Caterpillar (CAT) 10-K 15 Feb 17 2016 FY Annual report Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information - USD ($) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016
Document And Entity Information1
Entity Registrant Name	CATERPILLAR INC
Entity Central Index Key	18,230
Document Type	10-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2016
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Public Float		$ 44.1
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	586,486,024
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2,016
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY

Consolidated Results of Operati

Consolidated Results of Operations - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation		$ 35,773	$ 44,147	$ 52,142
Revenues of Financial Products		2,764	2,864	3,042
Total sales and revenues		38,537	47,011	55,184
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold		28,309	33,546	40,718
Selling, general and administrative expenses		4,686	4,951	6,529
Research and development expenses		1,951	2,119	2,380
Interest expense of Financial Products		596	587	624
Goodwill impairment charge		595	0	0
Other operating (income) expenses		1,902	2,023	1,619
Total operating costs		38,039	43,226	51,870
Operating profit		498	3,785	3,314
Interest expense excluding Financial Products		505	507	484
Other income (expense)		146	161	322
Consolidated profit before taxes		139	3,439	3,152
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		192	916	692
Profit (loss) of consolidated companies		(53)	2,523	2,460
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies		(6)	0	8
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies		(59)	2,523	2,468
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		8	11	16
Profit (loss)	[1]	$ (67)	$ 2,512	$ 2,452
Profit (loss) per common share (in dollars per share)		$ (0.11)	$ 4.23	$ 3.97
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted (in dollars per share)	[2]	$ (0.11)	$ 4.18	$ 3.90
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
Basic (in shares)		584.3	594.3	617.2
Diluted (in shares)	[2]	584.3	601.3	628.9
Cash dividends declared per common share (in dollars per share)		$ 3.08	$ 3.01	$ 2.70
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
[2]	2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method.

Consolidated Comprehensive Inco

Consolidated Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ (59)	$ 2,523	$ 2,468
Other comprehensive income (loss), Net of Tax:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(30); 2015 - $(82); 2014 - $(78)	(17)	(973)	(1,155)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $0; 2015 - $0; 2014 - $(0)	0	0	0
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(0); 2015 - $(0); 2014 - $(0)	0	0	0
Current year prior service credit (cost), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(69); 2015 - $5; 2014 - $(2)	118	(3)	4
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $21; 2015 - $18; 2014 - $13	(35)	(35)	(25)
Derivative financial instruments:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $33; 2015 - $11; 2014 - $69	(62)	(19)	(118)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $2; 2015 - $(51); 2014 - $(2)	(3)	88	4
Available-for-sale securities:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(12); 2015 - $9; 2014 - $(12)	26	(10)	24
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $15 2015 - $20; 2014 - $11	(31)	(36)	(24)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(4)	(988)	(1,290)
Comprehensive income	(63)	1,535	1,178
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(8)	1	(16)
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders	$ (71)	$ 1,536	$ 1,162

Consolidated Comprehensive Inc4

Consolidated Comprehensive Income (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Foreign currency translation, tax (provision)/benefit	$ (30)	$ (82)	$ (78)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Current year prior service credit (cost), tax (provision)/benefit	(69)	5	(2)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, tax (provision)/benefit	21	18	13
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of transition (asset) obligation, tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0
Derivative financial instruments, Gains (losses) deferred, tax (provision)/benefit	33	11	69
Derivative financial instruments, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit	2	(51)	(2)
Available-for-sale securities, Gains (losses) deferred, tax (provision)/benefit	(12)	9	(12)
Available-for-sale securities, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit	$ 15	$ 20	$ 11

Consolidated Financial Position

Consolidated Financial Position - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$ 7,168	$ 6,460
Receivables - trade and other	5,981	6,695
Receivables - finance	8,522	8,991
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,682	1,662
Inventories	8,614	9,700
Total current assets	31,967	33,508
Property, plant and equipment - net	15,322	16,090
Long-term receivables - trade and other	1,029	1,170
Long-term receivables - finance	13,556	13,651
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,790	2,489
Intangible assets	2,349	2,821
Goodwill	6,020	6,615
Other assets	1,671	1,998
Total assets	74,704	78,342
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	209	9
Financial Products	7,094	6,958
Accounts payable	4,614	5,023
Accrued expenses	3,003	3,116
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,296	1,994
Customer advances	1,167	1,146
Dividends payable	452	448
Other current liabilities	1,635	1,671
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	507	517
Financial Products	6,155	5,360
Total current liabilities	26,132	26,242
Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	8,436	8,960
Financial Products	14,382	16,209
Liability for postemployment benefits	9,357	8,843
Other liabilities	3,184	3,203
Total liabilities	61,491	63,457
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 21 and 22)
Stockholders' equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value: Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (2016 and 2015 – 814,894,624 shares) at paid-in amount	5,277	5,238
Treasury stock: (2016 – 228,408,600 shares; and 2015 – 232,572,734 shares) at cost	(17,478)	(17,640)
Profit employed in the business	27,377	29,246
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,039)	(2,035)
Noncontrolling interests	76	76
Total stockholders' equity	13,213	14,885
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 74,704	$ 78,342

Consolidated Financial Positio6

Consolidated Financial Position (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common Stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1	$ 1
Common Stock, Authorized shares	2,000,000,000	2,000,000,000
Common Stock, Issued shares	814,894,624	814,894,624
Treasury Stock, shares	228,408,600	232,572,734

Changes in Consolidated Stockho

Changes in Consolidated Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Total	Common Stock	Treasury stock	Profit employed in the business	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Noncontrolling interests
Balance at Dec. 31, 2013		$ 20,878	$ 4,709	$ (11,854)	$ 27,725	$ 231	$ 67
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies		2,468	0	0	2,452	0	16
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		(1,155)	0	0	0	(1,155)	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(21)	0	0	0	(21)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(114)	0	0	0	(114)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		0	0	0	0	0	0
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests		4	0	0	0	0	4
Dividends declared		(1,662)	0	0	(1,662)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(7)	0	0	0	0	(7)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 4,164,134, 2,931,595 and 10,106,542 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively		239	(127)	366	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense		254	254	0	0	0	0
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Income Tax Benefit from Share-based Compensation		180	180	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: 0, 25,841,608, and 41,762,325 shares for years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively	[1]	(4,238)	0	(4,238)	0	0	0
Balance at Dec. 31, 2014		16,826	5,016	(15,726)	28,515	(1,059)	80
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies		2,523	0	0	2,512	0	11
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		(973)	0	0	0	(961)	(12)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(38)	0	0	0	(38)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		69	0	0	0	69	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		(46)	0	0	0	(46)	0
Dividends declared		(1,781)	0	0	(1,781)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(7)	0	0	0	0	(7)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 4,164,134, 2,931,595 and 10,106,542 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively		33	(78)	111	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense		283	283	0	0	0	0
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Income Tax Benefit from Share-based Compensation		10	10	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: 0, 25,841,608, and 41,762,325 shares for years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively	[1]	(2,025)	0	(2,025)	0	0	0
Other		11	7	0	0	0	4
Balance at Dec. 31, 2015		14,885	5,238	(17,640)	29,246	(2,035)	76
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies		(59)	0	0	(67)	0	8
Foreign currency translation, net of tax		(17)	0	0	0	(17)	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		83	0	0	0	83	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(65)	0	0	0	(65)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		(5)	0	0	0	(5)	0
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests		0	(2)	0	0	0	2
Dividends declared		(1,802)	0	0	(1,802)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(10)	0	0	0	0	(10)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 4,164,134, 2,931,595 and 10,106,542 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively		(23)	(185)	162	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense		218	218	0	0	0	0
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Income Tax Deficiency from Share-based Compensation		(6)	(6)	0	0	0	0
Other		14	14	0	0	0	0
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016		$ 13,213	$ 5,277	$ (17,478)	$ 27,377	$ (2,039)	$ 76
[1]	See Note 16 regarding shares repurchased.

Changes in Consolidated Stockh8

Changes in Consolidated Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) (Parentheticals) - shares	3 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)				4,164,134	2,931,595	10,106,542
Common shares repurchased (in shares)	19,600,000	18,100,000	23,700,000	0	25,841,608	41,762,325

Consolidated Statement of Cash

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ (59)	$ 2,523	$ 2,468
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	3,034	3,046	3,163
Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits	985	179	2,624
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	(431)	(307)	(954)
Goodwill impairment charge	595	0	0
Other	856	453	470
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables - trade and other	829	764	163
Inventories	1,109	2,274	101
Accounts payable	(200)	(1,165)	222
Accrued expenses	(201)	(199)	(10)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(708)	(389)	901
Customer advances	(37)	(501)	(593)
Other assets - net	224	143	(139)
Other liabilities - net	(388)	(146)	(359)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	5,608	6,675	8,057
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment leased to others	(1,109)	(1,388)	(1,539)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(1,819)	(1,873)	(1,840)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	899	760	904
Additions to finance receivables	(9,339)	(9,929)	(11,278)
Collections of finance receivables	9,369	9,247	9,841
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	127	136	177
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(191)	(400)	(30)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	0	178	199
Proceeds from sale of securities	694	351	810
Investments in securities	(391)	(485)	(825)
Other - net	0	(114)	(46)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,760)	(3,517)	(3,627)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,799)	(1,757)	(1,620)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(8)	(7)	(7)
Contribution from noncontrolling interests	0	0	4
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	(23)	33	239
Treasury shares purchased	0	(2,025)	(4,238)
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation	28	24	182
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	6	3	1,994
Financial Products	5,109	5,129	8,655
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(533)	(517)	(785)
Financial Products	(6,032)	(7,775)	(8,463)
Short-term borrowings - net (original maturities three months or less)	140	3,022	1,043
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(3,112)	(3,870)	(2,996)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(28)	(169)	(174)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments	708	(881)	1,260
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of period	6,460	7,341	6,081
Cash and short-term investments at end of period	$ 7,168	$ 6,460	$ 7,341

Operations and summary of signi

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Operations and summary of significant accounting policies	Operations and summary of significant accounting policies A. Nature of operations Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories: Machinery, Energy & Transportation – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segments and related corporate items and eliminations. Financial Products – Primarily includes the company’s Financial Products Segment. This category includes Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial), Caterpillar Financial Insurance Services (Insurance Services) and their respective subsidiaries. Our products are sold primarily under the brands “Caterpillar,” “CAT,” design versions of “CAT” and “Caterpillar,” "EMD," “FG Wilson,” “MaK,” “MWM,” “Perkins,” “Progress Rail,” “SEM” and “Solar Turbines”. We conduct operations in our Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business under highly competitive conditions, including intense price competition. We place great emphasis on the high quality and performance of our products and our dealers’ service support. Although no one competitor is believed to produce all of the same types of equipment that we do, there are numerous companies, large and small, which compete with us in the sale of each of our products. Our machines are distributed principally through a worldwide organization of dealers (dealer network), 49 located in the United States and 123 located outside the United States, serving 190 countries. Reciprocating engines are sold principally through the dealer network and to other manufacturers for use in products. Some of the reciprocating engines manufactured by our subsidiary Perkins Engines Company Limited, are also sold through its worldwide network of 96 distributors covering 179 countries. The FG Wilson branded electric power generation systems manufactured by our subsidiary Caterpillar Northern Ireland Limited are sold through its worldwide network of 184 distributors covering 145 countries. Some of the large, medium speed reciprocating engines are also sold under the MaK brand through a worldwide network of 20 distributors covering 130 countries. Our dealers do not deal exclusively with our products; however, in most cases sales and servicing of our products are the dealers’ principal business. Some products, primarily turbines and locomotives, are sold directly to end customers through sales forces employed by the company. At times, these employees are assisted by independent sales representatives. The Financial Products line of business also conducts operations under highly competitive conditions. Financing for users of Caterpillar products is available through a variety of competitive sources, principally commercial banks and finance and leasing companies. We offer various financing plans designed to increase the opportunity for sales of our products and generate financing income for our company. A significant portion of Financial Products activity is conducted in North America, with additional offices in Latin America, Europe and Asia/Pacific. B. Basis of presentation and change in accounting principle The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries where we have a controlling financial interest. Investments in companies where our ownership exceeds 20 percent and we do not have a controlling interest or where the ownership is less than 20 percent and for which we have a significant influence are accounted for by the equity method. See Note 9 for further discussion. We consolidate all variable interest entities (VIEs) where Caterpillar Inc. is the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. See Note 21 for further discussion on a consolidated VIE. We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Receivables - trade and other $ 55 $ 19 Receivables - finance 174 466 Long-term receivables - finance 246 62 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 31 35 Guarantees 210 175 Total $ 716 $ 757 In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. Shipping and handling costs are included in Cost of goods sold in Statement 1. Other operating (income) expenses primarily include Cat Financial’s depreciation of equipment leased to others, Insurance Services’ underwriting expenses, gains (losses) on disposal of long-lived assets, long-lived asset impairment charges, legal settlements and accruals, employee separation charges and benefit plan curtailment gains (losses). Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 include prepaid rent, prepaid insurance, prepaid and refundable income tax, assets held for sale, core to be returned for remanufacturing, restricted cash and other short-term investments, and other prepaid items. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current-year financial statement presentation. Change in Accounting Principle Effective January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for recognizing actuarial gains and losses and expected returns on plan assets for our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Prior to 2016, actuarial gains and losses were recognized as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and were generally amortized into earnings in future periods. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses are immediately recognized through net benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, we have changed our policy for recognizing the expected returns on plan assets from a market-related value method (based on a three-year smoothing of asset returns) to a fair value method. We believe these changes are preferable as they accelerate the recognition of changes in fair value of plan assets and actuarial gains and losses in our Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, provide greater transparency of our economic obligations in accounting results and better align with the fair value principles by recognizing the effects of economic and interest rate changes on pension and other postretirement benefit assets and liabilities in the year in which the gains and losses are incurred. These changes have been applied retrospectively to prior years. As of January 1, 2014, the cumulative effect of the change resulted in a decrease of $4.1 billion in Profit employed in the business and a corresponding increase of $4.1 billion in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), both net of tax of $2.4 billion . Following are the impacts to financial statement line items as a result of the change in accounting principle for the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements: Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 28,309 $ 28,074 $ 235 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,686 $ 4,441 $ 245 Research and development expenses $ 1,951 $ 1,868 $ 83 Total operating costs $ 38,039 $ 37,476 $ 563 Operating profit $ 498 $ 1,061 $ (563 ) Other income (expense) $ 146 $ 50 $ 96 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 139 $ 606 $ (467 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 $ 364 $ (172 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ (53 ) $ 242 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) $ (67 ) $ 228 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 33,546 $ 33,742 $ (196 ) Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,951 $ 5,199 $ (248 ) Research and development expenses $ 2,119 $ 2,165 $ (46 ) Other operating (income) expenses $ 2,023 $ 2,062 $ (39 ) Total operating costs $ 43,226 $ 43,755 $ (529 ) Operating profit $ 3,785 $ 3,256 $ 529 Other income (expense) $ 161 $ 106 $ 55 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,439 $ 2,855 $ 584 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 916 $ 742 $ 174 Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) $ 2,512 $ 2,102 $ 410 Profit (loss) per common share $ 4.23 $ 3.54 $ 0.69 Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 4.18 $ 3.50 $ 0.68 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 40,718 $ 39,767 $ 951 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 6,529 $ 5,697 $ 832 Research and development expenses $ 2,380 $ 2,135 $ 245 Other operating (income) expenses $ 1,619 $ 1,633 $ (14 ) Total operating costs $ 51,870 $ 49,856 $ 2,014 Operating profit $ 3,314 $ 5,328 $ (2,014 ) Other income (expense) $ 322 $ 239 $ 83 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,152 $ 5,083 $ (1,931 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 692 $ 1,380 $ (688 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,460 $ 3,703 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) $ 2,452 $ 3,695 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ 3.97 $ 5.99 $ (2.02 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 3.90 $ 5.88 $ (1.98 ) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ — $ — $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (621 ) $ 621 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 326 $ (326 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (4 ) $ (299 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (10 ) $ 10 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 424 $ (424 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (988 ) $ (578 ) $ (410 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (1,578 ) $ 1,578 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 344 $ (344 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (1,290 ) $ (2,533 ) $ 1,243 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 2015 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit employed in the business $ 27,377 $ 32,634 $ (5,257 ) $ 29,246 $ 34,208 $ (4,962 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (2,039 ) $ (7,296 ) $ 5,257 $ (2,035 ) $ (6,997 ) $ 4,962 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ 83 $ (212 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (38 ) $ 376 $ (414 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (21 ) $ (1,255 ) $ 1,234 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow for the Years Ended December 31 (Millions of dollars) 2016 Cash flow from operating activities: As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 985 $ — $ 985 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (431 ) $ — $ (431 ) Other $ 856 $ 952 $ (96 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 224 $ 46 $ 178 Other liabilities – net $ (388 ) $ (47 ) $ (341 ) 2015 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 179 $ — $ 179 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (307 ) $ — $ (307 ) Other $ 453 $ 508 $ (55 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 143 $ (220 ) $ 363 Other liabilities – net $ (146 ) $ 444 $ (590 ) 2014 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 2,624 $ — $ 2,624 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (954 ) $ — $ (954 ) Other $ 470 $ 553 $ (83 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ (139 ) $ (300 ) $ 161 Other liabilities – net $ (359 ) $ 146 $ (505 ) The above tables include changes resulting from reclassifications between financial statement line items. C. Sales and revenue recognition Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are recognized and earned when all the following criteria are satisfied: (a) persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists; (b) price is fixed and determinable; (c) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (d) delivery has occurred. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement and a fixed or determinable price exist once we receive an order or contract from a customer or independently owned and operated dealer. We assess collectibility at the time of the sale and if collectibility is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectibility is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Sales of certain turbine machinery units, draglines and long wall roof supports are recognized under accounting for construction-type contracts, primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue is recognized based upon progress towards completion, which is estimated and continually updated over the course of construction. We provide for any loss that we expect to incur on these contracts when that loss is probable. Our remanufacturing operations are primarily focused on the remanufacture of Cat engines and components and rail related products. In this business, used engines and related components (core) are inspected, cleaned and remanufactured. In connection with the sale of most of our remanufactured product, we collect a deposit from the dealer that is repaid if the dealer returns an acceptable core within a specified time period. Caterpillar owns and has title to the cores when they are returned from dealers. The rebuilt engine or component (the core plus any new content) is then sold as a remanufactured product to dealers and customers. Revenue is recognized pursuant to the same criteria as Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales noted above (title to the entire remanufactured product passes to the dealer upon sale). At the time of sale, the deposit is recognized in Other current liabilities in Statement 3. In addition, the core to be returned is recognized as an asset in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 at the estimated replacement cost (based on historical experience with useable cores). Upon receipt of an acceptable core, we repay the deposit and relieve the liability. The returned core is then included in inventory. In the event that the deposit is forfeited (i.e. upon failure by the dealer to return an acceptable core in the specified time period), we recognize the core deposit and the cost of the core in Sales and Cost of goods sold, respectively. No right of return exists on sales of equipment. Replacement part returns are estimable and accrued at the time a sale is recognized. We provide discounts to dealers through merchandising programs. We have numerous programs that are designed to promote the sale of our products. The most common dealer programs provide a discount when the dealer sells a product to a targeted end user. The cost of these discounts is estimated based on historical experience and known changes in merchandising programs and is reported as a reduction to sales when the product sale is recognized. Our standard dealer invoice terms are established by marketing region. Our invoice terms for end-user customer sales are established by the responsible business unit. When a sale is made to a dealer, the dealer is responsible for payment even if the product is not sold to an end customer. Dealers and customers must make payment within the established invoice terms to avoid potential interest costs. Interest at or above prevailing market rates may be charged on any past due balance, and generally our practice is to not forgive this interest. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 terms were extended to not more than one year for $406 million , $635 million and $624 million of receivables, respectively, which represent approximately 1 percent of consolidated sales. We establish a bad debt allowance for Machinery, Energy & Transportation receivables when it becomes probable that the receivable will not be collected. Our allowance for bad debts is not significant. Revenues of Financial Products are generated primarily from finance revenue on finance receivables and rental payments on operating leases. Finance revenue is recorded over the life of the related finance receivable using the interest method, including the accretion of certain direct origination costs that are deferred. Revenue from rental payments received on operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Recognition of finance revenue and rental revenue is suspended and the account is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the account becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. See Note 6 for more information. Sales and revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes. D. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is principally determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The value of inventories on the LIFO basis represented about 60 percent of total inventories at December 31, 2016 and 2015 . If the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method had been in use, inventories would have been $2,139 million and $2,498 million higher than reported at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. E. Depreciation and amortization Depreciation of plant and equipment is computed principally using accelerated methods. Depreciation on equipment leased to others, primarily for Financial Products, is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , Cat Financial depreciation on equipment leased to others was $841 million , $836 million and $872 million , respectively, and was included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , consolidated depreciation expense was $2,707 million , $2,705 million and $2,795 million , respectively. Amortization of purchased finite-lived intangibles is computed principally using the straight-line method, generally not to exceed a period of 20 years . F. Foreign currency translation The functional currency for most of our Machinery, Energy & Transportation consolidated companies is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency for most of our Financial Products and affiliates accounted for under the equity method is the respective local currency. Gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency amounts to the functional currency are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. Gains and losses resulting from translating assets and liabilities from the functional currency to U.S. dollars are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3. G. Derivative financial instruments Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option, and cross currency contracts, interest rate swaps, and commodity forward and option contracts. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. See Note 3 for more information. H. Income taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. A current liability is recognized for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are adjusted for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. I. Goodwill For acquisitions accounted for as a business combination, goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We are required to test goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually and when events or circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a component) to which goodwill is assigned when initially recorded. We assign goodwill to reporting units based on our integration plans and the expected synergies resulting from the acquisition. Because Caterpillar is a highly integrated company, the businesses we acquire are sometimes combined with or integrated into existing reporting units. When changes occur in the composition of our operating segments or reporting units, goodwill is reassigned to the affected reporting units based on their relative fair values. We test goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 and monitor for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a two-step process. We have an option to make a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment. If we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where we perform the two-step process, the first step requires us to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value is higher than the fair value, there is an indication that an impairment may exist and the second step is required. In step two, the implied fair value of goodwill is calculated as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss. See Note 10 for further details. J. Estimates in financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The more significant estimates include: residual values for leased assets, fair values for goodwill impairment tests, impairment of available-for-sale securities, warranty liability, stock-based compensation and reserves for product liability and insurance losses, postretirement benefits, post-sale discounts, credit losses and income taxes. K. New accounting guidance Revenue recognition - In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new revenue recognition guidance to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A five step model has been introduced for an entity to apply when recognizing revenue. The new guidance also includes enhanced disclosure requirements, and is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted for January 1, 2017. Entities have the option to apply the new guidance under a retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance recognized at the date of initial application within the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity. We plan to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2018. We have made substantial progress in our evaluation of the impact of the new standard. Under the new guidance, we anticipate sales of certain turbine machinery units will change to a point-in-time recognition model. Under current guidance, we account for these sales under an over-time model following the percentage-of-completion method as the product is manufactured. In addition, under the new guidance we will begin to recognize an asset for the value of expected replacement part returns. At this time we have not identified any impacts to our financial statements that we believe will be material in the year of adoption. We are still evaluating the impact to certain revenue streams within our Energy & Transportation and Resource Industries segments and expect that evaluation to be completed during the first half of 2017. Based on the current estimated impact to our financial statements, we plan to adopt the new guidance under the modified retrospective approach. Variable interest entities (VIE) - In February 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The new guidance revises previous guidance by establishing an analysis for determining whether a limited partnership or similar entity is a VIE and whether outsourced decision-maker fees are considered variable interests. In addition, the new guidance revises how a reporting entity evaluates economics and related parties when assessing who should consolidate a VIE. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Presentation of debt issuance costs - In April 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, debt issuance costs were required to be presented in the balance sheet as an asset. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016. We retrospectively adopted this guidance and as a result $80 million of debt issuance costs were reclassified from Other assets to Long-term debt due within one year and Long-term debt due after one year within Statement 3 as of December 31, 2015. Fair value disclosures for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value per share - In May 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy investments measured at net asset value (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient for fair value. The new guidance requires that the amount of these investments continue to be disclosed to reconcile the fair value hierarchy disclosure to the balance sheet. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and was applied retrospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements. Simplifying the measurement of inventory - In July 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which requires that inventory be measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market. Replacing the concept of market with the single measurement of net realizable value is intended to create efficiencies for preparers. Inventory measured using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method and the retail inventory method are not impacted by the new guidance. The guidance was effective January 1, 2017 and will be applied prospectively. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements. Simplifying the accounting for measurement-period adjustments - In September 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which eliminates the requirement for an acquirer in a business combination to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments. An acquirer in a business combination is required to report provisional amounts when measurements are incomplete at the end of the reporting period covering the business combination. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, an acquirer was required to adjust such provisional amounts by restating prior period financial statements. Under the new guidance, the acquirer will recognize the measurement-period adjustment in the period the adjustment is determined. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and was applied prosp

