this family and the pending patent applications, if issued, are expected to expire in November 2026, subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.

Owned by Us

As of May 15, 2019, we own three pending Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, patent applications mostly relating to medical uses or combination therapies ofvarlitinib. These include the following pending patent applications:

• WO2017/037298 filed September 5, 2016 relates to use ofvarlitinibin sensitizing a patient to chemotherapy was and was progressed in the United States, Europe, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. The United States case was recently allowed;

• WO2017/037300 filed September 5, 2016 relates to use ofvarlitinibin treatment of resistant cancers and was progressed in the United States, Europe, China, Hong Kong, and Japan; and

• WO2018/004465 filed June 30, 2017, related to use ofvarlitinib as a maintenance therapy and was progressed in the United States, Europe, Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan.

These pending PCT patent applications are not eligible to become issued patents until, among other things, we file a national stage patent application within 30 months in the countries in which we seek patent protection. If we do not timely file any national stage patent applications, we may lose our priority date with respect to our PCT patent applications and any patent protection on the inventions disclosed in such PCT patent applications. Any national entry patent applications based on these pending PCT applications, if issued, are expected to expire between 2036 and 2037 subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any patent term adjustments or patent term extensions. It is not clear what claims may be granted, if any.

There are currently three unpublished Singapore priority patent applications relating tovarlitinib. These patent applications are at an early stage of filing and it is not possible to predict what claims may be ultimately granted, if any from these patent applications.

ASLAN003

Licensed from Almirall

On May 16, 2012, we entered into a development and license agreement with Almirall, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to certain patents,know-how and other intellectual property controlled by Almirall to a DHODH inhibitor, LAS186323, which we refer to as ASLAN003. On December 21, 2015, we entered into an amended development and license agreement with Almirall which replaced the previous agreement. This was further amended by an amendment agreement entered into on March 16, 2018. Under the amended agreement as so amended, we obtained from Almirall an expanded exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ASLAN003 products for all human diseases with primary focus on oncology diseases, excluding topically-administered products embodying the compound for keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders, and thenon-melanoma skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas and Gorlin Syndrome.

With respect to ASLAN003, we exclusively licensed from Almirall a family of patents, which includes composition of matter patents, derived from WO2008/077639. As of May 15, 2019, this family of

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patents and patent applications included two issued patents the United States, 52 issued patents in a number of foreign countries and jurisdictions, including Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Singapore South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan and Ukraine, no pending patent applications in the United States and 15 pending patent applications in a number of foreign countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam. The scope of the claims may differ in different countries. The issued patents in this family and the pending patent application, if issued, are expected to expire in December 2027, subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.

Owned by Us

As of May 15, 2019, we own five pending PCT patent applications mostly relating to medical uses or combination therapies. These include the following pending published PCT patent applications:

• WO2018/136009 filed January 19, 2018 relates to use ofASLAN003in a combination therapy;

• WO2018/136010 filed January 19, 2018 relates to use ofASLAN003in a combination therapy;

• WO2018/160138 filed March 1, 2018 relates to use ofASLAN003in treatment of hematological cancers;

• WO2018/222134 filed April 30, 2018 relates to use of theASLAN003in the treatment of a new indication; and

• WO2018/222135 filed April 30, 2018 relates to use of theASLAN003in the treatment of a specific patient population.

These pending PCT patent applications are not eligible to become issued patents until, among other things, we file a national stage patent application within 30 months in the countries in which we seek patent protection. If we do not timely file any national stage patent applications, we may lose our priority date with respect to our PCT patent applications and any patent protection on the inventions disclosed in such PCT patent applications. Any national entry patent applications based on these pending PCT applications, if issued, are expected to expire in 2038 subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any patent term adjustments or patent term extensions. If is not clear what claims may be granted, if any, when these patents are pursued at the national and regional phase.

ASLAN004

On May 12, 2014, we entered into a license agreement with CSL, pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to certain patents,know-how and other intellectual property owned or controlled by CSL related to CSL’s anti-IL13 receptor monoclonal antibody, CSL334, which we refer to as ASLAN004, and antigen binding fragments thereof. This was further amended by an amendment agreement entered into on September 18, 2018, primarily to change the focus of the development program from asthma to atopic dermatitis.

With respect to ASLAN004, we exclusively licensed from CSL a family of patents which includes species (specific sequence) composition of matter patents, derived from WO2008/060813, filed October 19, 2007.

As of May 15, 2019, this family of patents included four issued patents in the United States and 56 issued patents in a number of foreign countries and jurisdictions, including Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, and Japan. The scope of the claims may differ in the various countries. The issued

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patents in this family are expected to expire in October 2027, subject to the payment of renewal fees, excluding any additional term for patent term adjustments or patent term extensions.

We have a published PCT patent application WO2019/004943 filed June 29, 2018 in the joint names of ASLAN and CSL, relating to use of ASLAN004 in the treatment of Sézary Syndrome. This pending PCT patent application is not eligible to become an issued patent until, among other things, we file a national stage patent application within 30 months in the countries in which we seek patent protection. If we do not timely file any national stage patent applications, we may lose our priority date with respect to our PCT patent application and any patent protection on the inventions disclosed in such PCT patent application. Any national entry patent applications based on this pending PCT application, if issued, are expected to expire in 2038 subject to the payment of renewal fees. It is not clear what claims may be granted, if any, when the cases are progressed in the national and regional phase.

Trade Secrets.    In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets andknow-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. However, trade secrets andknow-how can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by executing confidentiality agreements with our partners, collaborators, scientific advisors, employees, consultants and other third parties, and invention assignment agreements which are included in the engagement and employment contracts we have with our consultants and employees. The confidentiality agreements we enter into are designed to protect our proprietary information and the agreements or clauses requiring assignment of inventions to us are designed to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through our relationship with the respective counterparty. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes or that these agreements will afford us adequate protection of our intellectual property and proprietary information rights. If any of the partners, collaborators, scientific advisors, employees and consultants who are parties to these agreements breaches or violates the terms of any of these agreements or otherwise discloses our proprietary information, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets as a result. If we are unable to maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

Trademarks and Domain Names.    We conduct our business using the trademark “ASLAN,” “ASLAN PHARMACEUTICALS” and our lion logo, as well as domain names incorporating either or both of these trademarks. “ASLAN PHARMACEUTICALS” has been registered in Singapore. In terms of Chinese character versions of our trademarks, in Taiwan, we have a trade mark registration for: “ ”. In China, we have a trademark registration for “ ”. We also have a trade mark registration in China to protect the following Chinese character version of the wordvarlitinib: “ ” (wei li ti ni). We have a portfolio of 20 domain names, which includes: aslanpharma.com, aslanpharma.com.sg, aslanpharma.com.tw, aslanpharma.asia, aslanpharma.org, and aslanpharma.biz.

Government Regulation

The U.S. FDA and comparable regulatory agencies in state and local jurisdictions and in foreign countries impose substantial requirements upon the clinical development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products. These agencies and other federal, state and local entities regulate research and development activities and the testing, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, labeling, storage, packaging, recordkeeping, tracking, approval, import, export, distribution, advertising and promotion of our products.

U.S. Government Regulation of Drug Products.    In the United States, the U.S. FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FFDCA, and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state,

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local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the U.S. FDA’s refusal to approve pending NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the U.S. FDA before product candidates may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

• nonclinical laboratory and animal tests that must be conducted in accordance with GLP;

• submission of an IND, which must become effective before clinical trials may begin;

• approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, for each clinical site or centrally before each trial may be initiated;

• adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed product candidate for its intended use, performed in accordance with current clinical practices, or cGCP;

• submission to the U.S. FDA of an NDA and payment of user fees;

• satisfactory completion of a U.S. FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;

• pre-approval inspection of manufacturing facilities and selected clinical investigators for their compliance with cGMP, and cGCP;

• satisfactory completion of U.S. FDA audits of clinical trial sites to assure compliance with cGCP and the integrity of the clinical data;

• FDA approval of an NDA to permit commercial marketing for particular indications for use; and

• compliance with any post-approval requirements, including the potential requirement to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, and the potential requirement to conduct post-approval studies.

The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of drug substance chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and drug product formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. Prior to commencing the first clinical trial with a product candidate, we must submit the results of the preclinical tests and preclinical literature, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the U.S. FDA as part of an IND. Some preclinical studies may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the U.S. FDA, unless the U.S. FDA, within the30-day time period, raises safety concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trial by imposing a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the U.S. FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Submission of an IND may not result in U.S. FDA authorization to commence a clinical trial.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with cGCP requirements. A separate submission to the existing IND must be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development, as well as amendments to previously submitted clinical trials. Further, an independent IRB for each study site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial, its informed consent form and other communications to study subjects before the clinical trial commences at

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that site. The IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted, including any changes to the study plans.

Regulatory authorities, an IRB or the sponsor may suspend or discontinue a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk, the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the U.S. FDA’s or the IRB’s requirements, if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to subjects, or based on evolving business objectives or competitive climate. Some studies also include a data safety monitoring board, which receives special access to unblinded data during the clinical trial and may advise us to halt the clinical trial if it determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk for subjects or other grounds, such as no demonstration of efficacy.

In general, for purposes of NDA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap.

Phase 1—Studies are initially conducted to test the product candidate for safety, dosage tolerance, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion in healthy volunteers or subjects with the target disease or condition. If possible, Phase 1 trials may also be used to gain an initial indication of product effectiveness.

Phase 2—Controlled studies are conducted with groups of subjects with a specified disease or condition to provide enough data to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and dosing schedule and expanded evidence of safety. Multiple Phase 2 clinical trials may be conducted to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more expensive Phase 3 clinical trials.

Phase 3—These clinical trials are undertaken in larger subject populations to provide statistically significant evidence of clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in an expanded subject population at multiple clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling. These trials may be done globally to support global registrations so long as the global sites are also representative of the U.S. population and the conduct of the study at global sites comports with U.S. FDA regulations and guidance, such as compliance with cGCP.

The U.S. FDA may require, or companies may pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved. Theseso-called Phase 4 studies may be made a condition to be satisfied after approval. The results of Phase 4 studies can confirm the effectiveness of a product candidate and can provide important safety information.

Clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with cGCP requirements, which includes the requirements that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial, and the review and approval of the study by an IRB. Investigators must also provide information to the clinical trial sponsors to allow the sponsors to make specified financial disclosures to the U.S. FDA. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the trial procedures, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated and a statistical analysis plan. Information about some clinical trials, including a description of the trial and trial results, must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.

The manufacture of investigational drugs for the conduct of human clinical trials is subject to cGMP requirements. Investigational drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients imported into the United States are also subject to regulation by the U.S. FDA relating to their labeling and distribution. Further, the

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export of investigational drug products outside of the United States is subject to regulatory requirements of the receiving country as well as U.S. export requirements under the FFDCA. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the U.S. FDA and the IRB and more frequently if serious adverse events occur.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product candidate as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

Orphan Drug Designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the U.S. FDA may designate a drug as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition (generally meaning that it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more in cases in which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug available in the United States for treatment of the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product). Orphan product designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or Biologics License Application. After the U.S. FDA grants orphan product designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the U.S. FDA. Orphan product designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product with orphan status receives the first U.S. FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, meaning that the U.S. FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity or if the party holding the exclusivity fails to assure the availability of sufficient quantities of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the disease or condition for which the drug was designated. Competitors, however, may receive approval of different products for the same indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity or obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan medicinal product status in the European Union has similar, but not identical, benefits. For example, the European Union grants ten years of product exclusivity for orphan medicinal products.

Special U.S. FDA Expedited Review and Approval Programs

The U.S. FDA has various programs, including fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, accelerated approval, and priority review, which are intended to expedite or simplify the process for the development and U.S. FDA review of drugs that are intended for the treatment of serious or life threatening diseases or conditions and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. The purpose of these programs is to provide important new drugs to patients earlier than under standard U.S. FDA review procedures.

Under the fast track program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that U.S. FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a fast track drug concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. To be eligible for a fast track designation, the U.S. FDA must determine, based on the request of a sponsor, that a product is intended to treat a serious or life threatening disease or condition and demonstrates the potential to address an unmet medical need, or that the drug qualifies as a qualified infectious disease product, or QIDP, under the GAIN Act. The U.S. FDA will determine

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that a product will fill an unmet medical need if it will provide a therapy where none exists or provide a therapy that may be potentially superior to existing therapy based on efficacy or safety factors. Fast track designation provides additional opportunities for interaction with the U.S. FDA’s review team and may allow for rolling review of NDA components before the completed application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA, the U.S. FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA. However, U.S. FDA’s time period goal for reviewing an application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. The U.S. FDA may decide to rescind the fast track designation if it determines that the qualifying criteria no longer apply.

In addition, a sponsor can request breakthrough therapy designation for a drug if it is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies are eligible for intensive guidance from U.S. FDA on an efficient drug development program, organizational commitment to the development and review of the product including involvement of senior managers, and, like fast track products, are also eligible for rolling review of the NDA. Both fast track and breakthrough therapy products are also eligible for accelerated approval and/or priority review, if relevant criteria are met.

Under the U.S. FDA’s accelerated approval regulations, the U.S. FDA may approve a drug for a serious or life threatening illness that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit to patients over existing treatments based upon a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. A drug candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post marketing studies, will allow U.S. FDA to withdraw the drug from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for drug candidates approved under accelerated approval regulations are subject to prior review by U.S. FDA.

Once an NDA is submitted for a product intended to treat a serious condition, the U.S. FDA may assign a priority review designation if U.S. FDA determines that the product, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. A priority review means that the goal for the U.S. FDA to review an application is six months, rather than the standard review of ten months under current Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, guidelines. Under the current PDUFA agreement, these six and ten month review periods are measured from the60-day filing date rather than the receipt date for NDAs for new molecular entities, which typically adds approximately two months to the timeline for review from the date of submission. Most products that are eligible for fast track breakthrough therapy designation are also likely to be considered appropriate to receive a priority review.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the U.S. FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for U.S. FDA review or approval will not be shortened. In addition, the manufacturer of an investigational drug for a serious or life threatening disease is required to make available, such as by posting on its website, its policy on responding to requests for expanded access. Furthermore, fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, accelerated approval and priority review do not change the standards for approval and may not ultimately expedite the development or approval process.

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NDA Submission and Review by the U.S. FDA

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical and preclinical testing, among other items, the results of product development, including chemistry, manufacture and controls, nonclinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the U.S. FDA, along with proposed labeling, as part of an U.S. NDA. The submission of an NDA requires payment of a substantial user fee to the U.S. FDA. These user fees must be filed at the time of the first submission of the application, even if the application is being submitted on a rolling basis. Fee waivers or reductions are available in some circumstances. One basis for a waiver of the application user fee is if the applicant employs fewer than 500 employees, including employees of affiliates, the applicant does not have an approved marketing application for a product that has been introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce, and the applicant, including its affiliates, is submitting its first marketing application.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, an NDA or supplement to an NDA for a new active ingredient, indication, dosage form, dosage regimen or route of administration must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective.

The U.S. FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements.

The U.S. FDA must refer applications for drugs that contain active ingredients, including any ester or salt of the active ingredients, which have not previously been approved by the U.S. FDA to an advisory committee or provide in an action letter a summary of the reasons for not referring it to an advisory committee. The U.S. FDA may also refer drugs which present difficult questions of safety, purity or potency to an advisory committee. An advisory committee is typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts who review, evaluate and make a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The U.S. FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

The U.S. FDA reviews applications to determine, among other things, whether a product is safe and effective for its intended use and whether the manufacturing controls are adequate to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity. Before approving an NDA, the U.S. FDA will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The U.S. FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities, including contract manufacturers and subcontracts, are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the U.S. FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with cGCP.

Once the U.S. FDA receives an application, it has 60 days to review the NDA to determine if it is substantially complete to permit a substantive review, before it accepts the application for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the U.S. FDA begins anin-depth review of the NDA. The U.S. FDA’s NDA review times may differ based on whether the application is a standard review or priority review application. The U.S. FDA may give a priority review designation to drugs that are intended to treat serious conditions and provide significant improvements in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of serious conditions. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the U.S. FDA under the PDUFA, the U.S. FDA has set the review goal of 10 months from the60-day filing date to complete its initial review of a standard NDA for a new molecular entity, or NME, and make a decision on the application. Fornon-NME standard applications, the U.S. FDA has set the review goal of 10 months from the submission date to complete its initial review and to make a decision on the

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application. For priority review applications, the U.S. FDA has set the review goal of reviewing NME NDAs within six months of the60-day filing date andnon-NME applications within six months of the submission date. Such deadlines are referred to as the PDUFA date. The PDUFA date is only a goal and the U.S. FDA does not always meet its PDUFA dates. The review process and the PDUFA date may also be extended if the U.S. FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise provides additional information or clarification regarding the submission.

Once the U.S. FDA’s review of the application is complete, the U.S. FDA will issue either a Complete Response Letter, or CRL, or approval letter. A CRL indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application is not ready for approval. A CRL generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing, or other information or analyses in order for the U.S. FDA to reconsider the application. The U.S. FDA has the goal of reviewing 90% of application resubmissions in either two or six months of the resubmission date, depending on the kind of resubmission. Even with the submission of additional information, the U.S. FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when those conditions have been met to the U.S. FDA’s satisfaction, the U.S. FDA may issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. The U.S. FDA may delay or refuse approval of an NDA if applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, require additional testing or information and/or require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor safety or efficacy of a product, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms. For example, the U.S. FDA may require a REMS as a condition of approval or following approval to mitigate any identified or suspected serious risks and ensure safe use of the drug. The U.S. FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product, or impose additional post-marketing requirements, based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements, U.S. FDA notification and U.S. FDA review and approval. Further, should new safety information arise, additional testing, product labeling or U.S. FDA notification may be required.

If regulatory approval of a product is granted, such approval may entail limitations on the indicated uses for which such product may be marketed or may include contraindications, warnings or precautions in the product labeling, which has resulted in a Black Box warning. The U.S. FDA also may not approve the inclusion of labeling claims necessary for successful marketing. Once approved, the U.S. FDA may withdraw the product approval if compliance withpre- and post-marketing regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the marketplace. In addition, the U.S. FDA may require Phase 4 post-marketing studies to monitor the effect of approved products, and may limit further marketing of the product based on the results of these post-marketing studies.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to U.S. FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the U.S. FDA, including manufacturing, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising, promotion, drug shortage reporting, compliance with any post-approval requirements imposed as a conditional of approval such as Phase 4 clinical trials, REMS and surveillance, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including adverse experiences.

After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims are subject to prior U.S. FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual user fee requirements for any approved products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as new application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data. Drug manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the U.S. FDA

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and certain state agencies and to list their drug products, and are subject to periodic announced and unannounced inspections by the U.S. FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other requirements, which impose procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our third-party manufacturers.

Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior U.S. FDA approval before being implemented, or U.S. FDA notification. U.S. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and specifications, and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in withdrawal of marketing approval, mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information or other limitations, imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks, or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program, among other consequences.

The U.S. FDA closely regulates the marketing and promotion of drugs. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy, purity and potency that are approved by the U.S. FDA. Physicians, in their independent professional medical judgement, may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the U.S. FDA. We, however, are prohibited from marketing or promoting drugs for uses outside of the approved labeling.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products, including samples, is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution. The Drug Supply Chain Security Act also imposes obligations on manufacturers of pharmaceutical products related to product and tracking and tracing.

Failure to comply with any of the U.S. FDA’s requirements could result in significant adverse enforcement actions. These include a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as refusal to approve pending applications, license suspension or revocation, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold or termination of clinical trials, warning letters, untitled letters, cyber letters, modification of promotional materials or labeling, product recalls, product seizures or detentions, refusal to allow imports or exports, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, debarment, injunctions, fines, consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, refusals of government contracts and new orders under existing contracts, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties, including fines and imprisonment. It is also possible that failure to comply with the U.S. FDA’s requirements relating to the promotion of prescription drugs may lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and other laws, as well as state consumer protection laws. Any of these sanctions could result in adverse publicity, among other adverse consequences.

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Regulations

Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and use of medical products and drug formulations that are granted marketing approval. Arrangements with

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third-party payors, existing or potential customers and referral sources, including healthcare providers, are subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, and these laws and regulations may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which manufacturers conduct clinical research, market, sell and distribute the products for which they obtain marketing approval. Such restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

• the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or kind, in exchange for, or to induce, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers, on the one hand, and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers, among others, on the other hand. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or PPACA, amended the intent requirement of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to commit a violation. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution;

• the federal false claims and civil monetary penalties laws, including the False Claims Act, or FCA, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, or making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. As a result of a modification made by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, a claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. In addition, manufacturers can be held liable under the FCA even when they do not submit claims directly to government payors if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims. The FCA also permits a private individual acting as a “whistleblower” to bring actions on behalf of the federal government alleging violations of the FCA and to share in any monetary recovery. Government enforcement agencies and private whistleblowers have investigated pharmaceutical companies for or asserted liability under the FCA for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe products; engaging in promotion for“off-label” uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program. In addition, the PPACA codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, prohibits, among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;

• the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report

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annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, certain other healthcare providers and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members;

• HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, imposes, among other things, specified requirements relating to the security, privacy and transmission of individually identifiable health information held by entities subject to HIPAA, such as health plans, health care clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, known as covered entities, and their respective business associates, persons or entities that create, use, maintain or disclose individually identifiable health information on behalf of covered entities. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S. federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions; and

• state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales and representatives; and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, it is possible that certain business activities can be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws.

Violation of the laws described above or any other governmental laws and regulations may result in civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of operations, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, imprisonment, and additional reporting requirements and oversight if a manufacturer becomes subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations ofnon-compliance with these laws. Furthermore, efforts to ensure that business activities and business arrangements comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations can be costly for manufacturers of branded prescription products.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any products, for which we may obtain regulatory approval, and the procedures utilizing such products. In the United States, sales of any product candidates for which regulatory approval for commercial sale is obtained will depend in part on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors for the approved products, and procedures which utilize such products. Third-party payors include government authorities and health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly reducing

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reimbursements for medical products and services. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product, or procedures which utilizes such product, may be separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product, or procedures which utilize such product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of U.S.FDA-approved products for a particular indication.

Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement and requirements for substitution of less expensive products and procedures. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results.

A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product, or procedures which utilize such product, does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, coverage and reimbursement for products, and procedure which utilize such products, can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. In order to obtain coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, or any procedure which utilizes such product, it may be necessary to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the products, and procedures which utilize such products, in addition to the costs required to obtain regulatory approvals. If third-party payors do not consider a product, or procedures which utilize such product, to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover the product, or procedures which utilize such product, after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow a company to sell its products at a profit.

The marketability of any product candidates for which we or our collaborators receive regulatory approval for commercial sale may suffer if the government and third-party payors fail to provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for the product, or any procedure which utilizes such product. In addition, emphasis on managed care in the United States has increased and we expect will continue to increase the pressure on medical products and services pricing. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we or our collaborators receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. European Union Member States may approve a specific price for a product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some countries, cross-border imports fromlow-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. Any country

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that has price controls or reimbursement limitations may not allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements.

Health Reform

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of reform proposals to change the healthcare system. There is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by federal and state legislative initiatives, including those designed to limit the pricing, coverage, and reimbursement of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products as well as the procedures which utilize such products, especially under government-funded health care programs, and increased governmental control of health care costs.

By way of example, in March 2010, the PPACA was signed into law, which is intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose taxes and fees on the healthcare industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Among the provisions of the PPACA of importance to our business are:

• an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;

• an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13.0% of the average manufacturer price for branded and generic drugs, respectively;

• a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected;

• expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the federal poverty level, thereby potentially increasing a manufacturer’s Medicaid rebate liability;

• expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

• a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research;

• a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (and 70% as of January 1, 2019)point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

• establishment of a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation at CMS to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending; and

• a licensure framework for follow on biologic products.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the PPACA, as well as recent efforts by the Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the PPACA. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives

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designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the PPACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the PPACA. In addition, CMS recently published a final rule that will give states greater flexibility in setting benchmarks for insurers in the individual and small group marketplaces, which may have the effect of relaxing the essential health benefits required under the PPACA for plans sold through such marketplaces. Further, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the PPACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the PPACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, includes a provision that repealed, effective January 1, 2019, thetax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the PPACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. On January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for the year ended 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain PPACA-mandated fees, including theso-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax onnon-exempt medical devices. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, or the BBA, among other things, amended the PPACA, effective January 1, 2019, to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole.” In July 2018, CMS published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain PPACA qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the PPACA risk adjustment program in response to the outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. On December 14, 2018, a U.S. District Court Judge in the Northern District of Texas, or Texas District Court Judge, ruled that the individual mandate is a critical and inseverable feature of the PPACA, and therefore, because it was repealed as part of the Tax Act, the remaining provisions of the PPACA are invalid as well. While the Texas District Court Judge, as well as the Trump Administration and CMS, have stated that the ruling will have no immediate effect, it is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the PPACA will impact the PPACA.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the PPACA was enacted. For example, in August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by U.S. Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2012 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs.

This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the BBA, will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to certain providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

Additionally, there have been several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. At the federal level, the Trump administration’s budget proposal for the year ended 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs forlow-income patients. Additionally, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of

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certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. HHS has already started the process of soliciting feedback on some of these measures and, at the same, is immediately implementing others under its existing authority. For example, in September 2018, CMS announced that it will allow Medicare Advantage Plans the option to use step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2019, and in October 2018, CMS proposed a new rule that would requiredirect-to-consumer television advertisements of prescription drugs and biological products, for which payment is available through or under Medicare or Medicaid, to include in the advertisement the Wholesale Acquisition Cost, or list price, of that drug or biological product. In addition, on January 31, 2019, the HHS Office of Inspector General, proposed modifications to the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute discount safe harbor for the purpose of reducing the cost of drug products to consumers which, among other things, if finalized, will affect discounts paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans, Medicaid managed care organizations and pharmacy benefit managers working with these organizations. Although a number of these, and other proposed, measures will require additional authorization to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Further, on May 30, 2018, the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017, or the Right to Try Act, was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for certain patients to access certain investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase I clinical trial and that are undergoing investigation for FDA approval. Under certain circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA permission under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a pharmaceutical manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

Additional Regulation

In addition to the foregoing, state and federal laws regarding environmental protection and hazardous substances, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act, affect our business. These and other laws govern the use, handling and disposal of various biologic, chemical and radioactive substances used in, and wastes generated by, operations. If our operations result in contamination of the environment or expose individuals to hazardous substances, we could be liable for damages and governmental fines. Equivalent laws have been adopted in other countries that impose similar obligations.

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.    The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA, prohibits corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business or secure any improper advantage, or to influence a person working in an official capacity. It is illegal to pay, offer to pay or authorize the payment of anything of value to any employee or official of a foreign government or public international organization, or political party, political party official, or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. The scope of the FCPA also includes employees and official of state-owned or controlled enterprises, which may include healthcare professionals in many countries. Equivalent laws have been adopted in other foreign countries that impose similar obligations.

European Union General Data Protection Regulation.    In addition to European Union regulations related to the approval and commercialization of our products, we may be subject to the European

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Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR. The GDPR imposes stringent requirements for controllers and processors of personal data of persons in the European Union, including, for example, more robust disclosures to individuals and a strengthened individual data rights regime, shortened timelines for data breach notifications, limitations on retention of information, increased requirements pertaining to special categories of data, such as health data, and additional obligations when we contract with third-party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the United States and other third countries. In addition, the GDPR provides that European Union member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of personal data, including genetic, biometric or health data.

The GDPR applies extraterritorially, and we may be subject to the GDPR because of our data processing activities that involve the personal data of individuals located in the European Union, such as in connection with any European Union clinical trials. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the applicable national data protection laws of the European Union member states may result in fines of up to €20,000,000 or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, and other administrative penalties. GDPR regulations may impose additional responsibility and liability in relation to the personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new data protection rules.

China Government Regulation of Drug Products.    In China, we operate in an increasingly complex legal and regulatory environment. We are subject to a variety of Chinese laws, rules and regulations affecting many aspects of our business. This section summarizes the principal Chinese laws, rules and regulations relevant to our business and operations.

Foreign Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Investment activities in China by foreign investors are principally governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Catalogue, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, and the National Development and Reform Commission, or NRDC. Pursuant to the latest Catalogue, amended and issued on June 28, 2017 and effective on July 28, 2017, or the 2017 Catalogue, industries listed therein are divided into two categories: encouraged industries and the industries within the catalogue of special entry administrative measures, or the Negative List, amended and issued separately on June 28, 2018 and effective on July 28, 2018. Establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is generally allowed in industries outside of the Negative List. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries that are expressly prohibited in the Negative List. The industries that are not expressly prohibited in the Negative List are subject to government approvals and certain special requirements. For instance, some are limited to equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. Industries not listed in the Catalogue are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other People’s Republic of China, or PRC, regulations.

Pursuant to the Negative List updated in June 2018, the manufacture of pharmaceutical products mostly falls outside of the Negative List.

Under Chinese law, the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is subject to the approval of, or the requirement for record filing with, MOFCOM or its local counterparts and the wholly foreign owned enterprise must register with the competent administrative bureau of market regulation. We have completed the record filing with MOFCOM or its local counterparts for our interest in our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary and completed the registration of our PRC subsidiary with the competent administrative bureau of market regulation.

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In October 2016, MOFCOM issued the Interim Measures for Record-filing Administration of the Establishment and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or FIE Record-filing Interim Measures. Pursuant to FIE Record-filing Interim Measures, the establishment and change of foreign-invested enterprises are subject to record-filing procedures, instead of prior approval requirements, provided that the establishment or change does not involve special entry administrative measures. If the establishment or change of FIE matters involve the special entry administrative measures, the approval of MOFCOM or its local counterparts is still required.

General Regulations of the NMPA

In China, the NMPA monitors and supervises the administration of pharmaceutical products, as well as medical devices and equipment. The NMPA’s primary responsibility includes evaluating, registering and approving new drugs, generic drugs, imported drugs and traditional Chinese medicines; approving and issuing permits for the manufacture, export and import of pharmaceutical products and medical appliances; approving the establishment of enterprises for pharmaceutical manufacture and distribution; formulating administrative rules and policies concerning the supervision and administration of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; and handling significant accidents involving these products. Local provincial drug administrative authorities are responsible for supervision and administration of drugs within their respective administrative regions.

The Drug Administration Law of China promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 1984 and the Implementing Measures of the Drug Administration Law of China promulgated by the Ministry of Health, or MOH in 1989 set forth the legal framework for the administration of pharmaceutical products, including the research, development and manufacturing of drugs.

The Drug Administration Law of China went through several revisions and was last revised in April 2015. The purpose of the revisions was to strengthen the supervision and administration of pharmaceutical products and to ensure the quality and safety of those products for human use. The Drug Administration Law of China regulates and prescribes a framework for the administration of pharmaceutical preparations of medical institutions and for the development, research, manufacturing, distribution, packaging, pricing and advertisement of pharmaceutical products. The Implementing Measures of the Drug Administration Law of China promulgated by the State Council and most recently revised in March 2019 provide detailed implementing regulations for the revised Drug Administration Law of China.

Approval for Clinical Trials and Production of New Drugs

According to the Provisions for Drug Registration promulgated by the CFDA (now the NMPA) in 2007, the Drug Administration Law of China, the Provisions on the Administration of Special Examination and Approval of Registration of New Drugs, the Special Examination and Approval Provisions issued by the CFDA in 2009, and the Circular on Information Publish Platform for Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials issued by the CFDA in 2013, we must comply with the following procedures and obtain several approvals for clinical trials and production of new drugs.

New Drug Application

When clinical trials have been completed, an applicant shall apply to the NMPA for approval of a new drug application. The NMPA, the Center for Drug Evaluation, or the CDE, and the Drug Inspection Institution will conduct reviews andon-site inspections. The NMPA determines whether to approve the application according to the comprehensive evaluation opinions produced by the reviews andon-site inspections. We must obtain approval of our new drug applications before our drugs can be manufactured and sold in the Chinese market.

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According to the Provisions for Drug Registration, drug registration applications are divided into three different types, namely Domestic New Drug Application, Domestic Generic Drug Application, and Imported Drug Application.

Drug Registration Classification

In March 2016, the CFDA (now NMPA) promulgated the Work Plan for Reforming the Chemical Medicines Registration Classification System, under which, the registrations of chemical medicines are divided into five categories as follows:

• Category 1: Innovative drugs that are not marketed anywhere in the world. These drugs contain new compounds with clear structures and pharmacological effects and they have clinical value.

• Category 2: Modified new drugs that are not marketed anywhere in the world. With known active components, the drug’s structure, phase, prescription manufacturing process, administration route and indication are optimized and it has obvious clinical advantage.

• Category 3: Generic drugs, that have equivalent quality and efficacy to the originator’s drugs have been marketed abroad, but not yet in China.

• Category 4: Generic drugs, that have equivalent quality and efficacy to the originator’s drugs and have been marketed in China.

• Category 5: Drugs that have been marketed abroad are applied to be marketed domestically in China.

The registration of Category 1 or Category 2 drugs above will be subject to the requirements of the Domestic New Drug Application, Category 3 or Category 4 drugs will be subject to the Domestic Generic Drug Application, and Category 5 drugs will be subject to the Imported Drug Application.

Special Examination and Approval Procedures for Innovative Drugs

According to the Special Examination and Approval Provisions, the NMPA will conduct special examination and approval for new drugs registration application when:

(1) the effective constituent of drug extracted from plants, animals, minerals, etc. as well as the preparations thereof have never been marketed in China, and the material medicines and the preparations thereof are newly discovered;

(2) the chemical raw material medicines as well as the preparations and biological products thereof haven’t been approved for marketing home and abroad;

(3) the new drugs are for treating AIDS, malignant tumors and rare diseases, etc., and have obvious advantages in clinic treatment; or

(4) the new drugs are for treating diseases with no effective methods of treatment.

The Special Examination and Approval Provisions provide that the applicant may file for special examination and approval at the stage of Clinical Trial Application if the drug candidate falls within items (1) or (2). For drug candidates that fall within items (3) or (4), the application for special examination and approval must be made when filing for production.

In addition, under the Special Examination and Approval Provisions, where a special examination and approval treatment is granted, the application for clinical trial and manufacturing will be handled with priority and with enhanced communication with the CDE of the NMPA, which will establish a working mechanism for communicating with the applicants. If it becomes necessary to revise the clinical trial

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scheme or make other major alterations during the clinical trial, the applicant may file an application for communication. When an application for communication is approved, the CDE will arrange the communication with the applicant within one month.

We believe that certain of our products fall within items (2) and (3) above. Therefore, we may file an application for special examination and approval at the Clinical Trial Application stage, which may enable us to pursue a more expedited path to approval in China and bring therapies to patients more quickly.

Reform of the Review and Approval Process for Drug Registration

In order to address a number of issues relating to the current drug registration system, in particular, long registration time, significant application backlog,low-quality drug application clinical data, and a difficult registration system for innovative drugs, the State Council and the NMPA have issued and implemented a numbers of opinions and orders.

In November 2015, the CFDA (now NMPA) released the Circular Concerning Several Policies on Drug Registration Review and Approval, which further clarified the following policies potentially simplifying and accelerating the approval process of clinical trials:

• Aone-time umbrella approval procedure allowing approval of all phases of a new drug’s clinical trials at once, rather than the currentphase-by-phase approval procedure, will be adopted for new drugs’ clinical trial applications.

• A fast track drug registration or clinical trial approval pathway will be available for the following applications: (i) registration of innovative new drugs treating HIV, cancer, serious infectious diseases and orphan diseases; (ii) registration of pediatric drugs; (iii) registration of geriatric drugs and drugs treating China-prevalent diseases; (iv) registration of drugs sponsored by national science and technology grants; (v) registration of innovative drugs using advanced technology, using innovative treatment methods, or having distinctive clinical benefits; (vi) registration of foreign innovative drugs to be manufactured locally in China; (vii) concurrent applications for new drug clinical trials which are already approved in the U.S. or European Union, or concurrent drug registration applications for drugs which have applied for marketing authorization and passed onsite inspections in the U.S. or European Union and are manufactured using the same production line in China; and (viii) clinical trial applications for drugs with urgent clinical need and patent expiry within three years, and marketing authorization applications for drugs with urgent clinical need and patent expiry within one year.

In March 2016, the CFDA (now NMPA) issued the Interim Provisions on the Procedures for Drug Clinical Trial Data Verification that provides procedural rules for NMPA’son-site verification of clinical data before drug approvals.

In December 2017, the NMPA published the Opinions on Encouraging the Prioritized Evaluation and Approval for Drug Innovations, which introduces a prioritized review and approval pathway to clinical trial applications and registration applications of certain drugs as part of NMPA’s ongoing reform of its current drug review and approval system.

Recent Regulatory Changes for Foreign New Drugs

Recent regulatory developments in late 2017 have evolved new drug applications for foreign new drugs in China. According to the Decision on Adjusting Relevant Matters Concerning the Administration of Imported Drug Registration issued by NMPA on October 10, 2017, for foreign new drugs that have never been marketed both domestically in China and abroad that fall into Category 1 and Category 2

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drugs, an application for clinical trials and new drug registration may be submitted directly to the NMPA without a market approval issued in their home countries. Whereas in the past, overseas applicants had to wait until the new drug was first approved in an overseas country before it could file for new drug registration in China. Second, for those new drugs that have applied to conduct a Multi-Regional Clinical Trial, or MRCT, in China, Phase 1 clinical trials as required by NMPA may be conducted concurrently. Whereas in the past, MRCTs conducted in China could only be conducted after the drugs had obtained a market approval or passed Phase 2 or Phase 3 in an overseas country.

Third, after such MRCTs have been completed in China, a new drug application may be submitted to the NMPA directly for their review with no additional waiver of local clinical trial requirements is required. This may effectively shorten the registration period for Category 5 new drugs in China.

According to the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Evaluation and Approval System and Inspiring Innovation of Drugs and Medical Devices issued by the State Council on October 9, 2017, the clinical trial data obtained from foreign clinical trial institutions may be acceptable if they meet the relevant requirements in new drug applications in China, for which the supplement of clinical trial data on racial difference may be necessary. However, the relevant implementation guidelines have not been issued by the NMPA.

Last, the three-year pilot program of marketing authorization holders system that otherwise would expire on November 4, 2018, has been extended for one additional year. The marketing authorization holders system allows drug research and development institutions to obtain and hold the marketing authorization and have the ability to outsource manufacturing and distribution to third parties.

Good Manufacturing Practice

All facilities and techniques used in the manufacture of products for clinical use or for sale in China must be operated in conformity with good manufacturing practice guidelines as established by the NMPA. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in the termination of manufacturing and significant fines.

Employees

As of March 31, 2019, we had 36 full-time employees. Of these, 16 are engaged in full-time research and development and 20 are engaged in full-time general and administrative functions. By geography, 26 of our employees are located in Singapore, 8 are located in Taiwan, and 2 are located in China.

We have also engaged and may continue to engage independent contractors to assist us with our operations. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have never experienced any employment related work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Singapore, where we occupy approximately 4,500 square feet of office space, the lease for which expires in 2019. We also have offices in Taipei, Taiwan, and Shanghai, China. We lease all of our facilities and believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.

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Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising out of our operations. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that in the opinion of our management, would have a material adverse effect on our business.

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MANAGEMENT

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth information regarding our current executive officers and directors, including their ages.

