Expanded Intellectual Property Portfolio. We continued expanding our intellectual property portfolio in 2023 with the issuance of two additional patents bringing the total issued patents to six. In 2023, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued Patents 11,806,349 and 11,813,263 to us, and we continue prosecuting multiple additional applications to cover our product globally.
Expanded Board of Directors with Experience in PAH. We appointed Habib Dable and Donald Santel to our Board of Directors. In March 2024, Mr. Dable was also appointed as Chair of our Board of Directors, as successor to Mark Iwicki, who remains a member of our Board. Mr. Dable is on three public biopharmaceutical company boards and was previously Chief Executive Officer of Acceleron Pharma Inc. at the time of its sale to Merck & Co., Inc. Mr. Santel serves on the board of directors of three biopharmaceutical companies and as chair of two of them. Mr. Santel previously served as Chief Executive Officer for CoTherix, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing therapies for cardiopulmonary disease, including PAH.
2023 Financial Results
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $122.4 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to $135.2 million as of September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by operational costs for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023.
R&D expenses: Research and development (R&D) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $64.2 million as compared to $38.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in R&D expenses was due primarily to clinical trial costs, manufacturing costs, and increased headcount-related costs in 2023 as compared to 2022.
G&A expenses: General and administrative (G&A) expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $17.2 million as compared to $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in G&A expenses was due primarily to increased headcount-related costs, travel and other miscellaneous costs in 2023 as compared to 2022.
Net loss: Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $75.5 million as compared to $51.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net loss included stock-based compensation expense of $11.9 million and $5.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Financial guidance: We expect that our cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments will be sufficient to fund our operations into 2026, based on our current operating plan.
About AV-101
AV-101 is an investigational, proprietary dry powder inhaled formulation of the antiproliferative drug imatinib. Developed specifically for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), AV-101 targets cellular hyperproliferation and resistance to apoptosis, driven by improper signaling in cells of the distal pulmonary arteries. By targeting the proliferation and accumulation of cells in the arteries of the lungs, we believe AV-101 has the potential to provide meaningful improvements for patients beyond the capabilities of currently approved therapies. AV-101 is designed for delivery by an easy-to-use dry powder inhaler, directly into the lungs to maximize potential clinical benefit and limit systemic adverse effects. Phase 1 results published in ERJ Open Research showed that AV-101 delivered by dry powder inhalation was generally well-tolerated by healthy adult volunteers with no serious adverse events reported. Aerovate has completed enrollment in the Phase 2b portion of the IMPAHCT clinical trial and is currently enrolling patients in the Phase 3 portion to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AV-101 in adults with PAH.
About the IMPAHCT Trial
IMPAHCT (Inhaled iMatinib Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Clinical Trial) is a multi-national, placebo-controlled Phase 2b/Phase 3 trial in adults with PAH that continuously enrolled patients as the study progresses from Phase 2b to Phase 3. The Phase 2b portion of the trial will evaluate three doses of AV-101 over 24 weeks, compared to placebo, to identify an optimal dose based on the primary endpoint, change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and safety, tolerability, and other clinical measures. The Phase 3 portion of the trial will compare patients taking the optimal dose of AV-101, selected from the Phase 2b data, to placebo. The primary endpoint of the Phase 3 portion of the trial will be