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Stock-based compensation	Stock-based compensation Our stock-based compensation plans primarily provide for the granting of stock options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs) to Officers and other key employees, as well as non-employee Directors. Stock options permit a holder to buy Caterpillar stock at the stock’s price when the option was granted. SARs permit a holder the right to receive the value in shares of the appreciation in Caterpillar stock that occurred from the date the right was granted up to the date of exercise. RSUs are agreements to issue shares of Caterpillar stock at the time of vesting. PRSUs are similar to RSUs and include performance conditions in the vesting terms of the award. Our long-standing practices and policies specify all stock-based compensation awards are approved by the Compensation Committee (the Committee) of the Board of Directors on the date of grant. The stock-based award approval process specifies the number of awards granted, the terms of the award and the grant date. The same terms and conditions are consistently applied to all employee grants, including Officers. The Committee approves all individual Officer grants. The number of stock-based compensation awards included in an individual’s award is determined based on the methodology approved by the Committee. The exercise price methodology approved by the Committee is the closing price of the Company stock on the date of the grant. The 2014 grant was issued under the Caterpillar Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (approved by stockholders in June of 2006). In June of 2014, stockholders approved the Caterpillar Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan under which all new stock-based compensation awards are granted. Common stock issued from Treasury stock under the plans totaled 4,164,134 for 2016 , 2,931,595 for 2015 and 10,106,542 for 2014 . The total number of shares authorized for equity awards under the Caterpillar Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan is 38,800,000 , of which 17,231,358 shares remained available for issuance as of December 31, 2016. Awards granted prior to 2015 generally vest three years after the date of grant (cliff vesting). The awards granted in 2015 and 2016 generally vest according to a three -year graded vesting schedule. One-third of the award will become vested on the first anniversary of the grant date, one-third of the award will become vested on the second anniversary of the grant date and one-third of the award will become vested on the third anniversary of the grant date. Beginning in 2015, PRSUs were granted. PRSUs generally have a three -year performance period and cliff vest at the end of the period based upon achievement of performance targets established at the time of grant. At grant, SARs and option awards have a term life of ten years . Upon separation from service, if the participant is 55 years of age or older with more than five years of service, the participant meets the criteria for a “Long Service Separation” and all outstanding stock options, SARs and RSUs will immediately vest. Outstanding PRSUs granted to employees with a "Long Service Separation" will vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target. For awards granted prior to 2016, if the “Long Service Separation” criteria are met, the vested options/SARs will have a life that is the lesser of ten years from the original grant date or five years from the separation date. For awards granted in 2016, the vested options/SARs will have a life equal to ten years from the original grant date. Compensation expense is fully recognized immediately on the grant date for employees who met the criteria for a "Long Service Separation". For employees who become eligible for immediate vesting under a "Long Service Separation" subsequent to the grant date and prior to the completion of the vesting period, compensation expense is recognized over the period from grant date to the date eligibility is achieved. Accounting guidance on share-based payments requires companies to estimate the fair value of options/SARs on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The fair value of our option/SAR grants was estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing model. The lattice-based option-pricing model considers a range of assumptions related to volatility, risk-free interest rate and historical employee behavior. Expected volatility was based on historical Caterpillar stock price movement and current implied volatilities from traded options on Caterpillar stock. The risk-free rate was based on U.S. Treasury security yields at the time of grant. The weighted-average dividend yield was based on historical information. The expected life was determined from the lattice-based model. The lattice-based model incorporated exercise and post vesting forfeiture assumptions based on analysis of historical data. The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. Grant Year 2016 2015 2014 Weighted-average dividend yield 3.2 % 2.3 % 2.2 % Weighted-average volatility 31.1 % 28.4 % 28.2 % Range of volatilities 22.5-33.4% 19.9-35.9% 18.4-36.2% Range of risk-free interest rates 0.62-1.73% 0.22-2.08% 0.12-2.60% Weighted-average expected lives 8 years 8 years 8 years The fair value of RSU and PRSU grants was estimated by reducing the stock price on the date of grant by the present value of the estimated dividends to be paid during the vesting period. The estimated dividends are based on Caterpillar’s quarterly dividend per share at the time of the grant. Please refer to Tables I and II below for additional information on our stock-based awards. TABLE I — Financial Information Related to Stock-based Compensation Stock options / SARs RSUs PRSUs Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2016 38,338,525 $ 77.84 4,330,513 $ 83.14 132,068 $ 77.47 Granted to officers and key employees 1 4,243,272 $ 74.77 1,085,505 $ 68.04 614,347 $ 64.71 Exercised (6,931,189 ) $ 57.78 — $ — — $ — Vested — $ — (2,232,695 ) $ 82.44 — $ — Forfeited / expired (3,585,818 ) $ 74.59 (112,309 ) $ 77.71 (36,129 ) $ 67.96 Outstanding at December 31, 2016 32,064,790 $ 82.13 3,071,014 $ 78.50 710,286 $ 66.92 Exercisable at December 31, 2016 20,991,816 $ 81.18 Stock options/SARs outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2016: Outstanding Exercisable Exercise Prices Shares Outstanding at 12/31/16 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 Shares Outstanding at 12/31/16 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 $22.17 - 57.85 5,405,540 2.83 $ 45.64 $ 255 5,405,540 2.83 $ 45.64 $ 255 $63.04 - 74.77 5,220,662 7.42 $ 74.23 97 1,368,924 2.45 $ 72.70 27 $83.00 - 86.77 7,074,057 8.08 $ 83.05 69 2,994,626 8.18 $ 83.00 29 $88.51 - 96.31 8,576,789 6.49 $ 92.88 14 5,434,984 6.09 $ 90.90 14 $102.13 - 110.09 5,787,742 4.71 $ 106.31 — 5,787,742 4.71 $ 106.31 — 32,064,790 $ 82.13 $ 435 20,991,816 $ 81.18 $ 325 1 No SARs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 . 2 The difference between a stock award’s exercise price and the underlying stock’s closing market price at December 31, 2016 , for awards with market price greater than the exercise price. Amounts are in millions of dollars. The computations of weighted-average exercise prices and aggregate intrinsic values are not applicable to RSUs or PRSUs since these awards represent an agreement to issue shares of stock at the time of vesting. At December 31, 2016 , there were 3,071,014 outstanding RSUs with a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.2 years and 710,286 outstanding PRSUs with a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 1.8 years . TABLE II— Additional Stock-based Award Information (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 2015 2014 Stock options/SARs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 20.64 $ 23.61 $ 29.52 Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised $ 185 $ 93 $ 649 Fair value of stock awards vested 1 $ 163 $ 155 $ 108 Cash received from stock awards exercised $ 30 $ 59 $ 259 RSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 68.04 $ 77.55 $ 89.18 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 162 $ 109 $ 106 PRSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 64.71 $ 77.47 $ — Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ — $ — $ — 1 Based on the grant date fair value. 2 Based on the underlying stock's closing market price on the vesting date. In accordance with guidance on share-based payments, stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value and is classified within Cost of goods sold, Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development expenses corresponding to the same line item as the cash compensation paid to respective employees, officers and non-employee directors. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for awards with terms that specify cliff or graded vesting and contain only service conditions. Stock-based compensation expense for PRSUs is based on the probable number of shares expected to vest and is recognized primarily on a straight-line basis. Before tax, stock-based compensation expense for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 was $218 million , $283 million and $254 million , respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $61 million , $87 million and $79 million , respectively. The amount of stock-based compensation expense capitalized for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 did not have a significant impact on our financial statements. At December 31, 2016 , there was $170 million of total unrecognized compensation cost from stock-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans, which is related to non-vested stock-based awards. The compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.6 years . We currently use shares in treasury stock to satisfy share award exercises. The cash tax benefits realized from stock awards exercised for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 were $104 million , $68 million and $253 million , respectively. We use the direct only method and tax law ordering approach to calculate the tax effects of stock-based compensation. In certain jurisdictions, tax deductions for exercises of stock-based awards did not generate a cash benefit. A tax benefit of approximately $15 million will be recorded in additional paid-in capital when these deductions reduce our future income taxes payable.

Derivative financial instrument

Derivative financial instruments and risk management	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Derivative financial instruments and risk management	Derivative financial instruments and risk management Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers. Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually. All derivatives are recognized in Statement 3 at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), to the extent effective, in Statement 3 until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on Statement 5. Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on Statement 5. We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities in Statement 3 and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow. We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items. When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting. A. Foreign currency exchange rate risk Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years . As of December 31, 2016 , the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months . We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian krona, Singapore dollar, Swiss franc, or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated. As of December 31, 2016 , $52 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in Statement 3), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in Statement 1) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions. The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings. In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions, and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities, and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed rate assets and liabilities. B. Interest rate risk Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract. Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move. Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products. The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item. C. Commodity price risk Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use. Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five -year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated. The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in Statement 3 are as follows: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Location Asset (Liability) Fair Value (Millions of dollars) Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 Designated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 13 $ 12 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (93 ) (25 ) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other liabilities (36 ) — Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 29 — Financial Products Accrued expenses (3 ) — Interest rate contracts Financial Products Receivables — trade and other — 1 Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 4 51 Financial Products Accrued expenses (1 ) (4 ) $ (87 ) $ 35 Undesignated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ — $ 2 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (30 ) (9 ) Financial Products Receivables — trade and other 39 3 Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other — 36 Financial Products Accrued expenses (4 ) (6 ) Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other 10 — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses — (12 ) $ 15 $ 14 The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 2,530 $ 2,040 Financial Products $ 2,626 $ 3,539 The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amounts exchanged by the parties are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices. The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Fair Value Hedges Year ended December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (12 ) $ 11 $ (12 ) $ 11 Year ended December 31, 2015 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (27 ) $ 26 $ (27 ) $ 26 Year ended December 31, 2014 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (41 ) $ 23 $ (41 ) $ 23 Cash Flow Hedges (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ (14 ) $ — Financial Products 15 Other income (expense) 28 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 8 Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) — $ (95 ) $ 5 $ — Year ended December 31, 2015 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (33 ) Other income (expense) $ (128 ) $ — Financial Products — Other income (expense) 1 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 3 Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (30 ) $ (139 ) $ — Year ended December 31, 2014 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ 5 $ — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation (63 ) Interest expense excluding Financial Products (5 ) — Financial Products (6 ) Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (187 ) $ (6 ) $ — The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of Gains (Losses) 2016 2015 2014 Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) $ (4 ) $ (32 ) $ (60 ) Financial Products Other income (expense) (24 ) (34 ) (47 ) Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 2 2 2 Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 16 (23 ) (15 ) $ (10 ) $ (87 ) $ (120 ) We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 , no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements. The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows: December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 23 $ — $ 23 $ (21 ) $ — $ 2 Financial Products 72 — 72 (7 ) — 65 Total $ 95 $ — $ 95 $ (28 ) $ — $ 67 December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (159 ) $ — $ (159 ) $ 21 $ — $ (138 ) Financial Products (8 ) — (8 ) 7 — (1 ) Total $ (167 ) $ — $ (167 ) $ 28 $ — $ (139 ) December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 14 $ — $ 14 $ (14 ) $ — $ — Financial Products 91 — 91 (5 ) — 86 Total $ 105 $ — $ 105 $ (19 ) $ — $ 86 December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (46 ) $ — $ (46 ) $ 14 $ — $ (32 ) Financial Products (10 ) — (10 ) 5 — (5 ) Total $ (56 ) $ — $ (56 ) $ 19 $ — $ (37 )

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Other income (expense)	Other income (expense) Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Investment and interest income $ 74 $ 65 $ 66 Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1 (57 ) (173 ) 137 License fee income 92 111 128 Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies 47 176 2 36 Miscellaneous income (loss) (10 ) (18 ) (45 ) Total $ 146 $ 161 $ 322 1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 3 for further details. 2 Includes pretax gain of $120 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's 35 percent equity interest in the third party logistics business. See Note 9 for further details.

Income taxes

Income taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income taxes	Income taxes The components of profit before taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 U.S. $ (2,053 ) $ 636 $ 276 Non-U.S. 2,192 2,803 2,876 $ 139 $ 3,439 $ 3,152 Profit before taxes, as shown above, is based on the location of the entity to which such earnings are attributable. Where an entity’s earnings are subject to taxation, however, may not correlate solely to where an entity is located. Thus, the income tax provision shown below as U.S. or non-U.S. may not correspond to the earnings shown above. The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Current tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 $ (90 ) $ 525 $ 715 Non-U.S. 718 656 883 State (U.S.) (5 ) 42 48 623 1,223 1,646 Deferred tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 (544 ) (367 ) (763 ) Non-U.S. (108 ) 66 (116 ) State (U.S.) 221 (6 ) (75 ) (431 ) (307 ) (954 ) Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 $ 916 $ 692 1 Includes U.S. taxes related to non-U.S. profits. We paid net income tax and related interest of $522 million , $1,143 million and $1,595 million in 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Taxes at U.S. statutory rate $ 49 35.0 % $ 1,203 35.0 % $ 1,103 35.0 % (Decreases) increases resulting from: Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (119 ) (85.6 )% (236 ) (6.9 )% (223 ) (7.1 )% Nondeductible goodwill 191 137.4 % — — % — — % State and local taxes, net of federal (1 ) (0.7 )% 24 0.7 % (17 ) (0.5 )% Interest and penalties, net of tax 24 17.2 % 12 0.4 % 12 0.4 % U.S. research and production incentives (52 ) (37.4 )% (95 ) (2.7 )% (125 ) (4.0 )% ESOP dividend tax benefit (27 ) (19.4 )% (27 ) (0.8 )% (25 ) (0.8 )% Other—net (14 ) (10.1 )% (7 ) (0.2 )% 11 0.4 % 51 36.4 % 874 25.5 % 736 23.4 % Prior year tax and interest adjustments — — % 42 1.2 % (21 ) (0.7 )% Valuation allowances 141 101.4 % — — % (23 ) (0.7 )% Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 137.8 % $ 916 26.7 % $ 692 22.0 % The negative impact on the effective tax rate from the portion of the Surface Mining & Technology goodwill impairment not deductible for tax purposes is reported in the effective tax rate reconciliation line item above labeled "Nondeductible goodwill". Included in the line item above labeled "Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35%" are the effects of indefinitely reinvested earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at local tax rates, changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with these earnings, losses at non-U.S. subsidiaries without local tax benefits due to valuation allowances, and other permanent differences between tax and U.S. GAAP results. The indefinitely reinvested profits of Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), primarily taxable in Switzerland, contribute the most significant amount of this line item. Although not individually significant by jurisdiction, pre-tax permanent differences due to nondeductible net foreign exchange losses of non-U.S. subsidiaries were approximately $130 million in 2016 and 2015 and less than $10 million in 2014 . The provision for income taxes for 2016 also includes an increase in the valuation allowance for U.S. state deferred tax assets resulting in a $141 million non-cash charge, net of federal deferred tax adjustment at 35 percent . The primary driver of the increase is recent U.S. GAAP losses expected to recur in 2017 in certain state jurisdictions and the weight given this negative objective evidence under income tax accounting guidance. The provision for income taxes for 2015 included a $42 million net charge to increase unrecognized tax benefits by $68 million offset by a benefit of $26 million to record U.S. refund claims related to prior tax years currently under examination. In the audit of 2007 to 2009 including the loss carryback to 2005, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) disallowed approximately $125 million of foreign tax credits that arose as a result of certain financings unrelated to CSARL. Decisions of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit involving other taxpayers in 2015 caused us to conclude the benefits of this uncertain tax position were no longer more likely than not to be sustained based on technical merits resulting in an increase of $68 million to unrecognized tax benefits. We will continue to monitor ongoing court cases involving other taxpayers for information that may impact our analysis of this tax position. The provision for income taxes for 2014 included a benefit of $23 million for the release of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of a non-U.S. subsidiary and a net benefit of $21 million to adjust prior years' U.S. taxes and interest. The net benefit for prior years' U.S. taxes and interest included a $33 million benefit to reflect a settlement with the IRS related to 1992 through 1994 which resulted in a $16 million benefit to remeasure previously unrecognized tax benefits and a $17 million benefit to adjust related interest, net of tax. This benefit of $33 million was offset by a net charge of $12 million to adjust prior years' U.S. taxes that included a charge of $55 million to correct for an error which resulted in an understatement of tax liabilities for prior years. Management has concluded that the error was not material to any period presented. We have recorded income tax expense at U.S. tax rates on all profits, except for undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries of approximately $16 billion which are considered indefinitely reinvested. Upon distribution of these profits in the form of dividends or otherwise, we would be subject to both U.S. income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and in some instances withholding taxes payable to the various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to indefinitely reinvested profits is not feasible primarily due to our legal entity structure and the complexity of U.S. and local tax laws. If management intentions or U.S. tax law changes in the future, there could be a significant negative impact on the provision for income taxes to record an incremental tax liability in the period the change occurs. At December 31, 2016 , cash and short-term investments held by non-U.S. subsidiaries was approximately $5 billion . Accounting for income taxes under U.S. GAAP requires that individual tax-paying entities of the company offset all deferred tax liabilities and assets within each particular tax jurisdiction and present them as a noncurrent deferred tax liability or asset in the Consolidated Financial Position. Amounts in different tax jurisdictions cannot be offset against each other. The amount of deferred income taxes at December 31, included on the following lines in Statement 3, are as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Assets: Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes 2,683 2,367 Liabilities: Other liabilities 237 335 Deferred income taxes—net $ 2,446 $ 2,032 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Deferred income tax assets: Pension $ 1,887 $ 1,694 Postemployment benefits other than pensions 1,318 1,339 Tax carryforwards 1,999 1,098 Warranty reserves 339 359 Stock-based compensation 316 356 Inventory 93 129 Allowance for credit losses 209 203 Post sale discounts 207 185 Other employee compensation and benefits 262 269 Other—net 476 427 7,106 6,059 Deferred income tax liabilities: Capital and intangible assets (2,455 ) (2,561 ) Bond discount (223 ) (225 ) Translation (368 ) (343 ) Other outside basis differences (227 ) — Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries (285 ) (82 ) (3,558 ) (3,211 ) Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (1,102 ) (816 ) Deferred income taxes—net $ 2,446 $ 2,032 At December 31, 2016 , approximately $1,425 million of U.S. state tax net operating losses (NOLs) and $137 million of U.S. state tax credit carryforwards were available. The state NOLs primarily expire between 2017 and 2036. The state tax credit carryforwards primarily expire over the next five years with certain carryforwards set to expire over the next fifteen years . In total, we have established a valuation allowance of $442 million related to certain of these carryforwards along with other U.S. state deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2016 , approximately $920 million of U.S. foreign tax credits were available for carryforward. These credits expire between 2025 and 2027. At December 31, 2016 , amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020-2022 2023-2037 Unlimited Total $ 3 $ 64 $ 159 $ 470 $ 168 $ 3,191 $ 4,055 At December 31, 2016 , non-U.S. entities that have not yet demonstrated consistent and/or sustainable profitability to support the realization of net deferred tax assets have recorded valuation allowances of $660 million , including certain entities in Luxembourg. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, follows. Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: 1 Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Balance at January 1, $ 968 $ 846 Additions for tax positions related to current year 73 73 Additions for tax positions related to prior years 55 118 Reductions for tax positions related to prior years (36 ) (30 ) Reductions for settlements 2 (24 ) (30 ) Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations (4 ) (9 ) Balance at December 31, $ 1,032 $ 968 Amount that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate $ 963 $ 934 1 Foreign currency impacts are included within each line as applicable. 2 Includes cash payment or other reduction of assets to settle liability. We classify interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes. We recognized a net provision for interest and penalties of $34 million , $20 million and $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The total amount of interest and penalties accrued was $120 million and $79 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. In January 2015, we received a Revenue Agent's Report (RAR) from the IRS indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2007 to 2009 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005. The IRS field examination for 2010 to 2012 that began in 2015 is expected to be completed in 2017. In November 2016, we received notices of proposed adjustments from the IRS for the 2010 to 2012 exam. In both these audits, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by CSARL, based on the IRS examination team’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2 billion . We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease to our unrecognized tax benefits for this matter within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations. With the exception of a loss carryback to 2005, tax years prior to 2007 are generally no longer subject to U.S. tax assessment. In our major non-U.S. jurisdictions including Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Singapore and the U.K., tax years are typically subject to examination for three to eight years . Due to the uncertainty related to the timing and potential outcome of audits, we cannot estimate the range of reasonably possible change in unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months.