Name	Age		Position(s)
Executive Officers:
Carl Firth, Ph.D.		46	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
Mark McHale, Ph.D		54	Chief Development Officer and Head of R&D
Ben Goodger		56	General Counsel
Kiran Asarpota		40	Vice President Finance
Stephen Doyle		46	Chief Business Officer
Non-Executive Directors:
Jun Wu, Ph.D. (representing Alnair Investment)		52	Director
Lim Chin Hwee Damien (representing BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd.)		56	Director
Andrew Howden		59	Director
Kelvin Sun		56	Director
Robert E. Hoffman		53	Director

Executive Officers

Carl Firth, Ph.D.    Dr. Firth founded our company in 2010 and has served as our Chairman of the board of directors since June 2014, as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2011 and as a director since July 2010. Prior to founding our company, Dr. Firth was Head of Asia Healthcare at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, supporting public and private financing of healthcare companies and advising on M&A transactions, from January 2008 to June 2010. Prior to joining the banking industry, Dr. Firth worked for AstraZeneca from October 1998 to December 2007 in various commercial and R&D roles, including Regional Business Development Director, Asia Pacific, and Director of New Product Development, China. Dr. Firth is currently a member of Singapore’s Health and Biomedical Sciences International Advisory Council, where he has served in such capacity since September 2017, and an independent director at Singapore’s Exploit Technologies, a commercialization arm of A*STAR, which supports A*STAR in its efforts to transform the economy by driving innovation and commercializing its research outcomes, where he has served in such capacity since April 2014. Prior, Dr. Firth was an independent director of Hong Kong listedUni-Bio Sciences, a leading Chinese biopharmaceutical company engaged in the research, development, production and commercialization of biopharmaceuticals for the Chinese healthcare market, where he served in such capacity from April 2014 to November 2017. Dr. Firth is an Adjunct Professor atDuke-NUS Medical School, a position he has held since June 2014. He holds a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from Cambridge University (Trinity College), an Executive M.B.A. from London Business School, and a B.A. in Molecular Biology from Cambridge University.

Mark McHale, Ph.D.    Dr. McHale helped found our company in 2010 and has served as our Chief Operating Officer since February 2011 and was appointed Chief Development Officer and Head of R&D for ASLAN in January 2019. Prior to joining us, Dr. McHale was the Head of Molecular Sciences at AstraZeneca, Respiratory & Inflammation, from 1997 to 2010. Dr. McHale was a core member of the respiratory strategy research team for half a decade where he led all new target identifications in asthma. Dr. McHale also previously worked from 1991 to 1997 at SmithKline Beecham (now GlaxoSmithKline Plc.), where he supported lead optimization projects in serotonin and dopamine

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receptors. Dr. McHale has a Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom, and a B.S. in Genetics and Molecular Biology from the University of London.

Ben Goodger.    Mr. Goodger has served as our General Counsel since November 2016. Prior to joining us, Mr. Goodger was the Partner and Head of Intellectual Property (IP) Licensing and Transactions with Osborne Clarke in the United Kingdom, a multinational law firm, from November 2014 to October 2016. Mr. Goodger also previously served as Partner, Head of IP Commercialization, at Edwards Wildman in the United Kingdom, a multinational law firm, from November 2010 to October 2014, as Executive, Head of IP Commercial, at Rouse & Co. International in London, Oxford, and Shanghai, a multinational law firm, from December 1997 to October 2010, and as the President of Licensing Executives Society, a not for profit,non-political, umbrella organization, from 1998 to 1999. Mr. Goodger received his M.A. in English Literature & Language from Oxford University (Exhibitioner, Keble College) and he is a Solicitor of England & Wales, enrolled October 1986.

Kiran Asarpota.    Mr. Asarpota has served as our Vice President Finance since November 2010. Prior to joining us, Mr. Asarpota was Group Finance Director at Global Brands Group Holding Limited, a public branded apparel company, from 2006 to 2010, where he was responsible for the group’s corporate and commercial finance functions. Mr. Asarpota received his M.B.A. from London South Bank University in the United Kingdom, and a B.B.M. from Oxford Brookes.

Stephen Doyle.    Mr. Doyle has served as our Vice President Commercial and Head of China since February 2018 and was appointed Chief Business Officer in January 2019. Prior to joining us, Mr. Doyle was the Vice President and Head of Specialty Care for China at Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, a global pharmaceutical company, from January 2014 to February 2018. Mr. Doyle also previously served as the Vice President of Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation Business Unit with Sanofi S.A. in Shanghai, a global pharmaceutical company, from October 2010 to October 2013, as Regional Commercial Director for Oncology for Asia Pacific, Russia and India with Sanofi-aventis in Singapore, from 2007 to 2010, and as Director and Head of Scientific Communications, Global Marketing, Oncology Franchise with Sanofi-aventis in Paris from 2005 to 2007. Mr. Doyle holds a B.S. in Pharmacy from The Robert Gordon University in the United Kingdom and an M.S. in Clinical Pharmacy from the University of Derby in the United Kingdom.

Non-Executive Directors

Jun Wu, Ph.D.    Dr. Wu has served as a member of our board of directors and representative for Alnair Investment since April 2016. Dr. Wu is currently the Chairman and Managing Partner at Cenova Ventures, a principal investment firm for healthcare venture funds, a position he has held since May 2009. Previously, Dr. Wu served as theCo-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Shanghai Genomics, a biotech company, from September 2001 to May 2005, and as an Executive Managing Director of GNI Limited, a Tokyo Exchange Listed biotech company, from June 2005 to April 2009. Dr. Wu has previously served as a director of over 20 companies and investment funds in the pharmaceutical industry. Dr. Wu holds a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Immunology from the University of California at San Francisco and a B.S. in Biology from San Jose State University.

Lim Chin Hwee Damien.    Mr. Damien has served as a member of our board of directors and representative for BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd. since April 2016. He is the founder and currently serves as the General Partner of BioVeda Capital, a life science venture capital fund, a position he has held since 2000. He currently serves as anon-executive director of companies in a variety of industries. He has previously held senior positions in PrimePartners and Vickers Ballas Asset Management, both private equity asset management companies, and Morgan Grenfell Asia, a merchant bank now owned by Deutsche Bank. He received his B.B.A. from the University of Houston.

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Andrew Howden.    Mr. Howden has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2016. He currently serves as Chairman of the True Origins Company P/L, an Australian company involved in the marketing of infant formula in China and Asia, a position he has held since June 2016, and Executive Chairman of First Pharma P/L, an Australian pharmaceutical company, a position he has held since September 2016. He previously served as the Chief Executive Officer of iNova Pharmaceuticals, a global pharmaceutical company developing and commercializing drugs across a range of therapeutic areas, from August 2008 to February 2015. Previously, he was the President of IMS Health, Asia Pacific, a provider of information, services and technology for the healthcare industry, from 2007 to 2008, Regional Vice President of Asia Pacific for AstraZeneca, a multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company, from 2002 to 2006, and he has held senior executive roles at Quintiles IMS Holdings, Inc., a public health information technologies and clinical research company, from 2000 to 2002. Mr. Howden has also previously served on the board of directors of over 20 companies within the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. He received a B.S. and an M.Com. from the University of New South Wales, Australia.

Kelvin Sun.    Mr. Sun has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2016. Mr. Sun has served as founder and president of Saga-Unitek Ventures, a venture capital and private equity fund management company, specializing in investing in middle-market, growth-oriented companies, as well as those funds under its management, since 1998. He currently serves as an independent director of TWi Pharmaceuticals Inc., a public Taiwanese pharmaceutical company, a position he has held since June 2012, as an independent director of WonderfulHi-Tech Co. Ltd., a public Taiwanese electrical wire and cable manufacturing company, a position he has held since June 2010, and as an independent director of Tah Tong Textile Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese textile manufacturing company, a position he has held since June 2015. Mr. Sun also currently serves as a board member of Pixon Technologies, a Taiwanese optical light sources manufacturing company, a position he has held since June 2011, Newmax Technology Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese optical lens manufacturing company, a position he has held since December 2017 and the Taiwan Venture Capital Association, a position he has held since 2008. He previously served as the senior officer at Chengxin VC Group, a Taiwanese venture capital firm, from 1997 to 1998, as the Director for the Asian Engineering Center of Emerson Electric, a U.S. publicly listed industrial company, from 1995 to 1997, and as the R&D Section Leader at Prime Optical Fiber Corporation, a Taiwanese fiber optics manufacturing company, from 1992 to 1993. He holds an M.B.A. from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and an M.S. in Materials Science from Wayne State University.

Robert E. Hoffman.    Mr. Hoffman has served a member of our board of directors since October 2018. Currently, Mr. Hoffman serves as Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance of Heron Therapeutics, Inc., a Nasdaq-listed company. In addition, Mr. Hoffman serves as a board member of the following Nasdaq-listed companies: Kura Oncology, Inc. (also serves as the chair of the audit committee), DelMar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (as the chairman of the board), Aravive, Inc. (also serves as the chair of the audit committee). Prior to joining Heron Therapeutics, Mr. Hoffman served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Innovus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a public pharmaceutical company, from September 2016 to April 2017. From July 2015 to September 2016, Mr. Hoffman served as Chief Financial Officer of AnaptysBio, Inc., a public biotechnology company. From June 2012 to July 2015, Mr. Hoffman served as the Senior Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer and part of the founding management team of Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Arena, a public biopharmaceutical company. From August 2011 to June 2012 and previously from December 2005 to March 2011, he served as Arena’s Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer and in a number of various roles of increasing responsibility from 1997 to December 2005. From March 2011 to August 2011, Mr. Hoffman served as Chief Financial Officer for Polaris Group, a biopharmaceutical drug company. Mr. Hoffman formerly served as a member of the board of directors of CombiMatrix Corporation, a molecular diagnostics company, and MabVax Therapeutics Holdings, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Mr. Hoffman serves as an advisory committee member of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Mr. Hoffman formerly served as a director and President of the San Diego Chapter of

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Financial Executives International. Mr. Hoffman holds a B.B.A. from St. Bonaventure University, and is licensed as a C.P.A. (inactive) in the State of California.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

Foreign Private Issuer Exemption

We are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined by the SEC. As a result, in accordance with the rules and regulations of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, we comply with home country governance requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than complying with Nasdaq corporate governance standards. While we voluntarily follow most Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we may choose to take advantage of the following exemptions afforded to foreign private issuers:

• Exemption from the requirement that a majority of our board of directors consists of independent directors.

• Exemption from the requirement that our audit committee have a written charter addressing the audit committee’s responsibilities and authority as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5605(c)(1).

• Exemption from the requirement that our remuneration committee have a written charter addressing the remuneration committee’s responsibilities and authority as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5605(d).

• Exemption from the requirement to have independent director oversight of director nominations and a formal written charter or board resolution addressing the nominations process as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5605(e).

• Exemption from the requirement that we have a code of conduct applicable to all directors, officers and employees and from any requirement that we have a code of conduct in compliance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

• Exemption from the Nasdaq rules applicable to domestic issuers requiring disclosure within four business days of any determination to grant a waiver of the code of business conduct and ethics to directors and officers. Although we will require board approval of any such waiver, we may choose not to disclose the waiver in the manner set forth in the Nasdaq rules, as permitted by the foreign private issuer exemption.

• Exemption from the requirement to obtain shareholder approval for certain issuances of securities, including shareholder approval of stock option plans.

• Exemption from the requirements governing the review and oversight of all “related party transactions,” as defined in Item 7.B of Form20-F.

• Exemption from the requirement that our board of directors shall have regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5605(b)(2).

We intend to follow our home country practices in lieu of the foregoing requirements. Although we may rely on home country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain of the rules in the Nasdaq Rule 5600 Series and Rule 5250(d), we must comply with Nasdaq’s Notification of Noncompliance requirement (Rule 5625), the Voting Rights requirement (Rule 5640) and have an audit committee that satisfies Rule 5605(c)(3), consisting of committee members that meet the independence requirements of Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(ii). Although we currently intend to comply with the Nasdaq corporate governance rules applicable other than as noted above, we may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all the other Nasdaq corporate governance rules.

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In addition, as a foreign private issuer, we take advantage of the following exemptions from SEC reporting obligations:

• Exemption from filing quarterly reports on Form10-Q or provide current reports on Form8-K, disclosing significant events within four days of their occurrence.

• Exemption from Section 16 rules regarding sales of common shares by insiders, which will provide less data in this regard than shareholders of U.S. companies that are subject to the Exchange Act.

Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq and the domestic reporting requirements of the SEC. We may utilize these exemptions for as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer.

Composition of our Board of Directors.    Our board of directors is currently composed of six members. Our board of directors has determined that, of our six directors, three do not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of director and that each of these directors is “independent” as that term is defined under the Taiwan Securities and Exchange Act, or the Taiwan Act. According to the Taiwan Act, during the two years before being elected and during the term of office, none of our independent directors may have been or be any of the following, which we refer to as a Restricted Person:

1. An employee of ours or any of our affiliates;

2. Our statutory auditor or of our affiliates;

3. A director of our affiliates, unless he or she was an independent director of our subsidiary;

4. A natural-person shareholder who holds in the aggregate, together with his or her spouse, minor children, and his or her nominees, one percent or more of our ordinary shares outstanding or ranks among the top ten in our shareholdings;

5. A spouse, relative within the second degree of kinship, or lineal relative within the third degree of kinship, of any of the persons in the preceding four items;

6. A director, statutory auditor, or employee of a corporate shareholder that directly holds five percent or more of our total number of shares outstanding or of a corporate shareholder that ranks among the top five in our shareholdings;

7. A director, statutory auditor, officer, or shareholder holding five percent or more of the shares of a company or institution that meets certain statutorily specified criteria and has a financial or business relationship with us; or

8. A professional individual who, or an owner, partner, director, statutory auditor, or officer of a sole proprietorship, partnership, company, or institution that, provides commercial, legal, financial, accounting services or consultation to us or to any of our affiliates, or a spouse thereof; provided that this restriction does not apply to a member of the remuneration committee, public tender offer review committee, or special committee for merger/consolidation and acquisition, who exercises powers pursuant to the Taiwan Act or to the Taiwan Business Mergers and Acquisitions Act or related laws or regulations.

The “during the two years before being elected” requirement does not apply when an independent director of ours has served as an independent director of our or any of our affiliates, or of a specific

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company or institution that has a financial or business relationship with us, as stated in items 3 or 7 above, but is currently no longer in that position.

In accordance with our Articles, our directors serve for a term of three years and, at the expiration of such term, are eligible for reelection by our shareholders. If a new director is not elected after the expiration of the tenure of an existing director, the tenure of suchout-going director shall be extended until a new director has been elected.

Committees of our Board of Directors

Our board of directors has three standing committees: an audit committee, a remuneration committee and a nomination committee.

Audit Committee

The audit committee, which consists of Mr. Howden, Mr. Hoffman and Mr. Sun, assists the board of directors in overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. Mr. Sun serves as chairman of the audit committee. The audit committee consists exclusively of independent members of our board. Our board of directors has determined that Kelvin Sun qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by applicable SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined under the applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations. Our board has determined that all of the members of the audit committee satisfy the “independence” requirements set forth in Rule10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The audit committee will be governed by a charter that complies with Nasdaq rules.

The audit committee’s responsibilities will include:

• the adoption of or amendments to the internal control system;

• assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control system;

• the adoption or amendment, of the procedures for handling financial or business activities of a material nature such as acquisition or disposal of assets, derivatives trading, lending of funds to others and endorsements or guarantees for others;

• matters in which a director is an interested party;

• asset transactions or derivatives trading of a material nature;

• loans of funds, endorsements or provision of guarantees of a material nature;

• the offering, issuance or private placement of equity-type securities;

• the hiring or dismissal of a certified public accountant or their compensation;

• the appointment or discharge of a financial, accounting or internal audit officer;

• annual and semi-annual financial reports;

• the establishment and maintenance of procedures, when and as required by applicable laws and rules, for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and the confidential and anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters;

• the determination of the appropriate funding for the ordinary administrative expenses of the audit committee that are necessary and appropriate in carrying out the audit committee’s duties, the costs of which shall be borne by us; and

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• other material matters as may be required by us or by the competent authority.

The audit committee meets as often as one or more members of the audit committee deem necessary, but in any event will meet at least four times per year according to the Taiwan Act.

Remuneration Committee

The remuneration committee, which consists of Mr. Howden, Mr. Hoffman and Mr. Sun, assists the board of directors in determining executive officer compensation. Mr. Howden serves as chairman of the remuneration committee. Under the Taiwan Act, our remuneration committee shall be comprised of at least three members, and at least one of them shall be an independent member of the board as defined under the Taiwan Act. All members of our remuneration committee are independent members of the board as defined by the Taiwan Act. In addition, during the two years before being appointed to his or her term of office, none of our remuneration committee members may have been or be a Restricted Person. This “during the two years before being appointed” requirement does not apply where a remuneration committee member has served as an independent director of ours or any of our affiliates, or of a specified company or institution that has a financial or business relationship with us, as stated in items 3 or 7 of the definition of Restricted Person above, but is currently no longer in that position. Under SEC and Nasdaq rules, there are heightened independence standards for members of the remuneration committee, including a prohibition against the receipt of any compensation from us other than standard board member fees. Although foreign private issuers are not required to meet this heightened standard, all of our remuneration committee members meet this heightened standard.

The remuneration committee’s responsibilities include:

• professionally and objectively evaluate the policies and systems for compensation of the directors, supervisors, and managerial officers of us, and submit recommendations to the board of directors for its reference in decision making;

• establishing and periodically reviewing the annual and long-term performance goals for the directors and managerial officers of us and the policies, systems, standards, and structure for their compensation;

• periodically assessing the degree to which performance goals for the directors and managerial officers of us have been achieved, and setting the types and amounts of their individual compensation; and

• periodically review the charter and propose suggestion for amendments.

When performing these responsibilities, the remuneration committee shall follow the following principles:

• ensuring that the compensation arrangements of us comply with applicable laws and regulations and are sufficient to recruit outstanding talent;

• performance assessments and compensation levels of the directors and managerial officers shall take into account the general pay levels in the industry, the time spent by the individual and their responsibilities, the extent of goal achievement, their performance in other positions, and the compensation paid to employees holding equivalent positions in recent years. Also to be evaluated are the reasonableness of the correlation between the individual’s performance and our operational performance and future risk exposure, with respect to the achievement of our short-term and long-term business goals and the financial position;

• there shall be no incentive for the directors or managerial officers to pursue compensation by engaging in activities that exceed the our tolerable risk level;

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• for directors and senior managerial officers, the percentage of bonuses to be distributed based on their short-term performance and the time for payment of any variable compensation shall be decided with regard to the characteristics of the industry and the nature of our business; and

• no member of the committee may participate in discussion and voting when the committee is deciding on that member’s individual compensation.

The remuneration committee shall submit its recommendations regarding the above for deliberation to the board. When deliberating the recommendation of the remuneration committee, the board shall give comprehensive consideration to matters including the amounts of remuneration, payment methods, and the potential future risk facing our company. If the board would like to decline to adopt, or would like to modify, a recommendation of the remuneration committee, the consent of a majority of the directors in attendance at a meeting attended bytwo-thirds or more of the entire board is required, and the board in its resolution shall provide its comprehensive consideration and shall specifically explain whether the remuneration passed by it exceeds in any way the remuneration recommended by the remuneration committee.

Nomination Committee

The nomination committee, which consists of Mr. Howden, Mr. Sun and Dr. Firth, assists the board of directors in selecting and approving director candidates to serve on the board. Under the Taiwan Act, all companies listed on the TPEx are required to adopt a director candidate nomination mechanism for the election of directors, although there is no requirement that a listed company form a nomination committee. Under SEC and Nasdaq rules, director nominees must either be selected, or recommended for the board’s selection, either by independent directors constituting a majority of the board’s independent directors in a vote in which only independent directors participate, or by a nomination committee comprised solely of independent directors.

Foreign private issuers are not required to have independent director oversight of director nominations, and out of those currently serving on our nomination committee, only Mr. Howden and Mr. Sun are independent members of our board.

The nomination committee’s responsibilities include:

• reviewing and assessing the composition of the board of directors;

• identifying appropriate director candidates and independent director candidates;

• reviewing the qualifications and suitability of each director candidate and independent director candidate identified by the committee;

• submitting director and independent director recommendations to the board of directors for consideration.

• conducting all other necessary actions to facilitate the selection and approval of director candidates and independent director candidates by the board; and

• any other matters related to the selection of the director candidates and independent director candidates.

The nomination committee shall submit its recommendations regarding the above for deliberation to the board. When deliberating with respect to the recommendation of the nomination committee, the board shall give comprehensive consideration to matters including the current composition of the board, the qualifications of director candidates, the overall diversity of the board and the need for refreshing. The

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nomination committee will meet as often as one or more members of the nomination committee deem necessary.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that covers a broad range of matters including the handling of conflicts of interest, compliance issues and other corporate policies. Our Code of Business Conduct is applicable to both our directors and employees.

Other Corporate Governance Matters

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as related rules subsequently implemented by the SEC, requires foreign private issuers, including our company, to comply with various corporate governance practices. In addition, Nasdaq rules provide that foreign private issuers may follow home country practice in lieu of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, subject to certain exceptions and except to the extent that such exemptions would be contrary to U.S. federal securities laws.

Because we are a foreign private issuer, our members of our board of directors, executive board members and senior management are not subject to short-swing profit and insider trading reporting obligations under section 16 of the Exchange Act. They will, however, be subject to the obligations to report changes in share ownership under section 13 of the Exchange Act and related SEC rules.

Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors

Incentive Compensation.    For the year ended December 31, 2018, the aggregate compensation accrued or paid to the members of our board of directors and our executive officers for services in all capacities was $3,765,304.

We did not set aside or accrue any amounts for pension, retirement or similar benefits to members of our board of directors or executive officers in the year ended December 31, 2018.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we had no performance based compensation programs other than the 2018 SMT Long Term Incentive Plan, or the 2018 LTIP, and the 2017 SMT Long Term Incentive Plan, or the 2017 LTIP. For more information on the LTIPs, see the discussion below under “—Compensation Plans—2017 and 2018 SMT Long Term Incentive Plans.”

Executive Officer Compensation

Equity Awards.    We did not grant any share options to our executive officers during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers.    We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Each of our executive officers is employed for a continuous term unless either we or the executive officer gives prior notice to terminate such employment. We may terminate the employment for just cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with six months’ prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of any confidential information, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated. In addition, all executive officers have agreed to be bound by anon-solicitation covenant that prohibits each executive officer from contacting or communicating with our customers, members, partners, suppliers or any other persons or entities with whom we do business or soliciting or hiring any of our employees during his or her employment and for one year after the termination of his or her employment and by anon-compete

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covenant that prohibits each executive officer from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employment and for six months after the termination of his or her employment.

Option Grants

We have made grants of options to our employees pursuant to our 2014 Employee Share Option Scheme Plan, or the 2014 Plan, and our 2017 Employee Share Option Plan 1, or the 2017 Plan. Options granted pursuant to the 2014 Plan are either vested in full as of the date of grant or are 25% vested as of the date of grant, with the remaining 75% vesting in equal annual installments over the three years following the date of grant. Options granted pursuant to the 2017 Plan vest in full upon the two year anniversary of the date of grant. Vested options may be exercised during their term and for varying periods following termination of service, depending on the reason for termination. Options will be adjusted to account for any changes in capitalization or certain other corporate events and are not transferable (but may be exercised by the individual’s heirs in the case of death, to the extent vested at the time of death). For more information on our option grants, see “Management— Compensation Plans.”

LTIP

On August 23, 2017 and February 1, 2018, we granted 1,462,000 and 104,000 bonus entitlement units to our executive officers pursuant to the 2017 LTIP, respectively. 1,479,334 bonus entitlement units granted under the 2017 LTIP remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018. On July 30, 2018, we granted 241,142 bonus entitlement units to our executive officers pursuant to the 2018 LTIP, all of which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

Upon vesting and redemption, each unit award is converted into a cash payment equal to the number of units multiplied by theper-share fair market value of our ordinary shares on the day following our receipt of a redemption notice. The 1,462,000 bonus entitlement units granted under the 2017 LTIP will beone-third vested each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award. The 104,000 bonus entitlement units granted under the 2017 LTIP will beone-half vested each year after the second and third anniversary of the award. The 241,142 bonus entitlement units granted under the 2018 LTIP will beone-third vested each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award.

Regarding our 2017 and 2018 LTIPs, the respective quoted fair value of the awards on the grant date was NT$33.45 (or $1.10) and $7.90, based on the Taiwan share price on August 23, 2017 and the closing price per ADS on July 30, 2018, respectively. The quoted fair value on the reporting date is based on the closing price of Taiwan share price of NT$33.20 (or $1.12) as of December 31, 2017 and the closing price per ADS of $3.60 as of December 31, 2018, respectively.

We recognized total expenses of $838,677 with respect to the LTIPs for the year ended December 31, 2018 and $269,310 for the quarter ended March 31, 2019.

For more information on the LTIP, see “Management—Compensation Plans—2017 and 2018 SMT Long Term Incentive Plans.”

Other Programs

We have adopted defined contribution plans which are post-employment benefit plans under which we pay fixed contributions into the Singapore Central Provident Fund on a mandatory basis. We have no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as employee compensation expense when they are due.

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited adopted a pension plan under the Labor Pension Act, or the LPA, which is a state-managed defined contribution plan. Under the LPA, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals

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Taiwan Limited makes monthly contributions to its Taiwan-based employees’ individual pension accounts at 6% of monthly salaries and wages. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. makes monthly contributions at a certain percentage of its Shanghai-based employees’ payroll expenses to pension accounts, which are operated by the Chinese government.

Director Compensation.    We provide only cash compensation to each of ournon-executive directors not serving as a representative of a shareholder for the time and effort necessary to serve as a member of our board of directors. Our directors do not receive additional cash retainers for serving on the audit, remuneration or nomination committee or for serving as the chairperson of our board of directors our any committee of our board of directors. The compensation of the non-executive directors complies with our Articles and is determined by our remuneration committee and board of directors as a whole, based on a review of individual contributions to our operations and current practices in other companies.

2018 Director Compensation Table.    The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation earned by ournon-executive directors for service on our board of directors during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Name	Fees Earned in Cash		All Other Compensation		Total
Abel Ang (representing Advanced Medtech Holdings Pte Ltd.)(1)	$	0	$	0	$	0
Jun Wu, Ph.D. (representing Alnair Investment)	$	0	$	0	$	0
Lim Chin Hwee Damien (representing BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd.)	$	0	$	0	$	0
Jerome Shen, Ph.D.(2)	$	25,000	$	0	$	25,000
Andrew Howden	$	30,000	$	0	$	30,000
Kelvin Sun	$	30,000	$	0	$	30,000
Mei-Shu Lai, Ph.D., M.D.(3)	$	25,000	$	0	$	25,000
Robert E. Hoffman(4)	$	12,500	$	0	$	12,500

(1) Mr. Ang (representing Advanced Medtech Holdings Pte Ltd.) resigned from our board of directors on April 26, 2019.

(2) Dr. Shen resigned from our board of directors on October 30, 2018.

(3) Dr. Lai resigned from our board of directors on October 30, 2018.

(4) Mr. Hoffman joined our board of directors on October 30, 2018.

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We have not granted any options or issued any shares of restricted stock to ournon-executive directors.

Grants of Share Options to Executive Officers

The following table summarizes, as of the date of this prospectus, outstanding share options to purchase ordinary shares granted to our executive officers. We have not granted any share options to ournon-executive directors.

Name	Grant Date		Number of Shares Underlying Stock Option		Exercise Price per Share		Stock Option Expiration Date
Carl Firth, Ph.D.		July 1, 2010		300,000	$	0.10		July 1, 2020
		July 1, 2010		150,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2020
		July 1, 2011		180,000	$	0.10		July 1, 2021
		July 1, 2011		225,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2021
		July 1, 2012		295,500	$	0.40		July 1, 2022
		July 1, 2013		4,500	$	0.40		July 1, 2023
		July 1, 2013		300,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2023
		July 1, 2014		300,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2024
		July 1, 2015		150,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2015		1,050,000	$	0.94		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2016		300,000	$	1.13		July 1, 2026
Mark McHale, Ph.D		July 1, 2010		120,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2020
		July 1, 2011		60,000	$	0.10		July 1, 2021
		July 1, 2011		180,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2021
		July 1, 2012		240,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2022
		July 1, 2013		240,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2023
		July 1, 2014		240,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2024
		July 1, 2015		120,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2015		840,000	$	0.94		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2016		240,000	$	1.13		July 1, 2026
Ben Goodger		July 1, 2016		276,000	$	1.13		July 1, 2026
Kiran Asarpota		July 1, 2010		60,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2020
		July 1, 2011		60,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2021
		July 1, 2012		60,000	$	0.40		July 1, 2022
		July 1, 2013		60,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2023
		July 1, 2014		60,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2024
		July 1, 2015		40,000	$	0.68		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2015		40,000	$	0.94		July 1, 2025
		July 1, 2016		120,000	$	1.13		July 1, 2026

Compensation Plans

2014 Employee Share Option Scheme Plan.    We maintain the 2014 Plan, pursuant to which we have granted share options to our employees, directors and consultants. The 2014 Plan became effective on August 26, 2014, and has a term of ten years. After the effective date of the 2017 Plan, no additional awards were granted, and no future awards are allowed to be granted, under the 2014 Plan.

The 2014 Plan may be administered by our board of directors or a committee thereof, which administrator has the authority to: determine the individuals to whom awards may be granted and the

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terms of such awards; amend the terms of any outstanding award, provided that the consent of the grantee is required where the grantee’s rights would be adversely affected; construe and interpret the terms of the 2014 Plan and awards granted thereunder; and take such other action, not inconsistent with the terms of the 2014 Plan, as it deems appropriate.

The number of shares under the 2014 Plan and under outstanding awards, and the exercise price of outstanding awards, will be adjusted to reflect certain changes in capitalization. In the event of a corporate transaction (as defined in the 2014 Plan), awards will terminate if not assumed. If they are assumed, the awards will fully vest if the holder’s employment is terminated without cause or the holder resigns for good reason, in either case within 12 months thereafter.

2017 Employee Share Option Plan 1.    We maintain the 2017 Plan, pursuant to which we may grant share options. The 2017 Plan became effective on September 13, 2017, and has a term of ten years. Awards under the 2017 Plan may be granted to our employees. The maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the plan is 1,000,000 shares.

The 2017 Plan is administered by our board of directors, which has the authority to determine the individuals to whom awards may be granted and the terms of such awards; and to construe and interpret the terms of the 2017 Plan and awards granted thereunder.

The number of shares under the 2017 Plan and under outstanding awards, and the exercise price of outstanding awards, will be adjusted to reflect certain changes in capitalization. In the event of a corporate transaction (as defined in the 2017 Plan), awards will terminate if not assumed. If they are assumed, the awards will vest if the holder’s employment is terminated without cause or the holder resigns, in either case within 12 months thereafter. In the event of a change in control (as defined in the 2017 Plan) that is not a corporate transaction, awards will fully vest if the holder’s employment is terminated without cause or the holder resigns, in either case within 12 months thereafter.

2017 and 2018 SMT Long Term Incentive Plans.    We maintain the 2017 and 2018 LTIPs, pursuant to which we may grant bonus entitlement unit awards. The 2017 LTIP and 2018 LTIP became effective on August 23, 2017 and July 30, 2018, respectively, and each has a term of ten years. Awards under each LTIP may be granted to our employees. All of the awards granted in 2017 and 2018 were granted to our executive officers.

Each LTIP is administered by the members of the remuneration committee, which committee has the authority to: determine the individuals to whom unit awards may be granted and the terms of such unit awards; amend the terms of any outstanding unit award, provided that the consent of the grantee is required where the grantee’s rights would be adversely affected; construe and interpret the terms of each LTIP and unit awards granted thereunder; and take such other action, not inconsistent with the terms of each LTIP, as it deems appropriate.

Upon vesting and redemption, each unit award is converted into a cash payment equal to the number of units multiplied by theper-share fair market value of our ordinary shares on the day following our receipt of a redemption notice, up to a cap of five times the base value of the unit as set forth in the grantee’s award agreement. Redemption occurs automatically upon termination of employment and upon theper-share fair market value exceeding five times the base value of the unit award, to the extent not previously redeemed.

The terms of awards will be adjusted to reflect certain changes in capitalization. In the event of a corporate transaction (as defined in each LTIP), awards will terminate if not assumed. If they are assumed, the awards will vest and be redeemed if the holder’s employment is terminated without cause or the holder resigns for good reason, in either case within 12 months thereafter. In the event of a change

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in control (as defined in each LTIP) that is not a corporate transaction, awards will fully vest if the holder’s employment is terminated without cause or the holder resigns for good reason, in either case within 12 months thereafter.

Insurance and Indemnification

We are empowered by our Articles to indemnify our directors against any liability they incur by reason of their directorship. We maintain directors’ and officers’ insurance to insure such persons against certain liabilities. In addition, our employment agreements with our executive officers provide for indemnification. We have entered into an indemnification agreement with each of our directors and executive officers.

In addition to such indemnification, we provide our directors and executive officers with directors’ and officers’ liability insurance as permitted by our Articles.

Insofar as indemnification of liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our board, executive officers, or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

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RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Since January 1, 2016, we have engaged in the following transactions with our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our outstanding share capital and their affiliates, which we refer to as our related parties.

Subscriptions of our Ordinary Shares

In June 2016, we entered into a Share Subscription Agreement pursuant to which we issued an aggregate of 19,667,144 ordinary shares to certain investors at a price of $1.13 per share.

The following table sets forth the aggregate number of ordinary shares issued to our related parties pursuant to this transaction:

INVESTORS	Ordinary Shares
Match Point Developments Limited(1)		44,248
Bertil Lindmark(2)		44,248

⁽¹⁾   Dr. McHale, our Chief Operating Officer, is the sole owner and director of Match Point Developments Limited.

⁽²⁾  Dr. Lindmark resigned as our Chief Medical Officer on January 31, 2019.

Agreements with Our Executive Officers and Directors

We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers and director compensation agreements with ournon-executive directors. See “Management—Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors.” These agreements contain customary provisions and representations, including confidentiality,non-competition andnon-solicitation undertakings by the executive officers. However, the enforceability of thenon-competition provisions may be limited under applicable law.

Related Party Transaction Policy

We have adopted a related party transaction policy, which requires that certain related party transactions be approved by our board of directors and audit committee. We intend to afford ourselves of the Nasdaq foreign private issuer exemption from the requirement that our audit committee have review and oversight over all “related party transactions,” as defined in Item 7.B of Form20-F. The definition of “related party transactions” per our related party transaction policy and ROC law is not as broad as the definition in Item 7.B of Form20-F.

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These indemnification agreements provide our directors and executive officers with contractual rights to indemnification and, in some cases, expense advancement in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or executive officers or as a director or executive officer of any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. See “Management—Compensation of Executive Officers and Directors—Insurance and Indemnification.”

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PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2019 for:

• each beneficial owner of 5% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares;

• each of our directors and executive officers; and

• all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2019. Percentage ownership calculations are based on 160,248,940 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019.

As of April 23, 2019, we estimate that approximately 29,073,933 ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs), or 18.1% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of such date, were held in the United States by seven holders of record. The actual number of holders is greater than these numbers of record holders and includes beneficial owners whose ordinary shares or ADSs are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are ordinary shares and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. None of our major shareholders have different voting rights with respect to their ordinary shares. We have set forth below information known to us regarding any significant change in the percentage ownership of our ordinary shares by any major shareholders during the past three years.

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Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of the directors, executive officers and named beneficial owners are in care of ASLAN Pharmaceutical Limited, 83 Clemenceau Avenue#12-03 UE Square, Singapore 239920 and our telephone number is +65 6222 4235.

	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned		Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned
Name of Beneficial Owner			Before Offering			After Offering
5% or Greater Shareholders:
Alnair Investment(1)		9,887,358		6.2	%
Executive Officers and Directors:
Carl Firth, Ph.D.(2)		6,662,340		4.1	%
Mark McHale, Ph.D.(3)		3,711,915		2.3	%
Ben Goodger(4)		376,000			*
Kiran Asarpota(5)		586,996			*
Stephen Doyle(6)		—		—
Advanced Medtech Holdings Pte Ltd. (represented by Abel Ang)(7)		2,127,660		1.3	%
Alnair Investment (represented by Jun Wu, Ph.D.)(8)		9,887,358		6.2	%
BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd. (represented by Lim Chin Hwee Damien)(9)		7,542,112		4.7	%
Robert E. Hoffman(10)		—		—
Andrew Howden(11)		439,510			*
Kelvin Sun		—		—
All current executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons)(12)		31,333,891		18.8	%

* Represents beneficial ownership of less than one percent.

⁽¹⁾  Consists of 8,823,528 ordinary shares held by Alnair Investment, or Alnair, and 1,063,830 ordinary shares held by Shanghai Cenova Innovation Venture Fund L.P., or Shanghai Cenova. Alnair is wholly owned and controlled by Shanghai Cenova. Shanghai Cenova Bioventure Equity Investment Fund Management Enterprise L.P., or Shanghai Cenova Bioventure, is the general partner of Shanghai Cenova. Shanghai Cenova Bioventure is owned and controlled by Dr. Wu, a member of our board of directors. As such, Dr. Wu may be deemed to have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Alnair and Shanghai Cenova. The addresses for Alnair and Shanghai Cenova are P.O. Box 2075, George Town, GrandCayman KY1-1105, Cayman Islands and No. 53 Gao You Road, Shanghai, China 200031, respectively.

⁽²⁾  Consists of (A) ADSs representing 63,000 ordinary shares held by Dr. Firth, (B) 3,344,340 ordinary shares held by Kimba Capital Limited, or Kimba Capital, and (C) 3,255,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options granted to Dr. Firth that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2019. Dr. Firth is director of Kimba Capital and has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Kimba Capital. As such, Dr. Firth may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of shares held by Kimba Capital.

⁽³⁾  Consists of (A) 1,431,915 ordinary shares held by Match Point Developments Limited, or Match Point and (B) 2,280,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options granted to Dr. McHale that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2019. Dr. McHale is director of Match Point and has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by Match Point. As such, Dr. McHale may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of shares held by Match Point.

⁽⁴⁾  Consists of (A) 100,000 ordinary shares and (B) 276,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options granted to Mr. Goodger that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2019.

⁽⁵⁾  Consists of (A) 86,996 ordinary shares held by Mr. Asarpota and (B) 500,000 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options granted to Mr. Asarpota that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2019.

⁽⁶⁾  Mr. Doyle joined our senior management team as of February 1, 2018 and does not beneficially own any of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2019.

⁽⁷⁾  Advanced Medtech Holdings Pte Ltd. resigned from our board of directors on April 26, 2019. The Shares held as of March 31, 2019, consisted of 2,127,660 ordinary shares held by Advanced Medtech Holdings Pte Ltd., or AMT. Mr. Ang is a director of AMT, and as such, Mr. Ang may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of shares held by AMT. While the directors of AMT have voting and dispositive power over the shares held by AMT, none of them has a pecuniary interest therein. Accordingly, Mr. Ang disclaimed beneficial ownership of such shares.

footnotes continued on following page

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⁽⁸⁾  Consists of the shares described in footnote (1) above. Dr. Wu is a member of our board of directors and serves in such capacity as a representative of Alnair. Dr. Wu is also a director of Alnair, general manager of Shanghai Cenova and owns and controls Shanghai Cenova Bioventure, the general partner of Shanghai Cenova. As such, Dr. Wu may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of shares held by Alnair and Shanghai Cenova.

