Stock-Based Awards | 7. Stock-Based Compensation 2020 Stock Incentive Plan In August 2020 the Company’s board of directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, (the "2020 Plan"), which became effective on September 16, 2020. The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees, directors, consultants and advisors of the Company. The 2020 Plan is administered by the Company’s board of directors or by a committee appointed by the board of directors. Upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan, the Company ceased granting awards under the 2018 Stock Incentive Plan. As of March 31, 2022 , 5,720,173 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan. Stock option valuation The fair value of stock option grants is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value is determined based upon the quoted price of the Company’s common stock. The Company historically has been a private company and lacks company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. For options with service-based vesting conditions, the expected term of the Company’s stock options has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of options granted were as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Expected volatility 73 % 74 % Risk-free interest rate 1.47 % — 2.44 % 0.88 % — 1.13 % Expected term (in years) 6 6 Expected dividend yield — — Stock option activity A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows: (in thousands, except share and per share data) Options Weighted Weighted Aggregate Outstanding as of January 1, 2022 7,967,750 $ 9.35 8.7 $ 36,946 Granted 173,293 8.85 Exercised ( 9,583 ) 1.93 Canceled ( 182,789 ) 11.12 Outstanding as of March 31, 2022 7,948,671 $ 9.30 8.5 $ 26,071 Options exercisable as of March 31, 2022 2,301,146 $ 6.67 8.1 $ 11,253 Options vested or expected to vest as of March 31, 2022 7,948,671 $ 9.30 8.5 $ 26,071 The intrinsic value of options exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $ 0.1 million and $ 0.4 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of the options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was $ 5.75 and $ 11.44 per share, respectively. As of March 31, 2022 there was $ 27.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 , the Company recognized compensation cost of $ 0.3 million related to stock options with performance-based vesting conditions for which performance was deemed probable. The Company did not recognize any compensation cost for stock options with performance-based vesting conditions during the three months ended March 31, 2021. Restricted stock units A restricted stock unit (“RSU”) represents the right to receive one share of common stock upon vesting of the RSU. The Company grants RSUs with service conditions that vest in four equal annual installments provided that the employee remains employed with the Company. The Company also grants RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions for which performance was not deemed probable at March 31, 2022 . The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information for the 2020 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is as follows: Number of Shares Underlying RSUs Weighted Issued and unvested as of January 1, 2022 1,056,984 $ 16.99 Granted 41,900 8.91 Vested ( 49,955 ) 15.05 Forfeited ( 23,021 ) 17.67 Issued and unvested as of March 31, 2022 1,025,908 $ 16.74 As of March 31, 2022 , there was $ 13.4 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested RSUs, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years. During the three months ended March 31, 2022 , the Company recognized compensation cost of $ 0.1 million related to RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions for which performance was deemed probable. The Company did not recognize any compensation cost for RSUs with performance-based vesting conditions during the three months ended March 31, 2021. Restricted common stock During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company granted restricted common stock with service-based vesting conditions. Shares of unvested restricted common stock may not be sold or transferred by the holder. These restrictions lapse according to the time-based vesting conditions of each award. The grant date fair value of these shares was immaterial. The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted common stock award activity for the three months ended March 31, 2022: Number of Issued and unvested as of January 1, 2022 38,141 Vested ( 20,504 ) Forfeited — Issued and unvested as of March 31, 2022 17,637 The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the following expense categories of its statements of operations: Three Months Ended March 31, (in thousands) 2022 2021 Research and development $ 2,034 $ 1,571 General and administrative 2,454 2,081 Total $ 4,488 $ 3,652 |