Cat Financial Financing Activit

Cat Financial Financing Activities	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Receivables [Abstract]
Cat Financial Financing Activities	Cat Financial Financing Activities A. Wholesale inventory receivables Wholesale inventory receivables are receivables of Cat Financial that arise when Cat Financial provides financing for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. These receivables are included in Receivables—trade and other and Long-term receivables—trade and other in Statement 3 and were $1,727 million and $2,165 million , at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Amounts Due In Wholesale Installment Contracts Wholesale Finance Leases Wholesale Notes Total 2017 $ 147 $ 60 $ 765 $ 972 2018 114 42 205 361 2019 75 27 127 229 2020 40 14 8 62 2021 13 5 4 22 Thereafter — 1 14 15 389 149 1,123 1,661 Guaranteed residual value — 58 — 58 Unguaranteed residual value — 35 — 35 Less: Unearned income (7 ) (15 ) (5 ) (27 ) Total $ 382 $ 227 $ 1,118 $ 1,727 Cat Financial’s wholesale inventory receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information. B. Finance receivables Finance receivables are receivables of Cat Financial and are reported in Statement 3 net of an allowance for credit losses. Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Amounts Due In Retail Installment Contracts Retail Finance Leases Retail Notes Total 2017 $ 2,592 $ 2,332 $ 3,695 $ 8,619 2018 1,951 1,547 1,893 5,391 2019 1,260 887 1,345 3,492 2020 598 407 1,126 2,131 2021 162 170 1,014 1,346 Thereafter 8 78 1,009 1,095 6,571 5,421 10,082 22,074 Guaranteed residual value — 295 — 295 Unguaranteed residual value — 750 — 750 Less: Unearned income (140 ) (503 ) (79 ) (722 ) Total $ 6,431 $ 5,963 $ 10,003 $ 22,397 Cat Financial’s finance receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information. C. Allowance for credit losses The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions. Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and using information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default. In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment. Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments: • Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers. • Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers. A portfolio segment is the level at which the Company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows: • North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada. • Europe - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States. • Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia. • Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide and project financing in various countries. • Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Central and South American countries and Mexico. • Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines worldwide and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems worldwide. An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Receivables written off (158 ) — (158 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 35 — 35 Provision for credit losses 132 1 133 Other (5 ) — (5 ) Balance at end of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 85 $ — $ 85 Collectively evaluated for impairment 246 10 256 Ending Balance $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 786 $ — $ 786 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,236 3,375 21,611 Ending Balance $ 19,022 $ 3,375 $ 22,397 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 388 $ 10 $ 398 Receivables written off (196 ) — (196 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 41 — 41 Provision for credit losses 119 (1 ) 118 Other (25 ) — (25 ) Balance at end of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 65 $ — $ 65 Collectively evaluated for impairment 262 9 271 Ending Balance $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 601 $ — $ 601 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,788 3,570 22,358 Ending Balance $ 19,389 $ 3,570 $ 22,959 Credit quality of finance receivables At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable balance past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment of finance receivables by aging category. (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 50 $ 16 $ 59 $ 125 $ 7,938 $ 8,063 $ 5 Europe 16 12 39 67 2,388 2,455 6 Asia Pacific 17 7 15 39 1,435 1,474 4 Mining 3 2 63 68 1,756 1,824 2 Latin America 40 33 214 287 1,808 2,095 — Caterpillar Power Finance 11 9 73 93 3,018 3,111 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,916 1,916 — Europe — — — — 161 161 — Asia Pacific — — — — 541 541 — Mining — — — — 3 3 — Latin America — — — — 752 752 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 137 $ 79 $ 463 $ 679 $ 21,718 $ 22,397 $ 18 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 45 $ 12 $ 30 $ 87 $ 7,850 $ 7,937 $ 4 Europe 18 7 44 69 2,358 2,427 9 Asia Pacific 21 12 21 54 1,647 1,701 6 Mining 6 1 68 75 1,793 1,868 1 Latin America 45 31 199 275 1,998 2,273 — Caterpillar Power Finance — 1 35 36 3,147 3,183 2 Dealer North America — — — — 2,209 2,209 — Europe — — — — 149 149 — Asia Pacific — — — — 552 552 — Mining — — — — 4 4 — Latin America — — — — 653 653 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 3 3 — Total $ 135 $ 64 $ 397 $ 596 $ 22,363 $ 22,959 $ 22 Impaired finance receivables For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms. Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings. There were no impaired finance receivables as of December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Recorded Unpaid Principal Balance Related Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 10 $ 10 $ — $ 12 $ 12 $ — Europe 49 48 — 41 41 — Asia Pacific 3 2 — 1 1 — Mining 129 129 — 84 84 — Latin America 68 68 — 28 28 — Caterpillar Power Finance 271 271 — 242 241 — Total $ 530 $ 528 $ — $ 408 $ 407 $ — Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 61 $ 60 $ 22 $ 14 $ 13 $ 4 Europe 7 7 3 11 10 5 Asia Pacific 50 50 8 34 34 4 Mining — — — 11 11 3 Latin America 93 104 34 53 53 21 Caterpillar Power Finance 45 44 18 70 70 28 Total $ 256 $ 265 $ 85 $ 193 $ 191 $ 65 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 71 $ 70 $ 22 $ 26 $ 25 $ 4 Europe 56 55 3 52 51 5 Asia Pacific 53 52 8 35 35 4 Mining 129 129 — 95 95 3 Latin America 161 172 34 81 81 21 Caterpillar Power Finance 316 315 18 312 311 28 Total $ 786 $ 793 $ 85 $ 601 $ 598 $ 65 Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (Millions of dollars) Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 18 $ 1 $ 12 $ 1 $ 20 $ 1 Europe 46 1 42 1 47 1 Asia Pacific 2 — 2 — 3 — Mining 98 4 75 3 69 3 Latin America 47 1 31 — 30 — Caterpillar Power Finance 270 11 170 5 164 6 Total $ 481 $ 18 $ 332 $ 10 $ 333 $ 11 Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 34 $ — $ 9 $ — $ 9 $ — Europe 11 1 14 1 21 1 Asia Pacific 37 3 35 2 22 1 Mining 13 — 39 1 90 7 Latin America 66 2 56 3 36 1 Caterpillar Power Finance 50 1 115 3 96 2 Total $ 211 $ 7 $ 268 $ 10 $ 274 $ 12 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 52 $ 1 $ 21 $ 1 $ 29 $ 1 Europe 57 2 56 2 68 2 Asia Pacific 39 3 37 2 25 1 Mining 111 4 114 4 159 10 Latin America 113 3 87 3 66 1 Caterpillar Power Finance 320 12 285 8 260 8 Total $ 692 $ 25 $ 600 $ 20 $ 607 $ 23 Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 there were no finance receivable on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment. The recorded investment in customer finance receivable on non-accrual status was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 North America $ 66 $ 31 Europe 35 39 Asia Pacific 12 15 Mining 69 106 Latin America 307 217 Caterpillar Power Finance 90 77 Total $ 579 $ 485 Troubled Debt Restructurings A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were $11 million and $3 million , respectively, of additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR. There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 or 2014 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 1 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 34 $ 12 $ 7 Europe 8 7 7 Asia Pacific 2 — — Mining 51 185 176 Latin America 51 32 31 Caterpillar Power Finance 18 137 139 Total 164 $ 373 $ 360 1 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers. TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 17 $ 3 12 $ 1 11 $ 1 Europe 16 9 — — 46 2 Asia Pacific 3 — — — — — Latin America 7 3 12 1 11 1 Total 43 $ 15 24 $ 2 68 $ 4

Inventories

Inventories	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Inventories	Inventories Inventories (principally using the LIFO method) are comprised of the following: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Raw materials $ 2,102 $ 2,467 Work-in-process 1,719 1,857 Finished goods 4,576 5,122 Supplies 217 254 Total inventories $ 8,614 $ 9,700 We had long-term material purchase obligations of approximately $1,145 million at December 31, 2016 .

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment	Property, plant and equipment December 31, (Millions of dollars) Useful Lives (Years) 2016 2015 Land — $ 667 $ 644 Buildings and land improvements 20-45 7,383 7,242 Machinery, equipment and other 3-10 15,392 15,686 Software 3-7 1,641 1,636 Equipment leased to others 1-7 6,086 5,728 Construction-in-process — 771 1,041 Total property, plant and equipment, at cost 31,940 31,977 Less: Accumulated depreciation (16,618 ) (15,887 ) Property, plant and equipment–net $ 15,322 $ 16,090 We had commitments for the purchase or construction of capital assets of approximately $142 million at December 31, 2016 . Assets recorded under capital leases: 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Gross capital leases 2 $ 99 $ 124 Less: Accumulated depreciation (22 ) (44 ) Net capital leases $ 77 $ 80 1 Included in Property, plant and equipment table above. 2 Consists primarily of machinery and equipment. At December 31, 2016 , scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 7 $ 6 $ 6 $ 6 $ 20 $ 30 Equipment leased to others (primarily by Cat Financial): December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Equipment leased to others–at original cost $ 6,086 $ 5,728 Less: Accumulated depreciation (1,659 ) (1,571 ) Equipment leased to others–net $ 4,427 $ 4,157 At December 31, 2016 , scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 892 $ 600 $ 349 $ 167 $ 67 $ 64

Investments in unconsolidated a

Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies, included in Other assets in Statement 3, were as follows: Caterpillar’s investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Investments in equity method companies $ 192 $ 203 Plus: Investments in cost method companies 57 43 Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies $ 249 $ 246 In February 2015, we sold our 35 percent equity interest in the third party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LLC, to an affiliate of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and investment funds affiliated with Rhône Capital LLC for $177 million , which was comprised of $167 million in cash and a $10 million note receivable included in Long-term receivables - trade and other in Statement 3. As a result of the sale, we recognized a pretax gain of $120 million (included in Other income (expense)) and derecognized the carrying value of our noncontrolling interest of $57 million , which was previously included in Other assets in Statement 3. The gain on the disposal is included as a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. The sale of this investment supports Caterpillar's increased focus on growth opportunities in its core businesses.

Intangible assets and goodwill

Intangible assets and goodwill	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Intangible assets and goodwill	Intangible assets and goodwill A. Intangible assets Intangible assets are comprised of the following: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,378 $ (934 ) $ 1,444 Intellectual property 11 1,496 (706 ) 790 Other 14 192 (77 ) 115 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,066 $ (1,717 ) $ 2,349 December 31, 2015 Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,489 $ (809 ) $ 1,680 Intellectual property 11 1,660 (626 ) 1,034 Other 12 174 (67 ) 107 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,323 $ (1,502 ) $ 2,821 During 2015, we acquired finite-lived intangible assets of $82 million due to the purchase of Rail Product Solutions, Inc. See Note 24 for details on this acquisition. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and tested for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Gross customer relationship intangibles of $96 million and related accumulated amortization of $27 million as well as gross intellectual property intangibles of $111 million and related accumulated amortization of $48 million from the Resource Industries segment were impaired during 2016. The fair value of these intangibles was determined to be insignificant based on an income approach using expected cash flows. The fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to its use of internal projections and unobservable measurement inputs. The total impairment of $132 million was a result of restructuring activities and is included in Other operating (income) expense in Statement 1. See Note 25 for information on restructuring costs. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $326 million , $337 million and $365 million for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. As of December 31, 2016 , amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 313 $ 308 $ 303 $ 292 $ 275 $ 858 B. Goodwill Our annual impairment tests completed in the fourth quarter of 2016 indicated the fair value of each reporting unit was substantially above its respective carrying value, including goodwill, with the exception of our Surface Mining & Technology reporting unit. The Surface Mining & Technology reporting unit, which primarily serves the mining industry, is a part of our Resource Industries segment. The goodwill assigned to this reporting unit is largely from our acquisition of Bucyrus International, Inc. in 2011. Its product portfolio includes large mining trucks, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels and related parts. In addition to equipment, Surface Mining & Technology also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customer fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. The annual impairment test completed in the fourth quarter of 2016 indicated that the fair value of Surface Mining & Technology was below its carrying value requiring the second step of the goodwill impairment test process. The fair value of Surface Mining & Technology was determined primarily using an income approach based on a discounted ten year cash flow. We assigned the fair value to Surface Mining & Technology’s assets and liabilities using various valuation techniques that required assumptions about royalty rates, dealer attrition, technological obsolescence and discount rates. The resulting implied fair value of goodwill was below the carrying value. Accordingly, we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $595 million , which resulted in goodwill of $629 million remaining for Surface Mining & Technology as of October 1, 2016. The fair value determination is categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy due to its use of internal projections and unobservable measurement inputs. There was a $17 million tax benefit associated with this impairment charge. The mining industry has experienced significant weakness for several years as a result of low commodity prices. While we continue to expect the industry will improve, we believe the pace of the improvement will be slower and cash flows and profitability will be lower than previously forecasted. We believe the slow pace of improvement will in part be due to a large amount of equipment currently idled, particularly large mining trucks, some of which will be redeployed as end-user demand increases. In addition, we do not expect a dramatic increase in commodity prices, dampening the rate of growth in mining production and demand for our products. To reflect the gradual nature of the anticipated improvement, we used a ten year cash flow forecast period for the reporting unit rather than our typical five year forecast period. There were no goodwill impairments during 2015 or 2014 . During 2015, we acquired net assets with related goodwill aggregating $133 million primarily related to the purchases of Rail Product Solutions, Inc. ( $53 million ) and RDS Manufacturing, Inc. ( $59 million ). See Note 24 for details on these acquisitions. As discussed in Note 23, effective January 1, 2016, we revised our reportable segments in line with the changes to our organization structure. As a result of these changes, $118 million of goodwill was reassigned to Energy & Transportation from All Other segments. The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 Acquisitions 1 Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 2 December 31, 2016 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 285 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 296 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 263 — — 11 274 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,145 — — (35 ) 4,110 Impairment (580 ) — (595 ) — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 3,565 — (595 ) (35 ) 2,935 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,738 37 — (19 ) 2,756 All Other 3 Goodwill 49 — — 6 55 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 37 — (37 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — (595 ) — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,615 $ 37 $ (595 ) $ (37 ) $ 6,020 December 31, 2014 Acquisitions 1 Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 2 December 31, 2015 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 297 $ — $ — $ (12 ) $ 285 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 275 — — (12 ) 263 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,287 — — (142 ) 4,145 Impairment (580 ) — — — (580 ) Net goodwill 3,707 — — (142 ) 3,565 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,660 133 — (55 ) 2,738 All Other 3 Goodwill 52 — — (3 ) 49 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,296 133 — (212 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — — — (602 ) Net goodwill $ 6,694 $ 133 $ — $ (212 ) $ 6,615 1 See Note 24 for additional information. 2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation. 3 Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 23).

Investments in debt and equity

Investments in debt and equity securities	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Investments in debt and equity securities	Investments in debt and equity securities We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity security investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. These investments are primarily included in Other assets in Statement 3. Unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of debt and equity securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ 9 $ 9 $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 60 — 60 71 1 72 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds 489 3 492 701 7 708 Asset-backed securities 90 — 90 129 — 129 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 225 (2 ) 223 291 1 292 Residential 10 — 10 12 — 12 Commercial 36 — 36 59 2 61 Equity securities Large capitalization value 280 32 312 243 30 273 Real estate investment trust (REIT) 77 2 79 25 — 25 Smaller company growth 41 15 56 37 17 54 Total $ 1,317 $ 50 $ 1,367 $ 1,577 $ 58 $ 1,635 Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired: December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 131 $ 1 $ 13 $ — $ 144 $ 1 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 167 2 11 — 178 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 68 6 11 2 79 8 Smaller company growth 10 1 3 1 13 2 Total $ 376 $ 10 $ 38 $ 3 $ 414 $ 13 December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 242 $ 3 $ 27 $ 1 $ 269 $ 4 Asset-backed securities 84 1 10 1 94 2 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 135 1 57 1 192 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 97 8 2 — 99 8 Smaller company growth 14 1 — — 14 1 Total $ 572 $ 14 $ 96 $ 3 $ 668 $ 17 1 Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . Equity Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in equity securities relate to inherent risks of individual holdings and/or their respective sectors. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2016 , by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 188 $ 189 Due after one year through five years 421 423 Due after five years through ten years 13 13 Due after ten years 26 26 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities 225 223 Residential mortgage-backed securities 10 10 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 36 36 Total debt securities – available-for-sale $ 919 $ 920 Sales of Securities: Years Ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 694 $ 351 $ 434 Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 55 $ 64 $ 38 Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 4 $ 2 $ 2 securities We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity security investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. These investments are primarily included in Other assets in Statement 3. Unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of debt and equity securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ 9 $ 9 $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 60 — 60 71 1 72 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds 489 3 492 701 7 708 Asset-backed securities 90 — 90 129 — 129 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 225 (2 ) 223 291 1 292 Residential 10 — 10 12 — 12 Commercial 36 — 36 59 2 61 Equity securities Large capitalization value 280 32 312 243 30 273 Real estate investment trust (REIT) 77 2 79 25 — 25 Smaller company growth 41 15 56 37 17 54 Total $ 1,317 $ 50 $ 1,367 $ 1,577 $ 58 $ 1,635 Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired: December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 131 $ 1 $ 13 $ — $ 144 $ 1 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 167 2 11 — 178 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 68 6 11 2 79 8 Smaller company growth 10 1 3 1 13 2 Total $ 376 $ 10 $ 38 $ 3 $ 414 $ 13 December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 242 $ 3 $ 27 $ 1 $ 269 $ 4 Asset-backed securities 84 1 10 1 94 2 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 135 1 57 1 192 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 97 8 2 — 99 8 Smaller company growth 14 1 — — 14 1 Total $ 572 $ 14 $ 96 $ 3 $ 668 $ 17 1 Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position. Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . Equity Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in equity securities relate to inherent risks of individual holdings and/or their respective sectors. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2016 . The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2016 , by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 188 $ 189 Due after one year through five years 421 423 Due after five years through ten years 13 13 Due after ten years 26 26 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities 225 223 Residential mortgage-backed securities 10 10 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 36 36 Total debt securities – available-for-sale $ 919 $ 920 Sales of Securities: Years Ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 694 $ 351 $ 434 Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 55 $ 64 $ 38 Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 4 $ 2 $ 2

Postemployment benefit plans

Postemployment benefit plans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]
Postemployment benefit plans	Postemployment benefit plans We provide defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans and/or other postretirement benefit plans (retirement health care and life insurance) to employees in many of our locations throughout the world. Our defined benefit pension plans provide a benefit based on years of service and/or the employee’s average earnings near retirement. Our defined contribution plans allow employees to contribute a portion of their salary to help save for retirement, and in most cases, we provide a matching contribution. The benefit obligation related to our non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are for employees located primarily in Europe, Japan and Brazil. For other post retirement benefits (OPEB), substantially all of our benefit obligation is for employees located in the United States. Our U.S. defined benefit pension plans for support and management employees were frozen for certain employees on December 31, 2010, and will freeze for remaining employees on December 31, 2019. On the respective transition dates employees move to a retirement benefit that provides a frozen pension benefit and a 401(k) plan that will include a matching contribution and a new annual employer contribution. As discussed in Note 26, during 2015 the company offered a voluntary retirement enhancement program to qualifying U.S. employees. This voluntary program impacted employees participating in certain U.S. pension and OPEB plans and resulted in a curtailment loss of $82 million , recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. At December 31, 2015, we changed our method for calculating the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost. Historically, these components were determined utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate based on a yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Beginning in 2016, we elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We made this change to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between the projected cash flows to the corresponding spot rates along the yield curve. Under the previous method the discount rate used for the service and interest components of cost would have been 4.2 percent for U.S. pensions, 3.2 percent for non-U.S. pension and 4.1 percent for OPEB. This change had no impact on our year-end defined benefit pension and OPEB obligations or our annual net periodic benefit cost as the lower service and interest costs were entirely offset in the actuarial loss (gain) reported. Compared to the method used in 2015, this change lowered service and interest costs by $180 million . This change was accounted for prospectively as a change in accounting estimate. A. Benefit obligations U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 15,792 $ 16,249 $ 4,355 $ 4,801 $ 4,313 $ 4,938 Service cost 119 181 92 110 82 101 Interest cost 517 608 117 146 131 181 Plan amendments — — (5 ) — (188 ) 3 Actuarial losses (gains) 767 (384 ) 512 (152 ) 60 (625 ) Foreign currency exchange rates — — (369 ) (307 ) 14 (43 ) Participant contributions — — 7 8 57 52 Benefits paid - gross (970 ) (890 ) (238 ) (191 ) (388 ) (345 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 11 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits (7 ) 28 1 (60 ) (4 ) 40 Benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,034 $ 15,550 $ 4,163 $ 4,024 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 4.0 % 4.2 % 2.5 % 3.2 % 4.0 % 4.1 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.8 % 4.0 % 4.0 % The assumed discount rate is used to discount future benefit obligations back to today’s dollars. The U.S. discount rate is based on a benefit cash flow-matching approach and represents the rate at which our benefit obligations could effectively be settled as of our measurement date, December 31. The benefit cash flow-matching approach involves analyzing Caterpillar’s projected cash flows against a high quality bond yield curve, calculated using a wide population of corporate Aa bonds available on the measurement date. The very highest and lowest yielding bonds (top and bottom 10 percent ) are excluded from the analysis. A similar process is used to determine the assumed discount rate for our most significant non-U.S. plans. This rate is sensitive to changes in interest rates. A decrease in the discount rate would increase our obligation and future expense. B. Plan assets U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 11,440 $ 12,530 $ 3,890 $ 4,100 $ 650 $ 776 Actual return on plan assets 860 (225 ) 503 107 55 3 Foreign currency exchange rates — — (392 ) (234 ) — — Company contributions 36 30 117 156 176 164 Participant contributions — — 7 8 57 52 Benefits paid (970 ) (890 ) (238 ) (191 ) (388 ) (345 ) Settlements and termination benefits (12 ) (5 ) — (56 ) — — Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650 In general, our strategy for both the U.S. and non-U.S. pensions includes ongoing alignment of our investments to our liabilities, while reducing risk in our portfolio. The current U.S. pension target asset allocations are 40 percent equities and 60 percent fixed income. These target allocations will be revisited periodically to ensure that they reflect our overall objectives. The non-U.S. pension weighted-average target allocations are 39 percent equities, 52 percent fixed income, 6 percent real estate and 3 percent other. The target allocations for each plan vary based upon local statutory requirements, demographics of plan participants and funded status. The non-U.S. plan assets are primarily invested in non-U.S. securities. Our target allocations for the other postretirement benefit plans are 70 percent equities and 30 percent fixed income. The U.S. plans are rebalanced to plus or minus 5 percentage points of the target asset allocation ranges on a monthly basis. The frequency of rebalancing for the non-U.S. plans varies depending on the plan. As a result of our diversification strategies, there are no significant concentrations of risk within the portfolio of investments. The use of certain derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. The plans do not engage in derivative contracts for speculative purposes. The accounting guidance on fair value measurements specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques (Level 1, 2 and 3). See Note 18 for a discussion of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values are determined as follows: • Equity securities are primarily based on valuations for identical instruments in active markets. • Fixed income securities are primarily based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds. • Real estate is stated at the fund’s net asset value or at appraised value. • Cash, short-term instruments and other are based on the carrying amount, which approximates fair value, or the fund’s net asset value. The fair value of the pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets by category is summarized below: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,816 $ — $ 5 $ 174 $ 2,995 Non-U.S. equities 1,653 5 — — 1,658 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 4,273 31 85 4,389 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 710 — — 710 U.S. government bonds — 647 — — 647 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 491 — — 491 Non-U.S. government bonds — 90 — — 90 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 93 74 11 186 364 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,562 $ 6,290 $ 57 $ 445 $ 11,354 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,976 $ — $ 4 $ 168 $ 3,148 Non-U.S. equities 2,044 5 1 — 2,050 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 3,872 42 132 4,046 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 575 — — 575 U.S. government bonds — 526 — — 526 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 627 — — 627 Non-U.S. government bonds — 65 — — 65 Real estate — — 9 — 9 Cash, short-term instruments and other 157 28 3 206 394 Total U.S. pension assets $ 5,177 $ 5,698 $ 59 $ 506 $ 11,440 We have revised previously reported Level 2, Level 3 and Measured at NAV for U.S. Pension. Level 2 assets decreased $141 million , Level 3 assets increased $9 million and Measured at NAV increased $132 million for the U.S. Pension in 2015. The revision did not impact total assets. Management has concluded that the impact was not material to any period presented. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 405 $ — $ — $ 108 $ 513 Non-U.S. equities 639 38 — 119 796 Global equities 1 122 34 — — 156 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 151 1 — 152 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 345 1 10 356 U.S. government bonds — 44 — — 44 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,172 — — 1,172 Global fixed income 1 — 221 — 199 420 Real estate — 179 — — 179 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 53 46 — — 99 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,219 $ 2,230 $ 2 $ 436 $ 3,887 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 426 $ — $ — $ 118 $ 544 Non-U.S. equities 680 29 2 123 834 Global equities 1 155 49 — — 204 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 135 3 — 138 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 389 2 11 402 U.S. government bonds — 64 — — 64 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,083 — — 1,083 Global fixed income 1 — 166 — 175 341 Real estate — 172 — — 172 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 61 47 — — 108 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,322 $ 2,134 $ 7 $ 427 $ 3,890 1 Includes funds that invest in both U.S. and non-U.S. securities. 2 Includes funds that invest in multiple asset classes, hedge funds and other. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 276 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 277 Non-U.S. equities 110 — — — 110 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 69 — 1 70 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. government bonds — 16 — — 16 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 31 — — 31 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 5 1 — 19 25 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 391 $ 139 $ — $ 20 $ 550 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 296 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 297 Non-U.S. equities 136 — — — 136 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 83 — 4 87 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 18 — — 18 U.S. government bonds — 31 — — 31 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 45 — — 45 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 17 15 — — 32 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 449 $ 197 $ — $ 4 $ 650 Below are roll-forwards of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 . These instruments were valued using pricing models that, in management’s judgment, reflect the assumptions a market participant would use. (Millions of dollars) Equities Fixed Income Real Estate Other U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 9 $ 29 $ 9 $ — Unrealized gains (losses) (1 ) (1 ) — — Realized gains (losses) 1 — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (4 ) 16 — 2 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — 1 Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 5 $ 42 $ 9 $ 3 Unrealized gains (losses) — 4 1 — Realized gains (losses) — (5 ) — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net 1 (9 ) — 8 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 (1 ) (1 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 5 $ 31 $ 10 $ 11 Non-U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2014 $ — $ 11 $ 39 $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — (1 ) (17 ) — Realized gains (losses) — — 15 — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — — (37 ) — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 2 (5 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 2 $ 5 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (1 ) (1 ) — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ — $ 2 $ — $ — C. Funded status The funded status of the plans, reconciled to the amount reported on Statement 3, is as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 End of Year Fair value of plan assets $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650 Benefit obligations 16,218 15,792 4,472 4,355 4,088 4,313 Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position $ (4,864 ) $ (4,352 ) $ (585 ) $ (465 ) $ (3,538 ) $ (3,663 ) Components of net amount recognized in financial position: Other assets (non-current asset) $ 4 $ 6 $ 152 $ 163 $ — $ — Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) (35 ) (32 ) (20 ) (19 ) (162 ) (161 ) Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) (4,833 ) (4,326 ) (717 ) (609 ) (3,376 ) (3,502 ) Net liability recognized $ (4,864 ) $ (4,352 ) $ (585 ) $ (465 ) $ (3,538 ) $ (3,663 ) Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ 1 $ (5 ) $ 1 $ (85 ) $ 39 The estimated amount of prior service cost (credit) that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2016 into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in 2017 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ (1 ) $ (21 ) The following amounts relate to our pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,163 $ 15,734 $ 4,098 $ 1,818 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 15,979 $ 15,493 $ 3,835 $ 1,657 Fair value of plan assets $ 11,295 $ 11,377 $ 3,361 $ 1,190 The following amounts relate to our pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,163 $ 15,734 $ 1,707 $ 1,363 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 15,979 $ 15,493 $ 1,607 $ 1,320 Fair value of plan assets $ 11,295 $ 11,377 $ 1,024 $ 793 The accumulated postretirement benefit obligation exceeds plan assets for all of our other postretirement benefit plans for all years presented. D. Expected contributions and benefit payments Information about expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other postretirement benefit plans is as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Employer contributions: 2017 (expected) $ 350 $ 100 $ 160 Expected benefit payments: 2017 $ 1,020 $ 190 $ 310 2018 980 160 300 2019 990 160 300 2020 990 160 290 2021 990 170 280 2022-2026 4,900 970 1,320 Total $ 9,870 $ 1,810 $ 2,800 The above table reflects the total employer contributions and benefits expected to be paid from the plan or from company assets and does not include the participants’ share of the cost. The expected benefit payments for our other postretirement benefits include payments for prescription drug benefits. Medicare Part D subsidy amounts expected to be received by the company which will offset other postretirement benefit payments are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022-2026 Total Other postretirement benefits $ 15 $ 15 $ 20 $ 20 $ 20 $ 95 $ 185 E. Net periodic cost U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 2014 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 119 $ 181 $ 157 $ 92 $ 110 $ 109 $ 82 $ 101 $ 82 Interest cost 517 608 648 117 146 185 131 181 213 Expected return on plan assets 1 (757 ) (890 ) (943 ) (227 ) (273 ) (271 ) (44 ) (56 ) (58 ) Curtailments and termination benefits 2 6 32 — 1 (1 ) 2 (9 ) 27 (4 ) Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 3 — 1 17 3 — — (59 ) (54 ) (55 ) Actuarial loss (gain) 4 664 732 2,088 262 8 345 59 (561 ) 191 Total cost (benefit) included in operating profit $ 549 $ 664 $ 1,967 $ 248 $ (10 ) $ 370 $ 160 $ (362 ) $ 369 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): Current year prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ (3 ) $ (8 ) $ (4 ) $ (184 ) $ 16 $ (2 ) Amortization of prior service (cost) credit — (1 ) (17 ) (3 ) — — 59 54 55 Total recognized in other comprehensive income — (1 ) (17 ) (6 ) (8 ) (4 ) (125 ) 70 53 Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income $ 549 $ 663 $ 1,950 $ 242 $ (18 ) $ 366 $ 35 $ (292 ) $ 422 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: Discount rate used to measure service cost 4.5 % 3.8 % 4.6 % 2.9 % 3.3 % 4.1 % 4.2 % 3.9 % 4.6 % Discount rate used to measure interest cost 3.4 % 3.8 % 4.6 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 4.1 % 3.3 % 3.9 % 4.6 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 5 6.9 % 7.4 % 7.8 % 6.1 % 6.8 % 6.9 % 7.5 % 7.8 % 7.8 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.6 % 4.0 % 4.2 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 1 Expected return on plan assets developed using the fair value of plan assets. 2 Curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. 3 Prior service cost (credit) for both pension and other postretirement benefits are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits from the plan. For pension plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are inactive and other postretirement benefit plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are fully eligible for benefits under the plan, prior service cost (credit) are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining life expectancy of those participants. 4 Actuarial loss (gain) represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We recognize actuarial loss (gain) immediately through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. 5 The weighted-average rates for 2017 are 6.7 percent and 5.9 percent for U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, respectively. The discount rates used in the determination of our service and interest cost components are determined by utilizing a full yield curve approach which applies specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. In 2015 and 2014, the discount rates used to determine these cost components were based on a single weighted-average discount rate based on the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Our U.S. expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on our estimate of long-term passive returns for equities and fixed income securities weighted by the allocation of our pension assets. Based on historical performance, we increase the passive returns due to our active management of the plan assets. To arrive at our expected long-term return, the amount added for active management was 0.90 percent for 2016 and 0.95 percent for 2015 and 1 percent for 2014 . A similar process is used to determine this rate for our non-U.S. plans. The assumed health care trend rate represents the rate at which health care costs are assumed to increase. We assumed a weighted-average increase of 6.5 percent in our calculation of 2016 benefit expense. We expect a weighted-average increase of 6.6 percent during 2017. The 2017 rates are assumed to decrease gradually to the ultimate health care trend rate of 5 percent in 2022 . This rate represents 3 percent general inflation plus 2 percent additional health care inflation. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: (Millions of dollars) One-percentage- point increase One-percentage- point decrease Effect on 2016 service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost $ 19 $ (15 ) Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation $ 178 $ (150 ) F. Other postemployment benefit plans We offer long-term disability benefits, continued health care for disabled employees, survivor income benefit insurance and supplemental unemployment benefits to substantially all U.S. employees. G. Defined contribution plans We have both U.S. and non-U.S. employee defined contribution plans to help employees save for retirement. Our primary U.S. 401(k) plan allows eligible employees to contribute a portion of their cash compensation to the plan on a tax-deferred basis. Employees with frozen defined benefit pension accruals are eligible for matching contributions equal to 100 percent of employee contributions to the plan up to 6 percent of cash compensation and an annual employer contribution that ranges from 3 to 5 percent of cash compensation (depending on years of service and age). Employees that are still accruing benefits under a defined benefit pension plan are eligible for matching contributions equal to 50 percent of employee contributions up to 6 percent of cash compensation. These 401(k) plans include various investment funds, including a non-leveraged employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 , the ESOP held 21.3 million and 26.4 million shares, respectively. All of the shares held by the ESOP were allocated to participant accounts. Dividends paid to participants are automatically reinvested into company shares unless the participant elects to have all or a portion of the dividend paid to the participant. Various other U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans allow eligible employees to contribute a portion of their salary to the plans, and in most cases, we provide a matching contribution to the funds. Total company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 U.S. plans $ 301 $ 267 $ 301 Non-U.S. plans 68 76 85 $ 369 $ 343 $ 386 H. Summary of long-term liability: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Pensions: U.S. pensions $ 4,833 $ 4,326 Non-U.S. pensions 717 609 Total pensions 5,550 4,935 Postretirement benefits other than pensions 3,376 3,502 Other postemployment benefits 106 104 Defined contribution 325 302 $ 9,357 $ 8,843