⁽⁹⁾  Consists of 7,542,112 ordinary shares held by BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd., or BV Healthcare. BioVeda Capital Singapore Pte Ltd, or BioVeda, is the investment manager of BV Healthcare. An investment committee of BV Healthcare, which includes Mr. Lim, or the BV Investment Committee, reviews and approves investment and divestment proposals submitted by BioVeda. As such, the BV Investment Committee may be deemed to have voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares held by BV Healthcare. The address for BV Healthcare is 50 Cuscaden Road#08-01 HPL House, Singapore 249724. Mr. Lim is a member of our board of directors and serves in such capacity as a representative of BV Healthcare. Mr. Lim is also a director of BV Healthcare and on the BV Investment Committee. As such, Mr. Lim may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of shares held by BV Healthcare.

⁽¹⁰⁾  Mr. Hoffman joined our board of directors as of October 30, 2018 and does not beneficially own any of our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2019.

⁽¹¹⁾  Consists of 439,510 ordinary shares held by Mr. Howden.

⁽¹²⁾  Consists of the shares referenced in footnotes (2)—(11) above.

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL AND GOVERNING DOCUMENTS

General

We are an exempted company incorporated in June 2014 with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands and our affairs are governed by:

• Our Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, or our Articles;

• the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Law; and

• the common law of the Cayman Islands.

As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized share capital is NT$5,000,000,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of NT$10.00 per ordinary share. As of the date of this prospectus, there are 160,248,940 ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

For our initial public offering in Taiwan, we conducted a restructuring between one of our subsidiaries, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd., a Singapore entity, and us. After the restructuring, we became the parent company of ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and the listing entity in Taiwan. The restructuring was consummated through a share swap according to a reconstruction agreement between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd., its then shareholders, and us in September 2014 pursuant to which the shares of ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. held by its then shareholders, including ordinary shares, Series A and Series B Preference shares, were swapped into our ordinary shares, Series A and Series B Preference shares at a ratio of 1:1.

Further, we also underwent a share capital restructuring to change the par value of our ordinary shares to NT$10.00.

We raised $41,189,000 by issuing 17,047,095 and 4,861,948 Series C Preference shares at $1.88 per share in November 2015 and January 2016, respectively. In June 2016, we raised $22,224,000 by issuing 19,667,144 ordinary shares at $1.13 per share. In our initial public offering in Taiwan on June 1, 2017, we issued 14,458,000 ordinary shares at a subscription price of NT$68.92 per ordinary share, raising, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, an aggregate of NT$996,465,000. Our ordinary shares began trading in the TPEx on June 1, 2017.

In October 2018, we increased our authorized share capital from NT$2,000,000,000 to NT$5,000,000,000.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our Articles and the Companies Law insofar as they relate to the material terms of our share capital.

Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association

Subject to other provisions in our Articles, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution increase our authorized share capital or by special resolution reduce the share capital and may also by special resolution amend our Articles.

Ordinary Shares

General.    All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid andnon-assessable. No certificates representing the ordinary shares have been issued. The ordinary shares are not entitled to any preemptive conversion or redemption rights at the sole option of the holder of ordinary shares. Our shareholders may freely hold and vote their shares (subject to certain restrictions such as the number of proxies that may be held by a shareholder at a general meeting).

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Pre-emptive Rights.    When we issue new shares for cash consideration, our board of directors may reserve 10% to 15% of the new shares for subscription by our employees or of any of our subordinate companies, as determined by our board of directors in its reasonable discretion. Subject to several statutory exceptions, our shareholders are entitled to subscribe for the remainder of the new shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. New shares not so subscribed by our employees and shareholders may be offered by us to the public or to specific persons designated by the board.

Since our shares are publicly traded on the TPEx, in the event of offering new shares for cash, we are also mandatorily required to offer 10% of the shares to the public at the market price, subject to a higher public offering percentage adopted by our shareholders at a shareholders’ meeting. The new shares underlying the ADSs to be issued in this offering are not subject to the shareholders’pre-emptive right as suchpre-emptive rights have been waived by our shareholders at the shareholders meeting held on October 30, 2018.

Repurchase Rights.    For so long as the shares are registered in Taiwan, the repurchase of our own shares by us shall be approved by our board of directors in compliance with Regulations Governing Share Repurchase by Exchange-Listed andOTC-Listed Companies and relevant laws of the Cayman Islands. We may with the sanction of an ordinary resolution of the shareholders’ meeting purchase and cancel our own shares out of our share capital. The number of shares to be repurchased and cancelled pursuant to our Articles shall be pro rata among our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares held by each such shareholder. The number of shares purchased by us pursuant to our Articles shall not exceed 10% of the total number of our issued shares. The total price of the shares so purchased shall not exceed the sum of retained earnings plus the premium paid on the issuance of any share and income from endowments received by us.

The amount payable to the shareholders in connection with a repurchase of shares out of our share capital may be paid in cash or by way of delivery of assets in specie. The assets to be delivered and the amount of such substitutive share capital in connection with a repurchase of shares out of our share capital shall be approved by the shareholders at the general meeting and shall be subject to consent by the shareholder receiving such assets. Prior to the aforementioned general meeting considering such repurchase, our board of directors shall have the value of assets to be delivered and the amount of such substitutive share capital in respect of repurchase of the shares audited and certified by a Taiwan certified public accountant.

Voting Rights.    Each ordinary share is entitled to one vote. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by a poll. Our Articles list a number of matters that must be approved by the shareholders by Supermajority Resolution (as defined below). Other matters to be approved by shareholders will be decided either by special resolution (where required by law) or by ordinary resolution. Written resolutions of shareholders in lieu of a meeting are not permitted by our Articles.

A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least a number of shareholders present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote representing the holders of more thanone-half of all of our issued voting share capital. Shareholders’ meetings are held annually and may otherwise be convened by our board of directors on its own initiative. Shareholders’ meetings shall also be convened on the requisition in writing of any shareholder or shareholders holding at least three percent of the issued voting share capital for one year or longer, subject to certain procedural requirements. Advance notice of at least 30 calendar days is required for convening the annual general meeting and at least 15 calendar days’ notice is required for convening extraordinary general meetings.

Any ordinary resolution to be made by our shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast in person or by proxy at a meeting of our shareholders. A special resolution requires the affirmative vote of not less thantwo-thirds of the votes cast in person or by proxy at a meeting of our shareholders. A special resolution is required for certain

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matters specified in the Companies Law as requiring approval by special resolution, including appointing a voluntary liquidator, changing our name, reducing our authorized share capital and amending our Articles and for other matters such as issuing preferred shares, transferring treasury shares at a discount to employees or subordinate companies and approving the redemption terms of any preferred shares.

A “Supermajority Resolution” is defined in our Articles as a resolution adopted by a majority vote of the shareholders at a general meeting attended by shareholders who representtwo-thirds or more of our total outstanding shares or, if the total number of shares represented by the shareholders present at the general meeting is less thantwo-thirds of our total outstanding shares, but more thanone-half of our total outstanding shares, means instead, a resolution adopted at such general meeting by the shareholders who representtwo-thirds or more of the total number of shares entitled to vote on such resolution at such general meeting. Among other things, approval by Supermajority Resolution is required for us to: (i) enter into, amend, or terminate any contract for lease of its business in whole, or for entrusting business, or for regular joint operation with others, (ii) transfer the whole or any material part of its business or assets, (iii) take over the transfer of another’s whole business or assets, which will have a material effect on our business operation, (iv) effect any merger (subject to certain structural exceptions) orspin-off of the company in accordance with applicable listing rules, (v) grant waiver to a director engaging in any business within the scope of our business, (vi) discharge or remove a director, (vii) capitalize an amount standing to the credit of reserves or authorize the payment of dividends out of a reserve fund and (viii) issue any employee share options at a discount. In addition, any merger, transfer of business and assets, share swap or other transaction that results in our shares ceasing to be listed on the TWSE or TPEx must be approved by the shareholders representing at leasttwo-thirds of our issued shares.

Subject to certain exceptions specified in our Articles, when a person who acts as the proxy for two or more shareholders at a general meeting, the number of votes represented by him shall not exceed three percent of the total number of votes of the company and the portion of excessive votes represented by such proxy will not be counted.

Dividends.    The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by an ordinary resolution and subject to our Articles and the Companies Law. Under Cayman Islands law, dividends may be paid only out of profits, which include net earnings and retained earnings undistributed in prior years, and out of share premium, a concept analogous topaid-in surplus in the United States. No dividend may be declared and paid unless our directors determine that immediately after the payment, we will be able to satisfy our liabilities as they become due in the ordinary course of business and we have funds lawfully available for such purpose. We are not permitted to pay any dividends or bonuses if (i) we do not have earnings or (ii) we have not yet covered our losses. Our Articles set out further detailed provisions dealing with how we may fund, create reserves for and pay dividends.

Any dividends will be paid to the custodian of the ADSs being issued in this offering and shall be subject to further distribution to you as a beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares by the custodian. See “Description of American Depositary Shares—Dividends and Other Distributions.”

Liquidation.    If we were to be liquidated and the assets available for distribution among our shareholders are insufficient to repay the whole of the share capital, such assets shall be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses shall be borne by our shareholders in proportion to the number of the ordinary shares held by them. If in a winding up the assets available for distribution among our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the liquidation, the surplus shall be distributed among our shareholders in proportion to the number of the ordinary shares held by them at the commencement of the liquidation, subject to a deduction from those ordinary shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to us, without prejudice to the rights of the holders of ordinary shares issued upon special terms and conditions.

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If we were to be liquidated, the liquidator may, with the approval by a special resolution of our shareholders (and any other approvals as may be required by applicable listing rules), divide among our shareholders in species or in kind the whole or any part of our assets (whether they shall consist of property of the same kind or not) and may, for such purpose set such value as he/she deems fair upon any property to be divided and may determine how such division shall be carried out as between the shareholders or different classes of shareholders. The liquidator may, with the approval by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders, vest the whole or any part of such assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the contributories as the liquidator, with the approval by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders shall think fit, but so that no shareholder shall be compelled to accept any shares or other securities whereon there is any liability.

Transfer of Shares.    Subject to the restrictions of our Articles and applicable ROC laws, as applicable, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board, provided that certain transfer restrictions apply to shares issued to our employees and subordinate companies. Subject to the requirements of applicable laws of the Cayman Islands, transfers of uncertificated shares which are registered on the TPEx may be effected by any method of transferring or dealing in securities introduced by the TPEx or operated in accordance with the applicable listing rules, as defined in our Articles, as appropriate.

Our board of directors may decline to register any transfer of shares unless (i) the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate (if any) for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; (ii) the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares; (iii) the instrument of transfer is duly and properly stamped (if required); or (iv) in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the share is to be transferred does not exceed four.

The registration of transfers of shares may be suspended when our register of members is closed in accordance with our Articles for the purpose of determining those shareholders that are entitled to receive notice of, attend or vote at any meeting of shareholders or any adjournment thereof, or those shareholders that are entitled to receive payment of any dividend, or in order to make a determination as to who is a shareholder for any other purpose.

Variation of Rights of Shares.    Whenever our share capital is divided into different classes the rights attached to any class of our shares may (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) only be materially adversely varied or abrogated with the approval by special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class, but not otherwise. The necessary quorum shall be one or more persons at least holding or representing by proxyone-half in nominal or par value amount of the issued shares of the relevant class.

Inspection of Books and Records.    Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. Our board of directors is required to keep at the office of our service agent in Taiwan copies of our Articles, the minutes of every meeting of the shareholders and the financial statements, the register of members and the counterfoil of corporate bonds issued by us. Any shareholder may request, by submitting evidentiary documents to show his or her interests involved and indicating the scope of interested matters, access to inspect and to make copies of our Articles and accounting books and records.

Without prejudice to the rights of shareholders set out in our Articles, no shareholder is entitled to require discovery of any information in respect of any detail of our trading or any information which is or may be in the nature of a trade secret or secret process which may relate to the conduct of our

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business and which in the opinion of our board of directors would not be in the interests of the shareholders to communicate to the public.

Borrowing Power.    Subject to our Articles and the ROC Regulations Governing Loaning of Funds and Making Endorsement/Guarantee by Public Companies, our board of directors may exercise its power to borrow money and to mortgage or charge our undertaking and property, to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of us or of any third party.

We, however, cannot borrow money or loan funds to any person except in accordance with the requirements stipulated in our internal policies and the ROC Regulations Governing Loaning of Funds and Making Endorsement/Guarantee by Public Companies.

Listing Rules.    As a listed company on the TPEx, we are required to comply with the relevant ROC laws, regulations, rules and code as amended, from time to time, applicable as a result of the original and continued trading or listing of any shares on any Taiwan stock exchange or securities market, including, without limitation the relevant provisions of the Taiwan Securities and Exchange Act, the Acts Governing Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, or any similar statute and the rules and regulations of the Taiwan authorities thereunder, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the ROC FSC, the TPEx or the TWSE. This body of rules is referred to in our Articles as “Applicable Listing Rules” and a number of the provisions of our Articles are subject to the Applicable Listing Rules. In particular, provisions relating to the issue of shares generally by us, the issue of shares to employees, the recording of shareholdings and the issue of share certificates, the issue of fractional shares, the transfer of shares, carrying out mergers and spin-offs, independent directors, board powers and procedure, quorum requirements for shareholder meetings and general meeting procedure, the redemption and purchase of our shares, dealing with treasury shares, borrowing powers, the payment of dividends and other distributions, the preparation of reports and financial statements and the winding up of the company are all matters expressed to be subject to, and should be read in conjunction with, the Applicable Listing Rules. In addition to the Applicable Listing Rules, our Articles are required to be in compliance with the Shareholders’ Rights Protection Checklist, or the Checklist promulgated by the TPEx or TWSE from time to time. On March 22, 2019, our board of directors approved the Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, which incorporated the requirements provided in the checklist promulgated by TPEx in December 2018, or the Checklist. The Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association will be submitted to our annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 for approval by special resolution. We are required to incorporate such changes to our Articles in accordance with the Checklist by the deadline requested by TPEx, so we expect that those shareholders’ rights will take effect by the end of June 2019. Except for the requirement thatnon-resident or foreign investors are obligated to open certain accounts and appoint a tax guarantor in Taiwan and the restrictions described herein, there are no other restrictions on holding or exercising voting rights on our ordinary shares.

Currently, a party who is a PRC person may not hold our ordinary shares unless it is a qualified domestic institutional investor, or QDII, in PRC. In addition, we have committed to the TPEx that at no time will 30% or more of our shares be held by PRC persons. Therefore, at any time when 30% of our shares are held by PRC persons, you will not be entitled to withdraw and hold the underlying ordinary shares, even if you are a QDII in PRC. Under current ROC law, a PRC person means an individual having residence in PRC (but not including a special administrative region of China such as Hong Kong or Macau, if so excluded by applicable laws of the ROC), any legal person, group, or other institutions of China and any corporation and other entity organized in countries outside of the ROC or PRC, but is directly or indirectly controlled by or directly or indirectly has more than 30% of its capital beneficially owned by any PRC person described above.

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We cannot exercise any voting rights attached to the treasury shares held by us.

No vote may be exercised with respect to any of the following shares and such shares shall not be counted in determining the number of issued shares: (i) the shares held by any of our subsidiaries, where the total voting shares held by us in such a subsidiary represents more than one half of the total number of voting shares of the total share equity of such a subsidiary; or (ii) the shares held by another company, where the total number of the shares or total shares equity of that company held by us and our subsidiaries directly or indirectly represents more than one half of the total number of voting shares or the total share equity of such a company. If a director gives security over more than 50% of the number of shares the director held at the time such director was elected as a director of us, no vote may be exercised with respect to the shares representing the difference between the pledged shares and 50% of the initial shares, and such shares representing the difference between the pledged shares and 50% of the initial shares shall not be counted in the number of the votes cast by the shareholders present at the general meeting.

In the case of joint holders, the joint holders shall select among them a representative for the exercise of their shareholder’s rights and the vote of their representative who tenders a vote, whether in person or by proxy, shall be accepted to the exclusion of the votes of the other joint holders.

A shareholder of unsound mind, or in respect of whom an order has been made by any court having jurisdiction in mental illness, may vote by his committee, or other person in the nature of a committee appointed by that court, and any such committee or other person, may vote by proxy.

A shareholder cannot exercise his or her own vote or by vote by proxy on behalf of another shareholder in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement if he may be interested therein. Such shares shall not be counted in determining the number of votes of the shareholders present at the meeting with regard to such resolution, but such shares may be counted in determining the number of shares represented at the meeting for the purposes of determining the quorum.

If an ADS holder will receive more than 10% of the issued shares of the company after withdrawal of their deposited securities, then such holder will be required to (i) make a filing with the ROC FSC of the required reporting in accordance with Article43-1 of the Taiwan Act upon the acquisition of more than 10% of shares of the company, (ii) make a filing with the ROC FSC in accordance with Article 25 of the Taiwan Act of notification of any changes of the shareholding of a director, supervisor, manager or shareholder (together with his or her spouse, minor children and nominee) holding more than 10% of the shares of the company, and (iii) apply for the prior approval of the Investment Commission, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Executive Yuan of the ROC for acquiring 10% or more of shares of the company.

Preference Shares

Pursuant to our Articles, we may issue shares with rights which are preferential to those of ordinary shares issued by us with the approval of a majority of our board of directors present at a meeting attended bytwo-thirds or more of the total number of directors and with the approval of a special resolution. Our Articles must be amended by special resolution to provide for such preference shares.

Material Differences in Corporate Law

The Companies Law is modeled after the corporate legislation of the United Kingdom but does not follow recent United Kingdom statutory enactments, and differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in Delaware and their shareholders. In addition, because our Articles require us to comply with the

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Checklist, the below comparison also includes a brief summary of the requirements we must follow to maintain such compliance with the TPEx or the TWSE.

	Delaware	Cayman Islands
Title of Organizational Documents	Certificate of Incorporation Bylaws	Memorandum of Association Articles of Association
Duties of Directors	Under Delaware law, the business and affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of directors. In exercising their powers, directors are charged with a fiduciary duty of care to protect the interests of the corporation and a fiduciary duty of loyalty to act in the best interests of its shareholders. The duty of care requires that directors act in an informed and deliberative manner and inform themselves, prior to making a business decision, of all material information reasonably available to them. The duty of care also requires that directors exercise care in overseeing and investigating the conduct of the corporation’s employees. The duty of loyalty may be summarized as the duty to act in good faith, not out of self-interest, and in a manner which the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the shareholders.	As a matter of Cayman Islands law, directors of Cayman Islands companies owe fiduciary duties to their respective companies to, amongst other things, act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of the company and exercise their powers and fulfill the duties of their office honestly. Five core duties are: •  a duty to act in good faith in what the directors bona fide consider to be the best interests of the company (and in this regard, it should be noted that the duty is owed to the company and not to associate companies, subsidiaries or holding companies); •  a duty not to personally profit from opportunities that arise from the office of director; •  a duty of trusteeship of the company’s assets; •  a duty to avoid conflicts of interest; and •  a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were conferred. A director of a Cayman Islands company also owes the company a duty to act with skill, care and diligence. A director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience.
Limitations on Personal Liability of Directors	Subject to the limitations described below, a certificate of incorporation may provide for the	The Companies Law has no equivalent provision to Delaware law regarding the limitation of

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	Delaware	Cayman Islands
	elimination or limitation of the personal liability of a director to the corporation or its shareholders for monetary damages for a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. Such provision cannot limit liability for breach of loyalty, bad faith, intentional misconduct, unlawful payment of dividends or unlawful share purchase or redemption. In addition, the certificate of incorporation cannot limit liability for any act or omission occurring prior to the date when such provision becomes effective.	director’s liability. However, as a matter of public policy, Cayman Islands law will not allow the limitation of a director’s liability to the extent that the liability is a consequence of the director committing a crime or of the director’s own fraud, dishonesty or willful default.
Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Agents, and Others	A corporation has the power to indemnify any director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation who was, is, or is threatened to be made a party who acted in good faith and in a manner he believed to be in the best interests of the corporation, and if with respect to a criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct would be unlawful, against amounts actually and reasonably incurred.	Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of directors and officers, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against the consequences of committing a crime, or against the indemnified person’s own fraud or dishonesty.
Interested Directors	Under Delaware law, a transaction in which a director who has an interest is not void or voidable solely because such interested director is present at or participates in the meeting that authorizes the transaction if: (i) the material facts as to such interested director’s relationship or interests are disclosed or are known to the board of directors and the board in good faith authorizes the transaction by the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the disinterested directors are less than a quorum, (ii) such material facts are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled	Our Articles contain a provision that prohibits a director from voting (or voting on behalf of another director) in respect of any transaction in which he or she is interested. Our proposed Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association if adopted at the annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 would provide that, where the spouse of a director, a person with a kinship to a director within the second degree, or a company controlled by or controlling a director has a direct or indirect interest in any matter, such director will be

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	Delaware	Cayman Islands
	to vote on such transaction and the transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the shareholders, or (iii) the transaction is fair as to the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified. Under Delaware law, a director could be held liable for any transaction in which such director derived an improper personal benefit.	deemed to have an interest in such matter.
Voting Requirements	The certificate of incorporation may include a provision requiring supermajority approval by the directors or shareholders for any corporate action. In addition, under Delaware law, certain business combinations involving interested shareholders require approval by a supermajority of thenon-interested shareholders.	For the protection of shareholders, certain matters must be approved by special resolution of the shareholders as a matter of Cayman Islands law, including alteration of the memorandum or articles of association, appointment of inspectors to examine company affairs, reduction of share capital (subject, in relevant circumstances, to court approval), change of name, authorization of a plan of merger or transfer by way of continuation to another jurisdiction or consolidation or voluntary winding up of the company. The Companies Law requires that a special resolution be passed by a super majority of at leasttwo-thirds or such higher percentage as set forth in the articles of association, of shareholders being entitled to vote and do vote in person or by proxy at a general meeting, or by unanimous written consent of shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting. However, our Articles do not permit resolutions of shareholders to be passed in writing in lieu of a general meeting.
Voting for Directors	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise specified in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of the corporation,	The Companies Law defines “special resolutions” only. A company’s articles of association can therefore tailor the definition

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	directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the election of directors.	of “ordinary resolutions” as a whole, or with respect to specific provisions. Our Articles provide that the election of directors shall be subject to applicable listing rules. At a general meeting of election of directors, the number of votes exercisable in respect of one share shall be the same as the number of directors to be elected, and the total number of votes per share may be consolidated for election of one candidate or may be split for election of two or more candidates. A candidate to whom the ballots cast represent a prevailing number of votes shall be deemed a director so elected.
Cumulative Voting	No cumulative voting for the election of directors unless so provided in the certificate of incorporation.	No cumulative voting for the election of directors unless so provided in the articles of association. Our Articles expressly provide for cumulative voting on the election of directors as described above.
Directors’ Powers Regarding Bylaws	The certificate of incorporation may grant the directors the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws.	The memorandum and articles of association may only be amended by a special resolution of the shareholders.
Nomination and Removal of Directors and Filling Vacancies on Board	Shareholders may generally nominate directors if they comply with advance notice provisions and other procedural requirements in company bylaws. Holders of a majority of the shares may remove a director with or without cause, except in certain cases involving a classified board or if the company uses cumulative voting. Unless otherwise provided for in the certificate of incorporation, directorship vacancies are filled by a majority of the directors elected or then in office.	Nomination and removal of directors and filling of board vacancies are governed by the terms of the articles of association. Our Articles provide that only shareholders may elect directors by cumulative voting and may remove directors by Supermajority Resolution.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements	Under Delaware law, with certain exceptions, a merger, consolidation, exchange or sale of all or substantially all the assets of a corporation must be approved	The Companies Law provides for the merger or consolidation of two or more companies into a single entity. The legislation makes a distinction between a

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Delaware	Cayman Islands
by the board of directors and a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon. Under Delaware law, a shareholder of a corporation participating in certain major corporate transactions may, under certain circumstances, be entitled to appraisal rights pursuant to which such shareholder may receive cash in the amount of the fair value of the shares held by such shareholder (as determined by a court) in lieu of the consideration such shareholder would otherwise receive in the transaction. Delaware law also provides that a parent corporation, by resolution of its board of directors, may merge with any subsidiary, of which it owns at least 90% of each class of capital stock without a vote by shareholders of such subsidiary. Upon any such merger, dissenting shareholders of the subsidiary would have appraisal rights.	“consolidation” and a “merger.” In a consolidation, a new entity is formed from the combination of each participating company, and the separate consolidating parties, as a consequence, cease to exist and are each stricken by the Registrar of Companies. In a merger, one company remains as the surviving entity, having in effect absorbed the other merging party that then ceases to exist.
	Two or more Cayman Islands companies may merge or consolidate. Cayman Islands companies may also merge or consolidate with foreign companies provided that the laws of the foreign jurisdiction permit such merger or consolidation. Under the Companies Law, a plan of merger or consolidation shall be authorized by each constituent company by way of (i) a special resolution of the members of each such constituent company; and (ii) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. Shareholder approval is not required where a parent company registered in the Cayman Islands seeks to merge with one or more

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Delaware

Cayman Islands

of its subsidiaries registered in the Cayman Islands and a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of each subsidiary company to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. Secured creditors must consent to the merger although application can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for such requirement to be waived if such secured creditor does not grant its consent to the merger. Where a foreign company wishes to merge with a Cayman company, consent or approval to the transfer of any security interest granted by the foreign company to the resulting Cayman entity in the transaction is required, unless otherwise released or waived by the secured party. If the merger plan is approved, it is then filed with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies along with a declaration by a director of each company. The Registrar of Companies will then issue a certificate of merger which shall be prima facie evidence of compliance with all requirements of the Companies Law in respect of the merger or consolidation. The surviving or consolidated entity remains or becomes active while the other company or companies are automatically dissolved. Unless the shares of such shareholder are publicly listed or quoted, dissenting shareholders in a merger or consolidation of this type are entitled to payment of the fair value of their shares if such shareholder provides a written objection before the vote on such merger or consolidation. With respect to shares that are listed or quoted, a shareholder shall have similar rights only if it is required

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Delaware	Cayman Islands
	by the terms of the merger or consolidation to accept for such shares property other than (i) shares (or depositary receipts in respect thereof) in the surviving or consolidated company; (ii) listed or quoted shares (or depositary receipts in respect thereof) of another company; (iii) cash in lieu of any fractions of shares or depositary receipts described at (i) and (ii); or (iv) any combination of shares, depositary receipts or cash described in (i)—(iii).
	Cayman companies may also be restructured or amalgamated under supervision of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands by way of a court-sanctioned “scheme of arrangement.” A scheme of arrangement is one of several transactional mechanisms available in the Cayman Islands for achieving a restructuring. Others include share capital exchange, merger (as described above), asset acquisition or control, through contractual arrangements, of an operating business. A scheme of arrangement must not be beyond the powers of the company, as stated in the constitutional documents of the company and also requires the approval of a majority, in number, of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at the meeting summoned for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the terms of the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the

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Delaware	Cayman Islands
	Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder would have the right to express to the Court its view that the transaction ought not be approved, the Court can be expected to approve the scheme of arrangement if it is satisfied that: •  the classes which are required to approve the scheme of arrangement have been properly constituted, so that the members of such classes are properly represented; •  the meetings held by the company in relation to the approval of the scheme of arrangement by such classes have been convened and held in accordance with any directions given by the Court; •  the scheme of arrangement has been properly explained to the shareholders or creditors so that they have been able to exercise an informed vote in respect of the scheme; the scheme of arrangement is one which an intelligent and honest man, who is a member of the relevant class and properly acting might approve.
	When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares within four months, the offeror may, within atwo-month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection may be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion. If the arrangement and reconstruction are thus approved, any dissenting shareholders would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily

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Delaware

Cayman Islands

be available to dissenting shareholders of United States corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares. Our Articles provide that in the event the resolutions with respect to a merger are approved in accordance with the laws of the Cayman Islands, any shareholder who has notified us in writing of his objection to such proposal prior to such meeting and subsequently raised his objection at the meeting may request us to purchase all of his shares at the then prevailing fair price. In the event any part of the company’s business is spun off or involved in any merger, the shareholder, who has forfeited his right to vote on such matter and expressed his dissent therefor, in writing or verbally (with a record) before or during the general meeting, may request us to buy back all of his shares at the then prevailing fair price. In the event that we fail to reach such agreement with the shareholder within 60 days after the resolution date, the shareholder may, within 30 days after such60-day period, file a petition to any competent court of ROC for a ruling on the appraisal price, and to the extent that the ruling is capable of enforcement and recognition in the relevant jurisdiction, such ruling by such ROC court shall be binding and conclusive as between us and requested shareholder solely with respect to the appraisal price. Our Articles provide that, if we propose to effect any merger, transfer and assumption of our business or assets, share swap orspin-off, as a result of which we would cease to be a TPEx-listed

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	Delaware	Cayman Islands
		company and the surviving company, transferee company, existing company or newlyset-up company (depending on the circumstances) is not a company listed on TWSE or TPEx, such transaction must be approved by the shareholders representing two thirds of the issued and outstanding shares of us.
		The mergers and acquisitions of the Company shall also be subject to the procedural requirements under the Applicable Listing Rules.
Shareholder Suits	Class actions and derivative actions generally are available to shareholders under Delaware law for, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste and actions not taken in accordance with applicable law. In such actions, the court generally has discretion to permit the winning party to recover attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with such action.	The rights of shareholders under Cayman Islands law are not as extensive as those under Delaware law. Class actions are generally not available to shareholders under Cayman Islands laws; historically, there have not been any reported instances of such class actions having been successfully brought before the Cayman Islands courts. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and a derivative action may be brought by a minority shareholder in only limited circumstances. In this regard, the Cayman Islands courts would ordinarily be expected to follow English case law precedent, which would permit a shareholder to commence an action in the company’s name to remedy a wrong done to the company where the act complained of cannot be ratified by the shareholders and where control of the company by the wrongdoer results in the company not pursuing a remedy itself. The case law shows that derivative actions have been permitted in respect of acts that are beyond the company’s corporate power, illegal, where the individual rights of the plaintiff shareholder have been infringed or

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	Delaware	Cayman Islands
		are about to be infringed and acts that are alleged to constitute a “fraud on the minority.” The winning party in such an action generally would be able to recover a portion of attorney’s fees incurred in connection with such action. Our Articles provide that, subject to the laws of the Cayman Islands, any shareholder(s) holding three percent or more of the total number of our issued shares for a period of one year or a longer time shall have the right to submit a petition for and on behalf of us against our director(s), and the Taipei District Court, ROC, may be court of the first instance for this matter.
		Our proposed Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association if adopted at the annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 would provide that, subject to the laws of the Cayman Islands, any shareholder(s) holding one percent or more of the total number of our issued shares for a period of six months or a longer time shall have the right to submit a petition for and on behalf of us against our director(s), and Taipei District Court, ROC, may have jurisdiction over such petition.
Inspection of Corporate Records	Under Delaware law, shareholders of a Delaware corporation have the right during normal business hours to inspect for any proper purpose, and to obtain copies of list(s) of shareholders and other books and records of the corporation and its subsidiaries, if any, to the extent the books and records of such subsidiaries are available to the corporation.	Shareholders of a Cayman Islands exempted company have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of a list of shareholders or other corporate records (other than the register of mortgages or charges) of the company. However, these rights may be provided in the company’s articles of association. Our proposed Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and

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	Delaware	Cayman Islands
		Articles of Association if adopted at the annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 would provide that, in the event that a general meeting is convened by the board of directors or any other person having a right to convene the general meeting, such convener(s) may request us or our shareholders’ service agent to provide the register of members.
Shareholder Proposals	Unless provided in the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, Delaware law does not include a provision restricting the manner in which shareholders may bring business before a meeting.	The Companies Law does not provide shareholders any right to bring business before a meeting or requisition a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in the company’s articles of association. Our Articles do provide for these rights.
Approval of Corporate Matters by Written Consent	Delaware law permits shareholders to take action by written consent signed by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting of shareholders.	The Companies Law allows a special resolution to be passed in writing if signed by all the voting shareholders (if authorized by the articles of association). Our Articles do not authorize such written consents.
Calling of Special Shareholders Meetings	Delaware law permits the board of directors or any person who is authorized under a corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws to call a special meeting of shareholders.	The Companies Law does not have provisions governing the proceedings of shareholders meetings which are usually provided in the articles of association. Our Articles allow for shareholders’ meetings to be convened on the requisition in writing of any shareholder or shareholders holding at least three percent of the issued voting share capital for one year or longer, subject to certain procedural requirements.
		Our proposed Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association if adopted at the annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 would

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Delaware

Cayman Islands

provide that, an extraordinary general meeting may be convened on the requisition of one or more shareholders(s) holding more than half of the paid up capital of us having the right of voting at a general meeting for a period of at least three consecutive months at the date the book closure period commences. Our proposed Seventh Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association if adopted at the annual general meeting to be held on June 21, 2019 would provide that, in the event that our board of directors does not or cannot convene a general meeting, or an independent director member of audit committee otherwise finds it necessary for the interests of shareholders, the independent director may convene a general meeting.

Stock Exchange Listing

The ADSs have been listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “ASLN” since May 4, 2018.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for the ADSs will be JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Our share register is currently maintained by KGI Stock Service Agent. The share register reflects only record owners of our ordinary shares. Holders of our ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and their names will therefore not be entered in our share register. The depositary, the custodian or their nominees will be the holder of the shares underlying our ADSs. For further discussion on our ADSs and ADS holder rights, see “Description of American Depositary Shares” in this prospectus.

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DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

American Depositary Receipts

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., or JPMorgan, as depositary will issue the ADSs which you will be entitled to receive in this offering. Each ADS will represent an ownership interest in a designated number of our ordinary shares which we will deposit with the depositary or the custodian, as agent of the depositary, under the deposit agreement among ourselves, the depositary and yourself as an ADR holder. In the future, each ADS will also represent any securities, cash or other property deposited with the depositary but which have not distributed directly to you. Unless certificated ADRs are specifically requested by you, all ADSs will be issued on the books of our depositary in book-entry form and periodic statements will be mailed to you which reflect your ownership interest in such ADSs. In our description, references to American depositary receipts or ADRs shall include the statements you will receive which reflect your ownership of ADSs.

The depositary’s office is located at 4 New York Plaza, Floor 12, New York, NY, 10004.

You may hold ADSs either directly or indirectly through your broker or other financial institution. If you hold ADSs directly, by having an ADS registered in your name on the books of the depositary, you are an ADR holder. This description assumes you hold your ADSs directly. If you hold the ADSs through your broker or financial institution nominee, you must rely on the procedures of such broker or financial institution to assert the rights of an ADR holder described in this section. You should consult with your broker or financial institution to find out what those procedures are.

As an ADR holder, we will not treat you as a shareholder of ours and you will not have any direct shareholder rights. Because the depositary or its nominee will be the shareholder of record for the ordinary shares represented by all outstanding ADSs, shareholder rights rest with such record holder. Your rights are those of an ADR holder. Such rights derive from the terms of the deposit agreement to be entered into among us, the depositary and all holders from time to time of ADRs issued under the deposit agreement. The obligations of the depositary and its agents are also set out in the deposit agreement. Because the depositary or its nominee will actually be the registered owner of the ordinary shares, you must rely on it to exercise the rights of a shareholder on your behalf. The deposit agreement and the ADSs are governed by New York law. However, our obligations to the holders of ordinary shares will continue to be governed by the laws of Taiwan and the Cayman Islands, which may be different from the laws of the United States. Under the deposit agreement, as an ADR holder, you agree that any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and you irrevocably waive any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding and irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding.

The following is a summary of what we believe to be the material terms of the deposit agreement. Notwithstanding this, because it is a summary, it may not contain all the information that you may otherwise deem important. For more complete information, you should read the entire deposit agreement and the form of ADR which contains the terms of your ADSs. You can read a copy of the deposit agreement which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. You may also obtain a copy of the deposit agreement at the SEC’s Public Reference Room which is located at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at1-800-732-0330. You may also find the registration statement and the attached deposit agreement on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

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Share Dividends and Other Distributions

How will I receive dividends and other distributions on the ordinary shares underlying my ADSs?    We may make various types of distributions with respect to our securities. The depositary has agreed that, to the extent practicable, it will distribute to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities, after converting any cash received into U.S. dollars (if it determines such conversion may be made on a reasonable basis) and, in all cases, making any necessary deductions provided for in the deposit agreement. The depositary may utilize a division, branch or affiliate of JPMorgan to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement. Such division, branch and/or affiliate may charge the depositary a fee in connection with such sales, which fee is considered an expense of the depositary. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of underlying securities that your ADSs represent.

Except as stated below, the depositary will deliver such distributions to ADR holders in proportion to their interests in the following manner:

• Cash.    The depositary will distribute any U.S. dollars available to it resulting from a cash dividend or other cash distribution or the net proceeds of sales of any other distribution or portion thereof (to the extent applicable), on an averaged or other practicable basis, subject to (i) appropriate adjustments for taxes withheld, (ii) such distribution being impermissible or impracticable with respect to certain registered ADR holders, and (iii) deduction of the depositary’s and/or its agents’ fees and expenses in (1) converting any foreign currency to U.S. dollars to the extent that it determines that such conversion may be made on a reasonable basis, (2) transferring foreign currency or U.S. dollars to the United States by such means as the depositary may determine to the extent that it determines that such transfer may be made on a reasonable basis, (3) obtaining any approval or license of any governmental authority required for such conversion or transfer, which is obtainable at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable time and (4) making any sale by public or private means in any commercially reasonable manner. If exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert a foreign currency, you may lose some or all of the value of the distribution.

• Shares.    In the case of a dividend or free distribution in ordinary shares, the depositary will issue additional ADRs to evidence the number of ADSs representing such ordinary shares. Only whole ADSs will be issued. Any ordinary shares which would result in fractional ADSs will be sold and the net proceeds will be distributed in the same manner as cash to the ADR holders entitled thereto.

• Rights to receive additional ordinary shares.    In the case of a distribution of rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares or other rights, if we timely provide evidence satisfactory to the depositary that it may lawfully distribute such rights, the depositary will distribute warrants or other instruments in the discretion of the depositary representing such rights. However, if we do not timely furnish such evidence, the depositary may:

(i) sell such rights if practicable and distribute the net proceeds in the same manner as cash to the ADR holders entitled thereto; or

(ii) if it is not practicable to sell such rights by reason of thenon-transferability of the rights, limited markets therefor, their short duration or otherwise, do nothing, in which case ADR holders will receive nothing and the rights may lapse.

Other Distributions.    In the case of a distribution of securities or property other than those described above, the depositary may either (i) distribute such securities or property in any manner it deems

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equitable and practicable or (ii) to the extent the depositary deems distribution of such securities or property not to be equitable and practicable, sell such securities or property and distribute any net proceeds in the same way it distributes cash.

If the depositary determines in its discretion that any distribution described above is not practicable with respect to any specific registered ADR holder, the depositary may choose any method of distribution that it deems practicable, including the distribution of foreign currency, securities or property, or it may retain such items, without paying interest on or investing them, on behalf of the ADR holder as deposited securities, in which case the ADSs will also represent the retained items.

Any U.S. dollars will be distributed by checks drawn on a bank in the United States for whole dollars and cents. Fractional cents will be withheld without liability and dealt with by the depositary in accordance with its then current practices.

The depositary is not responsible if it fails to determine that any distribution or action is lawful or reasonably practicable.

There can be no assurance that the depositary will be able to convert any currency at a specified exchange rate or sell any property, rights, shares or other securities at a specified price, nor that any of such transactions can be completed within a specified time period. All purchases and sales of securities will be handled by the Depositary in accordance with its then current policies, which are currently set forth in the “Depositary Receipt Sale and Purchase of Security” section of https://www.adr.com/Investors/FindOutAboutDRs, the location and contents of which the Depositary shall be solely responsible for.

Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

How does the depositary issue ADSs?    Subject to any restrictions on deposit provided for under the laws of the Cayman Islands or the ROC and the deposit agreement, the depositary will issue ADSs against the deposit of: (i) ordinary shares in registered form, validly issued and outstanding; (ii) rights to receive ordinary shares from us or any registrar, transfer agent, clearing agent or other entity recording share ownership or transactions, subject in each case to payment of the fees and expenses owing to the depositary in connection with such issuance. In the case of the ADSs to be issued under this prospectus, we will arrange with the underwriters named herein to deposit such ordinary shares.

Under current ROC law, no deposit of ordinary shares may be made under the deposit agreement, and no additional ADSs may be issued in respect thereof, without specific ROC regulatory approval, except in connection with: (a) stock dividends on, or free distributions of, ordinary shares; (b) the exercise by ADR holders of theirpre-emptive rights in connection with capital increases for cash or (c) the purchase directly by any person or through the depositary or its agent of shares on the TPEx for delivery of ordinary shares to the custodian or the delivery of ordinary shares already held to the custodian for deposit; provided that the total number of ADSs outstanding hereunder does not exceed the number of issued ADSs previously approved by the ROC FSC (plus any ADSs created pursuant to (a) and (b) above). Under current ROC law, issuances under (c) above will be permitted only to the extent that previously issued ADSs have been cancelled and as permitted hereunder. At its discretion, the depositary may refuse to accept ordinary shares for deposit under (c) above unless it receives satisfactory evidence or notification from us to the effect that the ordinary shares may be lawfully deposited.

Ordinary shares deposited in the future with the custodian must be accompanied by certain documents, including proper endorsements or duly executed instruments of transfer in respect of such deposited shares, a delivery order directing the depositary to issue ADSs to, or upon the written order of, the person designated in such order, instruments assigning to the custodian, the depositary or the nominee of

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either of them any distribution on the ordinary shares so deposited or indemnity therefor, and proxies entitling the custodian to vote the deposited ordinary shares.

The custodian will hold all deposited ordinary shares (including those being deposited by or on our behalf in connection with the offering to which this prospectus relates) for the account and to the order of the depositary for the benefit of holders of ADRs. ADR holders thus have no direct ownership interest in the ordinary shares and only have such rights as are contained in the deposit agreement. The custodian will also hold any additional securities, property and cash received on or in substitution for the deposited ordinary shares. The deposited ordinary shares and any such additional items are referred to as “deposited securities.”

Upon each deposit of ordinary shares, receipt of related delivery documentation and compliance with the other provisions of the deposit agreement, including the payment of the fees and charges of the depositary and any taxes or other fees or charges owing, the depositary will issue an ADR or ADRs in the name or upon the order of the person entitled thereto evidencing the number of ADSs to which such person is entitled. All of the ADSs issued will, unless specifically requested to the contrary, be part of the depositary’s direct registration system, and a registered holder will receive periodic statements from the depositary which will show the number of ADSs registered in such holder’s name. An ADR holder can request that the ADSs not be held through the depositary’s direct registration system and that a certificated ADR be issued.

How do ADR holders cancel an ADS and obtain deposited securities?    Beginning on the fifth ROC business day following the date of initial issuance of the ADSs or such later date as the depositary may announce, subject to the approval of TPEx, any necessary ROC approvals and the provisions under the deposit agreement, ADR holders are entitled to withdraw and sell the underlying ordinary shares.

In accordance with the deposit agreement and subject to the requirements of the laws of the Cayman Islands and the ROC, an ADR holder may request the depositary to withdraw from the depositary receipt facility created by the deposit agreement the ordinary shares represented by such holder’s ADRs and transfer such ordinary shares to such holder or, upon the written order of any person designated in such ADR holder’s written order, or a Withdrawal Order, upon surrender of (a) a certificated ADR in a form satisfactory to the depositary or (b) proper instructions and documentation in the case of an ADR issued through the depositary’s direct registration system, as the case may be, in each case upon payment of any fees, expenses, taxes or governmental charges as provided in the deposit agreement, delivery to the depositary of any documentation, certifications or information which may be required in order to comply with the laws, rule or regulations of the Cayman Islands and the ROC, and subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, provided that we have delivered to the custodian the ordinary shares in physical certificate form or scripless form to be sold or so delivered.

Under current ROC law, an ADR holder who is anon-ROC person wishing to withdraw and hold deposited securities from the ADR facility is required to appoint an eligible agent in the ROC for filing tax returns and making tax payments, or a Tax Guarantor. Such Tax Guarantor will be required to meet the qualifications set by the Ministry of Finance of the ROC and will act as the guarantor of the withdrawing ADR holder’s tax payment obligations. In addition, subject to certain limited exceptions, under current ROC law, repatriation of profits by anon-ROC withdrawing ADR holder is subject to the submission of evidence by the withdrawing ADR holder of the appointment of a Tax Guarantor to, and approval thereof by, the tax authority and tax clearance certificates or evidentiary document issued by the Tax Guarantor. There can be no assurance that a withdrawing ADR holder will be able to appoint and obtain approval for such agent in a timely manner or at all.

Under current ROC law, an ADR holder who is not an ROC resident or ROC company wishing to present ADSs to the depositary for cancellation and withdrawal and holding of the deposited securities

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from the depositary receipt facility is required to register as a foreign investor with the TWSE, if the ADR holder has never registered as foreign investor with the TWSE previously, for making investments in the ROC securities market prior to withdrawing and holding the deposited securities from the depositary receipts facility.

Under current ROC law, such withdrawing ADR holder is required to appoint a local agent in the ROC to, among other things, open a securities trading account with prior approval granted by the TWSE with a local securities brokerage firm (with qualification set by the ROC FSC) and a bank account, pay ROC taxes, remit funds, exercise shareholder rights and perform such other functions as the ADR holder may designate upon such withdrawal. In addition, such withdrawing ADR holder is also required to appoint a custodian bank and open a custodian account to hold the securities and cash in safekeeping, make confirmations, settle trades and report all relevant information. Without making such appointment and the opening of such custodian account, the withdrawing ADR holder would be unable to hold or subsequently sell the deposited securities withdrawn from the ADR facility on the TPEx. The laws of the ROC applicable to the withdrawal of deposited securities may change from time to time. There can be no assurances that current law will remain in effect or that future changes of ROC law will not adversely affect the ability of ADR holders to withdraw deposited ordinary shares under the deposit agreement.

Currently, a party who is a PRC person may not withdraw and hold the underlying ordinary shares unless it is a qualified domestic institutional investor, or a QDII, in the PRC or has obtained the investment approval from the Investment Commission, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Executive Yuan of the ROC. However, it is unclear whether a QDII may freely withdraw and hold the underlying ordinary shares if the business of the issuer of the underlying ordinary shares is not within the list of industries open to PRC investment as promulgated by the ROC government. Further, there is no assurance that in the future, there will not be further restrictions or prohibitions imposed on PRC persons (including QDIIs) from investing in certain industries in the ROC, which might accordingly cause a party who is a PRC person to be unable to withdraw and hold the underlying ordinary shares. Under current ROC law, a PRC person means an individual holding a passport issued by the PRC, a resident of any area of China under the effective control or jurisdiction of the PRC (but not including a special administrative region of the PRC such as Hong Kong or Macau, if so excluded by applicable laws of the ROC), any legal person, group, or other institutions of the PRC and any corporation and other entity organized in countries outside of ROC or PRC that is directly or indirectly controlled by or directly or indirectly having more than 30% of its capital beneficially owned by any PRC person described above.

In connection with any surrender of an ADR for withdrawal and the delivery of the deposited securities represented by the ADSs evidenced thereby, the depositary may require proper endorsement in blank of such ADR (or duly executed instruments of transfer thereof in blank) and the Withdrawal Order directing the depositary to cause the deposited securities represented by the ADSs evidenced by such ADR to be withdrawn and delivered to, or upon the written order of, any person designated in such order.

In the case of an ADR holder requesting the delivery of the deposited securities represented by the ADSs evidenced by the holder’s ADRs so surrendered, subject to applicable ROC law and to the other provisions of the deposit agreement, at the request, risk and expense of the ADR holder, the depositary may deliver such deposited securities at such other place as may have been requested by the ADR holder. Delivery of deposited securities may be made by the delivery of certificates or by such other means as the depositary may deem practicable.

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The depositary may only restrict the withdrawal of deposited securities in connection with:

• temporary delays caused by closing our transfer books or those of the depositary or the deposit of ordinary shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting, or the payment of dividends;

• the payment of fees, taxes and similar charges; or

• compliance with any U.S. or foreign laws or governmental regulations relating to the ADRs or to the withdrawal of deposited securities.

Form and ROC Share Issuance Procedure

No later than the second business day in Taiwan following the Closing Date, we will make a filing with the TPEx for listing of underlying ordinary shares. It is expected that the listing of the underlying ordinary shares will take place around the fifth business day in Taiwan following the application for listing of underlying ordinary shares. Immediately upon such listing, the number of ordinary shares will be credited into the depositary’s account with the custodian through the book-entry system maintained by the Taiwan Depository & Clearing Corporation, or the TDCC.

Record Dates

The depositary may, after consultation with us if practicable, fix record dates (which, to the extent applicable, shall be as near as practicable to any corresponding record dates set by us) for the determination of the registered ADR holders who will be entitled (or obligated, as the case may be):

• to receive any distribution on or in respect of deposited securities,

• to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights,

• to pay the fee assessed by the depositary for administration of the ADR program and for any expenses as provided for in the deposit agreement, or

• to receive any notice or to act in respect of other matters,

all subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement.

Voting Rights

How do I vote?    If you are an ADR holder and the depositary asks you to provide it with voting instructions, you may instruct the depositary how to exercise the voting rights for the shares which underlie your ADSs. Subject to the next sentence, as soon as practicable after receipt from us of notice of any meeting at which the holders of shares are entitled to vote, or of our solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of shares, the depositary shall fix the ADS record date in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement in respect of such meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy. The depositary shall, if we request in writing in a timely manner (the depositary having no obligation to take any further action if our request shall not have been received by the depositary at least 30 days prior to the date of such vote or meeting) and at our expense and provided no legal prohibitions exist, distribute to the registered ADR holders a notice stating such information as is contained in the voting materials received by the depositary and describing how you may instruct, or, subject to the next paragraph, will be deemed to instruct, the depositary to exercise the voting rights for the shares which underlie your ADSs, including instructions for giving a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us. Each ADR holder that provides voting instructions shall be deemed to confirm, represent and warrant that such holder has no interest in any contract or proposed contract or arrangement to be considered at the relevant meeting. In accordance with our memorandum and articles of association, a shareholder may not exercise its own vote or by proxy on behalf of another shareholder of the company in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement if such shareholder may be interested therein. Accordingly,

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no ADR holder shall instruct the depositary to vote on its behalf on any matter to be considered at the relevant meeting in respect of which such holder is interested.

To the extent we have provided the depositary with at least 45 days’ notice of a proposed meeting, if voting instructions are not timely received by the depositary from any holder, such holder shall be deemed, and in the deposit agreement the depositary is instructed to deem such holder, to have instructed the depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the shares represented by their ADSs as desired, provided that no such instruction shall be deemed given and no discretionary proxy shall be given (a) if we inform the depositary in writing that (i) we do not wish such proxy to be given, (ii) substantial opposition exists with respect to any agenda item for which the proxy would be given or (iii) the agenda item in question, if approved, would materially or adversely affect the rights of holders of shares and (b) unless, with respect to such meeting, we have provided the depositary with an opinion of our counsel, in form and substance satisfactory to the depositary, to the effect that (a) the granting of such discretionary proxy does not subject the depositary to any reporting obligations in the Cayman Islands or the ROC, or by the ROC FSC or TPEx, (b) the granting of such proxy will not result in a violation of the laws, rules, regulations or permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC or TPEx, (c) the voting arrangement and deemed instruction as contemplated herein will be given effect under the laws, rules, regulations and permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC and TPEx and (d) the granting of such proxy will not under any circumstances result in the depositary being treated as the beneficial owner of ADSs under the laws, rules, regulations or permits of the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the ROC FSC and TPEx.

Holders are strongly encouraged to forward their voting instructions to the depositary as soon as possible. For instructions to be valid, the ADR department of the depositary that is responsible for proxies and voting must receive them in the manner and on or before the time specified, notwithstanding that such instructions may have been physically received by the depositary prior to such time. The depositary will not itself exercise any voting discretion. Furthermore, neither the depositary nor its agents are responsible for any failure to carry out any voting instructions, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any vote. Notwithstanding anything contained in the deposit agreement or any ADR, the depositary may, to the extent not prohibited by law or regulations, or by the requirements of the stock exchange on which the ADSs are listed, in lieu of distribution of the materials provided to the depositary in connection with any meeting of, or solicitation of consents or proxies from, holders of deposited securities, distribute to the registered holders of ADRs a notice that provides such holders with, or otherwise publicizes to such holders, instructions on how to retrieve such materials or receive such materials upon request (i.e., by reference to a website containing the materials for retrieval or a contact for requesting copies of the materials).

There is no guarantee that you will receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.

Reports and Other Communications

Will ADR holders be able to view our reports?    The depositary will make available for inspection by ADR holders at the offices of the depositary and the custodian, or upon request made to the depositary (which request may be refused by the depositary at its discretion), the deposit agreement, the provisions of or governing deposited securities, and any written communications from us which are both received by the custodian or its nominee as a holder of deposited securities and made generally available to the holders of deposited securities.

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Additionally, if we make any written communications generally available to holders of our ordinary shares, and we furnish copies thereof (or English translations or summaries) to the depositary, it will distribute the same to registered ADR holders.

Fees and Expenses

What fees and expenses will I be responsible for paying?    The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of ordinary shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, $5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distributions prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

The following additional charges shall be incurred by the ADR holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADSs and/or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADSs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

• a fee of up to $0.05 per ADS for any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement;

• an aggregate fee of $0.05 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against holders of ADRs as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable in the manner described in the next succeeding provision);

• a fee for the reimbursement of such fees, charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of its agents (including, without limitation, the custodian and expenses incurred on behalf of ADR holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the ordinary shares or other deposited securities, the sale of securities (including, without limitation, deposited securities), the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which fees and charges shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against ADR holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such ADR holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

• a fee for the distribution of securities (or the sale of securities in connection with a distribution), such fee being in an amount equal to the $0.05 per ADS issuance fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if they were ordinary shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those ADR holders entitled thereto;

• stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

• SWIFT, cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at your request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares, ADRs or deposited securities;

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• transfer or registration fees for the registration or transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities;

• expenses of the depositary in connection with the sale of shares to pay ROC withholdings taxes on stock dividends pursuant to the deposit agreement (which are paid out of such foreign currency);

• in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars, JPMorgan shall deduct out of such foreign currency the fees, expenses and other charges charged by it and/or its agent (which may be a division, branch or affiliate) so appointed in connection with such conversion; and

• fees of any division, branch or affiliate of JPMorgan utilized to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement.

Certain of the depositary fees and charges described above may become payable immediately after the closing of the initial issuance of ADRs at or following the date of the deposit agreement. In connection therewith, it is anticipated that the $0.05 per ADS administrative servicing fee per calendar year described in the second bullet above will be charged to, and payable by, those ADS holders on a record date occurring during the period immediately after the initial issuance of ADRs following the date of the deposit agreement and prior to the listing approval from the TPEx with respect to such issuance.

As an ADR holder, you will also be responsible to pay any required charges to the Taiwan tax authority, which are subject to change. As of the date hereof, the charges may include:

Service	Fee
Issuance of ADSs upon a deposit of ordinary shares	0.3% of the aggregate price of ADS issued
Withdrawal of ordinary shares upon cancellation of ADSs	0.3% of the aggregate price of ADS canceled
Sale of ordinary shares on the Taiwan Exchange	3% of the aggregate price of ordinary shares sold

JPMorgan and/or its agent may act as principal for any conversion of foreign currency. For further details see https://www.adr.com.

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the depositary. The charges described above may be amended from time to time by agreement between us and the depositary. The right of the depositary to receive payment of fees, charges and expenses as provided above shall survive the termination of the deposit agreement.

The depositary anticipates reimbursing us for certain expenses incurred by us that are related to the establishment and maintenance of the ADR program upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. The depositary may make available to us a set amount or a portion of the depositary fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary will generally set off the amounts owing from distributions made to holders of ADSs. If, however, no distribution exists and payment owing is not

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timely received by the depositary, the depositary may refuse to provide any further services to holders that have not paid those fees and expenses owing until such fees and expenses have been paid. At the discretion of the depositary, all fees and charges owing under the deposit agreement are due in advance and/or when declared owing by the depositary.

Payment of Taxes

If any taxes or other governmental charges (including any penalties and/or interest) shall become payable by or on behalf of the custodian or the depositary with respect to any ADR, any deposited securities represented by the ADSs evidenced thereby or any distribution thereon, such tax or other governmental charge shall be paid by the ADR holders to the depositary and by holding or having held an ADR the holder thereof and all prior holders thereof, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify, defend and save harmless each of the depositary and its agents in respect thereof. If an ADR holder owes any tax or other governmental charge, the depositary may (i) deduct the amount thereof from any distributions, or (ii) sell deposited securities (by public or private sale) and deduct the amount owing from the net proceeds of such sale. In either case the ADR holder remains liable for any shortfall. If any tax or governmental charge is unpaid, the depositary may also refuse to effect any registration, registration of transfer,split-up or combination of ADRs or withdrawal of deposited securities until such payment is made. If any tax or governmental charge is required to be withheld on any cash distribution, the depositary may deduct the amount required to be withheld from any cash distribution or, in the case of anon-cash distribution, sell the distributed property or securities (by public or private sale) in such amounts and in such manner as the depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay such taxes and shall distribute any remaining net proceeds or the balance of any such property after deduction of such taxes to the ADR holders entitled thereto.

Notwithstanding the above, we will pay all stamp duties and other similar duties or taxes payable in the Cayman Islands, the ROC, the United States of America and any other jurisdiction, on or in connection with the constitution and issue of the ADSs and the execution or other event concerning the deposit agreement. If any legal proceedings are taken to enforce our obligations under the deposit agreement or the ADSs and for the purpose of such proceedings any of them are required to be taken into or enforced in any jurisdiction and stamp duties or other similar duties or taxes become payable in connection with such proceedings in such jurisdiction, the ADR holders will pay (or reimburse the person making a valid payment of) all such stamp duties and other similar duties and taxes, including any penalties and interest, unless otherwise ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction in such proceedings. The depositary may sell any deposited securities and cancel ADSs with respect thereof in order to pay any such stamp duties or other similar duties or taxes owed under the deposit agreement by ADR holders without the depositary being required to request payment thereof from the ADR holders.

By holding an ADR or an interest therein, you will be agreeing to indemnify us, the depositary, its custodian and any of our or their respective officers, directors, employees, agents and affiliates against, and hold each of them harmless from, any claims by any governmental authority with respect to taxes, additions to tax, penalties or interest arising out of any refund of taxes, reduced rate of withholding at source or other tax benefit obtained, and such obligations shall survive the transfer or surrender of ADSs or the termination of the deposit agreement.

Reclassifications, Recapitalizations and Mergers

If we take certain actions that affect the deposited securities, including (i) any change in par value,split-up, consolidation, cancellation or other reclassification of deposited securities or (ii) any distributions of ordinary shares or other property not made to holders of ADRs or (iii) any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, liquidation, receivership, bankruptcy or sale of all

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or substantially all of our assets, then the depositary may choose to, and shall if reasonably requested by us:

(1) amend the form of ADR;

(2) distribute additional or amended ADRs;

(3) distribute cash, securities or other property it has received in connection with such actions;

(4) sell by public or private sale any securities or property received; or

(5) none of the above.

If the depositary does not choose any of the above options, any of the cash, securities or other property it receives will constitute part of the deposited securities and each ADS will then represent a proportionate interest in such property.

Amendment and Termination

How may the deposit agreement be amended?

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADSs without your consent for any reason. ADR holders must be given at least 30 days notice of any amendment that imposes or increases any fees or charges (other than stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges, transfer or registration fees, SWIFT, cable, telex or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses), or that otherwise prejudices any substantial existing right of ADR holders. Such notice need not describe in detail the specific amendments effectuated thereby, but must identify to ADR holders a means to access the text of such amendment. If an ADR holder continues to hold an ADR or ADRs after being so notified, such ADR holder is deemed to agree to such amendment and to be bound by the deposit agreement as so amended. Any amendments or supplements which (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by us and the depositary) in order for (a) the ADSs to be registered on FormF-6 under the Securities Act of 1933 or (b) the ADSs or shares to be traded solely in electronic book-entry form and (ii) do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by ADR holders, shall be deemed not to prejudice any substantial rights of ADR holders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any governmental body or regulatory body should adopt new laws, rules or regulations which would require amendment or supplement of the deposit agreement or the form of ADR to ensure compliance therewith, we and the depositary may amend or supplement the deposit agreement and the ADR at any time in accordance with such changed laws, rules or regulations, which amendment or supplement may take effect before a notice is given or within any other period of time as required for compliance. No amendment, however, will impair your right to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying securities, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law.

How may the deposit agreement be terminated?

The depositary may, and shall at our written direction, terminate the deposit agreement and the ADRs by mailing notice of such termination to us and the registered holders of ADRs at least 30 days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination; provided, however, if the depositary shall have (i) resigned as depositary under the deposit agreement, notice of such termination by the depositary shall not be provided to registered holders unless a successor depositary shall not be operating under the deposit agreement within 60 days of the date of such resignation, and (ii) been removed as depositary under the deposit agreement, notice of such termination by the depositary shall not be provided to registered holders of ADRs unless a successor depositary shall not be operating under the deposit agreement on the 60^th day after our notice of removal was first provided to the depositary. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the deposit agreement, the depositary may terminate the deposit agreement without notice to us, but subject to giving 30 days’ notice to the ADR holders, if: (i) we become bankrupt or

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insolvent, (ii) our ordinary shares arede-listed, (iii) we effect (or will effect) a redemption of all or substantially all of the deposited securities, or a cash or share distribution representing a return of all or substantially all of the value of the deposited securities, or (iv) there occurs a merger, consolidation, sale of assets or other transaction as a result of which securities or other property are delivered in exchange for or in lieu of deposited securities.

After termination, the depositary’s only responsibility will be (i) to deliver deposited securities to ADR holders who surrender their ADRs, and (ii) to hold or sell distributions received on deposited securities. As soon as practicable after the termination date, the depositary will use its reasonable efforts to sell the deposited securities which remain and hold the net proceeds of such sales, together with any other cash then held by it under the deposit agreement (as long as it may lawfully do so), without liability for interest, in trust for the pro rata benefit of the ADR holders who have not yet surrendered their ADRs. After making such sale, the depositary shall have no obligations except to account for such net proceeds and other cash.

Limitations on Obligations and Liability to ADR holders

Limits on our obligations and the obligations of the depositary; limits on liability to ADR holders and holders of ADSs.    Prior to the issue, registration, registration of transfer,split-up, combination, or withdrawal of any ADRs, or the delivery of any distribution in respect thereof, and from time to time in the case of the production of proofs as described below, we or the depositary or its custodian may require:

• payment with respect thereto of (i) any stock transfer or other tax or other governmental charge, (ii) any stock transfer or registration fees in effect for the registration of transfers of ordinary shares or other deposited securities upon any applicable register and (iii) any applicable fees and expenses described in the deposit agreement;

• the production of proof satisfactory to it of (i) the identity of any signatory and genuineness of any signature and (ii) such other information, including without limitation, information as to citizenship, residence, exchange control approval, beneficial ownership of any securities, compliance with applicable law, regulations, provisions of or governing deposited securities and terms of the deposit agreement and the ADRs, as it may deem necessary or proper; and

• compliance with such regulations as the depositary may establish consistent with the deposit agreement.

The issuance of ADRs, the acceptance of deposits of ordinary shares, the registration, registration of transfer,split-up or combination of ADRs or the withdrawal of shares, may be suspended, generally or in particular instances, when the ADR register or any register for deposited securities is closed or when any such action is deemed advisable by the depositary; provided that the ability to withdraw shares may only be limited under the following circumstances: (i) temporary delays caused by closing transfer books of the depositary or our transfer books or the deposit of ordinary shares in connection with voting at a shareholders’ meeting, or the payment of dividends, (ii) the payment of fees, taxes, and similar charges, and (iii) compliance with any laws or governmental regulations relating to ADRs or to the withdrawal of deposited securities.

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The deposit agreement expressly limits the obligations and liability of the depositary, ourselves and our respective directors, officers, employees, agents and affiliates, provided, however, that no disclaimer of liability under the Securities Act of 1933 is intended by any of the limitations of liabilities provisions of the deposit agreement. In the deposit agreement it provides that neither we nor the depositary nor any such other party will be liable if:

• any present or future law, rule, regulation, fiat, order or decree of the United States, the Cayman Islands, the ROC or any other country or jurisdiction, or of any governmental or regulatory authority or securities exchange or market or automated quotation system, the provisions of or governing any deposited securities, any present or future provision of our charter, any act of God, war, terrorism, nationalization, expropriation, currency restrictions, work stoppage, strike, civil unrest, revolutions, rebellions, explosions, computer failure or circumstance beyond our, the depositary’s or any such other party’s direct and immediate control shall prevent or delay, or shall cause any of them to be subject to any civil or criminal penalty in connection with, any act which the deposit agreement or the ADRs provide shall be done or performed by us, the depositary or such other party (including, without limitation, voting);

• it exercises or fails to exercise discretion under the deposit agreement or the ADRs including, without limitation, any failure to determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable;

• it performs its obligations under the deposit agreement and ADRs without gross negligence or willful misconduct; or

• it takes any action or refrains from taking any action in reliance upon the advice of or information from legal counsel, accountants, any person presenting ordinary shares for deposit, any registered holder of ADRs, or any other person believed by it to be competent to give such advice or information.

We and the depositary and its agents may rely and shall be protected in acting upon any written notice, request, direction, instruction or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed, presented or given by the proper party or parties.

Neither we, the depositary nor our respective agents have any obligation to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any deposited securities or the ADRs which in its opinion may involve it in expense or liability, if indemnity satisfactory to it against all expense (including fees and disbursements of counsel) and liability is furnished as often as may be required. The depositary and its agents may fully respond to any and all demands or requests for information maintained by or on its behalf in connection with the deposit agreement, any registered holder or holders of ADRs, any ADRs or otherwise related to the deposit agreement or ADRs to the extent such information is requested or required by or pursuant to any lawful authority, including without limitation laws, rules, regulations, administrative or judicial process, banking, securities or other regulators. The depositary shall not be liable for the acts or omissions made by, or the insolvency of, any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system. Furthermore, the depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, the insolvency of any custodian that is not a branch or affiliate of JPMorgan. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the deposit agreement or any ADRs, the depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, any act or omission to act on the part of the custodian except to the extent that the custodian has (i) committed fraud or willful misconduct in the provision of custodial services to the depositary or (ii) failed to use reasonable care in the provision of custodial services to the depositary as determined in accordance with the standards prevailing in the jurisdiction in which the custodian is located. The depositary shall not have any liability for the price received in connection with any sale of securities, the timing thereof or any delay in action or omission to act nor shall it be

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responsible for any error or delay in action, omission to act, default or negligence on the part of the party so retained in connection with any such sale or proposed sale.

The depositary has no obligation to inform ADR holders or other holders of an interest in any ADSs about the requirements of the laws, rules or regulations of any country or jurisdiction or of any governmental or regulatory authority or any securities exchange or market or automated quotation system, or any changes therein or thereto.

Additionally, none of us, the depositary or the custodian shall be liable for the failure by any registered holder or beneficial owner of ADRs to obtain the benefits of credits on the basis ofnon-U.S. tax paid against such holder’s or beneficial owner’s income tax liability. Neither we nor the depositary shall incur any liability for any tax consequences that may be incurred by registered holders or beneficial owners on account of their ownership of ADRs or ADSs.

Neither the depositary nor its agents will be responsible, when acting in good faith, for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the deposited securities, for the manner in which any such vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. The depositary may rely upon instructions from us or our counsel in respect of any approval or license required for any currency conversion, transfer or distribution. The depositary shall not incur any liability for the content of any information submitted to it by us or on our behalf for distribution to ADR holders or for any inaccuracy of any translation thereof, for any investment risk associated with acquiring an interest in the deposited securities, for the validity or worth of the deposited securities, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse upon the terms of the deposit agreement or for the failure or timeliness of any notice from us. The depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the depositary.

Neither we, the depositary nor any of our respective directors, officers, employees, agents or affiliates, nor our company’s supervisors, shall be liable to registered holders or beneficial owners of interests in ADSs for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential damages (including, without limitation, legal fees and expenses) or lost profits, in each case of any form incurred by any person or entity, whether or not foreseeable and regardless of the type of action in which such a claim may be brought.

In the deposit agreement each party thereto (including, for avoidance of doubt, each holder and beneficial owner and/or holder of interests in ADRs) irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any right it may have to a trial by jury in any suit, action or proceeding against the depositary and/or us directly or indirectly arising out of or relating to the ordinary shares or other deposited securities, the ADSs or the ADRs, the deposit agreement or any transaction contemplated therein, or the breach thereof (whether based on contract, tort, common law or any other theory).

The depositary and its agents may own and deal in any class of securities of our company and our affiliates and in ADRs.

Disclosure of Interest in ADSs

To the extent that the provisions of or governing any deposited securities, ROC law, the rules and regulations of the TPEx or our memorandum and articles of association may require disclosure of or impose limits on beneficial or other ownership of, or interest in, deposited securities, other ordinary shares and other securities and may provide for blocking transfer, voting or other rights to enforce such disclosure or limits, you agree to comply with all such disclosure requirements and ownership limitations and to comply with any reasonable instructions we may provide in respect thereof. Pursuant to Taiwan regulations, within ten days of the closing of this offering, we must make a filing with the FSC in order

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to: (i) file this prospectus, deposit agreement and potentially other related agreements with the FSC and (ii) disclose a list of the persons who purchased 10% or more of the ADSs sold in this offering, in addition to the quantities purchased by each such person and such person’s purchase price paid for such ADSs, which is the public offering price.

We may have certain disclosure obligations and reporting obligations under ROC laws and regulations if (a) the person to be registered as a shareholder is a “related party” of our company under regulations governing the preparation of its financial reports and the International Financial Reporting Standards and such person beneficially owns shares withdrawn under the deposit agreement; or (b) the person to be registered as a shareholder owns shares withdrawn under the deposit agreement and the shares withdrawn by this shareholder exceed 10% of the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs originally issued under the deposit agreement. Due to these obligations, the depositary may ask the withdrawing ADR holder to disclose the name of the beneficial owner of the ADSs delivered for cancellation and to provide proof of identity and genuineness of any signature and other information and documents before the withdrawing ADR holder may cancel its ADSs. The withdrawal of shares may be delayed until the depositary receives such information, the proof so requested and satisfactory evidence of the withdrawing ADR holder’s compliance with all laws and regulations. The information that a withdrawing ADR holder is required to provide may include the name and nationality of the beneficial owner, the number of ordinary shares or individual certificates of payment the beneficial owner is withdrawing or has withdrawn in the past and whether certain affiliations exist between the beneficial owner and our company.

Each ADR holder agrees to comply with requests from us pursuant to the laws, rules and regulations of the Cayman Islands and the ROC as well as the rules and regulations of any stock exchange on which the ordinary shares are, or will be, registered, traded or listed to provide information, inter alia, as to the capacity in which such ADR holder owns ADRs (and ordinary shares as the case may be) and regarding the identity of any other person interested in such ADRs and the nature of such interest.

Books of Depositary

The depositary or its agent will maintain a register for the registration, registration of transfer, combination andsplit-up of ADRs, which register shall include the depositary’s direct registration system. Registered holders of ADRs may inspect such register at the depositary’s office at all reasonable times, but for the purpose of communicating with other ADR holders in the interest of the business of our company or a matter relating to the deposit agreement. Such register may be closed at any time or from time to time, when deemed expedient by the depositary.

The depositary will maintain facilities for the delivery and receipt of ADRs.

Appointment

In the deposit agreement, each registered holder of ADRs and each person holding an interest in ADSs or ADRs, upon acceptance of any ADSs or ADRs (or any interest therein) issued in accordance with the terms and conditions of the deposit agreement will be deemed for all purposes to:

• be a party to and bound by the terms of the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR or ADRs, and

• appoint the depositary itsattorney-in-fact, with full power to delegate, to act on its behalf and to take any and all actions contemplated in the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR or ADRs, to adopt any and all procedures necessary to comply with applicable laws and to take such action as the depositary in its sole discretion may deem necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of the deposit agreement and the applicable ADR or

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ADRs, the taking of such actions to be the conclusive determinant of the necessity and appropriateness thereof.

Governing Law, Submission to Jurisdiction and Arbitration

The deposit agreement, the ADSs and the ADRs are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. In the deposit agreement, we have submitted to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts of the State of New York and appointed an agent for service of process on our behalf. Notwithstanding the foregoing, subject to the terms described below, including the federal securities law carve-out set forth at the end of this sentence, (i) the depositary may refer any such suit, action or proceedings to arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, and, upon such referral, any such suit, action or proceeding instituted by us shall be finally decided in such arbitration rather than in such court, (ii) the depositary may, in its sole discretion, elect to institute any dispute, suit, action, controversy, claim or proceeding directly or indirectly based on, arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, including without limitation any question regarding its or their existence, validity, interpretation, performance or termination, against any other party or parties to the deposit agreement (including, without limitation, against ADR holders and owners of interests in ADSs), by having the matter referred to and finally resolved by an arbitration conducted under the terms described below, and (iii) the depositary may in its sole discretion require that any dispute, suit, action, controversy, claim, or proceeding of the type described in clause (ii) above, brought against the depositary by any party or parties to the deposit agreement (including, without limitation, by ADR holders and owners of interests in ADSs), shall be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described below;provided however, that to the extent there are specific federal securities law violation aspects to any claims against us and/or the depositary brought by any ADR holder, the federal securities law violation aspects of such claims brought by an ADR holder against us and/or the depositary may, at the option of such holder, remain in state or federal court in New York, New York and all other aspects, claims, disputes, legal suits, actions and/or proceedings brought by such holder against us and/or the depositary, including those brought along with, or in addition to, federal securities law violation claims, would be referred to arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Any such arbitration shall be conducted in the English language in New York, New York in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, any suit, action or proceeding based on the deposit agreement, the ADSs or the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby may be instituted by the depositary in any competent court in the Cayman Islands, the ROC, Singapore and/or the United States.

By holding an ADS or an interest therein, registered holders of ADRs and owners of interests in ADSs each irrevocably agree that (i) any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving holders of ADRs or owners of interests in ADSs brought by us or the depositary, arising out of or based upon the Deposit Agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated herein, may be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and each irrevocably waives any objection which it may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submits to thenon-exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding and (ii) any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary brought by holders of ADRs or owners of interests in ADSs, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated thereby, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and each irrevocably waives any objection which it may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding.

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ORDINARY SHARES AND ADSs ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

Future sales of ADSs in the public market after this offering, and the availability of ADSs for future sale, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs prevailing from time to time. Some of our ordinary shares are subject to contractual and legal restrictions on resale as described below. There may be sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market after such restrictions lapse, which could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our ADSs.

We expect all ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction. See“—Lock-up Agreements” below for information regarding restrictions on the transfer of our ordinary shares after this offering.

Rule 144

In general, persons who have beneficially owned restricted ordinary shares for at least six months, and any affiliate of the company who owns either restricted or unrestricted securities, are entitled to sell their securities without registration with the SEC under an exemption from registration provided by Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

Non-Affiliates.    Any person who is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale may sell an unlimited number of restricted securities under Rule 144 if:

• the restricted securities have been held for at least six months, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates;

• we have been subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale; and

• we are current in our Exchange Act reporting at the time of sale.

Any person who is not deemed to have been an affiliate of ours at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale and has held the restricted securities for at least one year, including the holding period of any prior owner other than one of our affiliates, will be entitled to sell an unlimited number of restricted securities without regard to the length of time we have been subject to Exchange Act periodic reporting or whether we are current in our Exchange Act reporting.

Affiliates.    Persons seeking to sell restricted securities who are our affiliates at the time of, or any time during the three months preceding, a sale, would be subject to the restrictions described above. They are also subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be required to comply with the manner of sale and notice provisions of Rule 144 and would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only that number of securities that does not exceed the greater of either of the following:

• 1% of the number of ordinary shares then outstanding, which will equal approximately              shares immediately after the closing of this offering based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2019; or

• the average weekly trading volume of our ordinary shares in the form of ADSs on The Nasdaq Global Market during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale.

Additionally, persons who are our affiliates at the time of, or any time during the three months preceding, a sale may sell unrestricted securities under the requirements of Rule 144 described above, without regard to thesix-month holding period of Rule 144, which does not apply to sales of unrestricted securities.

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Rule 701

Rule 701 under the Securities Act, as in effect on the date of this prospectus, permits resales of shares in reliance upon Rule 144 but without compliance with certain restrictions of Rule 144, including the holding period requirement. Most of our employees, executive officers or directors who purchased shares under a written compensatory plan or contract may be entitled to rely on the resale provisions of Rule 701, but all holders of Rule 701 shares are required to wait until 90 days after the date of this prospectus before selling their shares. However, the Rule 701 shares held by our executive officers and directors are subject tolock-up agreements as described below and in the section of this prospectus titled “Underwriting” and will become eligible for sale upon the expiration of the restrictions set forth in those agreements.

Regulation S

Regulation S provides generally that sales made in offshore transactions are not subject to the registration or prospectus-delivery requirements of the Securities Act.

Lock-up Agreements

Our directors, representatives of our entity directors and executive officers have agreed, subject to limited exceptions, not to offer, pledge, announce the intention to sell, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or enter into any swap or other agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of our ADSs, ordinary shares or such other securities for a period of 90 days after the date of this prospectus, without the prior written consent of Piper Jaffray & Co. See “Underwriting.”

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MATERIAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders

The following discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs by U.S. Holders (as defined below). This discussion applies to U.S. Holders that purchase our ADSs pursuant to this offering and hold such ADSs as capital assets. This discussion is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (such as certain financial institutions, insurance companies, dealers or traders in securities or other persons that generally mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes,tax-exempt entities or governmental organizations, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts, brokers, dealers or traders in securities, commodities, currencies or notional principal contracts, certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, persons who hold our ordinary shares or ADSs as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “conversion transaction,” “synthetic security” or integrated investment, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar, persons that own directly, indirectly or through attribution 10% or more of the voting power or value of our ordinary shares, corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, partnerships and other pass-through entities, and investors in such pass-through entities). This discussion does not address any U.S. state or local ornon-U.S. tax consequences or any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax consequences.

As used in this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares or ADSs who is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (1) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, (3) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source or (4) a trust (x) with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions or (y) that has elected under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a domestic trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to an investment in such ordinary shares or ADSs will depend in part upon the status and activities of such entity and the particular partner. Any such entity should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to it and its partners of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Persons considering an investment in our ADSs should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax consequences applicable to them relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ADSs, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws andnon-U.S. tax laws.