Short-term borrowings

Short-term borrowings	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Short-term Borrowings Disclosure [Abstract]
Short-term borrowings	Short-term borrowings December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes payable to banks $ 59 $ 9 Commercial paper 150 — 209 9 Financial Products: Notes payable to banks 553 440 Commercial paper 5,985 5,811 Demand notes 556 707 7,094 6,958 Total short-term borrowings $ 7,303 $ 6,967 The weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings outstanding were: December 31, 2016 2015 Notes payable to banks 7.0 % 9.2 % Commercial paper 0.9 % 0.5 % Demand notes 0.9 % 0.8 % Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information on short-term borrowings.

Long-term debt

Long-term debt	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term debt	Long-term debt December 31, (Millions of dollars) Effective Yield to Maturity 1 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes—$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021 2 4.01% $ 1,245 $ 1,244 Notes—$759 million of 5.200% due 2041 2 5.27% 752 751 Debentures—$500 million of 1.500% due 2017 2 1.63% — 499 Debentures—$900 million of 7.900% due 2018 2 7.98% 899 899 Debentures—$120 million of 9.375% due 2021 9.41% 120 120 Debentures—$500 million of 2.600% due 2022 2 2.70% 498 497 Debentures—$82 million of 8.000% due 2023 8.06% 82 82 Debentures—$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024 3.46% 996 996 Debentures—$193 million of 6.625% due 2028 2 6.68% 192 192 Debentures—$242 million of 7.300% due 2031 2 7.38% 241 240 Debentures—$307 million of 5.300% due 2035 2 8.64% 214 212 Debentures—$460 million of 6.050% due 2036 2 6.12% 456 456 Debentures—$65 million of 8.250% due 2038 2 8.38% 64 64 Debentures—$160 million of 6.950% due 2042 2 7.02% 159 159 Debentures—$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042 2 6.39% 1,218 1,198 Debentures—$500 million of 4.300% due 2044 4.39% 493 493 Debentures—$500 million of 4.750% due 2064 4.81% 494 494 Debentures—$246 million of 7.375% due 2097 2 7.51% 242 242 Capital lease obligations 68 77 Other 3 45 Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation 8,436 8,960 Financial Products: Medium-term notes 13,869 15,679 Other 513 530 Total Financial Products 14,382 16,209 Total long-term debt due after one year $ 22,818 $ 25,169 1 Effective yield to maturity includes the impact of discounts, premiums and debt issuance costs. 2 Redeemable at our option in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount or (ii) the discounted present value of the notes or debentures, calculated in accordance with the terms of such notes or debentures. All outstanding notes and debentures are unsecured and rank equally with one another. Cat Financial's medium-term notes are offered by prospectus and are issued through agents at fixed and floating rates. Medium-term notes due after one year have a weighted average interest rate of 2.7% with remaining maturities up to 11 years at December 31, 2016 . During September 2016, $381 million of medium-term notes with varying interest rates and maturity dates were exchanged for $366 million of 1.93% medium-term notes due in 2021 and $15 million in cash. In addition, a debt exchange premium of $33 million was paid. The above table includes $78 million of medium-term notes that can be called at par. The aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt during each of the years 2017 through 2021, including amounts due within one year and classified as current, are: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 507 $ 905 $ 6 $ 6 $ 1,385 Financial Products 6,155 5,359 3,680 1,144 1,682 $ 6,662 $ 6,264 $ 3,686 $ 1,150 $ 3,067 Interest paid on short-term and long-term borrowings for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 was $1,075 million , $1,047 million and $1,109 million , respectively. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III for fair value information on long-term debt.

Credit commitments

Credit commitments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Credit Commitments [Abstract]
Credit commitments	Credit commitments December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Consolidated Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Credit lines available: Global credit facilities $ 10,500 $ 2,750 $ 7,750 Other external 3,824 60 3,764 Total credit lines available 14,324 2,810 11,514 Less: Commercial paper outstanding (6,135 ) (150 ) (5,985 ) Less: Utilized credit (1,482 ) (59 ) (1,423 ) Available credit $ 6,707 $ 2,601 $ 4,106 We have three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management's allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of December 31, 2016 was $2.75 billion . Our three Global Credit Facilities are: • The 364 -day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2017. • The three -year facility, as amended and restated in September 2016, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2019. • The five -year facility, as amended and restated in September 2016, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2021. Other consolidated credit lines with banks as of December 31, 2016 totaled $3.82 billion . These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines. At December 31, 2016 , Caterpillar's consolidated net worth was $13.20 billion , which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined as the consolidated stockholder's equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2016 , Cat Financial's covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.92 to 1 . This is above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio, calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility. In addition, at December 31, 2016 , Cat Financial's six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.35 to 1 and year-end covenant leverage ratio was 7.60 to 1 . This is below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1 , calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility. In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial's other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2016 , there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Profit per share

Profit per share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2015
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Profit per share	Profit per share Computations of profit per share: (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 2015 2014 Profit for the period (A) 1 $ (67 ) $ 2,512 $ 2,452 Determination of shares (in millions): Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (B) 584.3 594.3 617.2 Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price — 7.0 11.7 Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2,3 584.3 601.3 628.9 Profit per share of common stock: Assuming no dilution (A/B) $ (0.11 ) $ 4.23 $ 3.97 Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2,3 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.18 $ 3.90 Shares outstanding as of December 31 (in millions) 586.5 582.3 606.2 1 Profit attributable to common stockholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. SARs and stock options to purchase 32,064,790 , 22,169,133 and 10,266,682 common shares were outstanding in 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively, which were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive. In February 2007, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of $7.5 billion of Caterpillar common stock (the 2007 Authorization), and in December 2011, the 2007 Authorization was extended through December 2015. In January 2014, we completed the 2007 Authorization and entered into a definitive agreement with Citibank, N.A. to purchase shares of our common stock under an accelerated stock repurchase transaction (January 2014 ASR Agreement), which was completed in March 2014. In accordance with the terms of the January 2014 ASR Agreement, a total of approximately 18.1 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of approximately $1.7 billion . In January 2014, the Board approved a new authorization to repurchase up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock, which will expire on December 31, 2018. In July 2014, we entered into definitive agreements with Société Générale to purchase shares of our common stock under accelerated stock repurchase transactions (July 2014 ASR Agreements) which were completed in September 2014. In accordance with the terms of the July 2014 ASR Agreements, a total of approximately 23.7 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $2.5 billion . In July 2015, we entered into a definitive agreement with Citibank, N.A. to purchase shares of our common stock under an accelerated stock repurchase transaction (July 2015 ASR Agreement), which was completed in September 2015. Pursuant to the terms of the July 2015 ASR Agreement, a total of approximately 19.6 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $1.5 billion . For the year ended December 31, 2015, a total of 25.8 million shares of our common stock were repurchased at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $2.0 billion . We did not purchase any Caterpillar common stock during 2016. Through the end of 2016, approximately $4.5 billion of the $10.0 billion authorization was spent.

Accumulated other comprehensive

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Equity [Abstract]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income and its components are presented in Statement 2. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in Statement 4, consisted of the following: (Millions of dollars) Foreign currency translation Pension and other postretirement benefits Derivative financial instruments Available-for-sale securities Total Balance at December 31, 2013 $ 163 $ (10 ) $ (5 ) $ 83 $ 231 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (1,155 ) 4 (118 ) 24 (1,245 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (25 ) 4 (24 ) (45 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (1,155 ) (21 ) (114 ) — (1,290 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 $ (992 ) $ (31 ) $ (119 ) $ 83 $ (1,059 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (961 ) (3 ) (19 ) (10 ) (993 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (35 ) 88 (36 ) 17 Other comprehensive income (loss) (961 ) (38 ) 69 (46 ) (976 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1,953 ) $ (69 ) $ (50 ) $ 37 $ (2,035 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (34 ) 118 (62 ) 26 48 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 17 (35 ) (3 ) (31 ) (52 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (17 ) 83 (65 ) (5 ) (4 ) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (1,970 ) $ 14 $ (115 ) $ 32 $ (2,039 ) The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on Statement 1 is as follows: Year ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of income (expense) 2016 2015 2014 Foreign currency translation: Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation Other income (expense) $ (17 ) $ — $ — Tax (provision) benefit — — — Reclassifications net of tax $ (17 ) $ — $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Amortization of prior service credit (cost) Note 12 1 $ 56 $ 53 $ 38 Tax (provision) benefit (21 ) (18 ) (13 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 35 $ 35 $ 25 Derivative financial instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other income (expense) $ 14 $ (127 ) $ 5 Interest rate contracts Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) (6 ) (5 ) Interest rate contracts Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) (6 ) (6 ) Reclassifications before tax 5 (139 ) (6 ) Tax (provision) benefit (2 ) 51 2 Reclassifications net of tax $ 3 $ (88 ) $ (4 ) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gain (loss) on sale of securities Other income (expense) $ 46 $ 56 $ 35 Tax (provision) benefit (15 ) (20 ) (11 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 31 $ 36 $ 24 Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ 52 $ (17 ) $ 45 1 Amounts are included in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 12 for additional information.

Fair value disclosures

Fair value disclosures	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair value disclosures	Fair value disclosures A. Fair value measurements The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy: • Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. • Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets. • Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable. When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3. Fair value measurements are classified according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable. Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly. Investments in debt and equity securities Investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets. Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. See Note 11 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities. Derivative financial instruments The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on models that utilize the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on a valuation model that discounts cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate. Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in Statement 3 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized below: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 492 — 492 Asset-backed securities — 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 223 — 223 Residential — 10 — 10 Commercial — 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 312 — — 312 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 377 911 — 1,288 REIT — — 79 79 Derivative financial instruments, net — — — — Total Assets $ 377 $ 911 $ 79 $ 1,367 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 Total Liabilities $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 72 — 72 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 708 — 708 Asset-backed securities — 129 — 129 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 292 — 292 Residential — 12 — 12 Commercial — 61 — 61 Equity securities Large capitalization value 273 — — 273 Smaller company growth 54 — — 54 Total available-for-sale securities 336 1,274 — 1,610 REIT — — 25 25 Derivative financial instruments, net — 49 — 49 Total Assets $ 336 $ 1,323 $ 25 $ 1,684 The fair value of our REIT investment is measured based on NAV, which is considered a Level 3 input. A roll-forward of our REIT investment for the year ended December 31, 2016 is as follows: (Millions of dollars) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 25 Purchases of securities 50 Sale of securities — Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 4 Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 79 In addition to the amounts above, Cat Financial impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is considered impaired when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable. In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had impaired loans with a fair value of $137 million and $91 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. B. Fair values of financial instruments In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments: Cash and short-term investments Carrying amount approximated fair value. Restricted cash and short-term investments Carrying amount approximated fair value. Restricted cash and short-term investments are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3. Finance receivables Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. Wholesale inventory receivables Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities. Short-term borrowings Carrying amount approximated fair value. Long-term debt Fair value for fixed and floating rate debt was estimated based on quoted market prices. Guarantees The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments. TABLE III—Fair Values of Financial Instruments 2016 2015 (Millions of dollars) Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Fair Value Levels Reference Assets at December 31, Cash and short-term investments $ 7,168 $ 7,168 $ 6,460 $ 6,460 1 Statement 3 Restricted cash and short-term investments 31 31 52 52 1 Statement 3 Investments in debt and equity securities 1,367 1,367 1,635 1,635 1, 2 & 3 Notes 11 & 19 Finance receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 16,172 16,056 16,515 16,551 3 Notes 6 & 19 Wholesale inventory receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 1,500 1,464 1,821 1,775 3 Notes 6 & 19 Foreign currency contracts–net — — 13 13 2 Notes 3 & 19 Interest rate swaps–net 3 3 48 48 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net 10 10 — — 2 Notes 3 & 19 Liabilities at December 31, Short-term borrowings 7,303 7,303 6,967 6,967 1 Note 13 Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year): Machinery, Energy & Transportation 8,943 10,348 9,477 10,691 2 Note 14 Financial Products 20,537 20,724 21,569 21,904 2 Note 14 Foreign currency contracts–net 85 85 — — 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net — — 12 12 2 Notes 3 & 19 Guarantees 8 8 12 12 3 Note 21 1 Total excluded items have a net carrying value at December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $6,111 million and $6,452 million , respectively.

Concentration of credit risk

Concentration of credit risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]
Concentration of credit risk	Concentration of credit risk Financial instruments with potential credit risk consist primarily of trade and finance receivables and short-term and long-term investments. Additionally, to a lesser extent, we have a potential credit risk associated with counterparties to derivative contracts. Trade receivables are primarily short-term receivables from independently owned and operated dealers and customers which arise in the normal course of business. We perform regular credit evaluations of our dealers and customers. Collateral generally is not required, and the majority of our trade receivables are unsecured. We do, however, when deemed necessary, make use of various devices such as security agreements and letters of credit to protect our interests. No single dealer or customer represents a significant concentration of credit risk. Finance receivables and wholesale inventory receivables primarily represent receivables under installment sales contracts, receivables arising from leasing transactions and notes receivable. We generally maintain a secured interest in the equipment financed. No single customer or dealer represents a significant concentration of credit risk. Short-term and long-term investments are held with high quality institutions and, by policy, the amount of credit exposure to any one institution is limited. Long-term investments, primarily included in Other assets in Statement 3, are comprised primarily of available-for-sale securities at Insurance Services. For derivative contracts, collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company. The company generally enters into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties is limited to only those gains that we have recorded, but for which we have not yet received cash payment. The master netting agreements reduce the amount of loss the company would incur should the counterparties fail to meet their obligations. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 , the maximum exposure to credit loss was $96 million and $105 million , respectively, before the application of any master netting agreements. Please refer to Note 18 and Table III above for fair value information.