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the deposit agreement are true and that the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with their terms. Generally, a holder of an ADS should be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as holding the ordinary shares represented by the ADS. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized upon an exchange of ADSs for the underlying ordinary shares represented by such ADSs. The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of

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an ADS and the issuer of the security underlying the ADS may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the beneficial ownership of the underlying security. Accordingly, the creditability of foreign taxes, if any, as described below, could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holders of ADSs and our company if as a result of such actions the holders of ADSs are not properly treated as beneficial owners of the underlying ordinary shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences.    In general, a corporation organized outside the United States will be treated as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income” (the “PFIC income test”), or (2) on average at least 50% of its assets, determined on a quarterly basis, are assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “PFIC asset test”). Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, and gains from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income.

Assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income generally include cash, even if held as working capital or raised in a public offering, marketable securities, and other assets that may produce passive income. Generally, in determining whether anon-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.

Although PFIC status is determined on an annual basis and generally cannot be determined until the end of the taxable year, based on the nature of our current and expected income and the current and expected value and composition of our assets, we believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 21, 2018 and we expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year. Because our income for the next several taxable years is expected to consist principally of interest from cash and cash equivalents received in this offering or prior offerings, we believe that we likely will be a PFIC under the PFIC income test in future taxable years as well. In part, because we may hold a substantial amount of cash and cash equivalents following this offering, and because the calculation of the value of our assets after this offering may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares or ADSs, which may fluctuate considerably, we believe we may also be a PFIC in future taxable years under the PFIC asset test. Even if we determine that we are not a PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, will agree with our conclusion and that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares or ADSs, the U.S. Holder could be liable for additional taxes and interest charges under the “PFIC excess distribution regime” upon (1) a distribution paid during a taxable year that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares or ADSs, and (2) any gain recognized on a sale, exchange or other disposition, including a pledge, of our ordinary shares or ADSs, whether or not we continue to be a PFIC. Under the PFIC excess distribution regime, the tax on such distribution or gain would be determined by allocating the distribution or gain ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares or ADSs. The amount allocated to the current taxable year (i.e., the year in which the distribution occurs or the gain is recognized) and any year prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income earned in the current taxable year. The amount allocated to other taxable years will be taxed at the highest marginal rates in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, to ordinary income for each such taxable year, and an interest charge, generally applicable to underpayments of tax, will be added to the tax.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, we must generally continue to be treated as a PFIC by that holder for all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder holds such ordinary shares or ADSs, unless we cease to meet the requirements for PFIC status

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and the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs. If the election is made, the U.S. Holder will be deemed to sell our ordinary shares or ADSs it holds at their fair market value on the last day of the last taxable year in which we qualified as a PFIC, and any gain recognized from such deemed sale would be taxed under the PFIC excess distribution regime, but any loss would not be recognized. After the deemed sale election, the U.S. Holder’s ordinary shares or ADSs would not be treated as shares of a PFIC unless we subsequently become a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares or ADSs and one of ournon-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC (i.e., a lower-tier PFIC), such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC and would be taxed under the PFIC excess distribution regime on distributions by the lower-tier PFIC and on gain from the disposition of shares of the lower-tier PFIC even though such U.S. Holder would not receive the proceeds of those distributions or dispositions. Any of ournon-United States subsidiaries that have elected to be disregarded as entities separate from us or as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes would not be corporations under U.S. federal income tax law and accordingly, cannot be classified as lower-tier PFICs. However,non-United States subsidiaries that have not made the election may be classified as a lower-tier PFIC if we are a PFIC during your holding period and the subsidiary meets the PFIC income test or PFIC asset test. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of ournon-United States subsidiaries.

If we are a PFIC, a U.S. Holder will not be subject to tax under the PFIC excess distribution regime on distributions or gain recognized on our ordinary shares or ADSs if a valid“mark-to-market” election is made by the U.S. Holder for our ordinary shares or ADSs. An electing U.S. Holder generally would take into account as ordinary income each year, the excess of the fair market value of our ordinary shares or ADSs held at the end of such taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares or ADSs. The U.S. Holder would also take into account, as an ordinary loss each year, the excess of the adjusted tax basis of such ordinary shares or ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the excess of amounts previously included in income over ordinary losses deducted as a result of themark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares or ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss recognized as a result of themark-to-market election. Any gain from a sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs in any taxable year in which we are a PFIC would be treated as ordinary income and any loss from such sale, exchange or other disposition would be treated first as ordinary loss (to the extent of any netmark-to-market gains previously included in income) and thereafter as capital loss. If, after having been a PFIC for a taxable year, we cease to be classified as a PFIC because we no longer meet the PFIC income or PFIC asset test, the U.S. Holder would not be required to take into account any latent gain or loss in the manner described above and any gain or loss recognized on the sale or exchange of the ordinary shares or ADSs would be classified as a capital gain or loss.

Amark-to-market election is available to a U.S. Holder only for “marketable stock.” Generally, stock will be considered marketable stock if it is “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. A class of stock is regularly traded during any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter.

Our ADSs will be marketable stock as long as they remain listed on The Nasdaq Global Market and are regularly traded. Amark-to-market election will not apply to the ordinary shares or ADSs for any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC, but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we become a PFIC. Such election will not apply to any of ournon-U.S. subsidiaries. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to tax under the PFIC excess distribution regime with respect to any lower-tier PFICs notwithstanding the U.S. Holder’smark-to-market election for the ordinary shares or ADSs.

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The tax consequences that would apply if we are a PFIC would also be different from those described above if a U.S. Holder were able to make a valid qualified electing fund, or QEF, election. As we do not expect to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary for a U.S. Holder to make a QEF election, prospective investors should assume that a QEF election will not be available.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are very complex. Prospective U.S. investors are strongly urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the impact of PFIC status on the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ADSs, the consequences to them of an investment in a PFIC, any elections available with respect to the ADSs and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of ADSs of a PFIC.

Distributions.    Subject to the discussion above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences,” a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs generally will be required to include the gross amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend when actually or constructively received to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). To the extent a distribution received by a U.S. Holder is not a dividend because it exceeds the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, it will be treated first as atax-free return of capital and reduce (but not below zero) the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. Holder’s ordinary shares or ADSs. To the extent the distribution exceeds the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. Holder’s ordinary shares or ADSs, the remainder will be taxed as capital gain. Because we may not account for our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, U.S. Holders should expect all distributions to be reported to them as dividends.

Distributions on our ordinary shares or ADSs that are treated as dividends generally will constitute income from sources outside the United States for foreign tax credit purposes and generally will constitute passive category income. Such dividends will not be eligible for the “dividends received’’ deduction generally allowed to corporate shareholders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations. Dividends paid by a “qualified foreign corporation’’ to certainnon-corporate U.S. Holders may be are eligible for taxation at a reduced capital gains rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that a holding period requirement (more than 60 days of ownership, without protection from the risk of loss, during the121-day period beginning 60 days before theex-dividend date) and certain other requirements are met. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends to its particular circumstances. However, if we are a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year (see discussion above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences”), we will not be treated as a qualified foreign corporation, and therefore the reduced capital gains tax rate described above will not apply.

Dividends will be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of the Depositary’s receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in NT dollars will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect to the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

Anon-U.S. corporation (other than a corporation that is classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation with respect to any dividend it pays on ordinary shares or ADSs that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States.

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Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of Our Ordinary Shares or ADSs.    Subject to the discussion above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences,’’ a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount realized (i.e., the amount of cash plus the fair market value of any property received) on the sale, exchange or other disposition and such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares or ADSs. Such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain taxable at a reduced rate fornon-corporate U.S. Holders or long-term capital loss if, on the date of sale, exchange or other disposition, the ordinary shares or ADSs were held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year. Any capital gain of anon-corporate U.S. Holder that is not long-term capital gain is taxed at ordinary income rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized from the sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs will generally be gain or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.

Medicare Tax.    Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally are subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their net investment income, which may include their gross dividend income and net gains from the disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs. If you are a United States person that is an individual, estate or trust, you are encouraged to consult your tax advisors regarding the applicability of this Medicare tax to your income and gains in respect of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding.    U.S. Holders may be required to file certain U.S. information reporting returns with the IRS with respect to an investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs, including, among others, IRS Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets). As described above under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences,” each U.S. Holder who is a shareholder of a PFIC must file an annual report containing certain information. U.S. Holders paying more than $100,000 for our ordinary shares or ADSs may be required to file IRS Form 926 (Return by a U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation) reporting this payment. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. Holder that fails to comply with the required information reporting.

Dividends on and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our ADSs may be reported to the IRS unless the U.S. Holder establishes a basis for exemption. Backup withholding may apply to amounts subject to reporting if the holder (1) fails to provide an accurate U.S. taxpayer identification number or otherwise establish a basis for exemption, or (2) is described in certain other categories of persons. However, U.S. Holders that are corporations generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding tax rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules generally will be allowed as a refund or a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability if the required information is furnished by the U.S. Holder on a timely basis to the IRS.

U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the backup withholding tax and information reporting rules.

EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO IT OF AN INVESTMENT IN OUR ADSs IN LIGHT OF THE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES.

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Cayman Taxation

Prospective investors should consult their professional advisers on the possible tax consequences of buying, holding or selling any ADSs or ordinary shares under the laws of their country of citizenship, residence or domicile.

The following is a discussion on certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares. The discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor’s particular circumstances, and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands law.

No stamp duty, capital duty, registration or other issue or documentary taxes are payable in the Cayman Islands on the creation, issuance or delivery of the ADSs or ordinary shares. The Cayman Islands currently have no form of income, corporate or capital gains tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax. There are currently no Cayman Islands’ taxes or duties of any nature on gains realized on a sale, exchange, conversion, transfer or redemption of the ADSs or ordinary shares. Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of interest and principal or a dividend or capital to any holder of the ADSs or ordinary shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the ADSs or ordinary shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax as the Cayman Islands currently have no form of income or corporation taxes.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, have applied for and expect to receive an undertaking from the Governor of the Cayman Islands that no law enacted in the Cayman Islands during the period of 20 years from the date of the undertaking imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciation shall apply to us or our operations and no such tax or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable (directly or by way of withholding) on the ADSs or ordinary shares, debentures or other obligations of ours.

ROC Taxation

The following is a summary under present law of the principal ROC tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs and shares to aNon-Resident Individual or aNon-Resident Entity that owns ADS or shares (each aNon-ROC Holder). As used in this section, a“Non-Resident individual” is a foreign national individual who is not physically present in the ROC for 183 days or more during any calendar year; and a“Non-Resident Entity” is a corporation or anon-corporate body that is organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than the ROC and has no fixed place of business or other permanent establishment or business agent in the ROC. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs should consult their tax advisors concerning the ROC tax consequences of owning the ADSs or shares and the laws of any other relevant taxing jurisdiction to which they are subject.

Sale.    There is no ROC tax on (i) the purchase of the ADSs, (ii) the sale of the ADSs or (iii) conversion of the ADSs into their underlying shares. However, securities transaction tax will be withheld at the rate of 0.3% of the transaction price upon a sale of the underlying shares in the ROC.

Under current ROC law, capital gains on transactions in securities issued by Cayman Islands companies and held by aNon-ROC Holder are exempt from income tax. This exemption applies to capital gains derived from the sale of the said shares.

Tax Guarantor.    If a holder ofnon-ROC nationality converts the ADSs held by the holder into the underlying shares, such holder is required under current ROC law and regulations to appoint a tax agent

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in the ROC. Such agent must meet certain qualifications set by the Ministry of Finance of the ROC and, upon appointment, become a guarantor of such holder’s ROC tax obligations. Evidence of the appointment of such agent and the approval for such appointment by the ROC tax authorities would be required as conditions to such holder’s repatriation of the profit derived from the sale of shares. There can be no assurance that a foreign holder will be able to appoint and obtain approval for the required agent in a timely manner.

Subject to certain exceptions, under current ROC law, upon the repatriation of profits of shares sold within the ROC, the tax agent so appointed is required to submit evidence of the appointment of the tax agent to, and approval thereof by, the tax authority, or to submit tax clearance certificates issued by the tax authority. Notwithstanding the above requirements for the appointment of a tax agent or submission of tax clearance certificates as provided in the ROC regulations, the Central Bank of the ROC has not required submission of such evidence or tax clearance certificates as condition to repatriation of sale proceeds of shares from sales that take place within the ROC. However, there can be no assurance that the Central Bank of the ROC will not require submission of such evidence or tax clearance certificates in the future.

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UNDERWRITING

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the underwriting agreement, dated             , 2019, between us and Piper Jaffray & Co., as the representative of the underwriters named below and the book-running manager of this offering, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and each of the underwriters has agreed, severally and not jointly, to purchase from us, the respective number of ADSs shown opposite its name below:

Underwriter	Number of ADSs
Piper Jaffray & Co.
Total

The underwriters are collectively referred to as the “underwriters.” To the extent there is only one underwriter, “underwriters” refers to the underwriter listed in the table above. The underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent such as the receipt by the underwriters of officers’ certificates and legal opinions and approval of certain legal matters by their counsel. The underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters will purchase all of the ADSs if any of them are purchased. If an underwriter defaults, the underwriting agreement provides that the purchase commitments of thenon-defaulting underwriters may be increased or the underwriting agreement may be terminated. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters and certain of their controlling persons against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

The underwriters have advised us that, following the completion of this offering, they currently intend to make a market in the ADSs as permitted by applicable laws and regulations. However, the underwriters are not obligated to do so, and the underwriters may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice in their sole discretion. Accordingly, no assurance can be given as to the liquidity of the trading market for the ADSs, that you will be able to sell any of the ADSs held by you at a particular time or that the prices that you receive when you sell will be favorable.

The underwriters are offering the ADSs subject to their acceptance of the ADSs from us and subject to prior sale. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part. In addition, the underwriters have advised us that they do not intend to confirm sales to any account over which they exercise discretionary authority.

Commission and Expenses

The underwriters have advised us that they propose to offer the ADSs to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and to certain dealers, which may include the underwriters, at that price less a concession not in excess of $         per ADS. After the offering, the public offering price, concession and reallowance to dealers may be reduced by the representatives. No such reduction will change the amount of proceeds to be received by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

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The following table shows the public offering price, the underwriting discounts and commissions that we are to pay the underwriters and the proceeds, before expenses, to us in connection with this offering. Such amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs.

	Per ADS		Total
	Without Option to Purchase Additional ADSs	With Option to Purchase Additional ADSs	Without Option to Purchase Additional ADSs	With Option to Purchase Additional ADSs
Public offering price	$	$	$	$
Underwriting discounts and commissions paid by us	$	$	$	$
Proceeds to us, before expenses	$	$	$	$

We estimate expenses payable by us in connection with this offering, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions referred to above, will be approximately $         . We have also agreed to reimburse the underwriters for an aggregate of up to $        for certain of their offering expenses, including counsel fees and expenses in connection with the clearance of this offering with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, these reimbursed expenses are deemed underwriting compensation for this offering.

Listing

Our ADSs are listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “ASLN”.

Stamp Taxes

If you purchase ADSs offered in this prospectus, you may be required to pay stamp taxes and other charges under the laws and practices of the country of purchase, in addition to the offering price listed on the cover page of this prospectus.

Option to Purchase Additional ADSs

We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable at any time through and until one day before the closing of this offering, to purchase in whole or in part, up to an aggregate of ADSs from us at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, less underwriting discounts and commissions. If the underwriters exercise this option, each underwriter will be obligated, subject to specified conditions, to purchase a number of additional ADSs proportionate to that underwriter’s initial purchase commitment as indicated in the table above. This option may be exercised only if the underwriters sell more ADSs than the total number set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

No Sales of Similar Securities

We, our executive officers, representatives of our entity directors and directors have agreed not to sell or transfer any ADSs or ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for ADSs or ordinary shares, for 90 days after the date of this prospectus without first obtaining the written consent of Piper Jaffray & Co. on behalf of the underwriters. Specifically, we and these other persons have agreed, with certain limited exceptions, not to directly or indirectly:

• offer, pledge, sell or contract to sell any of our ADSs or ordinary shares;

• sell any option or contract to purchase any of our ADSs or ordinary shares;

• purchase any option or contract to sell any of our ADSs or ordinary shares;

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• grant any option, right or warrant for the sale of any of our ADSs or ordinary shares;

• otherwise dispose of or transfer any of our ADSs or ordinary shares;

• request or demand that we file a registration statement related to any of our ADS or ordinary shares; or

• enter into any swap or other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic consequence of ownership of any of our ADSs or ordinary shares, whether any such swap, agreement or transaction is to be settled by delivery of ADSs or ordinary shares or other securities, in cash or otherwise.

Thislock-up provision applies to our ADSs and ordinary shares and to securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our ADSs or ordinary shares. It also applies to our ADSs and ordinary shares owned now or acquired later by the person executing the agreement or for which the person executing the agreement later acquires the power of disposition.

The restrictions in the immediately preceding paragraph do not apply in certain circumstances, including:

• the sale of ADSs to the underwriters in this offering;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares as a bona fide gift or gifts;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of thelock-up party or the immediate family of thelock-up party;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares as a distribution or other transfer by a partnership to its partners or former partners or by a limited liability company to its members or retired members or by a corporation to its shareholders or former shareholders or to any wholly-owned subsidiary of such corporation;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares to thelock-up party’s affiliates or to any investment fund or other entity controlled or managed by thelock-up party;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order or in connection with a divorce settlement;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares by will or intestate succession upon the death of thelock-up party;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares to us in satisfaction of any tax withholding obligation;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares in connection with the termination of thelock-up party’s services to us or in connection with the repurchase of securities issued pursuant to our equity incentive plan and repurchased pursuant to such plan;

• the exercise or exchange of any option or warrant to acquire any ADSs or ordinary shares or options to purchase ADSs or ordinary shares, in each case for cash or on a “cashless” or “net exercise” basis, pursuant to any share option, share bonus or other share plan or arrangement;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares upon the completion of a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction made to all holders of our securities involving a change of control our company;

• transfers of our ADSs or ordinary shares acquired in open market transactions after the completion of this offering; or

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• establishing a10b5-1 trading plan that complies with Rule10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, or10b5-1 Trading Plan, or from amending an existing10b5-1 Trading Plan so long as there are no sales of ADSs or ordinary shares under any such10b5-1 Trading Plan during the restricted period.

The exceptions to thelock-up provision also permit us, among other things and subject to restrictions, to: (a) issue ordinary shares or ADSs and options to purchase ordinary shares or ADSs upon the exercise of an option or warrant or the conversion of a convertible security outstanding on the date of the underwriting agreement; (b) issue ordinary shares or ADSs or options to purchase ordinary shares or ADSs pursuant to our existing employee benefit plans referred to herein; (c) issue ordinary shares or ADSs pursuant to any existingnon-employee director share plan or dividend reinvestment plan referred to herein; (d) file any registration statement on FormS-8 or a successor form thereto; (e) enter into agreements providing for the issuance by us of ordinary shares or any security convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares or ADSs in connection with the acquisition by us or any of our subsidiaries of the securities, business, property or other assets of another person or entity pursuant to an employee benefit plan assumed by us in connection with such acquisition, and the issuance of any such securities pursuant to any such agreement, and (f) enter into agreements providing for the issuance of ordinary shares or any security convertible into or exercisable for ordinary shares in connection with joint ventures, commercial relationships or other strategic transactions, and the issuance of any such securities pursuant to any such agreement; provided that in the case of clauses (d) and (f), the aggregate number of ordinary shares that we may sell or issue or agree to sell or issue pursuant to clauses (d) and (f) shall not exceed 5% of the total number of shares of the ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of immediately prior to the completion of the transactions contemplated by the underwriting agreement, and provided further that, in the case of clauses (d) and (f), we shall cause each recipient of such securities to execute and deliver, on or prior to the issuance of such securities, alock-up agreement on substantially the same terms as thelock-up agreements described above to the extent and for the duration that such terms remain in effect at the time of the transfer.

Stabilization

The underwriters have advised us that, pursuant to Regulation M under the Exchange Act, certain persons participating in the offering may engage in short sale transactions, stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions or the imposition of penalty bids in connection with this offering. These activities may have the effect of stabilizing or maintaining the market price of our ADSs at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. Establishing short sales positions may involve either “covered” short sales or “naked” short sales.

“Covered” short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs in this offering. The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their option to purchase additional ADSs or purchasing our ADSs in the open market. In determining the source of ADSs to close out the covered short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of ADSs available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase ADSs through the option to purchase additional ADSs.

“Naked” short sales are sales in excess of the option to purchase additional ADSs. The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing ADSs in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of our ADSs in the open market after pricing that could adversely affect investors who purchase in this offering.

A stabilizing bid is a bid for the purchase of ADSs on behalf of the underwriters for the purpose of fixing or maintaining the price of the ADSs. A syndicate covering transaction is the bid for or the purchase of

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ADSs on behalf of the underwriters to reduce a short position incurred by the underwriters in connection with the offering. Similar to other purchase transactions, the underwriter’s purchases to cover the syndicate short sales may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our ADSs or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our ADSs. As a result, the price of our ADSs may be higher than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. A penalty bid is an arrangement permitting the underwriters to reclaim the selling concession otherwise accruing to a syndicate member in connection with the offering if the ADSs originally sold by such syndicate member are purchased in a syndicate covering transaction and therefore have not been effectively placed by such syndicate member.

Neither we nor any of the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our ADSs. The underwriters are not obligated to engage in these activities and, if commenced, any of the activities may be discontinued at any time.

The underwriters may also engage in passive market making transactions in our ADSs on The Nasdaq Global Market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of our ADSs in this offering and extending through the completion of distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.

Electronic Distribution

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available bye-mail or on the web sites or through online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters or their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view offering terms online and may be allowed to place orders online. The underwriters may agree with us to allocate a specific number of ADSs for sale to online brokerage account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on the underwriters’ web sites and any information contained in any other web site maintained by any of the underwriters is not part of this prospectus, has not been approved and/or endorsed by us or the underwriters and should not be relied upon by investors.

Other Activities and Relationships

The underwriters and certain of their affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities. The underwriters and certain of their affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees and expenses.

In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and certain of their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our affiliates. If the underwriters or their respective affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to us consistent with their customary risk management policies. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering into transactions which consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the ADSs offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect future trading prices of the ADSs offered hereby. The underwriters and certain of their respective affiliates may also communicate independent investment

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recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.

Disclaimers AboutNon-U.S. Jurisdictions

Canada.    The ADSs may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the ADSs must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws.

Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.

Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

European Economic Area.    In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive, or each, a Relevant Member State, with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented in that Relevant Member State, no offer of ADSs may be made to the public in that Relevant Member State other than:

A. to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive;

B. to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives; or

C. in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive,

provided that no such offer of ADSs shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive and each person who initially acquires any ADSs or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed to and with each of the representatives and us that it is a “qualified investor” within the meaning of the law in that Relevant Member State implementing Article 2(1)(e) of the Prospectus Directive.

In the case of any ADSs being offered to a financial intermediary as that term is used in Article 3(2) of the Prospectus Directive, each such financial intermediary will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the ADSs acquired by it in the offer have not been acquired on anon-discretionary basis on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer of any ADSs to the public other than their offer or resale in a Relevant Member State to qualified investors as so defined or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the representatives has been obtained to each such proposed offer or resale.

We, the representatives and each of our and the representatives’ affiliates will rely upon the truth and accuracy of the foregoing representations, acknowledgements and agreements.

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This prospectus has been prepared on the basis that any offer of ADSs in any Relevant Member State will be made pursuant to an exemption under the Prospectus Directive from the requirement to publish a prospectus for offers of ADSs. Accordingly, any person making or intending to make an offer in that Relevant Member State of the ADSs which are the subject of the offering contemplated in this prospectus may only do so in circumstances in which no obligation arises for us or any of the underwriters to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive in relation to such offer. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized, nor do they authorize, the making of any offer of the ADSs in circumstances in which an obligation arises for us or the underwriters to publish a prospectus for such offer.

For the purposes of the above provisions, the expression an “offer of ADSs to the public” in relation to any ADSs in any Relevant Member State means the communication in any form and by means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the ADSs to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase ADSs, as the same may be varied in that Member State by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that Member State, the expression “Prospectus Directive” means Directive 2003/71/EC (as amended, including by Directive 2010/73/EU), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the Relevant Member State.

United Kingdom.    In addition, in the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed at persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Prospectus Directive) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended, or the Order, and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as “relevant persons”) or otherwise in circumstances which have not resulted and will not result in an offer to the public of the ADSs in the United Kingdom.

Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on the information included in this document or use it as basis for taking any action. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity that this document relates to may be made or taken exclusively by relevant persons.

Australia.    No placement document, prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, or the ASIC, in relation to this offering. This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act 2001, or the Corporations Act, and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.

Any offer in Australia of the ADSs may only be made to persons, or the Exempt Investors, who are “sophisticated investors” (within the meaning of section 708(8) of the Corporations Act), “professional investors” (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of the Corporations Act so that it is lawful to offer the ADSs without disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.

The ADSs applied for by Exempt Investors in Australia must not be offered for sale in Australia in the period of 12 months after the date of allotment under the offering, except in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act would not be required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the Corporations Act or otherwise or where the offer is pursuant to a disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring the ADSs must observe such Australianon-sale restrictions.

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This prospectus contains general information only and does not take account of the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate to their needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.

Hong Kong.    The ADSs have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than (a) to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance; or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus” as defined in the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of that Ordinance. No advertisement, invitation or document relating to the ADSs has been or may be issued or has been or may be in the possession of any person for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to ADSs which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors” as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any rules made under that Ordinance.

Israel.    This document does not constitute a prospectus under the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, and has not been filed with or approved by the Israel Securities Authority. In Israel, this prospectus is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer of the ADSs is directed only at, (i) a limited number of persons in accordance with the Israeli Securities Law and (ii) investors listed in the first addendum, or the Addendum, to the Israeli Securities Law, consisting primarily of joint investment in trust funds, provident funds, insurance companies, banks, portfolio managers, investment advisors, members of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, underwriters, venture capital funds, entities with equity in excess of NIS 50 million and “qualified individuals,” each as defined in the Addendum (as it may be amended from time to time), collectively referred to as qualified investors (in each case, purchasing for their own account or, where permitted under the Addendum, for the accounts of their clients who are investors listed in the Addendum). Qualified investors are required to submit written confirmation that they fall within the scope of the Addendum, are aware of the meaning of same and agree to it.

Japan.    The ADSs have not been and will not be registered pursuant to Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act. Accordingly, none of the ADSs nor any interest therein may be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any “resident” of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others forre-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan in effect at the relevant time.

Qatar.    The ADSs described in this prospectus have not been, and will not be, offered, sold or delivered, at any time, directly or indirectly in the State of Qatar in a manner that would constitute a public offering. This prospectus has not been, and will not be, registered with or approved by the Qatar Financial Markets Authority or Qatar Central Bank and may not be publicly distributed. This prospectus is intended for the original recipient only and must not be provided to any other person. This prospectus is not for general circulation in the State of Qatar and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose.

Singapore.    This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer

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or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of ADSs may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the ADSs be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the SFA, (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275 of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA.

Where the ADSs are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

• a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or

• a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor,

securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’ rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the ADSs pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:

• to an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;

• where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;

• where the transfer is by operation of law;

• as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

• as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore.

Taiwan.    The ADSs have not been and will not be listed on any stock exchange in Taiwan and shall not be offered, issued or sold in Taiwan.

Switzerland.    The ADSs may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange, or the SIX, or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document does not constitute a prospectus within the meaning of, and has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the ADSs or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, us or the ADSs have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of ADSs will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA, and the offer of ADSs has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes, or CISA. The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of ADSs.

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Dubai International Financial Center.    This prospectus relates to an Exempt Offer in accordance with the Offered Securities Rules of the Dubai Financial Services Authority, or the DFSA. This prospectus is intended for distribution only to persons of a type specified in the Offered Securities Rules of the DFSA. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. The DFSA has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The DFSA has not approved this prospectus nor taken steps to verify the information set forth herein and has no responsibility for the prospectus. The ADSs to which this prospectus relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the ADSs offered should conduct their own due diligence on the ADSs. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus you should consult an authorized financial advisor.

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EXPENSES OF THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding the underwriting discounts and commissions, which are expected to be incurred in connection with the sale of ADSs in this offering. With the exception of the registration fee payable to the SEC, all amounts are estimates.

Expense	Amount to be paid
SEC registration fee	$
Nasdaq
FINRA filing fee
Printing expenses
Legal fees and expenses
Accounting fees and expenses
Miscellaneous
Total

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LEGAL MATTERS

We are being represented by Cooley LLP, San Diego, California, with respect to certain legal matters of U.S. federal securities and New York State law. The validity of our ordinary shares underlying our ADSs and certain other matters of Cayman Islands law will be passed upon for us by Walkers. Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, Menlo Park, California, is acting as legal counsel to the underwriters in connection with this offering.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, included in this prospectus have been audited by Deloitte & Touche, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing herein. Such financial statements have been so included in reliance upon the report of such firm given upon their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

The registered business address of Deloitte & Touche is 20F, Taipei Nan Shan Plaza, No. 100, Songren Rd., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11073, Taiwan.

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ENFORCEMENT OF LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection for investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies do not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Our constitutional documents do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our executive officers, directors and shareholders, be subject to arbitration.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and substantially all of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or them, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our executive officers and directors.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc. as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in connection with this offering under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any State in the United States or any action brought against us in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in the County of New York in connection with this offering under the securities laws of the State of New York.

Cayman Islands

We have been advised by Walkers, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, that the United States and the Cayman Islands do not have a treaty providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters and that there is uncertainty as to whether a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability provisions, whether or not predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws, would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands. This uncertainty relates to whether such a judgment would be determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to be penal or punitive in nature.

We have also been advised by Walkers that, notwithstanding the above, a final and conclusive judgment obtained in U.S. federal or state courts under which a definite sum of money is payable as compensatory damages and not in respect of laws that are penal in nature (i.e., not being a sum claimed by a revenue authority for taxes or other charges of a similar nature by a governmental authority, or in respect of a fine or penalty or multiple or punitive damages) will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without anyre-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided that: (a) the court that gave the judgment was competent to hear the action in accordance with private international law principles as applied by the courts in the Cayman Islands and the parties subject to such judgment either submitted to such jurisdiction or were resident or carrying on business within such jurisdiction and were duly served with process, (b) the judgment given by the foreign court was not in respect of penalties, taxes, fines or similar fiscal or revenue obligations, (c) the judgment was final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, (d) the judgment was not obtained by fraud (e) the judgment was

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not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or public policy in the Cayman Islands.

A Cayman Islands court may impose civil liability on us or our directors or officers in a suit brought in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands against us or these persons with respect to a violation of U.S. federal securities laws, provided that the facts surrounding any violation constitute or give rise to a cause of action under Cayman Islands law.

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WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement (including amendments and exhibits to the registration statement) on FormF-1 under the Securities Act. A related registration statement on FormF-6 has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register the ADSs. This prospectus, which forms a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. Certain information is omitted and you should refer to the registration statement and its exhibits and schedules for that information. If a document has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, we refer you to the copy of the document that has been filed. Each statement in this prospectus relating to a document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit.

You may review a copy of the registration statement, including exhibits and any schedule filed therewith, and obtain copies of such materials at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC.

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers. Accordingly, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC, including annual reports on Form20-F and reports on Form6-K. Those reports may be inspected without charge at the locations described above. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

We maintain a corporate website at www.aslanpharma.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December  31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December  31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December  31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	F-6
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December  31, 2016, 2017 and 2018	F-7
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019	F-50
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019	F-51
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019	F-52
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March  31, 2018 and March 31, 2019	F-53
Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	F-54

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Group is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche

Deloitte & Touche

Taipei, Taiwan

Republic of China

April 29, 2019

We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2014.

F-2

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

December 31, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars)

	2017			2018
	Amount			Amount
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents (Notes 4 and 6)	$	50,573,211		$	28,908,901
Prepayments		71,946			183,599
Total current assets		50,645,157			29,092,500
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (Notes 4, 7 and 15)		—			60,004
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (Notes 4, 8 and 15)		—			187,244
Property, plant and equipment (Notes 4 and 9)		443,566			288,418
Intangible assets (Notes 4, 5, 10 and 15)		84,052			23,080,592
Refundable deposits		160,947			172,080
Totalnon-current assets		688,565			23,788,338
TOTAL ASSETS	$	51,333,722		$	52,880,838
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Trade payables	$	3,898,291		$	5,315,737
Other payables (Notes 11 and 19)		2,080,544			2,682,661
Total current liabilities		5,978,835			7,998,398
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Long-term borrowings (Note 12)		9,679,451			13,974,794
Othernon-current liabilities (Note 19)		162,000			289,613
Totalnon-current liabilities		9,841,451			14,264,407
Total liabilities		15,820,286			22,262,805
EQUITY (Note 14)
Ordinary shares		41,514,016			51,627,219
Capital surplus		84,282,681			111,459,672
Accumulated deficits		(90,283,261	)		(132,468,858	)
Total equity		35,513,436			30,618,033
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	51,333,722		$	52,880,838

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-3

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars)

	2016			2017			2018
	Amount			Amount			Amount
NET REVENUE (Notes 3, 4, 15 and 24)	$	11,546,971		$	—		$	—
COST OF REVENUE (Note 15)		(125,000	)		—			—
OPERATING EXPENSES (Notes 13, 16 and 19)
General and administrative expenses		(6,956,345	)		(8,758,710	)		(10,513,707	)
Research and development expenses		(13,165,286	)		(30,381,016	)		(31,834,364	)
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(8,699,660	)		(39,139,726	)		(42,348,071	)
NON-OPERATING INCOME AND EXPENSES
Interest income		47,223			363,137			268,330
Other income (Note 15)		—			—			187,244
Other gains and losses (Note 16)		127,472			(698,691	)		213,243
Finance costs (Notes 4 and 16)		(524,138	)		(416,698	)		(491,904	)
Totalnon-operating income and expenses		(349,443	)		(752,252	)		176,913
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX		(9,049,103	)		(39,891,978	)		(42,171,158	)
INCOME TAX EXPENSE (Notes 4, 5 and 17)		—			—			(14,439	)
NET LOSS FOR THE YEAR		(9,049,103	)		(39,891,978	)		(42,185,597	)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE YEAR	$	(9,049,103	)	$	(39,891,978	)	$	(42,185,597	)
LOSS PER SHARE (Note 18)
Basic and diluted	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.32	)	$	(0.28	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars)

											Capital Surplus (Note 14)
	Ordinary Shares (Note 14)				Preference Shares (Note 14)									Share Options						Accumulated
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			Ordinary Shares			Reserve			Total			Deficits			Total Equity
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2016		12,775,002	$	6,388		73,504,898			3,296		$	—		$	3,716,905		$	3,716,905		$	(41,342,180	)	$	(37,615,591	)
Issuance of preference shares		—		—		9,723,896			—			—			—			—			—			—
Conversion to ordinary shares from preference shares		83,228,794		41,614		(83,228,794	)		(3,296	)		64,557,452			—			64,557,452			—			64,595,770
Adjustment of par value to NT$10 (US$0.6383)				30,639,655		—			—			(30,639,655	)		—			(30,639,655	)		—			—
Issuance of new share capital (Notes 14 and 19)		19,667,144		6,022,409		—			—			16,201,460			—			16,201,460			—			22,223,869
Recognition of employee share options by the Company (Note 19)		—		—		—			—			—			1,419,923			1,419,923			—			1,419,923
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(9,049,103	)		(9,049,103	)
Total comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2016		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(9,049,103	)		(9,049,103	)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2016		115,670,940		36,710,066		—			—			50,119,257			5,136,828			55,256,085			(50,391,283	)		41,574,868
Issuance of new share capital (Notes 14 and 19)		14,458,000		4,803,950		—			—			28,265,033			(8,032	)		28,257,001			—			33,060,951
Recognition of employee share options by the Company (Note 19)		—		—		—			—			—			769,595			769,595			—			769,595
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(39,891,978	)		(39,891,978	)
Total comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2017		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(39,891,978	)		(39,891,978	)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2017		130,128,940		41,514,016		—			—			78,384,290			5,898,391			84,282,681			(90,283,261	)		35,513,436
Issuance of new share capital (Note 14)		30,000,000		10,073,977		—			—			32,106,023			—			32,106,023			—			42,180,000
Transaction costs attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares		—		—		—			—			(5,388,866	)		—			(5,388,866	)		—			(5,388,866	)
Issuance of ordinary shares under employee share option plan (Note 19)		120,000		39,226		—			—			41,915			(33,141	)		8,774			—			48,000
Recognition of employee share options by the Company (Note 19)		—		—		—			—			—			451,060			451,060			—			451,060
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2018		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(42,185,597	)		(42,185,597	)
Total comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2018		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			(42,185,597	)		(42,185,597	)
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2018		160,248,940	$	51,627,219		—		$	—		$	105,143,362		$	6,316,310		$	111,459,672		$	(132,468,858	)	$	30,618,033

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars)

	2016			2017			2018
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Loss before income tax	$	(9,049,103	)	$	(39,891,978	)	$	(42,171,158	)
Adjustments for:
Depreciation expenses		65,874			200,918			235,410
Amortization expenses		10,010			9,058			6,355
Finance costs		524,138			416,698			491,904
Interest income		(47,223	)		(363,137	)		(268,330	)
Compensation costs of share-based payment transactions		1,419,923			1,126,595			1,289,737
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		12,316			31,337			—
Unrealized (gain) loss on foreign exchange, net		(206,334	)		698,608			(256,918	)
Gain on disposal of licensed rights		—			—			(187,244	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Increase in financial assets mandatorily classified as at fair value through profit or loss		—			—			(60,004	)
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable		(1,294,034	)		1,294,034			—
(Increase) decrease in prepayments		(52,034	)		17,636			(111,653	)
Increase in trade payables		2,129,760			1,621,449			1,417,446
Increase (decrease) in other payables		688,372			358,787			(108,947	)
Cash used in operations		(5,798,335	)		(34,479,995	)		(39,723,402	)
Interest received		47,223			363,137			268,330
Interest paid		(38,036	)		—
Income tax paid		—			—			(14,439	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(5,789,148	)		(34,116,858	)		(39,469,511	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Payments for property, plant and equipment		(374,425	)		(291,432	)		(80,262	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		632			—
Payments for intangible assets		(81,209	)		(8,844	)		(23,002,895	)
Increase in refundable deposits		(68,474	)		(36,168	)		(11,133	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(523,476	)		(336,444	)		(23,094,290	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		—			228,514			4,060,357
Repayments of long-term borrowings		(376,968	)		—			—
Issuance of preference shares		9,140,462
Proceeds from new share capital		22,223,869			33,060,951			42,180,000
Proceeds from exercise of employee share options		—			—			48,000
Payments for transaction costs attributable to issuance of ordinary shares		—			—			(5,388,866	)
Net cash generated from financing activities		30,987,363			33,289,465			40,899,491
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		24,674,739			(1,163,837	)		(21,664,310	)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR		27,062,309			51,737,048			50,573,211
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE END OF THE YEAR	$	51,737,048		$	50,573,211		$	28,908,901

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in June 2014 as the listing vehicle for the initial public offering and listing on the Taipei Exchange (“TPEx”) in Taiwan. The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”) are principally engaged in the development of novel drugs for Asia prevalent cancers.

The main businesses and intragroup relationships of the Group were as follows as of December 31, 2018:

Name	Place of Incorporation	Date of Incorporation	Main Business
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited	Cayman Islands	June 2014	Investment holding
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd.	Singapore	April 2010	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited	Taiwan	November 2013	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd.	Australia	July 2014	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited	Hong Kong	July 2015	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.	China	May 2016	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.	United States of America	October 2018	New drug research and development

F-7

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Following the approval of the Company’s shareholders at a shareholders’ meeting on May 27, 2016, the Company completed a restructuring of its share capital through the subdivision of the Company’s authorized share capital, the conversion of preference shares into ordinary shares, and the repurchase of its USD shares in consideration for the issue of an equal number of NTD shares for the purpose of the initial public offering and listing of the Company’s ordinary shares on the TPEx. On January 5, 2017, the General Stock Board Applicant Committee of the General Stock Board (Market) of the TPEx approved the Company’s application for listing on the TPEx.

On January 20, 2017, the 8th session 22nd meeting of the board and supervisors of the TPEx passed a resolution, pursuant to which the Company’s shares began trading on the TPEx on June 1, 2017. In addition, the Company’s American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) representing ordinary shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since May 4, 2018.

The reporting currency of the Group is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the majority of the Group’s entities is the U.S. dollar.

2. APPROVAL OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors on April 26, 2019.

3. APPLICATION OF NEW, AMENDED AND REVISED STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS

a. Amendments to the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) mandatorily effective for the current year

The Company has applied the amendments to IFRSs included in IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments”, IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, Amendment to IFRS 2 “Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions”, Amendments to IAS 40 “Transfers of Investment Property”, Annual Improvement to IFRSs 2014-2016 Cycle, and IFRIC 22 “Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration” for the annual period that began on or after January 1, 2018.

The adoption and impact of these standards from January 1, 2018 are described as below and the new accounting policies are disclosed in Note 4. The other standards did not have material impact on the Group’s accounting policies.

IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and related amendments

IFRS 15 establishes principles for recognizing revenue that apply to all contracts with customers and supersedes IAS 18 “Revenue”, IAS 11 “Construction Contracts” and a number of revenue-related interpretations.

Under IFRS 15, the Group recognizes revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, i.e. when “control” of the goods or services underlying the particular performance obligation is transferred to the customer. Prior to the application of IFRS 15, the Group recognized revenue when the Group transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer.

F-8

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

IFRS 15 provides guidance to clarify the categorization of licenses of intellectual property and on whether revenue is to be recognized over time or at a point in time. Under IFRS 15, when the nature of the Group’s promise in granting a license is to provide a right to access the Group’s intellectual property, revenue is recognized over time if all of the following criteria are met. Otherwise, the promise is to provide a right to use the Group’s intellectual property as it exists at the point in time at which the license is granted and revenue is recognized when the license is transferred.

1) The contract requires, or the customer reasonably expects, the Group to undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights.

2) The rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the above activities.

3) Those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as the activities occur.

Prior to the application of IFRS 15, license fees and royalties paid for the use of the Group’s assets are normally recognized in accordance with the substance of the agreement. An assignment of rights for a fixed fee ornon-refundable guarantee under anon-cancellable contract which permits the licensee to exploit those rights freely and the Group has no remaining obligations to perform is, in substance, a sale. In such cases, revenue is recognized at the time of sale. Otherwise, revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement. In some cases, whether or not a license fee or royalty will be received is contingent on the occurrence of a future event. In such cases, revenue is recognized only when it is probable that the license fee or royalty will be received, which is normally when the event has occurred.

The Group elected only to retrospectively apply IFRS 15 to contracts that were not complete as of January 1, 2018. The Group had no cumulative effect of retrospectively applying IFRS 15 in the retained earnings on January 1, 2018, and the Group does not have any revenue from contracts with customers that are within scope of IFRS 15 in 2018.

F-9

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

b. New and revised IFRSs issued but not yet effective

Of the new, amended and revised standards and interpretations (collectively the “New IFRSs”) that have been issued but are not yet effective, the Company has not applied the following.

New, Amended or Revised Standards and Interpretations	Effective  Date Announced by IASB (Note 1)
Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2015-2017 Cycle	January 1, 2019
Amendments to IFRS 9 “Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation”	January 1, 2019
IFRS 16 “Leases”	January 1, 2019
Amendments to IAS 19 “Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement”	January 1, 2019 (Note 2)
Amendments to IAS 28 “Long-term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures”	January 1, 2019
IFRIC 23 “Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments”	January 1, 2019
Amendments to IFRS 3 “Definition of a Business”	January 1, 2020 (Note 3)
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 “Sale or Contribution of Assets between An Investor and Its Associate or Joint Venture”	To be determined by IASB
IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”	January 1, 2021
Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8 “Definition of Material”	January 1, 2020 (Note 4)

Note 1:	Unless stated otherwise, the above New IFRSs are effective for annual periods beginning on or after their respective effective dates.
Note 2:	The Group shall apply these amendments to plan amendments, curtailments or settlements occurring on or after January 1, 2019.
Note 3:	The Group shall apply these amendments to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2020 and to asset acquisitions that occur on or after the beginning of that period.
Note 4:	The Group shall apply these amendments prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020.

The initial application of the above New IFRSs, whenever applied, would not have any material impact on the Group’s accounting policies, except for the following:

IFRS 16 “Leases”

IFRS 16 sets out the accounting standards for leases that will supersede IAS 17, IFRIC 4 and a number of related interpretations.

Definition of a lease

Upon initial application of IFRS 16, the Group will elect to apply the guidance of IFRS 16 in determining whether contracts are, or contain, a lease only to contracts entered into (or changed) on or after January 1, 2019. Contracts identified as containing a lease under IAS 17 and IFRIC 4 will not be reassessed and will be accounted for in accordance with the transitional provisions under IFRS 16.

F-10

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The Group as lessee

Upon initial application of IFRS 16, the Group will recognizeright-of-use assets and lease liabilities for all leases on the consolidated balance sheets except for those whose payments underlow-value and short-term leases will be recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis. On the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, the Group will present the depreciation expense charged onright-of-use assets separately from the interest expense accrued on lease liabilities; interest is computed using the effective interest method. On the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash payments for the principal portion of lease liabilities will be classified within financing activities; cash payments for the interest portion will be classified within operating activities. Currently, payments under operating lease contracts are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis. Cash flows for operating leases are classified within operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

The Group anticipates applying IFRS 16 retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the initial application of this standard recognized on January 1, 2019. Comparative information will not be restated.

Lease liabilities will be recognized on January 1, 2019 for leases currently classified as operating leases with the application of IAS 17. Lease liabilities will be measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019.Right-of-use assets will be measured at an amount equal to the lease liabilities. The Group will apply IAS 36 to allright-of-use assets.

The Group expects to apply the following practical expedients:

a) The Group will apply a single discount rate to the leases with reasonably similar characteristics to measure lease liabilities.

b) The Group will account for those leases for which the lease term ends on or before December 31, 2019 as short-term leases.

c) The Group will exclude initial direct costs from the measurement ofright-of-use assets on January 1, 2019.

d) The Group will use hindsight, such as in determining lease terms, to measure lease liabilities.

F-11

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Anticipated impact on assets and liabilities

	Carrying Amount as of December 31, 2018		Adjustments Arising from Initial Application		Adjusted Carrying Amount as of January 1, 2019
Total effect on assets(right-of-use assets)	$	—	$	323,850	$	323,850
Lease liabilities—current	$	—	$	219,039	$	219,039
Leaseliabilities—non-current	$	—	$	104,811	$	104,811
Total effect on liabilities			$	323,850

Except for the above impact, as of the date the consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue, the Group is continuously assessing the possible impact that the application of other standards and interpretations will have on the Group’s financial position and financial performance and will disclose the relevant impact when the assessment is completed.

4. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a. Statement of compliance

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with IFRSs issued by the IASB.

b. Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for financial instruments and other payable arising from cash-settled share-based payment arrangements which are measured at fair value.

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. It also requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where estimates and assumptions are significant to the consolidated financial statements, are disclosed in Note 5.

c. Classification of current andnon-current assets and liabilities

Current assets include:

1) Assets held primarily for the purpose of trading;

2) Assets expected to be realized within 12 months after the reporting period; and

3) Cash and cash equivalents unless the asset is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

Current liabilities include:

1) Liabilities held primarily for the purpose of trading;

F-12

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

2) Liabilities due to be settled within 12 months after the reporting period; and

3) Liabilities for which the Group does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

Assets and liabilities that are not classified as current are classified asnon-current.

d. Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intragroup transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated in full upon consolidation.

e. Foreign currencies

The reporting currency of the Group is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the majority of the Group’s entities is the U.S. dollar.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the applicable functional currencies are translated into the functional currencies at the prevailing rates of exchange at the balance sheet date. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into the applicable functional currencies at historical exchange rates. Transactions in currencies other than the applicable functional currencies during the year are converted into the functional currencies at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Exchange differences are recognized in “other gains and losses, net” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

f. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less recognized accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss.

Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method. Each significant part is depreciated separately. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimates accounted for on a prospective basis.

Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the respective asset and is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

g. Intangible assets

1) Intangible assets acquired separately

Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are initially measured at cost and subsequently measured at cost, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment loss. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful lives, residual values, and amortization methods are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimates accounted for on a

F-13

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are measured at cost, less accumulated impairment loss.

2) Internally-generated intangible assets - research and development expenditures

Expenditure on research activities is recognized as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.

An internally-generated intangible asset arising from the development phase of an internal project is recognized only if all of the following have been demonstrated:

a) The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

b) The intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

c) The ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

d) The manner in which intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

e) The availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

f) The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognized for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when an intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are measured on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

3) Derecognition of intangible assets

On derecognition of an intangible asset, the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognized in profit or loss.

h. Impairment of tangible and intangible assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets in order to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered any impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of an asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss. When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are not subject to amortization, but are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment. In respect of the impairment indicators, the Group considers both internal and external sources of information to determine whether an asset may be impaired, which may include the significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or

F-14

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

planned changes with adverse effects in the use of the assets, as well as the internal reporting which indicates the economic performance of an asset is worse than expected. If any such indicators exist, the Group will estimate the recoverable amount of such indefinite-lived intangible asset and compare it with its carrying amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of fair value, less costs to sell and value in use. If the recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset or cash-generating unit is reduced to its recoverable amount, with the resulting impairment loss recognized in profit or loss.

An impairment loss recognized in prior periods shall be reversed if, and only if, there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. When an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the corresponding asset or cash-generating unit is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but only to the extent of the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized on the asset or cash-generating unit in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

i. Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when a group entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issuance of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss (i.e., FVTPL)) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at FVTPL are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

1) Financial assets

All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognized and derecognized on a trade date basis.

a) Measurement categories

2017 (prior to adoption of IFRS 9)

Financial assets are classified into the following categories: Financial assets at FVTPL,held-to-maturity investments,available-for-sale financial assets and loans and receivables. Financial assets held by the Group in 2017 are classified as loans and receivables.

Loans and receivables arenon-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables (including cash and cash equivalents and refundable deposits) are

F-15

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

measured using the effective interest method at amortized cost less any impairment.

Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments which are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.

2018 (after adoption of IFRS 9)

Financial assets are classified into the following categories: Financial assets at FVTPL, financial assets at amortized cost and equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (i.e., FVTOCI).

i. Financial assets at FVTPL

Derivative financial assets are classified as at FVTPL when such a financial asset is mandatorily classified as at FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTPL are subsequently measured at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognized in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognized in profit or loss incorporates any dividends or interest earned on such a financial asset. Fair value is determined in the manner described in Note 22.

ii. Financial assets at amortized cost

A financial asset shall be measured at amortized cost if both of the following conditions are met:

i) The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

ii) The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

For the financial assets measured at amortized cost (including cash and cash equivalents and refundable deposits), the Group applies the effective interest method to the gross carrying amount at amortized cost less any impairment from initial recognition. Any foreign exchange gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss.

Interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of such a financial asset.

Cash equivalents include time deposits, which are highly liquid, readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. These cash equivalents are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments.

F-16

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

iii. Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI

On initial recognition, the Group may make an irrevocable election to designate investments in equity instruments as at FVTOCI. Designation as at FVTOCI is not permitted if the equity investment is held for trading or if it is contingent consideration recognized by an acquirer in a business combination.

Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI are subsequently measured at fair value with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in other equity. The cumulative gain or loss will not be reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of the equity investments; instead, it will be transferred to retained earnings.

Dividends on these investments in equity instruments are recognized in profit or loss when the Group’s right to receive the dividends is established, unless the dividends clearly represent a recovery of part of the cost of the investment.

b) Impairment of financial assets

2017

Financial assets, other than those at fair value through profit or loss, are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial assets, the estimated future cash flows of the investment have been affected.

For financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as accounts receivable, assets are assessed for impairment on a collective basis even if they were assessed not to be impaired individually.

For a financial asset measured at amortized cost, the amount of the impairment loss recognized is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate.

For financial assets measured at amortized cost, if, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the investment (at the date the impairment is reversed) does not exceed what the amortized cost would have been had the impairment not been recognized.

For all other financial assets, objective evidence of impairment could include significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty, breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments, and if it

F-17

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

becomes probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or financialre-organization.

The carrying amount of a financial asset is reduced by the impairment loss directly for all financial assets, with the exception of accounts receivable and other receivables where the carrying amount is reduced through the use of an allowance account. When accounts receivable and other receivables are considered uncollectible, they are written off against the allowance account. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited against the allowance account. Except for uncollectible trade receivables and other receivables that are written off against the allowance account, changes in the carrying amount of the allowance account are recognized in profit or loss.

2018

The Group recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses on financial assets at amortized cost.

For financial instruments, the Group recognizes lifetime expected credit losses (i.e., ECLs) when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If, on the other hand, the credit risk on a financial instrument has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures the loss allowance for that financial instrument at an amount equal to12-month ECLs.

Expected credit losses reflect the weighted average of credit losses with the respective risks of default occurring as the weights. Lifetime ECLs represent the expected credit losses that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. In contrast,12-month ECLs represent the portion of lifetime ECLs that is expected to result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date.

The Group recognizes an impairment gain or loss in profit or loss for all financial instruments with a corresponding adjustment to their carrying amount through a loss allowance account.

c) Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another party.

Before 2018, on derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss which had been recognized in other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss. Starting from 2018, on derecognition of a financial asset at amortized cost in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss. On derecognition of an investment in an equity instrument at FVTOCI, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount

F-18

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss, and the cumulative gain or loss which had been recognized in other comprehensive income is transferred directly to retained earnings, without recycling through profit or loss.

2) Equity instruments

Equity instruments issued by a group entity are classified as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of an equity instrument.

Equity instruments issued by a group entity are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the issuance of the Company’s own equity instruments.

3) Financial liabilities

a) Subsequent measurement

All financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

b) Derecognition of financial liabilities

The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid, including anynon-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognized in profit or loss.

j. Revenue recognition

2017

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for theout-licensing of experimental drugs that have reached ‘proof of concept’ to customers for ongoing global development and launch, in the ordinary course of the Group’s activities. Revenue is presented, net of goods and services tax, rebates and discounts. See Note 15 for details of the Group’s licensing agreements.

The Group recognizes revenue when the Group has completed theout-licensing of the experimental drug to the customers, the customers have accepted the products and the collectability of the related receivables is reasonably assured.

Typically income fromout-licensing may take the form of upfront fees, milestones and/or sales royalties. Revenue is recognized upon the receipt of thenon-refundable upfront payment if the license of intellectual property has stand-alone value and the Group has no remaining, subsequent performance obligation in accordance with the licensing agreements. Otherwise, revenue recognition is deferred and spread over the period of performance on a straight-line basis. Milestone payments which are contingent on achieving certain clinical milestones are recognized as revenues either on achievement of such milestones, or over the period of the

F-19

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

performance obligation if the Group has continuing performance obligations. Royalties on marketed drugs, which are recognized as revenue on an accrual basis and in accordance with the substance of the contracts, are recognized when it is probable that the economic benefits of a transaction will flow to the Group and the revenue can be measured reliably.

Revenue from the sale of research material is recognized when all the following conditions are satisfied:

1) The Group has transferred the significant risks and rewards of the research material to the buyer;

2) The Group retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the research material sold;

3) The amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

4) It is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group; and

5) The costs incurred or to be incurred can be measured reliably.

Interest income is primarily a result of deposits in banks and is recognized asnon-operating income when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the applicable effective interest rate.

2018

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for theout-licensing of experimental drugs that have reached ‘proof of concept’ to business partners for ongoing global development and launch, in the ordinary course of our activities. Revenue is presented, net of goods and services tax, rebates and discounts. See Note 15 for details of the Group’s licensing agreements.

The group recognizes revenue when it has completed theout-licensing of the experimental drug to business partners, and such partners have accepted the products, and the collectability of the related receivables is reasonably assured.

Typically the consideration received fromout-licensing may take the form of upfront payments, option payments, milestone payments, and royalty payments on licensed products. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers, the Group performs the following five steps:

1) Identify the contract with a customer;

2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

3) Determine the transaction price;

4) Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

5) Recognize revenue when (or as) the group satisfies the performance obligations.

At the inception of a contract, the Group assesses the goods or services promised within each contract to determine whether each promised good or service is distinct and identify those

F-20

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

that are performance obligations. The Group recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Upfront License Fees

If a license to the Group’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Group will recognize revenues fromnon-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. Licenses that are not distinct shall be bundled with other performance obligations until it identifies a bundle of performance obligations that is distinct. The Group uses judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether it is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. The Group evaluates the measure of progress at the end of each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone Payments

At the inception of each contract with customers that includes development or regulatory milestone payments (i.e., the variable consideration), the Group includes some or all amount of variable consideration in the transaction price estimated only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Milestone payments that are contingent upon the achievement of events that are uncertain or not controllable, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered highly probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Therefore, they are not included in the transaction price. At the end of each reporting period, the Group evaluates the probability of achievement of such milestone payments and any related constraints, and if necessary, adjusts our estimate of the overall transaction price.

Royalties

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including commercial milestone payments based on the level of sales, and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Group recognizes revenue at the later of the following:

1) when the subsequent sales occur, or

2) when the performance obligation, to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated, has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

To date, the group has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any ofout-licensing arrangements.

F-21

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

k. Research and development expenses

Elements of research and development expenses primarily include:

1) payroll and other related costs of personnel engaged in research and development activities;

2) costs related to preclinical testing of the Group’s technologies under development and clinical trials, such as payments to contract research organizations (“CROs”), investigators and clinical trial sites that conduct the Group’s clinical studies;

3) costs to develop the product candidates, including raw materials, supplies and product testing related expenses; and

4) other research and development expenses.

Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred when these expenditures relate to the Group’s research and development services and have no alternative future uses. The conditions enabling the capitalization of development costs as an asset have not yet been met and, therefore, all development expenditures are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.

l. Leasing

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of a lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

The Group as lessee

Operating lease payments are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

m. Retirement benefits

Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit plans are recognized as expenses when employees have rendered services entitling them to the contributions.

n. Share-based payment arrangements

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date.

The fair value determined at the grant date of the employee share options is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Group’s estimate of the number of employee share options that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in “capital surplus - employee share options”. The fair value determined at the grant date of the employee share options is recognized as an expense in full at the grant date when the share options granted vest immediately.

At the end of each reporting period, the Group revises its estimate of the number of employee share options expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original

F-22

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

estimates is recognized in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the capital surplus.

The fair value of the amount payable to beneficiaries in respect of bonus entitlement unit grants, which are settled in cash, is recognized as an expense with a corresponding increase in liabilities, over the period during which the beneficiaries become unconditionally entitled to payment. The amount is remeasured at each reporting date and at settlement based on the fair value of the bonus entitlement units. Any changes in the liability are recognized in profit or loss.

o. Taxation

The provision for income tax recognized in profit or loss comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax is income tax paid and payable for the current year based on the taxable profit of the year and any adjustments to tax payable (or receivable) in respect of prior years. Deferred tax is accounted for using the balance sheet liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of taxable profit or loss. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. The carrying amount is reviewed at the end of each reporting period on the same basis. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the asset or liability is settled, based on tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

5. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING JUDGMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

In the application of the Group’s accounting policies, management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised if the revisions affect only that period or in the period of the revisions and future periods if the revisions affect both current and future periods.

a. Income tax

No deferred tax assets have been recognized on tax losses due to the unpredictability of future profit streams. The realizability of deferred tax assets mainly depends on whether sufficient future profit or taxable temporary differences will be available. In cases where the actual future profit generated is different from expected, a material adjustment of deferred tax assets may arise, which would be recognized in profit or loss for the period in which such adjustment takes place.

F-23

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

b. Impairment of intangible assets

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment annually and whenever an indicator of impairment exists. The Group assesses whether there is an indication of impairment based on internal and external information, including the progress of research and development project and the prospect of such technology. Determining whether an intangible asset is impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amount and a comparison with the carrying amount. The calculation of the recoverable amount requires management to estimate the future cash flows that are expected to arise from the intangible asset and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value. Any change of estimation arising from economic environment changes or the Group’s strategies may lead to significant impairment loss in the future.

6. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

	December 31
	2017		2018
Cash on hand	$	2,396	$	2,318
Deposits in banks		50,570,815		28,906,583
	$	50,573,211	$	28,908,901

Deposits in banks consisted of highly liquid time deposits that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and were subject to an insignificant risk or change in value.

7. FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS

	December 31, 2018
Non-current
Financial assets mandatorily classified as at FVTPL
Derivative financial assets – warrants	$	60,004

In July 2018, the Group acquired warrants to subscribe for ordinary shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd., as detailed in Note 15 (under the heading of “Nanyang Technological University”).

8. FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	December 31, 2018
Non-current
Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI
Foreign unlisted ordinary shares	$	187,244

F-24

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

In July 2018, the Group acquired ordinary shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd., as detailed in Note 15 (under the heading of “Nanyang Technological University”), which were not held for trading. The management believes that to recognize short-term fluctuations in the investments’ fair value in profit or loss would not be consistent with the Group’s purpose of holding the investments. As a result, the Group elected to designate the investments in equity instruments as at FVTOCI.

9. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The carrying amounts of each class of property, plant and equipment were as follows:

	December 31
	2017		2018
Office Equipment	$	95,866	$	98,820
Other Equipment		20,809		11,052
Leasehold Improvements		326,891		178,546
	$	443,566	$	288,418

For the year ended December 31, 2017

	Office Equipment		Other Equipment		Leasehold Improvements			Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	148,703	$	26,053	$	328,479		$	503,235
Additions		62,599		9,100		219,733			291,432
Disposals		—		—		(73,708	)		(73,708	)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	211,302	$	35,153	$	474,504		$	720,959
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	63,515	$	4,949	$	50,382		$	118,846
Depreciation expenses		51,921		9,395		139,602			200,918
Disposals		—		—		(42,371	)		(42,371	)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	115,436	$	14,344	$	147,613		$	277,393

F-25

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

For the year ended December 31, 2018

	Office Equipment		Other Equipment		Leasehold Improvements		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	211,302	$	35,153	$	474,504	$	720,959
Additions		65,633		1,027		13,602		80,262
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	276,935	$	36,180	$	488,106	$	801,221
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	115,436	$	14,344	$	147,613	$	277,393
Depreciation expenses		62,679		10,784		161,947		235,410
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	178,115	$	25,128	$	309,560	$	512,803

The above items of property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follow:

Office equipment	3 years
Other equipment	3 years
Leasehold improvements	3-5 years

10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The carrying amounts of each class of intangible assets were as follows:

		December 31
	��	2017		2018
Licenses		$	73,400	$	23,073,400
Computer software			10,652		7,192
		$	84,052	$	23,080,592

For the year ended December 31, 2017

	Licenses		Computer Software		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	73,400	$	31,331	$	104,731
Additions		—		8,844		8,844
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	73,400	$	40,175	$	113,575
Accumulated amortization
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	—	$	20,465	$	20,465
Amortization expenses		—		9,058		9,058
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	—	$	29,523	$	29,523

F-26

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

For the year ended December 31, 2018

	Licenses		Computer Software		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	73,400	$	40,175	$	113,575
Additions		23,000,000		2,895		23,002,895
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	23,073,400	$	43,070	$	23,116,470
Accumulated amortization
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	—	$	29,523	$	29,523
Amortization expenses		—		6,355		6,355
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	—	$	35,878	$	35,878

The intangible assets, namely licenses, include the acquisitions in August 2016 of ASLAN005 from Exploit Technologies Pte. Ltd. and in January 2018 of exclusive and worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinib from Array Biopharma Inc., respectively. The information related to these license agreements is further disclosed in Note 15.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the aforementioned intangible assets were not amortized since they were not yet available for use. Instead they would be tested for impairment, by comparing the recoverable amounts with the carrying amounts, annually and whenever there is an indication that they may be impaired. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, there was no impairment loss recognized.

Computer software is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 years.

11. OTHER PAYABLES

	December 31
	2017		2018
Payables for salaries and bonuses	$	1,376,197	$	1,153,048
Payables for professional fees		412,676		680,708
Payables for cash-settled share-based payment transactions (Note 19)		195,000		669,042
Interest payables		—		50,430
Others		96,671		129,433
	$	2,080,544	$	2,682,661

F-27

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

12. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

	December 31
	2017		2018
Unsecured borrowings
Loans from government	$	7,411,912	$	7,266,315
Other long-term borrowings		—		4,060,357
Interest payables		2,267,539		2,648,122
	$	9,679,451	$	13,974,794

a. Loans from government

On April 27, 2011, the Singapore Economic Development Board (the “EDB”) awarded the Company a repayable grant (the “Grant”) not exceeding SGD 10 million (approximately $7,482,459) to support the Company’s drug development activities over a five-year qualifying period commencing February 24, 2011 (the “Project”). The Project was successfully implemented, resulting in substantially the full amount of the Grant being disbursed to the Company.

In the event any of the Company’s clinical product candidates achieve commercial approval after Phase 3 clinical trials, the Company will be required to repay the funds disbursed to the Company under the Grant plus interest of 6%. Until the Company has fulfilled its repayment obligations under the Grant, the Company has ongoing update and reporting obligations to the EDB. In the event the Company breaches any of its ongoing obligations under the Grant, EDB can revoke the Grant and demand that the Company repay the funds disbursed to the Company under the Grant.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the amounts of the funds disbursed to the Company plus accrued interest were $9,679,451 and $9,914,437, respectively.

b. Other long-term borrowings

On May 12, 2014, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. obtained a loan facility of $4.5 million from CSL Finance Pty Ltd. The amount was based on 75% of research and development costs approved by CSL Finance Pty Ltd. at each drawdown period. The loan is repayable within 10 years from the date of the facility agreement. Interest on the loan is computed at 6% plus LIBOR and is payable on a quarterly basis.

Mandatory prepayment of the loan is required upon a successful product launch occurring before maturity of the loan.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the amount of funds disbursed to the Company plus accrued interest, was nil and $4,110,787, respectively.

F-28

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

13. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Contribution Plans

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. adopted a defined contribution plan, which is a post-employment benefit plan, under which ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. pays fixed contributions into the Singapore Central Provident Fund on a mandatory basis. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as “employee compensation expenses” when they are due.

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited adopted a pension plan under the Labor Pension Act (the “LPA”) of the ROC, which is a state-managed defined contribution plan. Under the LPA, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited makes monthly contributions to its Taiwan-based employees’ individual pension accounts at 6% of monthly salaries and wages.

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. makes monthly contributions at a certain percentage of its Shanghai-based employees’ payroll expenses to pension accounts, which are operated by the Chinese government. Beside the aforementioned monthly contributions, the Group has no further obligation.

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the total expense for such employee benefits in the amount of $251,187, $329,455 and $424,157 were recognized, respectively.

14. EQUITY

a. Ordinary shares

	December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Number of shares authorized		200,000,000		200,000,000		500,000,000
Amount of shares authorized (NT$ thousand)	$	2,000,000	$	2,000,000	$	5,000,000
Number of shares issued and fully paid		115,670,940		130,128,940		160,248,940
Amount of shares issued and fully paid	$	36,710,066	$	41,514,016	$	51,627,219

The issued ordinary shares with a par value of NT$10 entitle holders with the rights to vote and receive dividends.

On May 27, 2016, the holders of the Preference Shares approved the conversion of all the Preference Shares into an equal number, 41,614,397 of Ordinary Shares, which increased the share capital by $41,614 (NT$ 1,304 thousand) and the capital surplus by $64,557,452 (NT$ 2,053,693 thousand).

On May 27, 2016, in the shareholders’ meeting, the shareholders resolved to adjust the par value of the Company’s ordinary shares from US$0.001 to NT$10 and approved a share split, at a ratio of1-to-2 after the conversion of Preference Shares into Ordinary Shares for the purpose of the proposed initial public offering and listing on TPEx. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to take the share split into account for the year presented.

F-29

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

On May 27, 2016, the Company’s board of directors resolved to issue 19,667,144 ordinary shares, with a par value of NT$10, for consideration of $1.13 per share, which increased the share capital to $36,710,066 (NT$ 1,156,709 thousand).

On February 28, 2017, the Company’s board of directors resolved to issue 14,458,000 ordinary shares for initial public offering on the TPEx, with a par value of NT$10, amounting to $4,803,950 (NT$ 144,580 thousands), which increased the balance of the share capital to $41,514,016 (NT$ 1,301,289 thousands). The above issuance was declared effective by the TPEx on April 7, 2017, and the subscription base date was determined as at May 25, 2017. The abovementioned shares were issued at a weighted-average bid price of NT$68.92 per share. The Company collected the above proceeds amounting to $33,060,951 (NT$ 996,495 thousands) for new shares issued on May 25, 2017.

The Company completed its initial public offering of 6,000,000 ADSs representing 30,000,000 ordinary shares on May 8, 2018 in the United States. The Company’s ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since May 4, 2018. Each ADS represents five of the Company’s ordinary shares. The offering price per ADS was $7.03. The payment for the initial public offering was fully collected as of May 8, 2018, and the record date for this capital increase was May 8, 2018.

On September 10, 2018, the Company’s board of directors resolved to increase the amount of shares authorized to NT$5,000,000 thousand.

For long-term development purposes, on November 7, 2018, the board of directors resolved to issue ordinary shares ranging from 15,000,000 to 40,000,000 shares for the purpose of issuing the ADRs, American Depositary Receipts. On December 5, 2018, the Company received the approval letter No.1070344286 from the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) in accordance with the regulatory requirement.

b. Capital surplus

	December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Arising from issuance of new share capital	$	50,119,257	$	78,384,290	$	105,143,362
Arising from employee share options		5,136,828		5,898,391		6,316,310
	$	55,256,085	$	84,282,681	$	111,459,672

c. Retained earnings and dividends policy

Under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Company may declare dividends by ordinary resolution of the Company’s board of directors, but no dividends shall exceed the amount recommended by the directors of the Company.

The Company may set aside out of the funds legally available for distribution, for equalizing dividends or for any other purpose to which those funds may be properly applied, either employed in the business of the Company or invested in such investments as the directors of the Company may from time to time think fit.

F-30

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The accumulated deficits for 2016 and 2017 approved in the shareholders’ meetings on June 28, 2017 and June 15, 2018, respectively, were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017
Accumulated deficits at the beginning of the year	$	(41,342,180	)	$	(50,391,283	)
Net loss for the year		(9,049,103	)		(39,891,978	)
Accumulated deficits at the end of the year	$	(50,391,283	)	$	(90,283,261	)

The accumulated deficits for 2018 which had been proposed by the Company’s board of directors on March 22, 2019 were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2018
Accumulated deficits at the beginning of the year	$	(90,283,261	)
Net loss for the year		(42,185,597	)
Accumulated deficits at the end of the year	$	(132,468,858	)

The accumulated deficits for 2018 are subject to the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting to be held on June 21, 2019.

15. LICENSE AGREEMENTS

Array Biopharma

The Company entered into a license agreement in 2011 with Array Biopharma Inc. (“Array”) to develop Array’span-HER inhibitor,ARRY-543 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN001 orvarlitinib), for the treatment or prevention of any disease or condition in humans, without upfront payments. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to fund and globally develop ASLAN001 through proof of concept, initially targeting patients with gastric cancer through a development program conducted in Asia.

Upon achievement of proof of concept, the Company agreed to collaborate orout-license to third parties for the further phase 3 development and commercialization. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to pay Array 50% of the proceeds fromout-licensing as royalties.

On January 3, 2018, the Company entered into a new license agreement with Array pursuant to which the Company obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinib for all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses. This new license agreement replaces and supersedes the previous collaboration and license agreement with Array dated July 12, 2011.

F-31

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Under the new license agreement, the Company agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain approval by the U.S. FDA or the applicable health regulatory authority and commercializevarlitinib.

In consideration of the rights granted under the agreement, the Company made an initial upfront payment to Array of $12,000,000 in January 2018 and an additional payment $11,000,000 in June 2018, respectively, that were capitalized as a separately acquired intangible asset. In addition, the Company will be required to pay up to $30,000,000 if certain development milestones are achieved, $20,000,000 if certain regulatory milestones are achieved, and up to $55,000,000 if certain commercial milestones are achieved. The Company is also required to pay Array tiered royalties in the low tens on net sales ofvarlitinib. The royalty obligations will continue on acountry-by-country basis through the later of the expiration of the last valid patent claim forvarlitinib or ten years after the first commercial sale ofvarlitinib in a given country. As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not accrue for the above contingent payments since the milestones are not achieved.

If within two years of the date of the new license agreement the Company sublicensesvarlitinib and is paid an upfront payment, Array will be further entitled to receiveone-half of the portion of any such upfront payment that exceeds a specified amount. In the event that the base royalty under a sublicense agreement is 20% or less, the Company will only be required to share with Arrayone-half of the amount actually received by the Company under such sublicense agreement in lieu of the tiered royalties described above, provided that the royalty paid in such case shall in no event be less than a royalty in the high single digit range.

If the Company undergoes a change in control during a defined period following execution of the new license agreement, Array will also be entitled to receive a low to mid single-digit percentage of the proceeds resulting from the change in control. Unless earlier terminated, the agreement will continue on acountry-by-country basis until the expiration of the respective royalty obligations in such country. Upon such expiration in such country, Array will grant to the Company a perpetual, royalty-free,non-terminable,non-revocable,non-exclusive license to exploit certainknow-how in connection with the development, manufacturing and/or commercialization ofvarlitinib for all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses in such country. Either party may terminate the agreement (i) in the event of the other party’s material breach of the agreement that remains uncured for a specified period of time or (ii) the insolvency of the other party. In addition, if there is a change in control, the Company may also terminate the agreement without cause at any time upon 180 days advance notice to Array.

Bristol-Myers Squibb

The Company entered into a license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2011, to receive exclusive rights to develop and commercializeBMS-777607 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN002) in China, Australia, Korea, Taiwan and other selected Asian countries, without upfront payments. Bristol-Myers Squibb retains the exclusive rights in the rest of the world. Under the license agreement, the Company would fund and develop ASLAN002 through proof of concept under a development plan that would initially target gastric cancer and lung cancer.

After the Company completed the phase 1 clinical trial, Bristol-Myers Squibb licensed the exclusive rights from the Company to further the development and commercialization of ASLAN002

F-32

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

worldwide. Under the terms of the license agreement, the Company has received an upfront payment of $10,000,000 in 2016. The Company is eligible to receive additional payments upon Bristol-Myers Squibb’s achievement of development and regulatory milestones in the future. Furthermore, the Company is eligible to receive royalty payments on future worldwide sales generated by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Bristol-Myers Squibb also purchased the related research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results that are used for further developing ASLAN002 from the Company in the amount of $1,294,034 which was delivered in 2016. Such amount was recorded in the accounts receivable as of December 31, 2016 and was collected during the first quarter of 2017. As Bristol-Myers Squibb assumes the responsibility for all development and commercialization activities and expenses, and the Company currently has no further obligations under the license agreement. Accordingly, the Company recognized the upfront payment fromout-licensing and other payment from the sale of research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results, totaling $11,294,034, in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Almirall

In 2012, the Company originally entered into a global licensing agreement with Almirall to develop DHODH inhibitor, LAS186323, which the Company refers to as ASLAN003, for rheumatoid arthritis (excluding any topical formulation), without upfront payments. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to fund and develop ASLAN003 to the end of Phase 2 through a development program conducted in the Asia-Pacific region.

The original license agreement was replaced by a new agreement, executed in December 2015 and amended in March 2018, granting an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ASLAN003 products for all human diseases with primary focus on oncology diseases, excluding topically-administered products embodying the compound for keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders, and thenon-melanoma skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas and Gorlin Syndrome. Under the license agreement, Almirall is eligible to receive milestone payments and royalties based on the sales generated by the Company and/or sublicensees.

CSL

The Company entered into a global license agreement with CSL Limited (“CSL”), in May 2014, to develop the anti-IL13 receptor monoclonal antibody, CSL334 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN004) and antigen binding fragments thereof, for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of diseases or conditions in humans, without upfront payments. This license agreement was amended in September 2018. Under the license agreement (as amended), the Company will be responsible to develop ASLAN004 through to clinical proof of concept in a development program, targeting patients suffering moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Upon achievement of clinical proof of concept (or earlier, if agreed), the Company will collaborate orout-license to third parties for further Phase 3 development and commercialization. Under the global license agreement, the Company will pay to CSL a share in the range of 40 to 50 percent of all licensing revenue it receives from futureout-licensing agreements.

Hyundai Pharm Co., Ltd.

In October 2015, the Company entered into a license agreement with Hyundai Pharm Co., Ltd. (“Hyundai”). Under the terms of the license agreement, the Company granted Hyundai options to

F-33

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

acquire the rights to use its intellectual property to develop and commercializevarlitinib for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (i.e., CCA) in South Korea, and the Company has received an option payment of $250,000 from Hyundai in 2016. As there was no performance obligation required for the Company, the payment was recognized as revenue, and the related cost of revenue in the amount of $125,000 paid to one of the third parties with whom the Company has a licensing agreement as part of the payment for the proceeds fromout-licensing was recognized as cost of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company was eligible for additional regulatory and commercial milestones payments as well as royalties on product sales.

In February 2019, the Company made a payment of $325,000 to Hyundai in order to buy back the rights to commercializevarlitinib in CCA.

Exploit Technologies Pte Ltd. (“ETPL”)/P53 Laboratory

The Company entered into a licensing agreement with ETPL, in August 2016, to license Intellectual Property (IP) arising from a research collaboration with ETPL’s P53 Laboratory. The IP focuses on generation of novel immuno-oncology antibodies targeting recepteur d’origine nantais (“RON”) and such antibodies are referred to by the Company collectively as ASLAN005. The license fee of SG$100,000 (or $73,400) is capitalized as a separately acquired intangible asset. Under the license agreement, the Company has the exclusive rights to develop and commercialize ASLAN005 worldwide. ETPL is eligible to receive up to an aggregate of SG$12,000,000 (or $8,978,951) in milestone payments if certain development and commercial milestones are achieved, as well as royalties calculated based on any sales generated by the Company.

In August 2016, the Company and ETPL’s P53 Laboratory entered into a three-year research collaboration agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will be responsible for the design of innovative clinical development programs, in collaboration with P53 Laboratory, which will continue to be responsible for the preclinical development of the antibody assets.