Operating leases

Operating leases	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Leases [Abstract]
Operating leases	Operating leases We lease certain computer and communications equipment, transportation equipment and other property through operating leases. Total rental expense for operating leases was $375 million , $371 million and $391 million for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total $ 211 $ 160 $ 107 $ 81 $ 61 $ 176 $ 796

Guarantees and product warranty

Guarantees and product warranty	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Guarantees and product warranty	Guarantees and product warranty Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers. The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers. We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third-parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance. In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap. Customer loan guarantees We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery. In addition, Cat Financial participates in standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of their customers. These standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are secured by customer assets. Supplier consortium performance guarantee We have provided a guarantee to one of our customers in Brazil related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries is a member. The guarantee covers potential damages (some of them capped) incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium’s non-performance. The guarantee will expire when the supplier consortium performs all its contractual obligations, which is expected to be completed in 2025. Third party logistics business lease guarantees We have provided guarantees to third-party lessors for certain properties leased by a third party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LCC, in which we sold our 35 percent equity interest in the first quarter of 2015 (see Note 9). The guarantees are for the possibility that the third party logistics business would default on real estate lease payments. The guarantees were granted at lease inception and generally will expire at the end of the lease terms. Two dealer performance guarantees and a third party performance guarantee do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made. No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 , the related liability was $8 million and $12 million , respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees at December 31 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees $ 1,384 $ 216 Customer loan guarantees 51 47 Supplier consortium performance guarantee 278 286 Third party logistics business lease guarantees 87 107 Other guarantees 56 25 Total guarantees $ 1,856 $ 681 Cat Financial provides guarantees to repurchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity. The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers. This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee, which provides a source of liquidity for the SPC. Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 , the SPC’s assets of $1,088 million and $1,211 million , respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1,087 million and $1,210 million , respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper. The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial's creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement. Cat Financial is party to agreements in the normal course of business with selected customers and Caterpillar dealers in which they commit to provide a set dollar amount of financing on a pre-approved basis. They also provide lines of credit to certain customers and Caterpillar dealers, of which a portion remains unused as of the end of the period. Commitments and lines of credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses. It has been Cat Financial's experience that not all commitments and lines of credit will be used. Management applies the same credit policies when making commitments and granting lines of credit as it does for any other financing. Cat Financial does not require collateral for these commitments/lines, but if credit is extended, collateral may be required upon funding. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $12,775 million and $12,920 million , respectively. The amount of the unused commitments and lines of credit for customers as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $3,340 million and $3,567 million , respectively. Our product warranty liability is determined by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory. Generally, historical claim rates are based on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America). Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience. (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Warranty liability, January 1 $ 1,354 $ 1,426 Reduction in liability (payments) (909 ) (874 ) Increase in liability (new warranties) 813 802 Warranty liability, December 31 $ 1,258 $ 1,354

Segment information

Segment information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segment information	Segment information A. Basis for segment information Our Executive Office is comprised of five Group Presidents, an Executive Vice President and a CEO. Group Presidents are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage. The Executive Vice President leads the Law and Public Policy Division. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President level. As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President reporting structure. Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents. One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by a Group President who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads two smaller operating segments that are included in the All Other operating segments. The Law and Public Policy Division is a cost center and does not meet the definition of an operating segment. Effective January 1, 2016, we made the following changes to segment reporting. These changes were made to reflect changes in organizational accountabilities and refinements to our internal reporting. • Responsibility for remanufacturing of Cat engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies moved from the All Other operating segments to Energy & Transportation. • Responsibility for business strategy, product management, development, manufacturing, marketing and product support for forestry and paving products moved from the All Other operating segments to Construction Industries. • Responsibility for business strategy, product management, development, manufacturing, marketing and product support for industrial and waste products moved from the All Other operating segments to Resource Industries. • Responsibility for sales and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America moved from the All Other operating segments to Energy & Transportation. • Internal charges for component manufacturing and logistics services provided by All Other operating segments to Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation in excess of cost have been adjusted to approximate cost, resulting in a reduction in profit in the All Other operating segments and corresponding increases in profit in the other three segments. • Costs that previously had been included in Corporate costs, primarily for company-wide strategies such as information technology and manufacturing process transformation, have been included in the ME&T operating segments that benefit from the costs. Segment information for 2015 and 2014 has been retrospectively adjusted to conform to the 2016 presentation. B. Description of segments We have six operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segments: Construction Industries : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes backhoe loaders, small wheel loaders, small track-type tractors, skid steer loaders, multi-terrain loaders, mini excavators, compact wheel loaders, telehandlers, select work tools, small, medium and large track excavators, wheel excavators, medium wheel loaders, compact track loaders, medium track-type tractors, track-type loaders, motor graders, pipelayers, forestry products, paving products and related parts. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Resource Industries : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry, waste, and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, track and rotary drills, highwall miners, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, material handlers, continuous miners, scoops and haulers, hardrock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Energy & Transportation : A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving power generation, industrial, oil and gas and transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbines and turbine-related services, reciprocating engine powered generator sets, integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry, reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Cat engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment. Financial Products Segment : Provides financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Cat and other equipment, as well as some financing for Caterpillar sales to dealers. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides various forms of insurance to customers and dealers to help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. All Other operating segments : Primarily includes activities such as: the business strategy, product management and development, and manufacturing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, tires and rims, ground engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals and rubber, and sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly-owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segments are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting. C. Segment measurement and reconciliations There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting. The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences: • Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable, and customer advances. Liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances are generally managed at the corporate level and are not included in segment operations. Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets. • Segment inventories and cost of sales are valued using a current cost methodology. • Goodwill allocated to segments is amortized using a fixed amount based on a 20 year useful life. This methodology difference only impacts segment assets; no goodwill amortization expense is included in segment profit. In addition, only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later has been allocated to segments. • The present value of future lease payments for certain Machinery, Energy & Transportation operating leases is included in segment assets. The estimated financing component of the lease payments is excluded. • Currency exposures for Machinery, Energy & Transportation are generally managed at the corporate level and the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year are not included in segment profit. The net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting is recorded as a methodology difference. • Stock-based compensation expense is not included in segment profit. • Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service and prior service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference. • Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and excludes interest expense and other income/expense items. Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items. Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 146 to 151 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items. Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations. For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows: • Corporate costs: These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization. • Restructuring costs: Primarily costs for employee separation costs, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other Operating (Income) Expenses. Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, inventory write-downs, project management, and sales discounts and payments to dealers and customers related to discontinued products. A table, Reconciliation of Restructuring costs on page 148, has been included to illustrate how segment profit would have been impacted by the restructuring costs. See Note 25 for more information. • Methodology differences: See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. • Timing: Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, certain costs are reported on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting. Segment Information (Millions of dollars) Reportable Segments: External sales and revenues Inter- segment sales and revenues Total sales and revenues Depreciation and amortization 1 Segment profit Segment assets at December 31 Capital expenditures 2016 Construction Industries $ 15,612 $ 78 $ 15,690 $ 458 $ 1,650 $ 5,367 $ 186 Resource Industries 5,726 284 6,010 607 (1,047 ) 7,135 243 Energy & Transportation 14,411 2,540 16,951 677 2,222 7,791 519 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 35,749 $ 2,902 $ 38,651 $ 1,742 $ 2,825 $ 20,293 $ 948 Financial Products Segment 2,993 — 2,993 849 702 35,224 1,638 Total $ 38,742 $ 2,902 $ 41,644 $ 2,591 $ 3,527 $ 55,517 $ 2,586 2015 Construction Industries $ 17,797 $ 109 $ 17,906 $ 505 $ 1,865 $ 6,176 $ 276 Resource Industries 7,739 332 8,071 643 1 8,931 303 Energy & Transportation 18,519 2,877 21,396 690 3,390 8,769 869 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 44,055 $ 3,318 $ 47,373 $ 1,838 $ 5,256 $ 23,876 $ 1,448 Financial Products Segment 3,078 — 3,078 848 809 35,729 1,465 Total $ 47,133 $ 3,318 $ 50,451 $ 2,686 $ 6,065 $ 59,605 $ 2,913 2014 Construction Industries $ 20,590 $ 124 $ 20,714 $ 564 $ 2,133 $ 7,342 $ 447 Resource Industries 9,134 428 9,562 692 565 9,854 277 Energy & Transportation 22,306 3,386 25,692 696 4,287 8,661 669 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 52,030 $ 3,938 $ 55,968 $ 1,952 $ 6,985 $ 25,857 $ 1,393 Financial Products Segment 3,313 — 3,313 885 901 36,969 1,634 Total $ 55,343 $ 3,938 $ 59,281 $ 2,837 $ 7,886 $ 62,826 $ 3,027 1 We revised previously reported depreciation and amortization for Construction Industries and Resource Industries. Depreciation and amortization decreased for Construction Industries and increased for Resource Industries by $58 million and $35 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The revision did not impact segment profit. Management has concluded that the impact was not material to any period presented. Reconciliation of Sales and Revenues: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 35,749 $ 2,993 $ — $ 38,742 All Other operating segments 139 — — 139 Other (115 ) 72 (301 ) 1 (344 ) Total sales and revenues $ 35,773 $ 3,065 $ (301 ) $ 38,537 2015 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 44,055 $ 3,078 $ — $ 47,133 All Other operating segments 203 — — 203 Other (111 ) 101 (315 ) 1 (325 ) Total sales and revenues $ 44,147 $ 3,179 $ (315 ) $ 47,011 2014 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 52,030 $ 3,313 $ — $ 55,343 All Other operating segments 236 — — 236 Other (124 ) 73 (344 ) 1 (395 ) Total sales and revenues $ 52,142 $ 3,386 $ (344 ) $ 55,184 1 Elimination of Financial Products revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation. Reconciliation of consolidated profit before taxes: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2016 Total profit from reportable segments $ 2,825 $ 702 $ 3,527 All Other operating segments (77 ) — (77 ) Cost centers 8 — 8 Corporate costs (527 ) — (527 ) Timing 40 — 40 Restructuring costs (1,014 ) (5 ) (1,019 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales — — — Postretirement benefit expense (788 ) — (788 ) Stock-based compensation expense (209 ) (9 ) (218 ) Financing costs (517 ) — (517 ) Currency (22 ) — (22 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (225 ) — (225 ) Other methodology differences (47 ) 4 (43 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ (553 ) $ 692 $ 139 2015 Total profit from reportable segments $ 5,256 $ 809 $ 6,065 All Other operating segments (75 ) — (75 ) Cost centers 20 — 20 Corporate costs (600 ) — (600 ) Timing 95 — 95 Restructuring costs (881 ) (17 ) (898 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (100 ) — (100 ) Postretirement benefit expense 131 — 131 Stock-based compensation expense (270 ) (13 ) (283 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (261 ) — (261 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (95 ) — (95 ) Other methodology differences (79 ) 43 (36 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,617 $ 822 $ 3,439 2014 Total profit from reportable segments $ 6,985 $ 901 $ 7,886 All Other operating segments 19 — 19 Cost centers (12 ) — (12 ) Corporate costs (674 ) — (674 ) Timing (245 ) — (245 ) Restructuring costs (432 ) — (432 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales 55 — 55 Postretirement benefit expense (2,434 ) — (2,434 ) Stock-based compensation expense (242 ) (12 ) (254 ) Financing costs (502 ) — (502 ) Currency 31 — 31 Other income/expense methodology differences (249 ) — (249 ) Other methodology differences (57 ) 20 (37 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,243 $ 909 $ 3,152 Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: As noted above, restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below: Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: (Millions of dollars) Segment profit Restructuring costs Segment profit with restructuring costs 2016 Construction Industries $ 1,650 $ (41 ) $ 1,609 Resource Industries (1,047 ) (540 ) (1,587 ) Energy & Transportation 2,222 (248 ) 1,974 Financial Products Segment 702 (5 ) 697 All Other operating segments (77 ) (45 ) (122 ) Total $ 3,450 $ (879 ) $ 2,571 2015 Construction Industries $ 1,865 $ (123 ) $ 1,742 Resource Industries 1 (305 ) (304 ) Energy & Transportation 3,390 (109 ) 3,281 Financial Products Segment 809 (17 ) 792 All Other operating segments (75 ) (129 ) (204 ) Total $ 5,990 $ (683 ) $ 5,307 2014 Construction Industries $ 2,133 $ (314 ) $ 1,819 Resource Industries 565 (72 ) 493 Energy & Transportation 4,287 (33 ) 4,254 Financial Products Segment 901 — 901 All Other operating segments 19 (6 ) 13 Total $ 7,905 $ (425 ) $ 7,480 Reconciliation of Assets: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total assets from reportable segments $ 20,293 $ 35,224 $ — $ 55,517 All Other operating segments 1,381 — — 1,381 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,257 — — 5,257 Intercompany receivables 1,713 — (1,713 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,638 — (3,638 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,648 — (947 ) 2,701 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,883 — — 3,883 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,645 — — 1,645 Operating lease methodology difference (186 ) — — (186 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 7,400 — — 7,400 Inventory methodology differences (2,373 ) — — (2,373 ) Other (436 ) (29 ) (56 ) (521 ) Total assets $ 45,863 $ 35,195 $ (6,354 ) $ 74,704 2015 Total assets from reportable segments $ 23,876 $ 35,729 $ — $ 59,605 All Other operating segments 1,405 — — 1,405 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,340 — — 5,340 Intercompany receivables 1,087 — (1,087 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,888 — (3,888 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,208 — (793 ) 2,415 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,571 — — 3,571 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,585 — — 1,585 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 8,017 — — 8,017 Inventory methodology differences (2,646 ) — — (2,646 ) Other (567 ) (93 ) (77 ) (737 ) Total assets $ 48,551 $ 35,636 $ (5,845 ) $ 78,342 2014 Total assets from reportable segments $ 25,857 $ 36,969 $ — $ 62,826 All Other operating segments 1,548 — — 1,548 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 6,317 — — 6,317 Intercompany receivables 1,185 — (1,185 ) — Investment in Financial Products 4,488 — (4,488 ) — Deferred income taxes 2,843 — (633 ) 2,210 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,492 — — 3,492 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,766 — — 1,766 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 9,851 — — 9,851 Inventory methodology differences (2,697 ) — — (2,697 ) Other (390 ) (143 ) (69 ) (602 ) Total assets $ 54,047 $ 36,826 $ (6,375 ) $ 84,498 Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2016 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,742 $ 849 $ 2,591 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 219 — 219 Cost centers 156 — 156 Other 27 41 68 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,144 $ 890 $ 3,034 2015 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,838 $ 848 $ 2,686 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 205 — 205 Cost centers 154 — 154 Other (33 ) 34 1 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,164 $ 882 $ 3,046 2014 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,952 $ 885 $ 2,837 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 187 — 187 Cost centers 147 — 147 Other (33 ) 25 (8 ) Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,253 $ 910 $ 3,163 Reconciliation of Capital expenditures: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 948 $ 1,638 $ — $ 2,586 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 182 — — 182 Cost centers 72 — — 72 Timing 153 — — 153 Other (149 ) 133 (49 ) (65 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,206 $ 1,771 $ (49 ) $ 2,928 2015 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,448 $ 1,465 $ — $ 2,913 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 169 — — 169 Cost centers 195 — — 195 Timing 37 — — 37 Other (219 ) 194 (28 ) (53 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,630 $ 1,659 $ (28 ) $ 3,261 2014 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,393 $ 1,634 $ — $ 3,027 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 192 — — 192 Cost centers 181 — — 181 Timing 21 — — 21 Other (146 ) 183 (79 ) (42 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,641 $ 1,817 $ (79 ) $ 3,379 Enterprise-wide Disclosures: Information about Geographic Areas: Property, plant and equipment - net External sales and revenues 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 Inside United States $ 15,956 $ 19,218 $ 21,122 $ 8,537 $ 8,842 Outside United States 22,581 27,793 34,062 6,785 7,248 Total $ 38,537 $ 47,011 $ 55,184 $ 15,322 $ 16,090 1 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are based on dealer or customer location. Revenues from services provided are based on where service is rendered.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Business Combinations [Abstract]
Acquisitions	Acquisitions Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. On December 15, 2016, we acquired 100 percent of the equity in privately held Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. (Kemper). Kemper is headquartered in Island Lake, Illinois and designs, manufactures, sells, and services high pressure flow iron to the well service segment of the Oil & Gas industry. This acquisition will provide Caterpillar with a new product offering which will complement its existing products in the Oil & Gas industry. The purchase price, net of $10 million of acquired cash, consisted of $94 million paid at closing, which includes a preliminary net working capital adjustment of $2 million anticipated to be finalized in the first quarter of 2017 and $8 million payable in 2018. In addition, there is contingent consideration with a fair value of $39 million which is comprised of two components: 1) our expected use of a charitable contribution carry forward for U.S. tax purposes acquired from Kemper which has an estimated maximum payment of $20 million and 2) a specified industry performance index price target during the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021 which is capped at $20 million per year. The contingent consideration will be remeasured each reporting period at its estimated fair value with any adjustment included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets as of the acquisition date were $138 million , recorded at their fair values, and included cash of $10 million , receivables of $7 million , net deferred tax assets of $23 million , inventories of $56 million , and property, plant and equipment of $42 million . Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $4 million included developed technology and trade names. The finite lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over an amortization period of 10 years . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $3 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $12 million , non-deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Factors that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill include Kemper’s strategic fit into our product portfolio, the opportunity to provide a complete line-up of high value products performing pressure pumping, and the acquired assembled workforce. These values represent a preliminary allocation of purchase price subject to finalization of post-closing procedures. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and reported in the Energy & Transportation segment in Note 23. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results. RDS Manufacturing, Inc. In December 2015, we acquired 100 percent of the stock of RDS Manufacturing, Inc. (RDS). RDS, located in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, is a privately owned manufacturer of highly engineered turbomachinery parts, primarily for the turbine engine and aerospace markets. The acquisition of RDS is expected to help grow our turbine business and deepen our manufacturing expertise. The purchase price, net of $1 million of acquired cash and $5 million of trade receivables due from Caterpillar, was approximately $85 million . We paid $74 million at closing with an additional $11 million to be paid in December 2017. The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets acquired of $28 million , recorded at their fair values, were primarily inventories of $12 million and property, plant and equipment of $16 million . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $2 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $59 million , substantially all of which is deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Factors that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill include RDS’s strategic fit into our manufacturing and product portfolio and the acquired assembled workforce. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and are reported in the Energy & Transportation segment. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results. Rail Product Solutions, Inc. In October 2015, we acquired 100 percent of the stock in privately owned Rail Product Solutions, Inc. (RPS) from Amsted Rail Company, Inc. RPS is a leading North American provider of mission critical track fastening products and integrated fastening systems. The acquisition of RPS expands our portfolio of track related products and allows us to provide more comprehensive solutions to our customers. The purchase price was $165 million . The transaction was financed with available cash. Tangible assets acquired of $41 million , recorded at their fair values, were primarily receivables of $9 million , inventories of $6 million , property, plant and equipment of $17 million and an investment in an unconsolidated affiliated company of $9 million . Finite-lived intangible assets acquired of $82 million were primarily customer relationships and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over a weighted average period of approximately 15 years . Liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date were $11 million , which represented their fair values. Goodwill of $53 million , substantially all of which is deductible for income tax purposes, represented the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represented the estimated future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Factors that contributed to a purchase price resulting in the recognition of goodwill include RPS’s strategic fit into our product and services portfolio and the acquired assembled workforce. The results of the acquired business for the period from the acquisition date are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and are reported in the Energy & Transportation segment. Assuming this transaction had been made at the beginning of any period presented, the consolidated pro forma results would not be materially different from reported results.

Restructuring Costs

Restructuring Costs	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Restructuring Charges [Abstract]
Restructuring Costs	Restructuring costs Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, eligible separation costs are recognized at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the Company. For involuntary programs, eligible costs are recognized when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable. Restructuring costs for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Employee separations 1 $ 297 $ 641 $ 382 Contract terminations 1 62 — — Long-lived asset impairments 1 391 127 48 Defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses 1 7 82 2 Other 2 262 48 — Total restructuring costs $ 1,019 $ 898 $ 432 1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses. 2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, accelerated depreciation, sales discounts, project management and equipment relocation and were recognized primarily in Cost of goods sold. The restructuring costs in 2016 were primarily related to actions in Resource Industries in response to continued weakness in the mining industry. In addition, costs resulted from our decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks within Energy & Transportation and other restructuring actions across the company, most of which were related to our September 2015 announcement regarding significant restructuring and cost reduction actions to lower our operating costs in response to weak economic and business conditions in most of the industries we serve. The restructuring costs in 2015 were primarily related to several restructuring programs across the company. The restructuring costs in 2014 were primarily related to a reduction in workforce at our Gosselies, Belgium, facility. Restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. See Note 23 for more information. The following table summarizes the 2015 and 2016 employee separation activity: (Millions of dollars) Liability balance at December 31, 2014 $ 182 Increase in liability (separation charges) 641 Reduction in liability (payments) (340 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2015 $ 483 Increase in liability (separation charges) 297 Reduction in liability (payments) (633 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2016 $ 147 As part of our September 2015 announcement, we offered a voluntary retirement enhancement program to qualifying U.S. employees and various voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S. and implemented additional involuntary separation programs throughout the company. In 2016 and 2015, we incurred $100 million and $379 million of employee separation costs related to these programs, respectively. In addition, in 2015 we incurred $82 million of defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses related to these programs. Substantially all of the employee separation costs related to this program were paid in 2016. We also incurred costs associated with the September 2015 announcement related to manufacturing facility consolidations and closures in 2016 and 2015 totaling $181 million and $108 million , respectively. The remaining liability balance as of December 31, 2016 represents costs for other employee separation programs, most of which are expected to be paid in 2017. In February 2016, we made the decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks. Based on the business climate in the truck industry and a thorough evaluation of the business, the company decided it would withdraw from this market. We estimate restructuring costs incurred under the restructuring plan to be $110 million . In 2016, we recognized $104 million of restructuring costs primarily for long-lived asset impairments and sales discounts related to this restructuring plan. The remaining costs are expected to be recognized in 2017. In the second half of 2016, we took additional restructuring actions in Resource Industries, including ending the production of track drills; pursuing strategic alternatives, including the possible divestiture of room and pillar products; consolidation of two product development divisions; and additional actions in response to ongoing weakness in the mining industry. We estimate restructuring costs incurred under these restructuring plans to be $385 million . For the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred $369 million of restructuring costs related to these plans which included $164 million of long-lived asset impairments, $120 million of employee separation costs, $81 million of inventory write-downs and $4 million of other costs. The remaining costs are expected to be recognized in 2017.

Selected quarterly financial re

Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]
Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited)	Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) 2016 Quarter (Dollars in millions except per share data) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,461 $ 10,342 $ 9,160 $ 9,574 Less: Revenues (681 ) (697 ) (697 ) (689 ) Sales 8,780 9,645 8,463 8,885 Cost of goods sold 6,822 7,419 6,527 7,541 Gross margin 1,958 2,226 1,936 1,344 Profit (loss) 1 $ 271 $ 550 $ 283 $ (1,171 ) 4,5,6,7 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.46 $ 0.94 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.46 $ 0.93 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) 3 2015 Quarter 8 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 12,702 $ 12,317 $ 10,962 $ 11,030 Less: Revenues (741 ) (734 ) (677 ) (712 ) Sales 11,961 11,583 10,285 10,318 Cost of goods sold 8,760 8,674 7,872 8,240 Gross margin 3,201 2,909 2,413 2,078 Profit (loss) 1 $ 1,245 $ 802 $ 559 $ (94 ) 4,5 Profit (loss) per common share $ 2.06 $ 1.33 $ 0.95 $ (0.16 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 2.03 $ 1.31 $ 0.94 $ (0.16 ) 3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 The assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. 4 The fourth quarter of 2016 and fourth quarter of 2015 include pre-tax restructuring costs of $395 million and $679 million , respectively. See Note 26 for additional information on these costs. 5 The fourth quarter of 2016 and fourth quarter of 2015 include pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses of $985 million and $214 million , respectively. See Note 12 for additional information on these costs. 6 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $595 million . See Note 10 for additional information. 7 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a deferred tax valuation allowance of $141 million . See Note 5 for additional information. 8 Reflects the change in accounting principle in Note 1B.

Operations and summary of sig35

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation, Policy	B. Basis of presentation and change in accounting principle The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries where we have a controlling financial interest. Investments in companies where our ownership exceeds 20 percent and we do not have a controlling interest or where the ownership is less than 20 percent and for which we have a significant influence are accounted for by the equity method. See Note 9 for further discussion. We consolidate all variable interest entities (VIEs) where Caterpillar Inc. is the primary beneficiary. For VIEs, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. See Note 21 for further discussion on a consolidated VIE. We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Receivables - trade and other $ 55 $ 19 Receivables - finance 174 466 Long-term receivables - finance 246 62 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 31 35 Guarantees 210 175 Total $ 716 $ 757 In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. Shipping and handling costs are included in Cost of goods sold in Statement 1. Other operating (income) expenses primarily include Cat Financial’s depreciation of equipment leased to others, Insurance Services’ underwriting expenses, gains (losses) on disposal of long-lived assets, long-lived asset impairment charges, legal settlements and accruals, employee separation charges and benefit plan curtailment gains (losses). Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 include prepaid rent, prepaid insurance, prepaid and refundable income tax, assets held for sale, core to be returned for remanufacturing, restricted cash and other short-term investments, and other prepaid items. Certain amounts for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current-year financial statement presentation. Change in Accounting Principle Effective January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for recognizing actuarial gains and losses and expected returns on plan assets for our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Prior to 2016, actuarial gains and losses were recognized as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and were generally amortized into earnings in future periods. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses are immediately recognized through net benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, we have changed our policy for recognizing the expected returns on plan assets from a market-related value method (based on a three-year smoothing of asset returns) to a fair value method. We believe these changes are preferable as they accelerate the recognition of changes in fair value of plan assets and actuarial gains and losses in our Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, provide greater transparency of our economic obligations in accounting results and better align with the fair value principles by recognizing the effects of economic and interest rate changes on pension and other postretirement benefit assets and liabilities in the year in which the gains and losses are incurred. These changes have been applied retrospectively to prior years. As of January 1, 2014, the cumulative effect of the change resulted in a decrease of $4.1 billion in Profit employed in the business and a corresponding increase of $4.1 billion in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), both net of tax of $2.4 billion . Following are the impacts to financial statement line items as a result of the change in accounting principle for the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements: Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 28,309 $ 28,074 $ 235 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,686 $ 4,441 $ 245 Research and development expenses $ 1,951 $ 1,868 $ 83 Total operating costs $ 38,039 $ 37,476 $ 563 Operating profit $ 498 $ 1,061 $ (563 ) Other income (expense) $ 146 $ 50 $ 96 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 139 $ 606 $ (467 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 $ 364 $ (172 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ (53 ) $ 242 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) $ (67 ) $ 228 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 33,546 $ 33,742 $ (196 ) Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,951 $ 5,199 $ (248 ) Research and development expenses $ 2,119 $ 2,165 $ (46 ) Other operating (income) expenses $ 2,023 $ 2,062 $ (39 ) Total operating costs $ 43,226 $ 43,755 $ (529 ) Operating profit $ 3,785 $ 3,256 $ 529 Other income (expense) $ 161 $ 106 $ 55 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,439 $ 2,855 $ 584 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 916 $ 742 $ 174 Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) $ 2,512 $ 2,102 $ 410 Profit (loss) per common share $ 4.23 $ 3.54 $ 0.69 Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 4.18 $ 3.50 $ 0.68 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 40,718 $ 39,767 $ 951 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 6,529 $ 5,697 $ 832 Research and development expenses $ 2,380 $ 2,135 $ 245 Other operating (income) expenses $ 1,619 $ 1,633 $ (14 ) Total operating costs $ 51,870 $ 49,856 $ 2,014 Operating profit $ 3,314 $ 5,328 $ (2,014 ) Other income (expense) $ 322 $ 239 $ 83 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,152 $ 5,083 $ (1,931 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 692 $ 1,380 $ (688 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,460 $ 3,703 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) $ 2,452 $ 3,695 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ 3.97 $ 5.99 $ (2.02 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 3.90 $ 5.88 $ (1.98 ) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ — $ — $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (621 ) $ 621 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 326 $ (326 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (4 ) $ (299 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (10 ) $ 10 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 424 $ (424 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (988 ) $ (578 ) $ (410 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (1,578 ) $ 1,578 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 344 $ (344 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (1,290 ) $ (2,533 ) $ 1,243 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 2015 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit employed in the business $ 27,377 $ 32,634 $ (5,257 ) $ 29,246 $ 34,208 $ (4,962 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (2,039 ) $ (7,296 ) $ 5,257 $ (2,035 ) $ (6,997 ) $ 4,962 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ 83 $ (212 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (38 ) $ 376 $ (414 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (21 ) $ (1,255 ) $ 1,234 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow for the Years Ended December 31 (Millions of dollars) 2016 Cash flow from operating activities: As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 985 $ — $ 985 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (431 ) $ — $ (431 ) Other $ 856 $ 952 $ (96 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 224 $ 46 $ 178 Other liabilities – net $ (388 ) $ (47 ) $ (341 ) 2015 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 179 $ — $ 179 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (307 ) $ — $ (307 ) Other $ 453 $ 508 $ (55 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 143 $ (220 ) $ 363 Other liabilities – net $ (146 ) $ 444 $ (590 ) 2014 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 2,624 $ — $ 2,624 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (954 ) $ — $ (954 ) Other $ 470 $ 553 $ (83 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ (139 ) $ (300 ) $ 161 Other liabilities – net $ (359 ) $ 146 $ (505 ) The above tables include changes resulting from reclassifications between financial statement line items.
Sales and Revenue Recognition, Policy	C. Sales and revenue recognition Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are recognized and earned when all the following criteria are satisfied: (a) persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists; (b) price is fixed and determinable; (c) collectibility is reasonably assured; and (d) delivery has occurred. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement and a fixed or determinable price exist once we receive an order or contract from a customer or independently owned and operated dealer. We assess collectibility at the time of the sale and if collectibility is not reasonably assured, the sale is deferred and not recognized until collectibility is probable or payment is received. Typically, where product is produced and sold in the same country, title and risk of ownership transfer when the product is shipped. Products that are exported from a country for sale typically pass title and risk of ownership at the border of the destination country. Sales of certain turbine machinery units, draglines and long wall roof supports are recognized under accounting for construction-type contracts, primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue is recognized based upon progress towards completion, which is estimated and continually updated over the course of construction. We provide for any loss that we expect to incur on these contracts when that loss is probable. Our remanufacturing operations are primarily focused on the remanufacture of Cat engines and components and rail related products. In this business, used engines and related components (core) are inspected, cleaned and remanufactured. In connection with the sale of most of our remanufactured product, we collect a deposit from the dealer that is repaid if the dealer returns an acceptable core within a specified time period. Caterpillar owns and has title to the cores when they are returned from dealers. The rebuilt engine or component (the core plus any new content) is then sold as a remanufactured product to dealers and customers. Revenue is recognized pursuant to the same criteria as Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales noted above (title to the entire remanufactured product passes to the dealer upon sale). At the time of sale, the deposit is recognized in Other current liabilities in Statement 3. In addition, the core to be returned is recognized as an asset in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in Statement 3 at the estimated replacement cost (based on historical experience with useable cores). Upon receipt of an acceptable core, we repay the deposit and relieve the liability. The returned core is then included in inventory. In the event that the deposit is forfeited (i.e. upon failure by the dealer to return an acceptable core in the specified time period), we recognize the core deposit and the cost of the core in Sales and Cost of goods sold, respectively. No right of return exists on sales of equipment. Replacement part returns are estimable and accrued at the time a sale is recognized. We provide discounts to dealers through merchandising programs. We have numerous programs that are designed to promote the sale of our products. The most common dealer programs provide a discount when the dealer sells a product to a targeted end user. The cost of these discounts is estimated based on historical experience and known changes in merchandising programs and is reported as a reduction to sales when the product sale is recognized. Our standard dealer invoice terms are established by marketing region. Our invoice terms for end-user customer sales are established by the responsible business unit. When a sale is made to a dealer, the dealer is responsible for payment even if the product is not sold to an end customer. Dealers and customers must make payment within the established invoice terms to avoid potential interest costs. Interest at or above prevailing market rates may be charged on any past due balance, and generally our practice is to not forgive this interest. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 terms were extended to not more than one year for $406 million , $635 million and $624 million of receivables, respectively, which represent approximately 1 percent of consolidated sales. We establish a bad debt allowance for Machinery, Energy & Transportation receivables when it becomes probable that the receivable will not be collected. Our allowance for bad debts is not significant. Revenues of Financial Products are generated primarily from finance revenue on finance receivables and rental payments on operating leases. Finance revenue is recorded over the life of the related finance receivable using the interest method, including the accretion of certain direct origination costs that are deferred. Revenue from rental payments received on operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Recognition of finance revenue and rental revenue is suspended and the account is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed, and previously suspended income is recognized, when the account becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. See Note 6 for more information. Sales and revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes.
Inventories, Policy	D. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is principally determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. The value of inventories on the LIFO basis represented about 60 percent of total inventories at December 31, 2016 and 2015 . If the FIFO (first-in, first-out) method had been in use, inventories would have been $2,139 million and $2,498 million higher than reported at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively.
Depreciation and Amortization, Policy	E. Depreciation and amortization Depreciation of plant and equipment is computed principally using accelerated methods. Depreciation on equipment leased to others, primarily for Financial Products, is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the lease. The depreciable basis is the original cost of the equipment less the estimated residual value of the equipment at the end of the lease term. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , Cat Financial depreciation on equipment leased to others was $841 million , $836 million and $872 million , respectively, and was included in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. In 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , consolidated depreciation expense was $2,707 million , $2,705 million and $2,795 million , respectively. Amortization of purchased finite-lived intangibles is computed principally using the straight-line method, generally not to exceed a period of 20 years .
Foreign Currency Translation, Policy	F. Foreign currency translation The functional currency for most of our Machinery, Energy & Transportation consolidated companies is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency for most of our Financial Products and affiliates accounted for under the equity method is the respective local currency. Gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency amounts to the functional currency are included in Other income (expense) in Statement 1. Gains and losses resulting from translating assets and liabilities from the functional currency to U.S. dollars are included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Statement 3.
Derivative Financial Instruments, Policy	G. Derivative financial instruments Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option, and cross currency contracts, interest rate swaps, and commodity forward and option contracts. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. See Note 3 for more information.
Income Taxes, Policy	H. Income taxes The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Tax laws require items to be included in tax filings at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. A current liability is recognized for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. Deferred taxes are adjusted for enacted changes in tax rates and tax laws. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.
Goodwill, Policy	I. Goodwill For acquisitions accounted for as a business combination, goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the fair value of the net assets acquired. We are required to test goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually and when events or circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment (referred to as a component) to which goodwill is assigned when initially recorded. We assign goodwill to reporting units based on our integration plans and the expected synergies resulting from the acquisition. Because Caterpillar is a highly integrated company, the businesses we acquire are sometimes combined with or integrated into existing reporting units. When changes occur in the composition of our operating segments or reporting units, goodwill is reassigned to the affected reporting units based on their relative fair values. We test goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 and monitor for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a two-step process. We have an option to make a qualitative assessment of a reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment. If we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where we perform the two-step process, the first step requires us to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value is higher than the fair value, there is an indication that an impairment may exist and the second step is required. In step two, the implied fair value of goodwill is calculated as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss. See Note 10 for further details.
Estimates in Financial Statements, Policy	J. Estimates in financial statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. The more significant estimates include: residual values for leased assets, fair values for goodwill impairment tests, impairment of available-for-sale securities, warranty liability, stock-based compensation and reserves for product liability and insurance losses, postretirement benefits, post-sale discounts, credit losses and income taxes.

Derivative financial instrume36

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Derivative Risk Management, Policy	A. Foreign currency exchange rate risk Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years . As of December 31, 2016 , the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months . We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian krona, Singapore dollar, Swiss franc, or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated. As of December 31, 2016 , $52 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in Statement 3), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in Statement 1) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions. The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings. In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions, and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities, and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed rate assets and liabilities. B. Interest rate risk Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate changes. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract. Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move. Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products. The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item. C. Commodity price risk Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials. Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use. Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five -year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

Operations and summary of sig37

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary, Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Maximum Exposure to Loss from Variable Interest Entities	Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Receivables - trade and other $ 55 $ 19 Receivables - finance 174 466 Long-term receivables - finance 246 62 Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies 31 35 Guarantees 210 175 Total $ 716 $ 757
Schedule of Changes in Accounting Principles	Following are the impacts to financial statement line items as a result of the change in accounting principle for the periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements: Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 28,309 $ 28,074 $ 235 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,686 $ 4,441 $ 245 Research and development expenses $ 1,951 $ 1,868 $ 83 Total operating costs $ 38,039 $ 37,476 $ 563 Operating profit $ 498 $ 1,061 $ (563 ) Other income (expense) $ 146 $ 50 $ 96 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 139 $ 606 $ (467 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 $ 364 $ (172 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ (53 ) $ 242 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) $ (67 ) $ 228 $ (295 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ (0.11 ) $ 0.39 $ (0.50 ) 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 33,546 $ 33,742 $ (196 ) Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 4,951 $ 5,199 $ (248 ) Research and development expenses $ 2,119 $ 2,165 $ (46 ) Other operating (income) expenses $ 2,023 $ 2,062 $ (39 ) Total operating costs $ 43,226 $ 43,755 $ (529 ) Operating profit $ 3,785 $ 3,256 $ 529 Other income (expense) $ 161 $ 106 $ 55 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,439 $ 2,855 $ 584 Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 916 $ 742 $ 174 Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Profit (loss) $ 2,512 $ 2,102 $ 410 Profit (loss) per common share $ 4.23 $ 3.54 $ 0.69 Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 4.18 $ 3.50 $ 0.68 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Cost of goods sold $ 40,718 $ 39,767 $ 951 Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 6,529 $ 5,697 $ 832 Research and development expenses $ 2,380 $ 2,135 $ 245 Other operating (income) expenses $ 1,619 $ 1,633 $ (14 ) Total operating costs $ 51,870 $ 49,856 $ 2,014 Operating profit $ 3,314 $ 5,328 $ (2,014 ) Other income (expense) $ 322 $ 239 $ 83 Consolidated profit before taxes $ 3,152 $ 5,083 $ (1,931 ) Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 692 $ 1,380 $ (688 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated companies $ 2,460 $ 3,703 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) $ 2,452 $ 3,695 $ (1,243 ) Profit (loss) per common share $ 3.97 $ 5.99 $ (2.02 ) Profit (loss) per common share - diluted $ 3.90 $ 5.88 $ (1.98 ) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ — $ — $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (621 ) $ 621 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 326 $ (326 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (4 ) $ (299 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (10 ) $ 10 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 424 $ (424 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (988 ) $ (578 ) $ (410 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits: Current year actuarial gain (loss), net of tax $ — $ (1,578 ) $ 1,578 Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax $ — $ 344 $ (344 ) Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (1,290 ) $ (2,533 ) $ 1,243 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 2015 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit employed in the business $ 27,377 $ 32,634 $ (5,257 ) $ 29,246 $ 34,208 $ (4,962 ) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (2,039 ) $ (7,296 ) $ 5,257 $ (2,035 ) $ (6,997 ) $ 4,962 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31 (Dollars in millions) 2016 As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ 83 $ (212 ) $ 295 2015 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (973 ) $ (977 ) $ 4 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (38 ) $ 376 $ (414 ) 2014 Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Foreign currency translation, net of tax $ (1,155 ) $ (1,164 ) $ 9 Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax $ (21 ) $ (1,255 ) $ 1,234 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow for the Years Ended December 31 (Millions of dollars) 2016 Cash flow from operating activities: As Reported Previous Accounting Method Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ (59 ) $ 236 $ (295 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 985 $ — $ 985 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (431 ) $ — $ (431 ) Other $ 856 $ 952 $ (96 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 224 $ 46 $ 178 Other liabilities – net $ (388 ) $ (47 ) $ (341 ) 2015 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,523 $ 2,113 $ 410 Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 179 $ — $ 179 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (307 ) $ — $ (307 ) Other $ 453 $ 508 $ (55 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ 143 $ (220 ) $ 363 Other liabilities – net $ (146 ) $ 444 $ (590 ) 2014 Cash flow from operating activities: Recast Previously Reported Effect of Accounting Change Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies $ 2,468 $ 3,711 $ (1,243 ) Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits $ 2,624 $ — $ 2,624 Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes $ (954 ) $ — $ (954 ) Other $ 470 $ 553 $ (83 ) Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures: Other assets – net $ (139 ) $ (300 ) $ 161 Other liabilities – net $ (359 ) $ 146 $ (505 ) The above tables include changes resulting from reclassifications between financial statement line items.

Stock-based compensation (Table

Stock-based compensation (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]
Schedule providing assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards	The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively. Grant Year 2016 2015 2014 Weighted-average dividend yield 3.2 % 2.3 % 2.2 % Weighted-average volatility 31.1 % 28.4 % 28.2 % Range of volatilities 22.5-33.4% 19.9-35.9% 18.4-36.2% Range of risk-free interest rates 0.62-1.73% 0.22-2.08% 0.12-2.60% Weighted-average expected lives 8 years 8 years 8 years
Schedule of stock-based compensation activity	Please refer to Tables I and II below for additional information on our stock-based awards. TABLE I — Financial Information Related to Stock-based Compensation Stock options / SARs RSUs PRSUs Shares Weighted- Average Exercise Price Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Shares Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2016 38,338,525 $ 77.84 4,330,513 $ 83.14 132,068 $ 77.47 Granted to officers and key employees 1 4,243,272 $ 74.77 1,085,505 $ 68.04 614,347 $ 64.71 Exercised (6,931,189 ) $ 57.78 — $ — — $ — Vested — $ — (2,232,695 ) $ 82.44 — $ — Forfeited / expired (3,585,818 ) $ 74.59 (112,309 ) $ 77.71 (36,129 ) $ 67.96 Outstanding at December 31, 2016 32,064,790 $ 82.13 3,071,014 $ 78.50 710,286 $ 66.92 Exercisable at December 31, 2016 20,991,816 $ 81.18 Stock options/SARs outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2016: Outstanding Exercisable Exercise Prices Shares Outstanding at 12/31/16 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 Shares Outstanding at 12/31/16 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value 2 $22.17 - 57.85 5,405,540 2.83 $ 45.64 $ 255 5,405,540 2.83 $ 45.64 $ 255 $63.04 - 74.77 5,220,662 7.42 $ 74.23 97 1,368,924 2.45 $ 72.70 27 $83.00 - 86.77 7,074,057 8.08 $ 83.05 69 2,994,626 8.18 $ 83.00 29 $88.51 - 96.31 8,576,789 6.49 $ 92.88 14 5,434,984 6.09 $ 90.90 14 $102.13 - 110.09 5,787,742 4.71 $ 106.31 — 5,787,742 4.71 $ 106.31 — 32,064,790 $ 82.13 $ 435 20,991,816 $ 81.18 $ 325 1 No SARs were granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 . 2 The difference between a stock award’s exercise price and the underlying stock’s closing market price at December 31, 2016 , for awards with market price greater than the exercise price. Amounts are in millions of dollars.
Schedule of financial information related to stock-based compensation	TABLE II— Additional Stock-based Award Information (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 2015 2014 Stock options/SARs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 20.64 $ 23.61 $ 29.52 Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised $ 185 $ 93 $ 649 Fair value of stock awards vested 1 $ 163 $ 155 $ 108 Cash received from stock awards exercised $ 30 $ 59 $ 259 RSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 68.04 $ 77.55 $ 89.18 Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ 162 $ 109 $ 106 PRSUs activity: Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted $ 64.71 $ 77.47 $ — Fair value of stock awards vested 2 $ — $ — $ — 1 Based on the grant date fair value. 2 Based on the underlying stock's closing market price on the vesting date.

Derivative financial instrume39

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Financial Position	The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in Statement 3 are as follows: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Location Asset (Liability) Fair Value (Millions of dollars) Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 Designated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ 13 $ 12 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (93 ) (25 ) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other liabilities (36 ) — Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 29 — Financial Products Accrued expenses (3 ) — Interest rate contracts Financial Products Receivables — trade and other — 1 Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other 4 51 Financial Products Accrued expenses (1 ) (4 ) $ (87 ) $ 35 Undesignated derivatives Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other $ — $ 2 Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses (30 ) (9 ) Financial Products Receivables — trade and other 39 3 Financial Products Long-term receivables — trade and other — 36 Financial Products Accrued expenses (4 ) (6 ) Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Receivables — trade and other 10 — Machinery, Energy & Transportation Accrued expenses — (12 ) $ 15 $ 14
Total notional amounts of derivative instruments	The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 2,530 $ 2,040 Financial Products $ 2,626 $ 3,539
Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Consolidated Results of Operations	The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Fair Value Hedges Year ended December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (12 ) $ 11 $ (12 ) $ 11 Year ended December 31, 2015 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (27 ) $ 26 $ (27 ) $ 26 Year ended December 31, 2014 Classification Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Gains (Losses) on Borrowings Interest rate contracts Financial Products Other income (expense) $ (41 ) $ 23 $ (41 ) $ 23 Cash Flow Hedges (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ (14 ) $ — Financial Products 15 Other income (expense) 28 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 8 Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) — $ (95 ) $ 5 $ — Year ended December 31, 2015 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (33 ) Other income (expense) $ (128 ) $ — Financial Products — Other income (expense) 1 — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation — Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) — Financial Products 3 Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (30 ) $ (139 ) $ — Year ended December 31, 2014 Recognized in Earnings Amount of Classification of Gains (Losses) Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion) Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (118 ) Other income (expense) $ 5 $ — Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation (63 ) Interest expense excluding Financial Products (5 ) — Financial Products (6 ) Interest expense of Financial Products (6 ) — $ (187 ) $ (6 ) $ —
Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Results of Operations	The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on Statement 1 is as follows: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of Gains (Losses) 2016 2015 2014 Foreign exchange contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) $ (4 ) $ (32 ) $ (60 ) Financial Products Other income (expense) (24 ) (34 ) (47 ) Interest rate contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 2 2 2 Commodity contracts Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other income (expense) 16 (23 ) (15 ) $ (10 ) $ (87 ) $ (120 )
Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative assets	The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows: December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 23 $ — $ 23 $ (21 ) $ — $ 2 Financial Products 72 — 72 (7 ) — 65 Total $ 95 $ — $ 95 $ (28 ) $ — $ 67	December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount of Assets Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 14 $ — $ 14 $ (14 ) $ — $ — Financial Products 91 — 91 (5 ) — 86 Total $ 105 $ — $ 105 $ (19 ) $ — $ 86
Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative liabilities	December 31, 2016 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (159 ) $ — $ (159 ) $ 21 $ — $ (138 ) Financial Products (8 ) — (8 ) 7 — (1 ) Total $ (167 ) $ — $ (167 ) $ 28 $ — $ (139 )	December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position (Millions of dollars) Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount of Liabilities Derivatives Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ (46 ) $ — $ (46 ) $ 14 $ — $ (32 ) Financial Products (10 ) — (10 ) 5 — (5 ) Total $ (56 ) $ — $ (56 ) $ 19 $ — $ (37 )

Other income (expense) (Tables)

Other income (expense) (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Other income (expense)	Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Investment and interest income $ 74 $ 65 $ 66 Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1 (57 ) (173 ) 137 License fee income 92 111 128 Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies 47 176 2 36 Miscellaneous income (loss) (10 ) (18 ) (45 ) Total $ 146 $ 161 $ 322 1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 3 for further details. 2 Includes pretax gain of $120 million related to the sale of Caterpillar's 35 percent equity interest in the third party logistics business. See Note 9 for further details.

Income taxes (Tables)

Income taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Components of profit (loss) before taxes	The components of profit before taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 U.S. $ (2,053 ) $ 636 $ 276 Non-U.S. 2,192 2,803 2,876 $ 139 $ 3,439 $ 3,152
Components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes	The components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes were: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Current tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 $ (90 ) $ 525 $ 715 Non-U.S. 718 656 883 State (U.S.) (5 ) 42 48 623 1,223 1,646 Deferred tax provision (benefit): U.S. 1 (544 ) (367 ) (763 ) Non-U.S. (108 ) 66 (116 ) State (U.S.) 221 (6 ) (75 ) (431 ) (307 ) (954 ) Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 $ 916 $ 692 1 Includes U.S. taxes related to non-U.S. profits.
Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate	Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Taxes at U.S. statutory rate $ 49 35.0 % $ 1,203 35.0 % $ 1,103 35.0 % (Decreases) increases resulting from: Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (119 ) (85.6 )% (236 ) (6.9 )% (223 ) (7.1 )% Nondeductible goodwill 191 137.4 % — — % — — % State and local taxes, net of federal (1 ) (0.7 )% 24 0.7 % (17 ) (0.5 )% Interest and penalties, net of tax 24 17.2 % 12 0.4 % 12 0.4 % U.S. research and production incentives (52 ) (37.4 )% (95 ) (2.7 )% (125 ) (4.0 )% ESOP dividend tax benefit (27 ) (19.4 )% (27 ) (0.8 )% (25 ) (0.8 )% Other—net (14 ) (10.1 )% (7 ) (0.2 )% 11 0.4 % 51 36.4 % 874 25.5 % 736 23.4 % Prior year tax and interest adjustments — — % 42 1.2 % (21 ) (0.7 )% Valuation allowances 141 101.4 % — — % (23 ) (0.7 )% Provision (benefit) for income taxes $ 192 137.8 % $ 916 26.7 % $ 692 22.0 %
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities	The amount of deferred income taxes at December 31, included on the following lines in Statement 3, are as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Assets: Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes 2,683 2,367 Liabilities: Other liabilities 237 335 Deferred income taxes—net $ 2,446 $ 2,032 Deferred income tax assets and liabilities: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Deferred income tax assets: Pension $ 1,887 $ 1,694 Postemployment benefits other than pensions 1,318 1,339 Tax carryforwards 1,999 1,098 Warranty reserves 339 359 Stock-based compensation 316 356 Inventory 93 129 Allowance for credit losses 209 203 Post sale discounts 207 185 Other employee compensation and benefits 262 269 Other—net 476 427 7,106 6,059 Deferred income tax liabilities: Capital and intangible assets (2,455 ) (2,561 ) Bond discount (223 ) (225 ) Translation (368 ) (343 ) Other outside basis differences (227 ) — Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries (285 ) (82 ) (3,558 ) (3,211 ) Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets (1,102 ) (816 ) Deferred income taxes—net $ 2,446 $ 2,032
Summary of net operating loss carryforwards	At December 31, 2016 , amounts and expiration dates of net operating loss carryforwards in various non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020-2022 2023-2037 Unlimited Total $ 3 $ 64 $ 159 $ 470 $ 168 $ 3,191 $ 4,055
Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits	Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: 1 Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Balance at January 1, $ 968 $ 846 Additions for tax positions related to current year 73 73 Additions for tax positions related to prior years 55 118 Reductions for tax positions related to prior years (36 ) (30 ) Reductions for settlements 2 (24 ) (30 ) Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations (4 ) (9 ) Balance at December 31, $ 1,032 $ 968 Amount that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate $ 963 $ 934 1 Foreign currency impacts are included within each line as applicable. 2 Includes cash payment or other reduction of assets to settle liability.