Nanyang Technological University

The Company entered into a licensing and research collaboration agreement with Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in October 2016, for the development of modybodies against three targets of the Company’s choice. The agreement expired in April 2018, but the Company retained continuing rights: a half share ownership in the resulting IP, together with an exclusive option to obtain global rights to develop and commercialize the modybodies, with such option exercisable until October 2018. In July 2018, the technology for modybodies was separated from NTU and licensed to a new company, DotBio Pte. Ltd. In exchange for the Company’s giving up its residual rights and options in respect to the technology, the Company received 599,445 shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd. equivalent to SG$255,000 ($187,244) (see Note 8), together with 599,445 units of warrant to subscribe for the same number of shares at a subscription price of $0.32 which was the same value per share as applied to other new investors in this round (see Note 7); in addition, the Company also retained a right of first refusal to take an exclusive license for any modybodies produced by DotBio Pte. Ltd. that are based on the work generated from the collaborative agreement between NTU and the Company. However, as the right of first refusal did not limit DotBio Pte. Ltd.’s ability to direct the use of the asset, or to obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset, this would not prevent DotBio Pte. Ltd. from obtaining control of the asset. Accordingly, the Company recognized thenon-cash gain arising from the derecognition and recorded it as other income of $187,244 for the year ended December 31, 2018, because it was not a good or service that was an output of the Company’s ordinary activities.

F-34

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

BioGenetics Co. Ltd.

In February 2019, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with BioGenetics to grant exclusive rights to commercializevarlitinib in South Korea in exchange for an upfront payment of $2,000,000 and up to $11,000,000 in sales and development milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive tiered double digit royalties on net sales up to themid-twenties. The Company has no other performance obligation in addition to the license, and BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals ofvarlitinib in South Korea.

In March 2019, the Company entered into another licensing agreement with BioGenetics to grant exclusive rights to commercialize ASLAN003 in South Korea in exchange for an upfront payment of $1,000,000 and up to $8,000,000 in sales and development milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive tiered double digit royalties on net sales from the high-teens to themid-twenties range. The Company has no other performance obligation in addition to the license, and BioGenetics will be responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals of ASLAN003 in South Korea.

16. LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX

a. Other gains and losses

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017			2018
Net foreign exchange gains (losses)	$	165,807		$	(667,130	)	$	95,894
Fair value changes of financial assets mandatorily classified as at FVTPL		—			—			60,004
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		(12,316	)		(31,298	)		—
Others		(26,019	)		(263	)		57,345
	$	127,472		$	(698,691	)	$	213,243

b. Finance costs

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Interest on government loans	$	417,812	$	416,698	$	441,474
Preference share dividends		87,889		—		—
Interest on CSL loan		18,437		—		—
Other interest expenses		—		—		50,430
	$	524,138	$	416,698	$	491,904

F-35

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

c. Depreciation and amortization

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Property, plant and equipment	$	65,874	$	200,918	$	235,410
Computer software		10,010		9,058		6,355
	$	75,884	$	209,976	$	241,765

All depreciation and amortization expenses were recognized as general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

d. Employee benefits expense

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Short-term benefits	$	5,212,357	$	7,062,311	$	8,002,069
Post-employment benefits (Note 13)		251,187		329,455		424,157
Share-based payments (Note 19)
Equity-settled		1,419,923		769,595		451,060
Cash-settled		—		357,000		838,677
Total employee benefits expense	$	6,883,467	$	8,518,361	$	9,715,963
An analysis of employee benefits expense by function
General and administrative expenses	$	4,224,919	$	4,664,285	$	6,294,470
Research and development expenses		2,658,548		3,854,076		3,421,493
	$	6,883,467	$	8,518,361	$	9,715,963

e. Employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors

Under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Company shall accrue employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors at the rates of no less than 0.1% and no higher than 1%, respectively, of profit before income tax, net of employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors.

The Company had accumulated deficits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018; therefore, no compensation for employees and remuneration of directors was accrued.

F-36

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

17. INCOME TAXES

Income tax recognized in profit or loss	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Current tax
Adjustments for prior periods	$	—	$	—	$	14,439

A reconciliation of accounting profit and income tax expense was as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017			2018
Loss before income tax	$	(9,049,103	)	$	(39,891,978	)	$	(42,171,158	)
Income tax benefit calculated at the statutory rate	$	(1,538,347	)	$	(6,781,636	)	$	(7,169,097	)
Nondeductible expenses in determining taxable income		473,085			4,288,090			112,263
Tax credits for research and development expenditures		(990,065	)		(2,224,348	)		(2,312,251	)
Unrecognized loss carryforward		2,011,373			4,519,942			9,261,996
Effect of different tax rates of group entities operating in other jurisdictions		43,954			197,952			107,089
Adjustments for prior years’ tax		—			—			14,439
Income tax expense recognized in profit or loss	$	—		$	—		$	14,439

a. Cayman Islands

The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

b. Singapore

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 17%. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has unrecognized loss carryforward of $146,316,690. Deferred tax assets are not recognized for loss carryforward since the future taxable profits available to offset against those loss carryforward are uncertain.

c. Taiwan

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited, incorporated in Taiwan, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 17% for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017. The Income Tax Act in the ROC was amended in 2018, and the corporate income tax rate was adjusted from 17% to 20%, effective in 2018. In addition, the rate of the corporate surtax applicable to the 2018 unappropriated earnings is reduced from 10% to 5%.

F-37

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The income tax returns have been assessed by the tax authorities through 2017.

d. Australia

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., incorporated in Australia, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax of 30%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd. has no taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

e. Hong Kong

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited, incorporated in Hong Kong, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax of 16.5%. Under the Hong Kong tax law, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited is exempted from income tax on its foreign derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on the remittance of dividends. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited has no taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

f. China

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., incorporated in China, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 25%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. has no taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

g. United States of America

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., incorporated in Delaware, U.S.A. in October 2018, is subject to the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% and state income tax rate of 8.7%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. has no taxable income for the year ended December 31, 2018, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

18. LOSS PER SHARE

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017			2018
Basic and diluted loss per share	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.32	)	$	(0.28	)

F-38

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The loss and weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in the computation of loss per share are as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017			2018
Loss used in the computation of basic and diluted loss per share	$	(9,049,103	)	$	(39,891,978	)	$	(42,185,597	)
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares in the computation of basic loss per share		105,027,040			124,424,960			149,739,242

If the outstanding employee share options issued by the Company are converted to ordinary shares, they are anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. For the year ended December 31, 2016, 34,678,664 weighted-average number of outstanding convertible preference shares and 12,884,672 weighted-average number of employee share options were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings/loss per share because their impact was anti-dilutive. Potential ordinary shares arising from the aforementioned anti-dilutive outstanding employee share options are 7,224,123 and 6,664,244 shares for the years end 2017 and 2018, respectively.

19. SHARE-BASED PAYMENT ARRANGEMENTS

New Shares Reserved for Subscription by Employees under Cash Injection

On February 28, 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved the issuance of 14,458,000 ordinary shares for initial public offering on the TPEx and simultaneously reserved 1,446,000 ordinary shares for subscription by employees according to the Company Act of the ROC, and employees were granted the share options to subscribe for all of the reserved ordinary shares on May 16, 2017.

The Group used the binomial option price model to determine the fair value of the share options granted to employees on May 16, 2017, and the related assumptions and the fair value of the options are as follows:

	Share Options Granted on May 16, 2017
Grant-date share price (NT$)	$	68.92
Exercise price (NT$)	$	68.92
Expected volatility		37.33	%
Expected life		0.02 year
Dividends yield		—
Risk-free interest rate		0.08	%
Weighted-average fair value of options (NT$)	$	1.44

Expected volatility was based on the average annualized historical share price volatility of the Company’s comparable companies before the grant date.

F-39

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The aforementioned options granted to employees are accounted for and measured at fair value in accordance with IFRS 2. The recognized compensation costs were $8,032 for the year ended December 31, 2017 and were classified as “capital surplus – ordinary shares” after collecting the proceeds for employee share subscriptions.

Employee Share Option Plan

Under the Company’s employee share option plan, qualified employees of the Company and its subsidiaries were granted 661,000 options in July 2010, 910,000 options in July 2011, 669,750 options in July 2012, 619,250 options in July 2013, 680,625 options in July 2014, 2,477,336 options in July 2015, 1,032,250 options in July 2016 and 825,833 options in September 2017. Each option entitles the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share of the Company. The options granted are valid for 10 years and exercisable at certain percentages once they have vested. No performance conditions were attached to the plan. The Company has no legal constructive obligation to repurchase or settle the options in cash.

The board of directors of the Company, as of July 26, 2016, resolved to double the number of shares underlying each outstanding award granted previously to reflect the subdivision ratio of the share split made in connection with the corporate restructuring of May 27, 2016. The exercise price for each award previously granted was correspondingly adjusted by a decrease of 50%. The modification did not cause any incremental adjustments to the fair value of the granted awards.

As of December 31, 2018, there are 14,343,213 ordinary shares issuable on the exercise of share options outstanding under the Company’s equity incentive plans.

Information on employee share options granted from July 2010 to July 2016 is as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016					2017					2018
	Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price		Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price		Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1		5,946,461		$	1.27		6,958,461		$	1.42		6,887,523		$	1.41
Options granted		1,032,250			2.26		—			—		—			—
Options forfeited		(20,250	)		1.36		(70,938	)		1.95		(5,000	)		2.13
Options exercised		—			—		—			—		(60,000	)		0.80
Balance at December 31		6,958,461			1.42		6,887,523			1.41		6,822,523			1.41
Options exercisable, end of period		4,830,503			1.20		5,825,816			1.30		6,595,294			1.38
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	0.89				$	0.89				$	0.89

F-40

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Information on employee share options granted in September 2017 is as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2017					2018
	Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price		Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1		—		$	—		755,833		$	1.28
Options granted		825,833			1.28		—			—
Options forfeited		(70,000	)		1.28		(57,666	)		1.28
Balance at December 31		755,833			1.28		698,167			1.28
Options exercisable, end of period		—			—		—			—
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	0.62				$	0.62

Information on outstanding options as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

July 2010			July 2011				July 2012				July 2013				July 2014				July 2015				July 2016				September 2017
Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)		Range  of Exercise Price		Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
$0.20-$0.80		1.5	$	0.20-$0.80		2.5	$	0.80		3.5	$	0.80-$1.36		4.5	$	1.36		5.5	$	1.36-$1.88		6.5	$	2.26		7.5	$	1.28		8.7

F-41

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

Options granted in July of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and September 2017 were priced using the binomial option pricing model, and the inputs to the model were as follows:

	July 2010			July 2011			July 2012			July 2013			July 2014			July 2015			July 2016			September 2017
Grant-date share price	$	0.80		$	0.80		$	1.25		$	1.36		$	1.36		$	1.88		$	2.26		$	1.28
Exercise price	$	0.20-$0.80		$	0.20-$0.80		$	0.80		$	0.80-$1.36		$	1.36		$	1.36-$1.88		$	2.26		$	1.28
Expected volatility		59.16	%		54.26%-54.44	%		52.25	%		50.58	%		50.86	%		36.37	%		39.34	%		38.33	%
Expected life (years)		10			10			10			10			10			10			10			10
Expected dividend yield		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Risk-free interest rate		2.954	%		2.96%-3.22	%		1.61	%		2.5	%		2.58	%		2.43	%		1.46	%		1.1027	%

Expected volatility was based on the average annualized historical share price volatility of comparable companies before the grant date.

Compensation costs recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were $1,419,923, $769,595 and $451,060, respectively.

Long Term Incentive Plan

On August 23, 2017 and July 30, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2017 and 2018 Senior Management Team (SMT) Long Term Incentive Plans (the “2017 LTIP” and “2018 LTIP”), respectively, which outlines awards that may be granted to qualified employees of the Company. These plans are applicable to the SMT of the Company and are used for long-term retention of key management. The LTIPs are each valid for ten years, and grantees of the bonus entitlement units can exercise their rights once they have vested. The Company shall pay the intrinsic value of the units awarded to the employees at the date of exercise of their awards, if redeemed by an employee.

As of December 31, 2018, there are 1,566,000 bonus entitlement units which have been granted under the 2017 LTIP by the Company. For the 1,462,000 units under the 2017 LTIP which were granted in 2017, they will vest in thirds each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award, and for the 104,000 units under the 2017 LTIP which were granted in 2018, they will vest in halves each year after the second and third anniversary of the award.

The value of the 2017 LTIP is measured based on the quoted share price. On July 30, 2018 the board of directors approved the modification of the 2017 LTIP which retrospectively changes the share price Taiwan share price to ADS price at a 5:1 conversion ratio. The LTIP are consider cash-settled awards and are measured at fair value. The change in fair value from the modification was insignificant and was recognized immediately in profit or loss.

F-42

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

The Company’s 2017 LTIP is described as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2017		2018
Balance at January 1		—		1,462,000
Awards granted		1,462,000		104,000
Awards exercised		—		(86,666	)
Balance at December 31		1,462,000		1,479,334
Balance exercisable, end of period		—		400,667

As of December 31, 2018, there are 241,142 bonus entitlement units which have been granted under the 2018 LTIP by the Company. For the 241,142 units under the 2018 LTIP, they will vest in thirds each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award. The value of the 2018 LTIP will be linked to the ADS price. All of the 2018 LTIP granted bonus entitlement units remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018.

The Company’s 2018 LTIP is described as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Balance at January 1		—
Awards granted		241,142
Balance at December 31		241,142
Balance exercisable, end of period		—

Each bonus entitlement unit grants the holders of the 2017 LTIP and the 2018 LTIP a conditional right to receive an amount of cash equal to theper-unit fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares and ADSs, respectively, on the settlement date. The LTIPs qualify as cash-settled share-based payment transactions. The Company recognizes the liabilities in respect of its obligations under the LTIPs, which are measured based on the Company’s quoted market price of its ADSs at the reporting date, and takes into account the extent to which the services have been rendered to date.

Regarding the Company’s 2017 and 2018 LTIPs, the respective quoted fair value of the awards on the grant date was NT$33.45 (or $1.10) and $7.90, based on the Taiwan share price on August 23, 2017 and the closing price per ADS on July 30, 2018, respectively. The quoted fair value on the reporting date is based on the closing price of Taiwan share price of NT$33.20 (or $1.12) as of December 31, 2017 and the closing price per ADS of $3.60 as of December 31, 2018, respectively.

The Company recognized total expenses of $357,000 and $838,677 in respect of the LTIPs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company recognized compensation liabilities of $195,000 and $669,042 as current (classified as other payables) , respectively, and $162,000 and $289,613 asnon-current, respectively.

F-43

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

20. OPERATING LEASE ARRANGEMENTS

The Group as lessee

Operating leases relate to leases of office, parking space and copiers with lease terms between 1 and 5 years. The Group does not have a bargain purchase option to acquire the leased office, parking space and copiers at the expiration of the lease periods.

The future minimum lease payments ofnon-cancellable operating lease commitments were as follows:

	December 31
	2016		2017		2018
No later than 1 year	$	309,220	$	555,133	$	493,534
Between 1 and 5 years		485,053		632,340		105,859
	$	794,273	$	1,187,473	$	599,393

21. CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The Group manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Group will be able to safeguard cash as well as maintain financial liquidity and flexibility to support the development of its product candidates and programs as a going concern through the optimization of the debt and equity balance.

The Group’s financial strategy is designed to maintain a flexible capital structure consistent with the objectives stated above and to respond to business growth opportunities and changes in economic conditions. The capital structure of the Group mainly consists of borrowings and equity of the Group. Key management personnel of the Group review the capital structure periodically. In order to maintain or balance the overall capital structure, the Group may adjust the amounts of long-term borrowings, or the issuance of new shares capital or other equity instruments.

As of December 31, 2018, there were no changes in the Group’s capital management policy, and the Group is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

22. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

a. Fair value of financial instruments not measured at fair value

The Group believes that the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value approximate their fair values.

F-44

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

b. Fair value of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis

1) Fair value hierarchy

December 31, 2018

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets at FVTPL
Derivative financial assets	$	—	$	—	$	60,004	$	60,004
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI of unlisted companies.	$	—	$	187,244	$	—	$	187,244

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 in the current and prior periods.

2) Valuation techniques and inputs applied for Level 2 fair value measurement

The fair values of unlisted equity investments are measured on the basis of the prices of recent investment by third parties with the consideration of other factors that market participants would take into account.

3) Valuation techniques and inputs applied for Level 3 fair value measurement

The fair values of warrants are determined using option pricing models where the significant unobservable input is historical volatility. An increase in the historical volatility used in isolation would result in an increase in the fair value. As of December 31, 2018, the historical volatility used was 42.33%.

c. Categories of financial instruments

	December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Financial assets
Financial assets at FVTPL
Mandatorily classified as at FVTPL	$	—	$	—	$	60,004
Loans and receivables (1)		53,155,861		50,734,158		—
Financial assets at amortized cost (2)		—		—		29,080,981
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Equity instruments		—		—		187,244
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortized cost (3)		12,139,230		15,463,286		21,304,150

1) The balances include loans and receivables measured at amortized cost, which comprise cash and cash equivalents and refundable deposits.

2) The balances included financial assets at amortized cost, which comprise cash and cash equivalents and refundable deposits.

3) The balances include financial liabilities at amortized cost, which comprise trade payables, partial other payables and long-term borrowings.

F-45

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

c. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Group’s financial risk management objective is to monitor and manage the financial risks relating to the operations of the Group. These risks include market risk (including foreign currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. In order to minimize the effect of financial risks, the Group devoted time and resources to identify and evaluate the uncertainty of the market to mitigate risk exposures.

1) Market risk

The Group’s activities exposed it primarily to the financial risks of changes in foreign currency exchange rates (see (a) below) and interest rates (see (b) below).

a) Foreign currency risk

The Group had foreign currency transactions, which exposed the Group to foreign currency risk.

The Group’s significant financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies were as follows:

	December 31, 2016
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SGD	$	1,627,096		0.6916	$	1,125,364
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SGD		12,051,989		0.6916		8,335,631

	December 31, 2017
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SGD	$	1,778,293		0.7482	$	1,330,600
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SGD		12,936,189		0.7482		9,679,451

F-46

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

	December 31, 2018
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SGD	$	2,297,231		0.7335	$	1,685,019
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SGD		13,515,737		0.7335		9,914,437

Sensitivity analysis

The Group is mainly exposed to the Singapore dollar.

The following table details the Group’s sensitivity to a 5% increase and decrease in the US dollar against the relevant foreign currency. The rate of 5% is the sensitivity rate used when reporting foreign currency risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates. The sensitivity analysis includes only outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items. A positive number below indicates a decrease inpre-tax loss where the US dollar strengthens 5% against the relevant currency. For a 5% weakening of the US dollar against the relevant currency, there would be an equal and opposite impact onpre-tax loss, and the balances below would be negative.

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016			2017			2018
Profit or loss
SGD*	$	(360,513	)	$	(417,443	)	$	(411,471	)

* This is mainly attributable to the exposure to outstanding deposits in banks and loans in foreign currency at the end of the reporting period.

b) Interest rate risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk because entities in the Group borrowed funds at both fixed and floating interest rates. The risk is managed by the Group by maintaining an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate borrowings.

The sensitivity analysis below is determined based on the Group’s exposure to interest rates for fixed rate borrowings at the end of the reporting period, and is prepared assuming that the amounts of liabilities outstanding at the end of the reporting period are outstanding for the whole year. A100-basis point increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates.

F-47

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

If interest rates had been 100 basis points higher/lower and all other variables were held constant, the Group’spre-tax loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 would have decreased/increased by $83,356, $96,795 and $99,144, respectively.

2) Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in a financial loss to the Group. The Group adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and financial institutions, where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults.

3) Liquidity risk

The Group manages liquidity risk by monitoring and maintaining a level of cash and cash equivalents that are deemed adequate to finance the Group’s operations and mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows. In addition, management monitors the utilization of long-term borrowings and ensures compliance with loan covenants. The Group evaluates that, based upon the current operating plan, the existing capital resources will be sufficient to fund the anticipated operations for at least the next 12 months.

23. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES

Balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries, which are related parties of the Company, have been eliminated on consolidation and are not disclosed in this note. Details of transactions between the Group and other related parties are disclosed below.

Compensation of Key Management Personnel

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Short-term employee benefits	$	2,276,467	$	3,203,745	$	2,833,520
Post-employment benefits		75,989		125,237		140,474
Share-based payments		1,078,054		801,701		791,310
	$	3,430,510	$	4,130,683	$	3,765,304

The remuneration of directors and key executives was determined by the remuneration committee based on the performance of individuals and market trends.

24. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Group’s chief operating decision maker, the Chief Executive Officer, reviews the Group’s consolidated results when making decisions about the allocation of resources and when assessing performance of the Group as a whole, and hence, the Group has only one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The

F-48

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

basis of information reported to the chief operating decision maker is the same as the Group’s consolidated financial statements. As the Group’s long-lived assets are substantially located in and derived from Asia, no geographical segments are presented.

The following is an analysis of the Group’s revenue from its major products and services.

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2016		2017		2018
Out-licensing	$	10,250,000	$	—	$	—
Others		1,296,971
	$	11,546,971	$	—	$	—

Out-licensing is the revenue generated fromout-licensing to Hyundai in the amount of $250,000 and to Bristol-Myers Squibb in the amount of $10,000,000. Others refers to the revenue generated from the sale of research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results to Bristol-Myers Squibb. See Note 15 for details.

F-49

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in U.S. dollars)

(unaudited)

	December 31, 2018			March 31, 2019
	Amount			Amount
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 6)	$	28,908,901		$	21,620,307
Accounts receivable (Note 16)		—			1,000,000
Prepayments		183,599			248,300
Total current assets		29,092,500			22,868,607
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (Notes 7 and 16)		60,004			60,004
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (Notes 8 and 16)		187,244			187,244
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 9)		288,418			226,149
Right-of-use assets (Notes 3, 4 and 10)		—			267,111
Intangible assets (Notes 11 and 16)		23,080,592			23,079,180
Refundable deposits		172,080			174,206
Totalnon-current assets		23,788,338			23,993,894
TOTAL ASSETS	$	52,880,838		$	46,862,501
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Trade payables	$	5,315,737		$	3,706,431
Other payables (Notes 12 and 20)		2,682,661			2,094,057
Lease Liabilities – current (Notes 3, 4, 5 and 10)		—			223,833
Total current liabilities		7,998,398			6,024,321
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Long-term borrowings (Note 13)		13,974,794			14,139,819
Lease Liabilities –non-current (Notes 3, 4, 5 and 10)		—			42,238
Othernon-current liabilities (Note 20)		289,613			365,230
Totalnon-current liabilities		14,264,407			14,547,287
Total liabilities		22,262,805			20,571,608
EQUITY (Note 15)
Ordinary shares		51,627,219			51,627,219
Capital surplus		111,459,672			111,476,574
Accumulated deficits		(132,468,858	)		(136,812,900	)
Total equity		30,618,033			26,290,893
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY	$	52,880,838		$	46,862,501

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-50

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in U.S. dollars)

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended March 31
	2018			2019
	Amount			Amount
NET REVENUE (Notes 16 and 25)	$	—		$	3,000,000
COST OF REVENUE (Note 16)		—			(425,000	)
OPERATING EXPENSES (Notes 14, 17 and 20)
General and administrative expenses		(2,807,871	)		(2,256,361	)
Research and development expenses		(5,622,802	)		(4,449,532	)
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS		(8,430,673	)		(4,130,893	)
NON-OPERATING INCOME AND EXPENSES
Interest income		61,546			69,024
Other gains and losses (Note 17)		(262,426	)		(79,555	)
Finance costs (Notes 4 and 17)		(112,275	)		(199,700	)
Totalnon-operating income and expenses		(313,155	)		(210,231	)
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX		(8,743,828	)		(4,341,124	)
INCOME TAX EXPENSE (Notes 4 and 18)		—			(2,918	)
NET LOSS FOR THE PERIOD		(8,743,828	)		(4,344,042	)
TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE LOSS FOR THE PERIOD	$	(8,743,828	)	$	(4,344,042	)
LOSS PER SHARE (Note 19)
Basic and diluted	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.03	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-51

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(in U.S. dollars)

(unaudited)

					Capital Surplus (Note 15)
	Ordinary Shares (Note 15)				Share Options
	Shares		Amount		Ordinary Shares		Reserve		Total		Accumulated Deficits			Total Equity
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2018		130,128,940	$	41,514,016	$	78,384,290	$	5,898,391	$	84,282,681	$	(90,283,261	)	$	35,513,436
Recognition of employee share options by the Company (Note 20)								167,519		167,519					167,519
Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2018												(8,743,828	)		(8,743,828	)
Total comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2018												(8,743,828	)		(8,743,828	)
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2018		130,128,940		41,514,016		78,384,290		6,065,910		84,450,200		(99,027,089	)		26,937,127
BALANCE AT JANUARY 1, 2019		160,248,940	$	51,627,219	$	105,143,362	$	6,316,310	$	111,459,672	$	(132,468,858	)	$	30,618,033
Recognition of employee share options by the Company (Note 20)								16,902		16,902					16,902
Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019												(4,344,042	)		(4,344,042	)
Total comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2019												(4,344,042	)		(4,344,042	)
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2019		160,248,940		51,627,219		105,143,362		6,333,212		111,476,574		(136,812,900	)		26,290,893

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-52

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in U.S. dollars)

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months ended March 31
	2018			2019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Loss before income tax	$	(8,743,828	)	$	(4,341,124	)
Adjustments for:
Depreciation expenses		56,936			116,601
Amortization expenses		1,468			1,412
Finance costs		112,275			199,700
Interest income		(61,546	)		(69,024	)
Compensation costs of share-based payment transactions		752,519			286,212
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—			4,213
Unrealized loss (gain) on foreign exchange, net		189,307			(30,436	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Increase in accounts receivable		—			(1,000,000	)
Increase in prepayments		(11,435	)		(64,701	)
Decrease in trade payables		(1,604,076	)		(1,609,306	)
Decrease in other payables		(760,957	)		(785,215	)
Cash used in operations		(10,069,337	)		(7,291,668	)
Interest received		61,546			69,024
Interest paid		—			(4,239	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(10,007,791	)		(7,226,883	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Payments for property, plant and equipment		(27,210	)		(2,992	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		—			1,186
Payments for intangible assets		(12,002,895	)		—
Increase in refundable deposits		—			(2,126	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(12,030,105	)		(3,932	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Repayment of principal portion of lease liabilities		—			(57,779	)
Net cash used in financing activities		—			(57,779	)
NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(22,037,896	)		(7,288,594	)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD		50,573,211			28,908,901
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE END OF THE PERIOD	$	28,535,315		$	21,620,307

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-53

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in June 2014 as the listing vehicle for the initial public offering and listing on the Taipei Exchange (“TPEx”) in Taiwan. The Company and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Group”) are principally engaged in the development of novel drugs for Asia prevalent cancers.

The main businesses and intragroup relationships of the Group were as follows as of March 31, 2019:

Name	Place of Incorporation	Date of Incorporation	Main Business
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited	Cayman Islands	June 2014	Investment holding
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd.	Singapore	April 2010	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited	Taiwan	November 2013	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd.	Australia	July 2014	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited	Hong Kong	July 2015	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.	China	May 2016	New drug research and development
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.	United States of America	October 2018	New drug research and development

F-54

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

The Company’s shares have been listed on the TPEx since June 1, 2017. In addition, the Company also increased capital through a new share issuance by a depositary institution in order to sponsor its issuance of American Depositary Shares (ADSs) , which have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, on May 4, 2018.

The reporting currency of the Group is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the majority of the Group’s entities is the U.S. dollar.

2. APPROVAL OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The condensed consolidated financial statements were approved by the board of directors on May 13, 2019.

3. APPLICATION OF NEW, AMENDED AND REVISED STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS

a. Amendments to the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) mandatorily effective for the current year

The Company has applied the amendments to IFRSs included in Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2015-2017 Cycle, Amendments to IFRS 9 “Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation”, IFRS 16 “Leases”, Amendments to IAS 19 “Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement”, Amendments to IAS 28 “Long-term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures”, and IFRIC 23 “Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments” for the annual period that began on or after January 1, 2019.

The adoption and impact of these standards from January 1, 2019 are described as below and the new accounting policies are disclosed in Note 4. The other standards did not have material impact on the Group’s accounting policies.

IFRS 16 “Leases”

IFRS 16 provides a comprehensive model for the identification of lease arrangements and their treatment in the financial statements of both lessee and lessor. It supersedes IAS 17 “Leases”, IFRIC 4 “Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease”, and a number of related interpretations. Refer to Note 4 for information relating to the relevant accounting policies.

Definition of a lease

The Group elects to apply the guidance of IFRS 16 in determining whether contracts are, or contain, a lease only to contracts entered into (or changed) on or after January 1, 2019. Contracts identified as containing a lease under IAS 17 and IFRIC 4 are not reassessed and are accounted for in accordance with the transitional provisions under IFRS 16.

The Group as lessee

The Group recognizesright-of-use assets and lease liabilities for all leases on the consolidated balance sheets except for those whose payments underlow-value asset and short-term leases

F-55

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis. On the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, the Group presents the depreciation expense charged onright-of-use assets separately from the interest expense accrued on lease liabilities; interest is computed using the effective interest method. On the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash payments for the principal portion of lease liabilities are classified within financing activities; cash payments for the interest portion are classified within operating activities. Prior to the application of IFRS 16, payments under operating lease contracts were recognized as expenses as occurred. Cash flows for operating leases were classified within operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Lease liabilities were recognized on January 1, 2019 for leases previously classified as operating leases under IAS 17. Lease liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019.Right-of-use assets are measured at an amount equal to the lease liabilities. The Group applies IAS 36 to allright-of-use assets.

The Group applies the following practical expedients:

1) The Group applies a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics to measure lease liabilities.

2) The Group accounts for those leases for which the lease term ends on or before December 31, 2019 as short-term leases.

3) The Group excludes initial direct costs from the measurement ofright-of-use assets on January 1, 2019.

4) The Group uses hindsight, such as in determining lease terms, to measure lease liabilities.

The weighted average lessee’s incremental borrowing rate applied to lease liabilities recognized on January 1, 2019 is 6%. The difference between the (i) lease liabilities recognized and (ii) operating lease commitments disclosed under IAS 17 on December 31, 2018 is explained as follows:

The future minimum lease payments of non-cancellable operating lease commitments on December 31, 2018	$	599,393
Less: Recognition exemption for short-term leases		(261,622	)
Less: Recognition exemption for leases oflow-value assets		(1,097	)
Undiscounted amounts on January 1, 2019	$	336,674
Discounted amounts using the incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019	$	323,850
Lease liabilities recognized on January 1, 2019	$	323,850

F-56

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

The impact on assets, liabilities and equity as of January 1, 2019 from the initial application of IFRS 16 is set out as follows:

	As Originally Stated on January 1, 2019		Adjustments Arising from Initial Application		Restated on January 1, 2019
Total effect on assets(right-of-use assets)	$	—	$	323,850	$	323,850
Lease liabilities—current	$	—	$	219,039	$	219,039
Leaseliabilities—non-current	$	—		104,811	$	104,811
Total effect on liabilities			$	323,850

b. New and revised IFRSs issued but not yet effective

Of the new, amended and revised standards and interpretations (collectively the “New IFRSs”) that have been issued but are not yet effective, the Company has not applied the following.

New, Amended or Revised Standards and Interpretations	Effective Date Announced by IASB (Note 1)
Amendments to IFRS 3 “Definition of a Business”	January 1, 2020 (Note 2)
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 “Sale or Contribution of Assets between An Investor and Its Associate or Joint Venture”	To be determined by IASB
IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”	January 1, 2021
Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8 “Definition of Material”	January 1, 2020 (Note 3)

Note 1: Unless stated otherwise, the above New IFRSs are effective for annual periods beginning on or after their respective effective dates.

Note 2: The Group shall apply these amendments to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2020 and to asset acquisitions that occur on or after the beginning of that period.

Note 3: The Group shall apply these amendments prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020.

As of the date the condensed consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue, the Group is continuously assessing the possible impact that the application of other standards and interpretations will have on the Group’s financial position and financial performance and will disclose the relevant impact when the assessment is completed.

F-57

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

4. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

a. Statement of compliance

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 “Interim Financial Reporting”. The condensed consolidated financial statements are not subject to qualification relating to the application of IFRSs as issued by IASB.

b. Basis of preparation

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for financial instruments and other payable arising from cash-settled share-based payment arrangements which are measured at fair value.

c. Basis of consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries.

When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with those used by the Company.

All intra-group transactions, balances, income and expenses are eliminated in full upon consolidation.

d. Other significant accounting policies

Refer to the summary of significant accounting policies for the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, unless otherwise stated below.

1) Leases

2019

At the inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease.

The Group as lessee

The Group recognizesright-of-use assets and lease liabilities for all leases at the commencement date of a lease, except for short-term leases andlow-value asset leases accounted for applying a recognition exemption where lease payments are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease terms.

Right-of-use assets are initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial measurement of lease liabilities adjusted for lease payments made at or before the commencement date.Right-of-use assets are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses and adjusted for any remeasurement of the lease liabilities.Right-of-use assets are presented on a separate line in the consolidated balance sheets.

F-58

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Right-of-use assets are depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement dates to the earlier of the end of the useful lives of theright-of-use assets or the end of the lease terms.

Lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, which comprise fixed payments andin-substance fixed payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in a lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate.

Subsequently, lease liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, with interest expense recognized over the lease terms. When there is a change in a lease term, the Group remeasures the lease liabilities with a corresponding adjustment to theright-of-use-assets. However, if the carrying amount of theright-of-use assets is reduced to zero, any remaining amount of the remeasurement is recognized in profit or loss. Lease liabilities are presented as a separate line in the consolidated balance sheets.

Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expenses in the periods in which they are incurred.

2018

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of a lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

The Group as lessee

Operating lease payments are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

2) Taxation

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax. Interim period income taxes are assessed on an annual basis and calculated by applying to an interim period’spre-tax income the tax rate that would be applicable to expected total annual earnings. The effect of a change in tax rate resulting from a change in tax law is recognized consistently with the accounting for the transaction itself which gives rise to the tax consequence, and this is recognized in profit or loss, other comprehensive income or directly in equity in full in the period in which the change in tax rate occurs.

5. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING JUDGMENTS AND KEY SOURCES OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

In the application of the Group’s accounting policies, management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical

F-59

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

experience and other factors that are considered relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised if the revisions affect only that period or in the period of the revisions and future periods if the revisions affect both current and future periods.

For the critical accounting judgments and key sources of estimation uncertainty and assumption applied in the condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, unless otherwise stated below.

Group’s Incremental Borrowing Rates

In determining a lessee’s incremental borrowing rate used in discounting lease payments, a risk-free rate for the same currency and relevant duration is selected as a reference rate, and the lessee’s credit spread adjustments are also taken into account.

6. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

	December 31 2018		March 31 2019
Cash on hand	$	2,318	$	1,881
Deposits in banks		28,906,583		21,618,426
	$	28,908,901	$	21,620,307

Deposits in banks consisted of highly liquid time deposits that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and were subject to an insignificant risk or change in value.

7. FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS

	December 31, 2018		March 31, 2019
Non-current
Financial assets mandatorily classified as at FVTPL Derivative financial assets—warrants	$	60,004	$	60,004

In July 2018, the Group acquired warrants to subscribe for ordinary shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd., as detailed in Note 16 (under the heading of “Nanyang Technological University”). As there was no material difference to the inputs of the valuation techniques and assumptions, the Group considered no change in fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

F-60

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

8. FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	December 31, 2018		March 31, 2019
Non-current
Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI Foreign unlisted ordinary shares	$	187,244	$	187,244

In July 2018, the Group acquired ordinary shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd., as detailed in Note 16 (under the heading of “Nanyang Technological University”), which were not held for trading. The management believes that to recognize short-term fluctuations in the investments’ fair value in profit or loss would not be consistent with the Group’s purpose of holding the investments. As a result, the Group elected to designate the investments in equity instruments as at FVTOCI. The Group considered there was no indication that the fair value has changed, and consequently made no adjustment from the last price of recent investment.

9. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

The carrying amounts of each class of property, plant and equipment were as follows:

	December 31 2018		March 31 2019
Office equipment	$	98,820	$	79,910
Other equipment		11,052		8,368
Leasehold improvements		178,546		137,871
	$	288,418	$	226,149

For the three months ended March 31, 2018

	Office Equipment		Other Equipment		Leasehold Improvements		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	211,302	$	35,153	$	474,504	$	720,959
Additions		13,092		516		13,602		27,210
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	224,394	$	35,669	$	488,106	$	748,169
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	115,436	$	14,344	$	147,613	$	277,393
Depreciation expenses		14,290		2,726		39,920		56,936
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	129,726	$	17,070	$	187,533	$	334,329

F-61

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

For the three months ended March 31, 2019

	Office Equipment			Other Equipment		Leasehold Improvements		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2019	$	276,935		$	36,180	$	488,106	$	801,221
Additions		2,992			—		—		2,992
Disposals		(12,833	)		—		—		(12,833	)
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	267,094		$	36,180	$	488,106	$	791,380
Accumulated depreciation
Balance at January 1, 2019	$	178,115		$	25,128	$	309,560	$	512,803
Depreciation expenses		16,503			2,684		40,675		59,862
Disposals		(7,434	)		—		—		(7,434	)
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	187,184		$	27,812	$	350,235	$	565,231

No impairment assessment was performed for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 as there was no indication of impairment.

The above items of property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follow:

Office equipment	3 years
Other equipment	3 years
Leasehold improvements	3-5 years

10. LEASE ARRANGEMENTS

a. Right-of-use assets—2019

	March 31, 2019
Carrying amounts
Buildings	$	267,111

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Depreciation charge forright-of-use assets Buildings	$	56,739

F-62

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

b. Lease liabilities—2019

	March 31, 2019
Carrying amounts
Current	$	223,833
Non-current		42,238
	$	266,071

Discount rate for lease liabilities was as follows:

	March 31, 2019
Buildings		6	%

c. Materiallease-in activities and terms

The Group leases office buildings with lease terms of 3 years. These arrangements do not contain renewal or purchase options at the end of the lease terms.

d. Other lease information

2019

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Expenses relating to short-term leases	$	100,213
Expenses relating tolow-value asset leases	$	372
Total cash outflow for leases	$	62,018

The Group leases certain office buildings which qualify as short-term leases and certain office equipment which qualify aslow-value asset leases. The Group has elected to apply the recognition exemption and, thus, did not recognizeright-of-use assets and lease liabilities for these leases.