Cat Financial Financing Activ42

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Receivables [Abstract]
Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables	Contractual maturities of outstanding wholesale inventory receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Amounts Due In Wholesale Installment Contracts Wholesale Finance Leases Wholesale Notes Total 2017 $ 147 $ 60 $ 765 $ 972 2018 114 42 205 361 2019 75 27 127 229 2020 40 14 8 62 2021 13 5 4 22 Thereafter — 1 14 15 389 149 1,123 1,661 Guaranteed residual value — 58 — 58 Unguaranteed residual value — 35 — 35 Less: Unearned income (7 ) (15 ) (5 ) (27 ) Total $ 382 $ 227 $ 1,118 $ 1,727
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables	Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Amounts Due In Retail Installment Contracts Retail Finance Leases Retail Notes Total 2017 $ 2,592 $ 2,332 $ 3,695 $ 8,619 2018 1,951 1,547 1,893 5,391 2019 1,260 887 1,345 3,492 2020 598 407 1,126 2,131 2021 162 170 1,014 1,346 Thereafter 8 78 1,009 1,095 6,571 5,421 10,082 22,074 Guaranteed residual value — 295 — 295 Unguaranteed residual value — 750 — 750 Less: Unearned income (140 ) (503 ) (79 ) (722 ) Total $ 6,431 $ 5,963 $ 10,003 $ 22,397
Allowance for credit losses and recorded investment in finance receivables	An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Receivables written off (158 ) — (158 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 35 — 35 Provision for credit losses 132 1 133 Other (5 ) — (5 ) Balance at end of year $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 85 $ — $ 85 Collectively evaluated for impairment 246 10 256 Ending Balance $ 331 $ 10 $ 341 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 786 $ — $ 786 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,236 3,375 21,611 Ending Balance $ 19,022 $ 3,375 $ 22,397 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 Customer Dealer Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Balance at beginning of year $ 388 $ 10 $ 398 Receivables written off (196 ) — (196 ) Recoveries on receivables previously written off 41 — 41 Provision for credit losses 119 (1 ) 118 Other (25 ) — (25 ) Balance at end of year $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Individually evaluated for impairment $ 65 $ — $ 65 Collectively evaluated for impairment 262 9 271 Ending Balance $ 327 $ 9 $ 336 Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables: Individually evaluated for impairment $ 601 $ — $ 601 Collectively evaluated for impairment 18,788 3,570 22,358 Ending Balance $ 19,389 $ 3,570 $ 22,959
Aging related to loans and finance leases	In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable balance past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment of finance receivables by aging category. (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2016 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 50 $ 16 $ 59 $ 125 $ 7,938 $ 8,063 $ 5 Europe 16 12 39 67 2,388 2,455 6 Asia Pacific 17 7 15 39 1,435 1,474 4 Mining 3 2 63 68 1,756 1,824 2 Latin America 40 33 214 287 1,808 2,095 — Caterpillar Power Finance 11 9 73 93 3,018 3,111 1 Dealer North America — — — — 1,916 1,916 — Europe — — — — 161 161 — Asia Pacific — — — — 541 541 — Mining — — — — 3 3 — Latin America — — — — 752 752 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 2 2 — Total $ 137 $ 79 $ 463 $ 679 $ 21,718 $ 22,397 $ 18 (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 31-60 Days Past Due 61-90 Days Past Due 91+ Days Past Due Total Past Due Current Total Finance Receivables 91+ Still Accruing Customer North America $ 45 $ 12 $ 30 $ 87 $ 7,850 $ 7,937 $ 4 Europe 18 7 44 69 2,358 2,427 9 Asia Pacific 21 12 21 54 1,647 1,701 6 Mining 6 1 68 75 1,793 1,868 1 Latin America 45 31 199 275 1,998 2,273 — Caterpillar Power Finance — 1 35 36 3,147 3,183 2 Dealer North America — — — — 2,209 2,209 — Europe — — — — 149 149 — Asia Pacific — — — — 552 552 — Mining — — — — 4 4 — Latin America — — — — 653 653 — Caterpillar Power Finance — — — — 3 3 — Total $ 135 $ 64 $ 397 $ 596 $ 22,363 $ 22,959 $ 22
Impaired finance receivables	Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Recorded Unpaid Principal Balance Related Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 10 $ 10 $ — $ 12 $ 12 $ — Europe 49 48 — 41 41 — Asia Pacific 3 2 — 1 1 — Mining 129 129 — 84 84 — Latin America 68 68 — 28 28 — Caterpillar Power Finance 271 271 — 242 241 — Total $ 530 $ 528 $ — $ 408 $ 407 $ — Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 61 $ 60 $ 22 $ 14 $ 13 $ 4 Europe 7 7 3 11 10 5 Asia Pacific 50 50 8 34 34 4 Mining — — — 11 11 3 Latin America 93 104 34 53 53 21 Caterpillar Power Finance 45 44 18 70 70 28 Total $ 256 $ 265 $ 85 $ 193 $ 191 $ 65 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 71 $ 70 $ 22 $ 26 $ 25 $ 4 Europe 56 55 3 52 51 5 Asia Pacific 53 52 8 35 35 4 Mining 129 129 — 95 95 3 Latin America 161 172 34 81 81 21 Caterpillar Power Finance 316 315 18 312 311 28 Total $ 786 $ 793 $ 85 $ 601 $ 598 $ 65 Years ended December 31, 2016 2015 2014 (Millions of dollars) Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Average Recorded Investment Interest Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded North America $ 18 $ 1 $ 12 $ 1 $ 20 $ 1 Europe 46 1 42 1 47 1 Asia Pacific 2 — 2 — 3 — Mining 98 4 75 3 69 3 Latin America 47 1 31 — 30 — Caterpillar Power Finance 270 11 170 5 164 6 Total $ 481 $ 18 $ 332 $ 10 $ 333 $ 11 Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded North America $ 34 $ — $ 9 $ — $ 9 $ — Europe 11 1 14 1 21 1 Asia Pacific 37 3 35 2 22 1 Mining 13 — 39 1 90 7 Latin America 66 2 56 3 36 1 Caterpillar Power Finance 50 1 115 3 96 2 Total $ 211 $ 7 $ 268 $ 10 $ 274 $ 12 Total Impaired Finance Receivables North America $ 52 $ 1 $ 21 $ 1 $ 29 $ 1 Europe 57 2 56 2 68 2 Asia Pacific 39 3 37 2 25 1 Mining 111 4 114 4 159 10 Latin America 113 3 87 3 66 1 Caterpillar Power Finance 320 12 285 8 260 8 Total $ 692 $ 25 $ 600 $ 20 $ 607 $ 23
Investment in loans and finance leases on non-accrual status	The recorded investment in customer finance receivable on non-accrual status was as follows: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 North America $ 66 $ 31 Europe 35 39 Asia Pacific 12 15 Mining 69 106 Latin America 307 217 Caterpillar Power Finance 90 77 Total $ 579 $ 485
Loans and finance receivables modified as TDRs	TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 17 $ 3 12 $ 1 11 $ 1 Europe 16 9 — — 46 2 Asia Pacific 3 — — — — — Latin America 7 3 12 1 11 1 Total 43 $ 15 24 $ 2 68 $ 4 Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 1 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 34 $ 12 $ 7 Europe 8 7 7 Asia Pacific 2 — — Mining 51 185 176 Latin America 51 32 31 Caterpillar Power Finance 18 137 139 Total 164 $ 373 $ 360 1 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers.
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date	TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR Number Post-TDR North America 17 $ 3 12 $ 1 11 $ 1 Europe 16 9 — — 46 2 Asia Pacific 3 — — — — — Latin America 7 3 12 1 11 1 Total 43 $ 15 24 $ 2 68 $ 4 Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 25 $ 25 $ 25 Europe 43 12 9 Asia Pacific 31 29 28 Mining 4 74 66 Latin America 1 437 118 82 Caterpillar Power Finance 34 196 177 Total 574 $ 454 $ 387 Year ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 14 $ 1 $ 1 Europe 23 2 2 Asia Pacific 21 26 26 Mining 4 65 65 Latin America 11 1 2 Caterpillar Power Finance 21 259 242 Total 94 $ 354 $ 338 Year ended December 31, 2014 Number of Contracts Pre-TDR Post-TDR North America 34 $ 12 $ 7 Europe 8 7 7 Asia Pacific 2 — — Mining 51 185 176 Latin America 51 32 31 Caterpillar Power Finance 18 137 139 Total 164 $ 373 $ 360 1 In Latin America, 321 contracts with a pre-TDR recorded investment of $94 million and a post-TDR recorded investment of $64 million are related to four customers.

Inventories (Tables)

Inventories (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Inventories	Inventories (principally using the LIFO method) are comprised of the following: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Raw materials $ 2,102 $ 2,467 Work-in-process 1,719 1,857 Finished goods 4,576 5,122 Supplies 217 254 Total inventories $ 8,614 $ 9,700

Property, plant and equipment (

Property, plant and equipment (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment	December 31, (Millions of dollars) Useful Lives (Years) 2016 2015 Land — $ 667 $ 644 Buildings and land improvements 20-45 7,383 7,242 Machinery, equipment and other 3-10 15,392 15,686 Software 3-7 1,641 1,636 Equipment leased to others 1-7 6,086 5,728 Construction-in-process — 771 1,041 Total property, plant and equipment, at cost 31,940 31,977 Less: Accumulated depreciation (16,618 ) (15,887 ) Property, plant and equipment–net $ 15,322 $ 16,090
Assets recorded under capital leases	Assets recorded under capital leases: 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Gross capital leases 2 $ 99 $ 124 Less: Accumulated depreciation (22 ) (44 ) Net capital leases $ 77 $ 80 1 Included in Property, plant and equipment table above. 2 Consists primarily of machinery and equipment.
Scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases	At December 31, 2016 , scheduled minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 7 $ 6 $ 6 $ 6 $ 20 $ 30
Equipment leased to others	Equipment leased to others (primarily by Cat Financial): December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Equipment leased to others–at original cost $ 6,086 $ 5,728 Less: Accumulated depreciation (1,659 ) (1,571 ) Equipment leased to others–net $ 4,427 $ 4,157
Scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others	At December 31, 2016 , scheduled minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 892 $ 600 $ 349 $ 167 $ 67 $ 64

Investments in unconsolidated45

Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	Caterpillar’s investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Investments in equity method companies $ 192 $ 203 Plus: Investments in cost method companies 57 43 Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies $ 249 $ 246

Intangible assets and goodwill

Intangible assets and goodwill (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Intangible assets	Intangible assets are comprised of the following: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,378 $ (934 ) $ 1,444 Intellectual property 11 1,496 (706 ) 790 Other 14 192 (77 ) 115 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,066 $ (1,717 ) $ 2,349 December 31, 2015 Weighted Amortizable Life (Years) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Customer relationships 15 $ 2,489 $ (809 ) $ 1,680 Intellectual property 11 1,660 (626 ) 1,034 Other 12 174 (67 ) 107 Total finite-lived intangible assets 14 $ 4,323 $ (1,502 ) $ 2,821
Expected amortization expense related to intangible assets	As of December 31, 2016 , amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ 313 $ 308 $ 303 $ 292 $ 275 $ 858
Goodwill	The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) December 31, 2015 Acquisitions 1 Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 2 December 31, 2016 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 285 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 296 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 263 — — 11 274 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,145 — — (35 ) 4,110 Impairment (580 ) — (595 ) — (1,175 ) Net goodwill 3,565 — (595 ) (35 ) 2,935 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,738 37 — (19 ) 2,756 All Other 3 Goodwill 49 — — 6 55 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,217 37 — (37 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — (595 ) — (1,197 ) Net goodwill $ 6,615 $ 37 $ (595 ) $ (37 ) $ 6,020 December 31, 2014 Acquisitions 1 Impairment Loss Other Adjustments 2 December 31, 2015 Construction Industries Goodwill $ 297 $ — $ — $ (12 ) $ 285 Impairment (22 ) — — — (22 ) Net goodwill 275 — — (12 ) 263 Resource Industries Goodwill 4,287 — — (142 ) 4,145 Impairment (580 ) — — — (580 ) Net goodwill 3,707 — — (142 ) 3,565 Energy & Transportation Goodwill 2,660 133 — (55 ) 2,738 All Other 3 Goodwill 52 — — (3 ) 49 Consolidated total Goodwill 7,296 133 — (212 ) 7,217 Impairment (602 ) — — — (602 ) Net goodwill $ 6,694 $ 133 $ — $ (212 ) $ 6,615 1 See Note 24 for additional information. 2 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation. 3 Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 23).

Investments in debt and equit47

Investments in debt and equity securities (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Schedule of available-for-sale securities	The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Cost Basis Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses) Fair Value Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ 9 $ 9 $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds 60 — 60 71 1 72 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds 489 3 492 701 7 708 Asset-backed securities 90 — 90 129 — 129 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 225 (2 ) 223 291 1 292 Residential 10 — 10 12 — 12 Commercial 36 — 36 59 2 61 Equity securities Large capitalization value 280 32 312 243 30 273 Real estate investment trust (REIT) 77 2 79 25 — 25 Smaller company growth 41 15 56 37 17 54 Total $ 1,317 $ 50 $ 1,367 $ 1,577 $ 58 $ 1,635
Investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired	Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired: December 31, 2016 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 131 $ 1 $ 13 $ — $ 144 $ 1 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 167 2 11 — 178 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 68 6 11 2 79 8 Smaller company growth 10 1 3 1 13 2 Total $ 376 $ 10 $ 38 $ 3 $ 414 $ 13 December 31, 2015 Less than 12 months 1 12 months or more 1 Total (Millions of dollars) Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Corporate bonds Corporate bonds $ 242 $ 3 $ 27 $ 1 $ 269 $ 4 Asset-backed securities 84 1 10 1 94 2 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency 135 1 57 1 192 2 Equity securities Large capitalization value 97 8 2 — 99 8 Smaller company growth 14 1 — — 14 1 Total $ 572 $ 14 $ 96 $ 3 $ 668 $ 17 1 Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
Cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity	December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Cost Basis Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 188 $ 189 Due after one year through five years 421 423 Due after five years through ten years 13 13 Due after ten years 26 26 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities 225 223 Residential mortgage-backed securities 10 10 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 36 36 Total debt securities – available-for-sale $ 919 $ 920
Schedule of proceeds and gross gain and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	Sales of Securities: Years Ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 694 $ 351 $ 434 Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 55 $ 64 $ 38 Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities $ 4 $ 2 $ 2

Postemployment benefit plans (T

Postemployment benefit plans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of changes in projected benefit obligations	U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 15,792 $ 16,249 $ 4,355 $ 4,801 $ 4,313 $ 4,938 Service cost 119 181 92 110 82 101 Interest cost 517 608 117 146 131 181 Plan amendments — — (5 ) — (188 ) 3 Actuarial losses (gains) 767 (384 ) 512 (152 ) 60 (625 ) Foreign currency exchange rates — — (369 ) (307 ) 14 (43 ) Participant contributions — — 7 8 57 52 Benefits paid - gross (970 ) (890 ) (238 ) (191 ) (388 ) (345 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 11 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits (7 ) 28 1 (60 ) (4 ) 40 Benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,034 $ 15,550 $ 4,163 $ 4,024 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 4.0 % 4.2 % 2.5 % 3.2 % 4.0 % 4.1 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.8 % 4.0 % 4.0 %
Schedule of assumptions used to determine benefit obligation	U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 15,792 $ 16,249 $ 4,355 $ 4,801 $ 4,313 $ 4,938 Service cost 119 181 92 110 82 101 Interest cost 517 608 117 146 131 181 Plan amendments — — (5 ) — (188 ) 3 Actuarial losses (gains) 767 (384 ) 512 (152 ) 60 (625 ) Foreign currency exchange rates — — (369 ) (307 ) 14 (43 ) Participant contributions — — 7 8 57 52 Benefits paid - gross (970 ) (890 ) (238 ) (191 ) (388 ) (345 ) Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid — — — — 11 11 Curtailments, settlements and termination benefits (7 ) 28 1 (60 ) (4 ) 40 Benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,218 $ 15,792 $ 4,472 $ 4,355 $ 4,088 $ 4,313 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year $ 16,034 $ 15,550 $ 4,163 $ 4,024 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation: Discount rate 4.0 % 4.2 % 2.5 % 3.2 % 4.0 % 4.1 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.8 % 4.0 % 4.0 %
Change in plan assets	U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year $ 11,440 $ 12,530 $ 3,890 $ 4,100 $ 650 $ 776 Actual return on plan assets 860 (225 ) 503 107 55 3 Foreign currency exchange rates — — (392 ) (234 ) — — Company contributions 36 30 117 156 176 164 Participant contributions — — 7 8 57 52 Benefits paid (970 ) (890 ) (238 ) (191 ) (388 ) (345 ) Settlements and termination benefits (12 ) (5 ) — (56 ) — — Fair value of plan assets, end of year $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650
Fair value of pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets, by category	The fair value of the pension and other postretirement benefit plan assets by category is summarized below: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,816 $ — $ 5 $ 174 $ 2,995 Non-U.S. equities 1,653 5 — — 1,658 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 4,273 31 85 4,389 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 710 — — 710 U.S. government bonds — 647 — — 647 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 491 — — 491 Non-U.S. government bonds — 90 — — 90 Real estate — — 10 — 10 Cash, short-term instruments and other 93 74 11 186 364 Total U.S. pension assets $ 4,562 $ 6,290 $ 57 $ 445 $ 11,354 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 2,976 $ — $ 4 $ 168 $ 3,148 Non-U.S. equities 2,044 5 1 — 2,050 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 3,872 42 132 4,046 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 575 — — 575 U.S. government bonds — 526 — — 526 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 627 — — 627 Non-U.S. government bonds — 65 — — 65 Real estate — — 9 — 9 Cash, short-term instruments and other 157 28 3 206 394 Total U.S. pension assets $ 5,177 $ 5,698 $ 59 $ 506 $ 11,440 We have revised previously reported Level 2, Level 3 and Measured at NAV for U.S. Pension. Level 2 assets decreased $141 million , Level 3 assets increased $9 million and Measured at NAV increased $132 million for the U.S. Pension in 2015. The revision did not impact total assets. Management has concluded that the impact was not material to any period presented. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 405 $ — $ — $ 108 $ 513 Non-U.S. equities 639 38 — 119 796 Global equities 1 122 34 — — 156 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 151 1 — 152 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 345 1 10 356 U.S. government bonds — 44 — — 44 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,172 — — 1,172 Global fixed income 1 — 221 — 199 420 Real estate — 179 — — 179 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 53 46 — — 99 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,219 $ 2,230 $ 2 $ 436 $ 3,887 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Non-U.S. Pension Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 426 $ — $ — $ 118 $ 544 Non-U.S. equities 680 29 2 123 834 Global equities 1 155 49 — — 204 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 135 3 — 138 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 389 2 11 402 U.S. government bonds — 64 — — 64 Non-U.S. government bonds — 1,083 — — 1,083 Global fixed income 1 — 166 — 175 341 Real estate — 172 — — 172 Cash, short-term instruments and other 2 61 47 — — 108 Total non-U.S. pension assets $ 1,322 $ 2,134 $ 7 $ 427 $ 3,890 1 Includes funds that invest in both U.S. and non-U.S. securities. 2 Includes funds that invest in multiple asset classes, hedge funds and other. December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 276 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 277 Non-U.S. equities 110 — — — 110 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 69 — 1 70 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 17 — — 17 U.S. government bonds — 16 — — 16 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 31 — — 31 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 5 1 — 19 25 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 391 $ 139 $ — $ 20 $ 550 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Measured at NAV Total Assets at Fair Value Other Postretirement Benefits Equity securities: U.S. equities $ 296 $ 1 $ — $ — $ 297 Non-U.S. equities 136 — — — 136 Fixed income securities: U.S. corporate bonds — 83 — 4 87 Non-U.S. corporate bonds — 18 — — 18 U.S. government bonds — 31 — — 31 U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities — 45 — — 45 Non-U.S. government bonds — 4 — — 4 Cash, short-term instruments and other 17 15 — — 32 Total other postretirement benefit assets $ 449 $ 197 $ — $ 4 $ 650
Roll forward of assets measured at fair value using level 3 inputs	Below are roll-forwards of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 . These instruments were valued using pricing models that, in management’s judgment, reflect the assumptions a market participant would use. (Millions of dollars) Equities Fixed Income Real Estate Other U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 9 $ 29 $ 9 $ — Unrealized gains (losses) (1 ) (1 ) — — Realized gains (losses) 1 — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (4 ) 16 — 2 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — 1 Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 5 $ 42 $ 9 $ 3 Unrealized gains (losses) — 4 1 — Realized gains (losses) — (5 ) — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net 1 (9 ) — 8 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 (1 ) (1 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 5 $ 31 $ 10 $ 11 Non-U.S. Pension Balance at December 31, 2014 $ — $ 11 $ 39 $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — (1 ) (17 ) — Realized gains (losses) — — 15 — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net — — (37 ) — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 2 (5 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 2 $ 5 $ — $ — Unrealized gains (losses) — — — — Realized gains (losses) (1 ) — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements, net (1 ) (1 ) — — Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — (2 ) — — Balance at December 31, 2016 $ — $ 2 $ — $ —
Defined benefit plan funded status, components of net amount recognized in financial position and accumulated other comprehensive income	The funded status of the plans, reconciled to the amount reported on Statement 3, is as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 End of Year Fair value of plan assets $ 11,354 $ 11,440 $ 3,887 $ 3,890 $ 550 $ 650 Benefit obligations 16,218 15,792 4,472 4,355 4,088 4,313 Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position $ (4,864 ) $ (4,352 ) $ (585 ) $ (465 ) $ (3,538 ) $ (3,663 ) Components of net amount recognized in financial position: Other assets (non-current asset) $ 4 $ 6 $ 152 $ 163 $ — $ — Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability) (35 ) (32 ) (20 ) (19 ) (162 ) (161 ) Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability) (4,833 ) (4,326 ) (717 ) (609 ) (3,376 ) (3,502 ) Net liability recognized $ (4,864 ) $ (4,352 ) $ (585 ) $ (465 ) $ (3,538 ) $ (3,663 ) Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of: Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ 1 $ (5 ) $ 1 $ (85 ) $ 39
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in the next fiscal year	The estimated amount of prior service cost (credit) that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2016 into net periodic benefit cost (pre-tax) in 2017 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Prior service cost (credit) $ — $ (1 ) $ (21 )
Schedule of pension plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets for all U.S and Non U.S Pension benefits	The following amounts relate to our pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,163 $ 15,734 $ 4,098 $ 1,818 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 15,979 $ 15,493 $ 3,835 $ 1,657 Fair value of plan assets $ 11,295 $ 11,377 $ 3,361 $ 1,190
Schedule of pension plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets for all U.S and Non U.S Pension benefits	The following amounts relate to our pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets: U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end Non-U.S. Pension Benefits at Year-end (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2016 2015 Projected benefit obligation $ 16,163 $ 15,734 $ 1,707 $ 1,363 Accumulated benefit obligation $ 15,979 $ 15,493 $ 1,607 $ 1,320 Fair value of plan assets $ 11,295 $ 11,377 $ 1,024 $ 793
Information about the expected contributions and benefit payments for the pension and other postretirement benefit plans	Information about expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other postretirement benefit plans is as follows: (Millions of dollars) U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits Employer contributions: 2017 (expected) $ 350 $ 100 $ 160 Expected benefit payments: 2017 $ 1,020 $ 190 $ 310 2018 980 160 300 2019 990 160 300 2020 990 160 290 2021 990 170 280 2022-2026 4,900 970 1,320 Total $ 9,870 $ 1,810 $ 2,800
Expected Medicare Part D subsidy receipts	Medicare Part D subsidy amounts expected to be received by the company which will offset other postretirement benefit payments are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022-2026 Total Other postretirement benefits $ 15 $ 15 $ 20 $ 20 $ 20 $ 95 $ 185
Components of net periodic benefit cost, other changes in plan assets and benefits obligations recognized in other comprehensive income and weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost	U.S. Pension Benefits Non-U.S. Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 2014 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 119 $ 181 $ 157 $ 92 $ 110 $ 109 $ 82 $ 101 $ 82 Interest cost 517 608 648 117 146 185 131 181 213 Expected return on plan assets 1 (757 ) (890 ) (943 ) (227 ) (273 ) (271 ) (44 ) (56 ) (58 ) Curtailments and termination benefits 2 6 32 — 1 (1 ) 2 (9 ) 27 (4 ) Amortization of prior service cost (credit) 3 — 1 17 3 — — (59 ) (54 ) (55 ) Actuarial loss (gain) 4 664 732 2,088 262 8 345 59 (561 ) 191 Total cost (benefit) included in operating profit $ 549 $ 664 $ 1,967 $ 248 $ (10 ) $ 370 $ 160 $ (362 ) $ 369 Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax): Current year prior service cost (credit) $ — $ — $ — $ (3 ) $ (8 ) $ (4 ) $ (184 ) $ 16 $ (2 ) Amortization of prior service (cost) credit — (1 ) (17 ) (3 ) — — 59 54 55 Total recognized in other comprehensive income — (1 ) (17 ) (6 ) (8 ) (4 ) (125 ) 70 53 Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income $ 549 $ 663 $ 1,950 $ 242 $ (18 ) $ 366 $ 35 $ (292 ) $ 422 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost: Discount rate used to measure service cost 4.5 % 3.8 % 4.6 % 2.9 % 3.3 % 4.1 % 4.2 % 3.9 % 4.6 % Discount rate used to measure interest cost 3.4 % 3.8 % 4.6 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 4.1 % 3.3 % 3.9 % 4.6 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 5 6.9 % 7.4 % 7.8 % 6.1 % 6.8 % 6.9 % 7.5 % 7.8 % 7.8 % Rate of compensation increase 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 3.6 % 4.0 % 4.2 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 1 Expected return on plan assets developed using the fair value of plan assets. 2 Curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in Statement 1. 3 Prior service cost (credit) for both pension and other postretirement benefits are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits from the plan. For pension plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are inactive and other postretirement benefit plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are fully eligible for benefits under the plan, prior service cost (credit) are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining life expectancy of those participants. 4 Actuarial loss (gain) represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We recognize actuarial loss (gain) immediately through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. 5 The weighted-average rates for 2017 are 6.7 percent and 5.9 percent for U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, respectively.
Effects of one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates	A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: (Millions of dollars) One-percentage- point increase One-percentage- point decrease Effect on 2016 service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost $ 19 $ (15 ) Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation $ 178 $ (150 )
Company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans	Total company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 U.S. plans $ 301 $ 267 $ 301 Non-U.S. plans 68 76 85 $ 369 $ 343 $ 386
Summary of long-term liability for postemployment benefit plans	December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Pensions: U.S. pensions $ 4,833 $ 4,326 Non-U.S. pensions 717 609 Total pensions 5,550 4,935 Postretirement benefits other than pensions 3,376 3,502 Other postemployment benefits 106 104 Defined contribution 325 302 $ 9,357 $ 8,843