F-63

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

2018

The future minimum lease payments ofnon-cancellable operating lease commitments are as follows:

	December 31, 2018
Not later than 1 year	$	493,534
Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years		105,859
	$	599,393

11. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The carrying amounts of each class of intangible assets were as follows:

	December 31 2018		March 31 2019
Licenses	$	23,073,400	$	23,073,400
Computer software		7,192		5,780
	$	23,080,592	$	23,079,180

For the three months ended March 31, 2018

	Licenses		Computer Software		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	73,400	$	40,175	$	113,575
Additions		23,000,000		2,895		23,002,895
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	23,073,400	$	43,070	$	23,116,470
Accumulated amortization
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	—	$	29,523	$	29,523
Amortization expenses		—		1,468		1,468
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	—	$	30,991	$	30,991

F-64

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

For the three months ended March 31, 2019

	Licenses		Computer Software		Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2019 and March 31, 2019	$	23,073,400	$	43,070	$	23,116,470
Accumulated amortization
Balance at January 1, 2019	$	—	$	35,878	$	35,878
Amortization expenses		—		1,412		1,412
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	—	$	37,290	$	37,290

The intangible assets, namely licenses, include the acquisitions in August 2016 of ASLAN005 from Exploit Technologies Pte. Ltd. and in January 2018 of exclusive and worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize varlitinib from Array Biopharma Inc., respectively. The information related to these license agreements is further disclosed in Note 16.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the aforementioned intangible assets were not amortized since they were not yet available for use. Instead they would be tested for impairment, by comparing the recoverable amounts with the carrying amounts, annually and whenever there is an indication that they may be impaired. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, there was no impairment loss recognized.

Computer software is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 years.

12. OTHER PAYABLES

	December 31 2018		March 31 2019
Payables for salaries and bonuses	$	1,153,048	$	647,466
Payables for professional fees		680,708		391,846
Payables for cash-settled share-based payment transactions (Note 20)		669,042		851,267
Interest payables		50,430		136,065
Others		129,433		67,413
	$	2,682,661	$	2,094,057

F-65

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

13. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

	December 31 2018		March  31 2019
Unsecured borrowings
Loans from government(a)	$	7,266,315	$	7,308,022
Other long-term borrowings(b)		4,060,357		4,060,357
Interest payables		2,648,122		2,771,440
	$	13,974,794	$	14,139,819

a. Loans from government

On April 27, 2011, the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) awarded the Company a repayable grant (the “Grant”) not exceeding SGD 10 million (approximately $7,482,459) to support the Company’s drug development activities over a five-year qualifying period commencing on February 24, 2011 (the “Project”). The Project was successfully implemented, resulting in substantially the full amount of the Grant being disbursed to the Company.

In the event any of the Company’s clinical product candidates achieve commercial approval after Phase 3 clinical trials, the Company will be required to repay the funds disbursed to the Company under the Grant plus interest of 6%. Until the Company has fulfilled its repayment obligations under the Grant, the Company has ongoing update and reporting obligations to the EDB. In the event the Company breaches any of its ongoing obligations under the Grant, EDB can revoke the Grant and demand that the Company repay the funds disbursed to the Company under the Grant.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amounts of the funds disbursed to the Company plus accrued interest were $9,914,437 and $10,079,462, respectively.

b. Other long-term borrowings

On May 12, 2014, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. obtained a loan facility of $4.5 million from CSL Finance Pty Ltd. The amount was based on 75% of research and development costs approved by CSL Finance Pty Ltd. at each drawdown period. The loan is repayable within 10 years from the date of the facility agreement. Interest on the loan is computed at 6% plus LIBOR and is payable on a quarterly basis.

Mandatory prepayment of the loan is required upon a successful product launch occurring before maturity of the loan.

As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the amount of funds disbursed to the Company plus accrued interest, was $4,110,787 and $4,196,422, respectively.

F-66

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

14. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Contribution Plans

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. adopted a defined contribution plan, which is a post-employment benefit plan, under which ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. pays fixed contributions into the Singapore Central Provident Fund on a mandatory basis. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as “employee compensation expenses” when they are due.

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited adopted a pension plan under the Labor Pension Act (LPA) of the ROC, which is a state-managed defined contribution plan. Under the LPA, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited makes monthly contributions to its Taiwan-based employees’ individual pension accounts at 6% of monthly salaries and wages.

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. makes monthly contributions at a certain percentage of its Shanghai-based employees’ payroll expenses to pension accounts, which are operated by the Chinese government. Beside the aforementioned monthly contributions, the Group has no further obligation.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, the total expense for such employee benefits in the amount of $133,482 and $127,148 were recognized, respectively.

15. EQUITY

a. Ordinary shares

	December 31 2018		March  31 2019
Number of shares authorized		500,000,000		500,000,000
Amount of shares authorized (NT$ thousand)	$	5,000,000	$	5,000,000
Number of shares issued and fully paid		160,248,940		160,248,940
Amount of shares issued and fully paid	$	51,627,219	$	51,627,219

The issued ordinary shares with a par value of NT$10 entitle holders with the rights to vote and receive dividends.

The Company completed its initial public offering of 6,000,000 ADSs representing 30,000,000 ordinary shares on May 8, 2018 in the United States. The Company’s ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market since May 4, 2018. Each ADS represents five of the Company’s ordinary shares. The offering price per ADS was $7.03, equivalent to a price per ordinary share of NT$41.72. The payment for the initial public offering was fully collected as of May 8, 2018, and the record date for this capital increase was May 8, 2018.

On September 10, 2018, the Company’s board of directors resolved to increase the amount of shares authorized to NT$5,000,000 thousand.

For long-term development purposes, on November 7, 2018, the board of directors resolved to issue ordinary shares ranging from 15,000,000 to 40,000,000 shares for the purpose of

F-67

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

issuing ADSs. On December 5, 2018, the Company received the approval letter No.1070344286 from the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) in accordance with the regulatory requirement.

b. Capital surplus

	December 31 2018		March  31 2019
Arising from issuance of new share capital	$	105,143,362	$	105,143,362
Arising from employee share options		6,316,310		6,333,212
	$	111,459,672	$	111,476,574

c. Retained earnings and dividends policy

Under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Company may declare dividends by ordinary resolution of the Company’s board of directors, but no dividends shall exceed the amount recommended by the directors of the Company.

The Company may set aside out of the funds legally available for distribution, for equalizing dividends or for any other purpose to which those funds may be properly applied, either employed in the business of the Company or invested in such investments as the directors of the Company may from time to time think fit.

The accumulated deficits for 2017 and 2018 that were approved in the shareholders’ meetings on June 15, 2018 and proposed by the board of directors on March 22, 2019, respectively, were as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31
	2017			2018
Accumulated deficits at the beginning of the year	$	(50,391,283	)	$	(90,283,261	)
Net loss for the year		(39,891,978	)		(42,185,597	)
Accumulated deficits at the end of the year	$	(90,283,261	)	$	(132,468,858	)

The accumulated deficits for 2018 are subject to the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting to be held on June 21, 2019.

16. LICENSE AGREEMENTS

Array Biopharma

The Company entered into a license agreement in 2011 with Array Biopharma Inc. (“Array”) to develop Array’span-HER inhibitor,ARRY-543 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN001 orvarlitinib), for the treatment or prevention of any disease or condition in humans, without upfront payments. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to fund and globally develop ASLAN001 through proof of concept, initially targeting patients with gastric cancer through a development program conducted in Asia.

F-68

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Upon achievement of proof of concept, the Company agreed to collaborate orout-license to third parties for the further phase 3 development and commercialization. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to pay Array 50% of the proceeds fromout-licensing as royalties.

On January 3, 2018, the Company entered into a new license agreement with Array pursuant to which the Company obtained an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercializevarlitinib for all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses. This new license agreement replaces and supersedes the previous collaboration and license agreement with Array dated July 12, 2011.

Under the new license agreement, the Company agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain approval by the U.S. FDA or the applicable health regulatory authority and commercializevarlitinib.

In consideration of the rights granted under the agreement, the Company made an initial upfront payment to Array of $12,000,000 in January 2018 and an additional payment $11,000,000 in June 2018, respectively, that were capitalized as a separately acquired intangible asset. In addition, the Company will be required to pay up to $30,000,000 if certain development milestones are achieved, $20,000,000 if certain regulatory milestones are achieved, and up to $55,000,000 if certain commercial milestones are achieved. The Company is also required to pay Array tiered royalties in the low tens on net sales ofvarlitinib. The royalty obligations will continue on acountry-by-country basis through the later of the expiration of the last valid patent claim forvarlitinib or ten years after the first commercial sale ofvarlitinib in a given country. As of March 31, 2019, the Company did not accrue for the above contingent payments since the milestones are not achieved.

If within two years of the date of the new license agreement the Company sublicensesvarlitinib and is paid an upfront payment, Array will be further entitled to receiveone-half of the portion of any such upfront payment that exceeds a specified amount. In the event that the base royalty under a sublicense agreement is 20% or less, the Company will only be required to share with Arrayone-half of the amount actually received by the Company under such sublicense agreement in lieu of the tiered royalties described above, provided that the royalty paid in such case shall in no event be less than a royalty in the high single digit range.

If the Company undergoes a change in control during a defined period following execution of the new license agreement, Array will also be entitled to receive a low to mid single-digit percentage of the proceeds resulting from the change in control. Unless earlier terminated, the agreement will continue on acountry-by-country basis until the expiration of the respective royalty obligations in such country. Upon such expiration in such country, Array will grant to the Company a perpetual, royalty-free,non-terminable,non-revocable,non-exclusive license to exploit certainknow-how in connection with the development, manufacturing and/or commercialization ofvarlitinib for all human and animal therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic uses in such country. Either party may terminate the agreement (i) in the event of the other party’s material breach of the agreement that remains uncured for a specified period of time or (ii) the insolvency of the other party. In addition, if there is a change in control, the Company may also terminate the agreement without cause at any time upon 180 days advance notice to Array.

F-69

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Bristol-Myers Squibb

The Company entered into a license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2011, and the Company received exclusive rights to develop and commercializeBMS-777607 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN002) in China, Australia, Korea, Taiwan and other selected Asian countries, without upfront payments. Bristol-Myers Squibb retains the exclusive rights in the rest of the world. Under the license agreement, the Company would fund and develop ASLAN002 through proof of concept under a development plan that would initially target gastric cancer and lung cancer.

After the Company completed the phase 1 clinical trial, Bristol-Myers Squibb licensed the exclusive rights from the Company to further the development and commercialization of ASLAN002 worldwide. Under the terms of the license agreement, the Company has received an upfront payment of $10,000,000 in 2016. The Company is eligible to receive additional payments upon Bristol-Myers Squibb’s achievement of development and regulatory milestones in the future. Bristol-Myers Squibb also purchased the related research materials, supplies, research documentation and clinical trial results that are used for further developing ASLAN002 from the Company in the amount of $1,294,034 which was delivered in 2016. Furthermore, the Company is eligible to receive royalty payments on future worldwide sales generated by Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Almirall

In 2012, the Company originally entered into a global licensing agreement with Almirall to develop DHODH inhibitor, LAS186323, which the Company refers to as ASLAN003, for rheumatoid arthritis (excluding any topical formulation), without upfront payments. Under the license agreement, the Company agreed to fund and develop ASLAN003 to the end of Phase 2 through a development program conducted in the Asia-Pacific region.

The original license agreement was replaced by a new agreement, executed in December 2015 and amended in March 2018, granting an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ASLAN003 products for all human diseases with primary focus on oncology diseases, excluding topically-administered products embodying the compound for keratinocyte hyperproliferative disorders, and thenon-melanoma skin cancers basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas and Gorlin Syndrome. Under the license agreement, Almirall is eligible to receive milestone payments and royalties based on the sales generated by the Company and/or sublicensees.

CSL

The Company entered into a global license agreement with CSL Limited (“CSL”), in May 2014, to develop the anti-IL13 receptor monoclonal antibody, CSL334 (which the Company refers to as ASLAN004) and antigen binding fragments thereof, for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of diseases or conditions in humans, without upfront payments. This license agreement was amended in September 2018. Under the license agreement (as amended), the Company agreed to fund and develop ASLAN004 through to clinical proof of concept in a development program, targeting patients suffering moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Upon achievement of clinical proof of concept (or earlier, if agreed), the Company will collaborate orout-license to third parties for further Phase 3 development and commercialization. Under the global license agreement, the

F-70

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Company will pay to CSL a share in the range of 40 to 50 percent of all licensing revenue it receives from futureout-licensing agreements.

Hyundai Pharm Co., Ltd.

In October 2015, the Company entered into a license agreement with Hyundai Pharm Co., Ltd. (“Hyundai”). Under the terms of the license agreement, the Company granted Hyundai options to acquire the rights to use its intellectual property to develop and commercializevarlitinib for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (i.e., CCA) in South Korea, and the Company has received an option payment of $250,000 from Hyundai in 2016. The Company was eligible for additional regulatory and commercial milestones payments as well as royalties on product sales.

In February 2019, the Company made a payment of $325,000 to Hyundai in order to buy back the rights to commercializevarlitinib in CCA and recorded as cost of revenue.

Exploit Technologies Pte Ltd. (“ETPL”)/P53 Laboratory

The Company entered into a licensing agreement with ETPL, in August 2016, to license Intellectual Property (IP) arising from a research collaboration with ETPL’s P53 Laboratory. The IP focuses on generation of novel immuno-oncology antibodies targeting recepteur d’origine nantais (“RON”) and such antibodies are referred to by the Company collectively as ASLAN005. The license fee of SG$100,000 (or $73,400) is capitalized as a separately acquired intangible asset. Under the license agreement, the Company has the exclusive rights to develop and commercialize ASLAN005 worldwide. ETPL is eligible to receive up to an aggregate of SG$12,000,000 (or $8,978,951) in milestone payments if certain development and commercial milestones are achieved, as well as royalties calculated based on any sales generated by the Company.

In August 2016, the Company and ETPL’s P53 Laboratory entered into a three-year research collaboration agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will be responsible for the design of innovative clinical development programs, in collaboration with P53 Laboratory, which will continue to be responsible for the preclinical development of the antibody assets.

Nanyang Technological University

The Company entered into a licensing and research collaboration agreement with Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in October 2016, for the development of modybodies against three targets of the Company’s choice. The agreement expired in April 2018, but the Company retained continuing rights: a half share ownership in the resulting IP, together with an exclusive option to obtain global rights to develop and commercialize the modybodies, with such option exercisable until October 2018. In July 2018, the technology for modybodies was separated from NTU and licensed to a new company, DotBio Pte. Ltd. In exchange for the Company’s giving up its residual rights and options in respect to the technology, the Company received 599,445 shares of DotBio Pte. Ltd. equivalent to SG$255,000 ($187,244) (see Note 8), together with 599,445 units of warrant to subscribe for the same number of shares at a subscription price of $0.32 which was the same value per share as applied to other new investors in this round (see Note 7); in addition, the Company also retained a right of first refusal to take an exclusive license for any modybodies produced by DotBio Pte. Ltd. that are based on the work generated from the collaborative

F-71

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

agreement between NTU and the Company. However, as the right of first refusal did not limit DotBio Pte. Ltd.’s ability to direct the use of the asset, or to obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset, this would not prevent DotBio Pte. Ltd. from obtaining control of the asset. Accordingly, the Company recognized thenon-cash gain arising from the derecognition and recorded it as other income of $187,244 for the year ended December 31, 2018, because it was not a good or service that was an output of the Company’s ordinary activities.

BioGenetics Co. Ltd.

In February 2019, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with BioGenetics to grant exclusive rights to commercializevarlitinib in South Korea in exchange for an upfront payment of $2,000,000 and up to $11,000,000 in sales and development milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive tiered double digit royalties on net sales up to themid-twenties. The Company granted the license that has been transferred to BioGenetics, and BioGenetics is able to use and benefit from the license. BioGenetics is also responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals ofvarlitinib in South Korea. Since the Company has no other performance obligation in addition to the license, the Company recognized the upfront payment as revenue in February 2019, and the amount was fully collected in March 2019.

In March 2019, the Company entered into another licensing agreement with BioGenetics to grant exclusive rights to commercialize ASLAN003 in South Korea in exchange for an upfront payment of $1,000,000 and up to $8,000,000 in sales and development milestone payments. The Company is also eligible to receive tiered double digit royalties on net sales from the high-teens to themid-twenties range. The Company granted the license that has been transferred to BioGenetics, and BioGenetics is able to use and benefit from the license. BioGenetics is also responsible for obtaining initial and all subsequent regulatory approvals of ASLAN003 in South Korea. Since the Company has no other performance obligation in addition to the license, the Company recognized the upfront payment as revenue in March 2019. As of March 31, 2019, the $1,000,000 upfront payment is recorded as accounts receivable and the amount was fully collected in April 2019. Under thein-license agreement to develop ASLAN003 with Almirall, Almirall is eligible to receive the payment for the proceeds from theout-licensing of ASLAN003. The related cost of revenue in the amount of $100,000 payable to Almirall was recognized as operating costs accordingly.

17. LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAX

a. Other gains and losses

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018			2019
Net foreign exchange losses	$	(265,714	)	$	(83,122	)
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		—			(4,213	)
Others		3,288			7,780
	$	(262,426	)	$	(79,555	)

F-72

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

b. Finance costs

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
Interest on government loans	$	112,275	$	109,826
Other interest expenses		—		85,635
Interest on lease liabilities		—		4,239
	$	112,275	$	199,700

c. Depreciation and amortization

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
Property, plant and equipment	$	56,936	$	59,862
Right-of-use assets		—		56,739
Computer software		1,468		1,412
	$	58,404	$	118,013

All depreciation and amortization expenses were recognized as general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019.

d. Employee benefits expense

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
Short-term benefits	$	2,065,944	$	1,615,607
Post-employment benefits (Note 14)		133,482		127,148
Share-based payments (Note 20)
Equity-settled		167,519		16,902
Cash-settled		585,000		269,310
Total employee benefits expense	$	2,951,945	$	2,028,967
An analysis of employee benefits expense by function
General and administrative expenses	$	2,100,203	$	1,520,064
Research and development expenses		851,742		508,903
	$	2,951,945	$	2,028,967

F-73

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

e. Employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors

Under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, the Company shall accrue employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors at the rates of no less than 0.1% and no higher than 1%, respectively, of profit before income tax, net of employees’ compensation and remuneration of directors.

The Company had accumulated deficits for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019; therefore, no compensation for employees and remuneration of directors was accrued.

18. INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Recognized in Profit or Loss

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
Current tax
In respect of the current period	$	—	$	2,918

a. Cayman Islands

The Company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

b. Singapore

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 17%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. has no taxable income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

c. Taiwan

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Taiwan Limited, incorporated in Taiwan, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 20%. The Income Tax Act in the ROC was amended in 2018, and the corporate income tax rate was adjusted from 17% to 20%. In addition, the rate of the corporate surtax applicable to the 2018 unappropriated earnings is reduced from 10% to 5%.

The income tax returns have been assessed by the tax authorities through 2017.

d. Australia

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd., incorporated in Australia, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax of 30%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd. has no taxable income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

F-74

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

e. Hong Kong

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited, incorporated in Hong Kong, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax of 16.5%. Under the Hong Kong tax law, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited is exempted from income tax on its foreign derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on the remittance of dividends. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Hong Kong Limited has no taxable income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

f. China

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., incorporated in China, is subject to the statutory corporate income tax rate of 25%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. has no taxable income for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

g. United States of America

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., incorporated in Delaware, U.S.A. in October 2018, is subject to the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% and state income tax rate of 8.7%. ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. has no taxable income for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and therefore, no provision for income tax is required.

19. LOSS PER SHARE

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018			2019
Basic and diluted loss per share	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.03	)

The loss and weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in the computation of loss per share are as follows:

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018			2019
Loss used in the computation of basic and diluted loss per share	$	(8,743,828	)	$	(4,344,042	)
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares in the computation of basic and diluted loss per share		130,128,940			160,248,940

If the outstanding employee share options issued by the Company are converted to ordinary shares, they are anti-dilutive and excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. Potential ordinary shares arising from the aforementioned anti-dilutive outstanding employee share options are 3,570,838 and 2,999,770 shares for the three months end 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-75

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

20. SHARE-BASED PAYMENT ARRANGEMENTS

Employee Share Option Plan

Under the Company’s employee share option plan, qualified employees of the Company and its subsidiaries were granted 661,000 options in July 2010, 910,000 options in July 2011, 669,750 options in July 2012, 619,250 options in July 2013, 680,625 options in July 2014, 2,477,336 options in July 2015, 1,032,250 options in July 2016 and 825,833 options in September 2017. Each option entitles the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share of the Company. The options granted are valid for 10 years and exercisable at certain percentages once they have vested. No performance conditions were attached to the plan. The Company has no legal constructive obligation to repurchase or settle the options in cash.

The board of directors of the Company, as of July 26, 2016, resolved to double the number of shares underlying each outstanding award granted previously to reflect the subdivision ratio of the share split made in connection with the corporate restructuring of May 27, 2016. The exercise price for each award previously granted was correspondingly adjusted by a decrease of 50%. The modification did not cause any incremental adjustments to the fair value of the granted awards.

As of March 31, 2019, there are 14,227,545 ordinary shares issuable on the exercise of share options outstanding under the Company’s equity incentive plans.

Information on employee share options granted from July 2010 to July 2016 is as follows:

	For the three months Ended March 31
	2018				2019
	Number of Options		Weighted- average Exercise Price		Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1		6,887,523	$	1.41		6,822,523		$	1.41
Options forfeited		—		—		(32,167	)		2.26
Balance at March 31		6,887,523		1.41		6,790,356			1.41
Options exercisable, end of period		5,825,816		1.25		6,595,294			1.38
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	0.89			$	0.89

F-76

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Information on employee share options granted in September 2017 is as follows:

	For the three months Ended March 31
	2018				2019
	Number of Options		Weighted- average Exercise Price		Number of Options			Weighted- average Exercise Price
Balance at January 1		755,833	$	1.28		698,167		$	1.28
Options forfeited		—		—		(51,334	)		1.28
Balance at March 31		755,833		1.28		646,833			1.28
Options exercisable, end of period		—		—		—			—
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	0.62			$	0.62

Information on outstanding options as of March 31, 2019 is as follows:

July 2010		July 2011		July 2012		July 2013		July 2014		July 2015		July 2016		September 2017
Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Range of Exercise Price	Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
$0.20-$0.80	1.3	$0.20-$0.80	2.3	$0.80	3.3	$0.80-$1.36	4.3	$1.36	5.3	$1.36-$1.88	6.3	$2.26	7.3	$1.28	8.5

F-77

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

Options granted in July of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and September 2017 were priced using the binomial option pricing model, and the inputs to the model were as follows:

	July 2010	July 2011	July 2012	July 2013	July 2014	July 2015	July 2016	September 2017
Grant-date share price	$0.80	$0.80	$1.25	$1.36	$1.36	$1.88	$2.26	$1.28
Exercise price	$0.20-$0.80	$0.20-$0.80	$0.80	$0.80-$1.36	$1.36	$1.36-$1.88	$2.26	$1.28
Expected volatility	59.16%	54.26%-54.44%	52.25%	50.58%	50.86%	36.37%	39.34%	38.33%
Expected life (years)	10	10	10	10	10	10	10	10
Expected dividend yield	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Risk-free interest rate	2.954%	2.96%-3.22%	1.61%	2.5%	2.58%	2.43%	1.46%	1.1027%

Expected volatility was based on the average annualized historical share price volatility of comparable companies before the grant date.

Compensation costs recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 were $167,519 and $16,902, respectively.

Long Term Incentive Plan

On August 23, 2017 and July 30, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2017 and 2018 Senior Management Team (SMT) Long Term Incentive Plans (the “2017 LTIP” and “2018 LTIP”), respectively, which outlines awards that may be granted to qualified employees of the Company. These plans are applicable to the SMT of the Company and are used for long-term retention of key management. The LTIPs are each valid for ten years, and grantees of the bonus entitlement units can exercise their rights once they have vested. The Company shall pay the intrinsic value of the units awarded to the employees at the date of exercise of their awards, if redeemed by an employee.

As of March 31, 2019, there are 1,566,000 bonus entitlement units which have been granted under the 2017 LTIP by the Company. For the 1,462,000 units under the 2017 LTIP which were granted in 2017, they will vest in thirds each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award, and for the 104,000 units under the 2017 LTIP which were granted in 2018, they will vest in halves each year after the second and third anniversary of the award.

The value of the 2017 LTIP is measured based on the quoted share price. On July 30, 2018, the board of directors approved the modification of the 2017 LTIP which retrospectively changes the Taiwan share price to ADS price at a 5:1 conversion ratio. The LTIP are consider cash-settled awards and are measured at fair value. The change in fair value from the modification was insignificant and was recognized immediately in profit or loss.

F-78

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

The Company’s 2017 LTIP is described as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31
	2018		2019
Balance at January 1		1,462,000		1,479,334
Awards granted		104,000		—
Awards forfeited		—		(164,667	)
Balance at March 31		1,566,000		1,314,667
Balance exercisable, end of period		—		487,333

As of March 31, 2019, there are 241,142 bonus entitlement units which have been granted under the 2018 LTIP by the Company. For the 241,142 units under the 2018 LTIP, they will vest in thirds each year after the first, second, and third anniversary of the award. The value of the 2018 LTIP will be linked to the ADS price. All of the 2018 LTIP granted bonus entitlement units remained outstanding as of March 31, 2019.

The Company’s 2018 LTIP is described as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Balance at January 1		241,142
Awards forfeited		(38,141	)
Balance at March 31		203,001
Balance exercisable, end of period		—

Each bonus entitlement unit grants the holders of the 2017 LTIP and the 2018 LTIP a conditional right to receive an amount of cash equal to theper-unit fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares and ADSs, respectively, on the settlement date. The LTIPs qualify as cash-settled share-based payment transactions. The Company recognizes the liabilities in respect of its obligations under the LTIPs, which are measured based on the Company’s quoted market price of its ADSs at the reporting date, and takes into account the extent to which the services have been rendered to date.

Regarding the Company’s 2017 and 2018 LTIPs, the respective quoted fair value of the awards on the grant date was NT$33.45 (or $1.10) and $7.90, based on the Taiwan share price on August 23, 2017 and the closing price per ADS on July 30, 2018, respectively. The quoted fair value on the reporting date is based on the closing price per ADS of $3.60 and $4.29 as of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, respectively.

The Company recognized total expenses of $585,000 and $269,310 in respect of the LTIPs for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the Company recognized compensation liabilities of $669,042 and $851,267 as current (classified as other payables) , respectively, and $289,613 and $365,230 asnon-current, respectively.

F-79

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

21. NON-CASH TRANSACTIONS

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Group entered into the following cash andnon-cash investing activities.

In January, 2018, the Group acquired an exclusive and worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize varlitinib from Array Biopharma Inc., amounting to $23,000,000. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Group has made $12,000,000 cash payment and recorded the remaining $11,000,000 as other payables.

22. CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The Group manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Group will be able to safeguard cash as well as maintain financial liquidity and flexibility to support the development of its product candidates and programs as a going concern through the optimization of the debt and equity balance.

The Group’s financial strategy is designed to maintain a flexible capital structure consistent with the objectives stated above and to respond to business growth opportunities and changes in economic conditions. The capital structure of the Group mainly consists of borrowings and equity of the Group. Key management personnel of the Group review the capital structure periodically. In order to maintain or balance the overall capital structure, the Group may adjust the amounts of long-term borrowings, or the issuance of new shares capital or other equity instruments.

As of March 31, 2019, there were no changes in the Group’s capital management policy, and the Group is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

23. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

a. Fair value of financial instruments not measured at fair value

The Group believes that the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value approximate their fair values.

b. Fair value of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis

1) Fair value hierarchy

December 31, 2018

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets at FVTPL
Derivative financial assets	$	—	$	—	$	60,004	$	60,004
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI of unlisted companies	$	—	$	187,244	$	—	$	187,244

F-80

ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

March 31, 2019

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets at FVTPL
Derivative financial assets	$	—	$	—	$	60,004	$	60,004
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Investments in equity instruments at FVTOCI of unlisted companies	$	—	$	187,244	$	—	$	187,244

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 in the current and prior periods.

2) Valuation techniques and inputs applied for Level 2 fair value measurement

The fair values of unlisted equity investments are measured on the basis of the prices of recent investment by third parties with the consideration of other factors that market participants would take into account.

3) Valuation techniques and inputs applied for Level 3 fair value measurement

The fair values of warrants are determined using option pricing models where the significant unobservable input is historical volatility. An increase in the historical volatility used in isolation would result in an increase in the fair value. As of December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019, the historical volatility used was 42.33%.

c. Categories of financial instruments

	December 31 2018		March 31 2019
Financial assets
Financial assets at FVTPL
Mandatorily classified as FVTPL	$	60,004	$	60,004
Financial assets at amortized cost(1)		29,080,981		22,794,513
Financial assets at FVTOCI
Equity instruments		187,244		187,244
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortized cost(2)		21,304,150		19,089,040

¹⁾   The balances included financial assets at amortized cost, which comprise of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and refundable deposits.

²⁾  The balances include financial liabilities at amortized cost, which comprise of trade payables, partial other payables and long-term borrowings.

c. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Group’s financial risk management objective is to monitor and manage the financial risks relating to the operations of the Group. These risks include market risk (including foreign

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ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. In order to minimize the effect of financial risks, the Group devoted time and resources to identify and evaluate the uncertainty of the market to mitigate risk exposures.

1) Market risk

The Group’s activities exposed it primarily to the financial risks of changes in foreign currency exchange rates (see (a) below) and interest rates (see (b) below).

a) Foreign currency risk

The Group had foreign currency transactions, which exposed the Group to foreign currency risk.

The Group’s significant financial assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies were as follows:

	December 31, 2018
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SGD	$	2,297,231		0.7335	$	1,685,019
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SGD		13,515,737		0.7335		9,914,437
	March 31, 2019
	Foreign Currencies		Exchange Rate		Carrying Amount
Financial assets
Monetary items
SGD	$	1,659,951		0.7378	$	1,224,642
Financial liabilities
Monetary items
SGD		13,662,288		0.7378		10,079,462

Sensitivity analysis

The Group is mainly exposed to the Singapore dollar.

The following table details the Group’s sensitivity to a 5% increase and decrease in the U.S. dollar against the relevant foreign currency. The rate of 5% is the sensitivity rate used when reporting foreign currency risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates. The sensitivity analysis includes only outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items. A positive number below indicates a decrease inpre-tax loss where the U.S. dollar strengthens 5% against the relevant currency. For a 5%

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ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

weakening of the U.S. dollar against the relevant currency, there would be an equal and opposite impact onpre-tax loss, and the balances below would be negative.

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018			2019
Profit or loss
SGD*	$	(462,563	)	$	(442,741	)

* This is mainly attributable to the exposure to outstanding deposits in banks and loans in foreign currency at the end of the reporting period.

b) Interest rate risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk because entities in the Group borrowed funds at both fixed and floating interest rates. The risk is managed by the Group by maintaining an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate borrowings.

The sensitivity analysis below is determined based on the Group’s exposure to interest rates for fixed rate borrowings at the end of the reporting period, and is prepared assuming that the amounts of liabilities outstanding at the end of the reporting period are outstanding for the whole year. A100-basis point increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates.

If interest rates had been 100 basis points higher/lower and all other variables were held constant, the Group’spre-tax loss for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 would have decreased/increased by $24,953 and $25,199, respectively.

2) Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in a financial loss to the Group. The Group adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and financial institutions, where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults.

3) Liquidity risk

The Group manages liquidity risk by monitoring and maintaining a level of cash and cash equivalents that are deemed adequate to finance the Group’s operations and mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows. In addition, management monitors the utilization of long-term borrowings and ensures compliance with repayment conditions. The Group evaluates that, based upon the current operating plan, the existing capital resources will be sufficient to fund the anticipated operations for at least the next 12 months.

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ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements—(Continued)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2019

(in U.S. dollars, unless stated otherwise)

(unaudited)

24. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES

Balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries, which are related parties of the Company, have been eliminated upon consolidation and are not disclosed in this note. Details of transactions between the Group and other related parties are disclosed below.

Compensation of Key Management Personnel

	For the Three Months Ended March 31
	2018		2019
Short-term employee benefits	$	709,712	$	552,718
Post-employment benefits		41,709		28,644
Share-based payments		672,664		283,108
	$	1,424,085	$	864,470

The remuneration of directors and key executives was determined by the remuneration committee based on the performance of individuals and market trends.

25. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Group’s chief operating decision maker, the chief executive officer, reviews the Group’s consolidated results when making decisions about the allocation of resources and when assessing performance of the Group as a whole, and hence, the Group has only one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The basis of information reported to the chief operating decision maker is the same as the Group’s consolidated financial statements. As the Group’s long-lived assets are substantially located in and derived from Asia, no geographical segments are presented.

The following is an analysis of the Group’s revenue from its major products and services.

	For the three months ended March 31
	2018		2019
Out-licensing	$	—	$	3,000,000
Others		—		—
	$	—	$	3,000,000

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, there was revenue generated fromout-licensing of commercialization rights in Korea to Biogenetics forvarlitinib and ASLAN003 in the amount of $3,000,000. See Note 16 for details.

F-84

American Depositary Shares

Representing                  Ordinary Shares

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

Piper Jaffray

            , 2019

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 6. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

The registrant is empowered by its Articles to indemnify its directors against any liability they incur by reason of their directorship. The registrant maintains directors’ and officers’ insurance to insure such persons against certain liabilities. The registrant has entered into an indemnification agreement with each of its directors and executive officers.

The underwriting agreement the registrant will enter into in connection with the offering of ADSs being registered hereby provides that the underwriters will indemnify, under certain conditions, the registrant’s board of directors and its officers against certain liabilities arising in connection with this offering.

Item 7. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

Set forth below is information regarding share capital issued by the registrant since May 1, 2016. None of the below described transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. Some of the transactions described below involved directors, officers and 5% shareholders and are more fully described under the section titled “Related Party Transactions.”

• Since May 1, 2016, the registrant granted options to purchase an aggregate of 14,926,255 ordinary shares with exercise prices ranging from 0.1 to 1.28 to employees pursuant to the registrant’s 2014 Employee Share Option Scheme Plan.

• In September 2017, the registrant granted options to purchase an aggregate of 825,833 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $1.28 to employees pursuant to the registrant’s 2017 Employee Share Option Plan 1. Since the initial listing of the registrant’s ordinary shares on the TPEx occurred on June 1, 2017, the options granted in September 2017 were granted at an exercise price based on the fair market value of the registrant’s ordinary shares, reflected in NT dollars, determined at the closing price listed on the TPEx as of the date of grant. The closing price of the registrant’s ordinary shares listed on the TPEx on the date of grant was NT$38.50 per share, or $1.28 per share.

• In June 2016, the registrant issued an aggregate of 19,667,144 ordinary shares to certain investors at a price of $1.13 per share.

None of the transactions above were conducted in the United States and were not subject to U.S. securities laws. However, if these transactions had been subject to such laws, the offers, sales and issuances of the securities described in the preceding paragraphs would have been exempt from registration either (a) under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (including Regulation D and Rule 506), in that the transactions were between an issuer and sophisticated investors or members of its senior executive management and did not involve any public offering within the meaning of Section 4(a)(2), (b) under Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act in that offers, sales and issuances were not made to persons in the United States and no directed selling efforts were made in the United States, or (c) under Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act in that the transactions were underwritten compensatory benefit plans or written compensatory contracts.

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Item 8. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Exhibits

The exhibits to the registration statement are listed in the exhibit index attached hereto and are incorporated by reference herein.

Financial Statement Schedules

None. All schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or has been included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

Item 9. Undertakings.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 6 hereof, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initialbona fide offering thereof.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Description	Schedule Form	File Number	Exhibit	Filing Date
1.1*	Form of Underwriting Agreement.
3.1	Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant, as currently in effect.	20-F	001-38475	1.1	April 29, 2019
4.1	Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant’s FormF-6 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 13, 2018).	F-1	333-223920	4.1	April 16, 2018
4.2	Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 4.1).	F-1	333-223920	4.2	April 16, 2018
5.1*	Opinion of Walkers.
10.1#	ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited 2014 Employee Share Option Scheme Plan.	F-1	333-223920	10.1	March 26, 2018
10.2#	ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited 2017 Employee Share Option Plan 1.	F-1	333-223920	10.2	March 26, 2018
10.3#	ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. 2017 SMT Long Term Incentive Plan.	F-1	333-223920	10.3	March 26, 2018
10.4†	License Agreement, dated January 3, 2018, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and Array BioPharma Inc.	F-1	333-223920	10.4	March 26, 2018
10.5†	Amended Development and License Agreement, dated December  21, 2015, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and Almirall, S.A.	F-1	333-223920	10.5	March 26, 2018
10.6†	License Agreement, dated May 12, 2014, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and CSL Limited, as amended.	F-1	333-223920	10.6	March 26, 2018
10.7†	Agreement Amendment No. 1 to License Agreement, dated September  18, 2018, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals PTE. Ltd. and CSL Limited.	6-K	001-38475	10.1	January 9, 2019
10.8†	Licensing and Research Collaboration Agreement, dated October  10, 2016, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and Nanyang Technological University, as amended.	F-1	333-223920	10.7	March 26, 2018
10.9	Tenancy Agreement in Respect of Unit#12-03 83, Clemenceau Avenue, UE Square, Singapore 239920, dated July 25, 2016, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and United Engineers Limited.	F-1	333-223920	10.8	March 26, 2018
10.10#	Form of Indemnity Agreement by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited and each director and executive officer.	F-1	333-223920	10.9	April 16, 2018
10.11+	License Agreement, dated February 27, 2019, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and BioGenetics Co., Ltd.	20-F	001-38475	4.10	April 29, 2019
10.12+	License Agreement, dated March 11, 2019, by and between ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Pte. Ltd. and BioGenetics Co., Ltd.	20-F	001-38475	4.11	April 29, 2019
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant.	20-F	001-38475	8.1	April 29, 2019
23.1	Consent of independent registered public accounting firm.
23.2*	Consent of Walkers (included in Exhibit 5.1).
24.1	Power of Attorney (included on signature page to this registration statement).

† Portions of this exhibit (indicated by asterisks) have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

# Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or agreement.

* To be filed by amendment.

+ Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) have been omitted as the Registrant has determined (i) the omitted information is not material and (ii) the omitted information would likely cause harm to the Registrant if publicly disclosed.

II-3

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on FormF-1 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Singapore, on May 30, 2019.

	ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited
By:	/s/ Carl Firth
	Carl Firth, Ph.D.
	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

KNOW ALL BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Carl Firth, Ph.D., Kiran Asarpota and Ben Goodger, and each of them, his or her true and lawful agent, proxy andattorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to (1) act on, sign and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement together with all schedules and exhibits thereto and any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, together with all schedules and exhibits thereto, (2) act on, sign and file such certificates, instruments, agreements and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate in connection therewith, (3) act on and file any supplement to any prospectus included in this registration statement or any such amendment or any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and (4) take any and all actions which may be necessary or appropriate to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby approving, ratifying and confirming all that such agent, proxy andattorney-in-fact or any of his or her substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Carl Firth Carl Firth, Ph.D.	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman  (Principal Executive Officer)	May 30, 2019
/s/ Kiran Asarpota Kiran Asarpota	Vice President of Finance  (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)	May 30, 2019
/s/ Jun Wu Jun Wu, Ph.D. (representing Alnair Investment)	Director	May 30, 2019
/s/ Lim Chin Hwee Damien Lim Chin Hwee Damien (representing BV Healthcare II Pte Ltd.)	Director	May 30, 2019
/s/ Robert E. Hoffman Robert E. Hoffman	Director	May 30, 2019
/s/ Andrew Howden Andrew Howden	Director	May 30, 2019
/s/ Kelvin Sun Kelvin Sun	Director	May 30, 2019

II-4

SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED U.S. REPRESENTATIVE OF THE REGISTRANT

Pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of ASLAN Pharmaceuticals Limited has signed this registration statement or amendment thereto on May 30, 2019.

Authorized U.S. Representative
ASLAN Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.
By:	/s/ Carl Firth
Name:	Carl Firth, Ph.D.
Title:	Chief Executive Officer and President

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