Short-term borrowings (Tables)

Short-term borrowings (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Short-term Borrowings Disclosure [Abstract]
Short-term borrowings	December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes payable to banks $ 59 $ 9 Commercial paper 150 — 209 9 Financial Products: Notes payable to banks 553 440 Commercial paper 5,985 5,811 Demand notes 556 707 7,094 6,958 Total short-term borrowings $ 7,303 $ 6,967 The weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings outstanding were: December 31, 2016 2015 Notes payable to banks 7.0 % 9.2 % Commercial paper 0.9 % 0.5 % Demand notes 0.9 % 0.8 %

Long-term debt (Tables)

Long-term debt (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term debt	December 31, (Millions of dollars) Effective Yield to Maturity 1 2016 2015 Machinery, Energy & Transportation: Notes—$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021 2 4.01% $ 1,245 $ 1,244 Notes—$759 million of 5.200% due 2041 2 5.27% 752 751 Debentures—$500 million of 1.500% due 2017 2 1.63% — 499 Debentures—$900 million of 7.900% due 2018 2 7.98% 899 899 Debentures—$120 million of 9.375% due 2021 9.41% 120 120 Debentures—$500 million of 2.600% due 2022 2 2.70% 498 497 Debentures—$82 million of 8.000% due 2023 8.06% 82 82 Debentures—$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024 3.46% 996 996 Debentures—$193 million of 6.625% due 2028 2 6.68% 192 192 Debentures—$242 million of 7.300% due 2031 2 7.38% 241 240 Debentures—$307 million of 5.300% due 2035 2 8.64% 214 212 Debentures—$460 million of 6.050% due 2036 2 6.12% 456 456 Debentures—$65 million of 8.250% due 2038 2 8.38% 64 64 Debentures—$160 million of 6.950% due 2042 2 7.02% 159 159 Debentures—$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042 2 6.39% 1,218 1,198 Debentures—$500 million of 4.300% due 2044 4.39% 493 493 Debentures—$500 million of 4.750% due 2064 4.81% 494 494 Debentures—$246 million of 7.375% due 2097 2 7.51% 242 242 Capital lease obligations 68 77 Other 3 45 Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation 8,436 8,960 Financial Products: Medium-term notes 13,869 15,679 Other 513 530 Total Financial Products 14,382 16,209 Total long-term debt due after one year $ 22,818 $ 25,169 1 Effective yield to maturity includes the impact of discounts, premiums and debt issuance costs. 2 Redeemable at our option in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount or (ii) the discounted present value of the notes or debentures, calculated in accordance with the terms of such notes or debentures.
Aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt	The aggregate amounts of maturities of long-term debt during each of the years 2017 through 2021, including amounts due within one year and classified as current, are: December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 507 $ 905 $ 6 $ 6 $ 1,385 Financial Products 6,155 5,359 3,680 1,144 1,682 $ 6,662 $ 6,264 $ 3,686 $ 1,150 $ 3,067

Credit commitments (Tables)

Credit commitments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Credit Commitments [Abstract]
Credit commitments	December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Consolidated Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Credit lines available: Global credit facilities $ 10,500 $ 2,750 $ 7,750 Other external 3,824 60 3,764 Total credit lines available 14,324 2,810 11,514 Less: Commercial paper outstanding (6,135 ) (150 ) (5,985 ) Less: Utilized credit (1,482 ) (59 ) (1,423 ) Available credit $ 6,707 $ 2,601 $ 4,106

Profit per share (Tables)

Profit per share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Computations of Profit Per Share	Computations of profit per share: (Dollars in millions except per share data) 2016 2015 2014 Profit for the period (A) 1 $ (67 ) $ 2,512 $ 2,452 Determination of shares (in millions): Weighted average number of common shares outstanding (B) 584.3 594.3 617.2 Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price — 7.0 11.7 Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2,3 584.3 601.3 628.9 Profit per share of common stock: Assuming no dilution (A/B) $ (0.11 ) $ 4.23 $ 3.97 Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2,3 $ (0.11 ) $ 4.18 $ 3.90 Shares outstanding as of December 31 (in millions) 586.5 582.3 606.2 1 Profit attributable to common stockholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 In 2016, the assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive.

Accumulated other comprehensi53

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Equity [Abstract]
Schedule of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in Statement 4, consisted of the following: (Millions of dollars) Foreign currency translation Pension and other postretirement benefits Derivative financial instruments Available-for-sale securities Total Balance at December 31, 2013 $ 163 $ (10 ) $ (5 ) $ 83 $ 231 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (1,155 ) 4 (118 ) 24 (1,245 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (25 ) 4 (24 ) (45 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (1,155 ) (21 ) (114 ) — (1,290 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 $ (992 ) $ (31 ) $ (119 ) $ 83 $ (1,059 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (961 ) (3 ) (19 ) (10 ) (993 ) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss — (35 ) 88 (36 ) 17 Other comprehensive income (loss) (961 ) (38 ) 69 (46 ) (976 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ (1,953 ) $ (69 ) $ (50 ) $ 37 $ (2,035 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (34 ) 118 (62 ) 26 48 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss 17 (35 ) (3 ) (31 ) (52 ) Other comprehensive income (loss) (17 ) 83 (65 ) (5 ) (4 ) Balance at December 31, 2016 $ (1,970 ) $ 14 $ (115 ) $ 32 $ (2,039 )
Reclassification out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on Statement 1 is as follows: Year ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) Classification of income (expense) 2016 2015 2014 Foreign currency translation: Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation Other income (expense) $ (17 ) $ — $ — Tax (provision) benefit — — — Reclassifications net of tax $ (17 ) $ — $ — Pension and other postretirement benefits: Amortization of prior service credit (cost) Note 12 1 $ 56 $ 53 $ 38 Tax (provision) benefit (21 ) (18 ) (13 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 35 $ 35 $ 25 Derivative financial instruments: Foreign exchange contracts Other income (expense) $ 14 $ (127 ) $ 5 Interest rate contracts Interest expense excluding Financial Products (6 ) (6 ) (5 ) Interest rate contracts Interest expense of Financial Products (3 ) (6 ) (6 ) Reclassifications before tax 5 (139 ) (6 ) Tax (provision) benefit (2 ) 51 2 Reclassifications net of tax $ 3 $ (88 ) $ (4 ) Available-for-sale securities: Realized gain (loss) on sale of securities Other income (expense) $ 46 $ 56 $ 35 Tax (provision) benefit (15 ) (20 ) (11 ) Reclassifications net of tax $ 31 $ 36 $ 24 Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ 52 $ (17 ) $ 45 1 Amounts are included in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 12 for additional information.

Fair value disclosures (Tables)

Fair value disclosures (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value	Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in Statement 3 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized below: December 31, 2016 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 60 — 60 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 492 — 492 Asset-backed securities — 90 — 90 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 223 — 223 Residential — 10 — 10 Commercial — 36 — 36 Equity securities Large capitalization value 312 — — 312 Smaller company growth 56 — — 56 Total available-for-sale securities 377 911 — 1,288 REIT — — 79 79 Derivative financial instruments, net — — — — Total Assets $ 377 $ 911 $ 79 $ 1,367 Liabilities Derivative financial instruments, net $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 Total Liabilities $ — $ 72 $ — $ 72 December 31, 2015 (Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value Assets Available-for-sale securities Government debt U.S. treasury bonds $ 9 $ — $ — $ 9 Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds — 72 — 72 Corporate bonds Corporate bonds — 708 — 708 Asset-backed securities — 129 — 129 Mortgage-backed debt securities U.S. governmental agency — 292 — 292 Residential — 12 — 12 Commercial — 61 — 61 Equity securities Large capitalization value 273 — — 273 Smaller company growth 54 — — 54 Total available-for-sale securities 336 1,274 — 1,610 REIT — — 25 25 Derivative financial instruments, net — 49 — 49 Total Assets $ 336 $ 1,323 $ 25 $ 1,684
Roll-forward of REIT investments	A roll-forward of our REIT investment for the year ended December 31, 2016 is as follows: (Millions of dollars) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 25 Purchases of securities 50 Sale of securities — Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 4 Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 79
Fair values of financial instruments	Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments. TABLE III—Fair Values of Financial Instruments 2016 2015 (Millions of dollars) Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value Fair Value Levels Reference Assets at December 31, Cash and short-term investments $ 7,168 $ 7,168 $ 6,460 $ 6,460 1 Statement 3 Restricted cash and short-term investments 31 31 52 52 1 Statement 3 Investments in debt and equity securities 1,367 1,367 1,635 1,635 1, 2 & 3 Notes 11 & 19 Finance receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 16,172 16,056 16,515 16,551 3 Notes 6 & 19 Wholesale inventory receivables–net (excluding finance leases 1 ) 1,500 1,464 1,821 1,775 3 Notes 6 & 19 Foreign currency contracts–net — — 13 13 2 Notes 3 & 19 Interest rate swaps–net 3 3 48 48 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net 10 10 — — 2 Notes 3 & 19 Liabilities at December 31, Short-term borrowings 7,303 7,303 6,967 6,967 1 Note 13 Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year): Machinery, Energy & Transportation 8,943 10,348 9,477 10,691 2 Note 14 Financial Products 20,537 20,724 21,569 21,904 2 Note 14 Foreign currency contracts–net 85 85 — — 2 Notes 3 & 19 Commodity contracts–net — — 12 12 2 Notes 3 & 19 Guarantees 8 8 12 12 3 Note 21 1 Total excluded items have a net carrying value at December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $6,111 million and $6,452 million , respectively.

Operating leases (Tables)

Operating leases (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Leases [Abstract]
Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year	Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are: Years ended December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total $ 211 $ 160 $ 107 $ 81 $ 61 $ 176 $ 796

Guarantees and product warran56

Guarantees and product warranty (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Guarantees	The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees at December 31 are as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees $ 1,384 $ 216 Customer loan guarantees 51 47 Supplier consortium performance guarantee 278 286 Third party logistics business lease guarantees 87 107 Other guarantees 56 25 Total guarantees $ 1,856 $ 681
Product warranty	(Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 Warranty liability, January 1 $ 1,354 $ 1,426 Reduction in liability (payments) (909 ) (874 ) Increase in liability (new warranties) 813 802 Warranty liability, December 31 $ 1,258 $ 1,354

Segment information (Tables)

Segment information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Reportable Segments	Segment Information (Millions of dollars) Reportable Segments: External sales and revenues Inter- segment sales and revenues Total sales and revenues Depreciation and amortization 1 Segment profit Segment assets at December 31 Capital expenditures 2016 Construction Industries $ 15,612 $ 78 $ 15,690 $ 458 $ 1,650 $ 5,367 $ 186 Resource Industries 5,726 284 6,010 607 (1,047 ) 7,135 243 Energy & Transportation 14,411 2,540 16,951 677 2,222 7,791 519 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 35,749 $ 2,902 $ 38,651 $ 1,742 $ 2,825 $ 20,293 $ 948 Financial Products Segment 2,993 — 2,993 849 702 35,224 1,638 Total $ 38,742 $ 2,902 $ 41,644 $ 2,591 $ 3,527 $ 55,517 $ 2,586 2015 Construction Industries $ 17,797 $ 109 $ 17,906 $ 505 $ 1,865 $ 6,176 $ 276 Resource Industries 7,739 332 8,071 643 1 8,931 303 Energy & Transportation 18,519 2,877 21,396 690 3,390 8,769 869 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 44,055 $ 3,318 $ 47,373 $ 1,838 $ 5,256 $ 23,876 $ 1,448 Financial Products Segment 3,078 — 3,078 848 809 35,729 1,465 Total $ 47,133 $ 3,318 $ 50,451 $ 2,686 $ 6,065 $ 59,605 $ 2,913 2014 Construction Industries $ 20,590 $ 124 $ 20,714 $ 564 $ 2,133 $ 7,342 $ 447 Resource Industries 9,134 428 9,562 692 565 9,854 277 Energy & Transportation 22,306 3,386 25,692 696 4,287 8,661 669 Machinery, Energy & Transportation $ 52,030 $ 3,938 $ 55,968 $ 1,952 $ 6,985 $ 25,857 $ 1,393 Financial Products Segment 3,313 — 3,313 885 901 36,969 1,634 Total $ 55,343 $ 3,938 $ 59,281 $ 2,837 $ 7,886 $ 62,826 $ 3,027
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues:	Reconciliation of Sales and Revenues: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 35,749 $ 2,993 $ — $ 38,742 All Other operating segments 139 — — 139 Other (115 ) 72 (301 ) 1 (344 ) Total sales and revenues $ 35,773 $ 3,065 $ (301 ) $ 38,537 2015 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 44,055 $ 3,078 $ — $ 47,133 All Other operating segments 203 — — 203 Other (111 ) 101 (315 ) 1 (325 ) Total sales and revenues $ 44,147 $ 3,179 $ (315 ) $ 47,011 2014 Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments $ 52,030 $ 3,313 $ — $ 55,343 All Other operating segments 236 — — 236 Other (124 ) 73 (344 ) 1 (395 ) Total sales and revenues $ 52,142 $ 3,386 $ (344 ) $ 55,184 1 Elimination of Financial Products revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:	Reconciliation of consolidated profit before taxes: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2016 Total profit from reportable segments $ 2,825 $ 702 $ 3,527 All Other operating segments (77 ) — (77 ) Cost centers 8 — 8 Corporate costs (527 ) — (527 ) Timing 40 — 40 Restructuring costs (1,014 ) (5 ) (1,019 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales — — — Postretirement benefit expense (788 ) — (788 ) Stock-based compensation expense (209 ) (9 ) (218 ) Financing costs (517 ) — (517 ) Currency (22 ) — (22 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (225 ) — (225 ) Other methodology differences (47 ) 4 (43 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ (553 ) $ 692 $ 139 2015 Total profit from reportable segments $ 5,256 $ 809 $ 6,065 All Other operating segments (75 ) — (75 ) Cost centers 20 — 20 Corporate costs (600 ) — (600 ) Timing 95 — 95 Restructuring costs (881 ) (17 ) (898 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales (100 ) — (100 ) Postretirement benefit expense 131 — 131 Stock-based compensation expense (270 ) (13 ) (283 ) Financing costs (524 ) — (524 ) Currency (261 ) — (261 ) Other income/expense methodology differences (95 ) — (95 ) Other methodology differences (79 ) 43 (36 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,617 $ 822 $ 3,439 2014 Total profit from reportable segments $ 6,985 $ 901 $ 7,886 All Other operating segments 19 — 19 Cost centers (12 ) — (12 ) Corporate costs (674 ) — (674 ) Timing (245 ) — (245 ) Restructuring costs (432 ) — (432 ) Methodology differences: Inventory/cost of sales 55 — 55 Postretirement benefit expense (2,434 ) — (2,434 ) Stock-based compensation expense (242 ) (12 ) (254 ) Financing costs (502 ) — (502 ) Currency 31 — 31 Other income/expense methodology differences (249 ) — (249 ) Other methodology differences (57 ) 20 (37 ) Total consolidated profit before taxes $ 2,243 $ 909 $ 3,152
Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:	As noted above, restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below: Reconciliation of Restructuring costs: (Millions of dollars) Segment profit Restructuring costs Segment profit with restructuring costs 2016 Construction Industries $ 1,650 $ (41 ) $ 1,609 Resource Industries (1,047 ) (540 ) (1,587 ) Energy & Transportation 2,222 (248 ) 1,974 Financial Products Segment 702 (5 ) 697 All Other operating segments (77 ) (45 ) (122 ) Total $ 3,450 $ (879 ) $ 2,571 2015 Construction Industries $ 1,865 $ (123 ) $ 1,742 Resource Industries 1 (305 ) (304 ) Energy & Transportation 3,390 (109 ) 3,281 Financial Products Segment 809 (17 ) 792 All Other operating segments (75 ) (129 ) (204 ) Total $ 5,990 $ (683 ) $ 5,307 2014 Construction Industries $ 2,133 $ (314 ) $ 1,819 Resource Industries 565 (72 ) 493 Energy & Transportation 4,287 (33 ) 4,254 Financial Products Segment 901 — 901 All Other operating segments 19 (6 ) 13 Total $ 7,905 $ (425 ) $ 7,480
Reconciliation of Assets:	Reconciliation of Assets: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total assets from reportable segments $ 20,293 $ 35,224 $ — $ 55,517 All Other operating segments 1,381 — — 1,381 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,257 — — 5,257 Intercompany receivables 1,713 — (1,713 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,638 — (3,638 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,648 — (947 ) 2,701 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,883 — — 3,883 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,645 — — 1,645 Operating lease methodology difference (186 ) — — (186 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 7,400 — — 7,400 Inventory methodology differences (2,373 ) — — (2,373 ) Other (436 ) (29 ) (56 ) (521 ) Total assets $ 45,863 $ 35,195 $ (6,354 ) $ 74,704 2015 Total assets from reportable segments $ 23,876 $ 35,729 $ — $ 59,605 All Other operating segments 1,405 — — 1,405 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 5,340 — — 5,340 Intercompany receivables 1,087 — (1,087 ) — Investment in Financial Products 3,888 — (3,888 ) — Deferred income taxes 3,208 — (793 ) 2,415 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,571 — — 3,571 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,585 — — 1,585 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 8,017 — — 8,017 Inventory methodology differences (2,646 ) — — (2,646 ) Other (567 ) (93 ) (77 ) (737 ) Total assets $ 48,551 $ 35,636 $ (5,845 ) $ 78,342 2014 Total assets from reportable segments $ 25,857 $ 36,969 $ — $ 62,826 All Other operating segments 1,548 — — 1,548 Items not included in segment assets: Cash and short-term investments 6,317 — — 6,317 Intercompany receivables 1,185 — (1,185 ) — Investment in Financial Products 4,488 — (4,488 ) — Deferred income taxes 2,843 — (633 ) 2,210 Goodwill and intangible assets 3,492 — — 3,492 Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets 1,766 — — 1,766 Operating lease methodology difference (213 ) — — (213 ) Liabilities included in segment assets 9,851 — — 9,851 Inventory methodology differences (2,697 ) — — (2,697 ) Other (390 ) (143 ) (69 ) (602 ) Total assets $ 54,047 $ 36,826 $ (6,375 ) $ 84,498
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:	Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidated Total 2016 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,742 $ 849 $ 2,591 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 219 — 219 Cost centers 156 — 156 Other 27 41 68 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,144 $ 890 $ 3,034 2015 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,838 $ 848 $ 2,686 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 205 — 205 Cost centers 154 — 154 Other (33 ) 34 1 Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,164 $ 882 $ 3,046 2014 Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments $ 1,952 $ 885 $ 2,837 Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization: All Other operating segments 187 — 187 Cost centers 147 — 147 Other (33 ) 25 (8 ) Total depreciation and amortization $ 2,253 $ 910 $ 3,163
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:	Reconciliation of Capital expenditures: (Millions of dollars) Machinery, Energy & Transportation Financial Products Consolidating Adjustments Consolidated Total 2016 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 948 $ 1,638 $ — $ 2,586 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 182 — — 182 Cost centers 72 — — 72 Timing 153 — — 153 Other (149 ) 133 (49 ) (65 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,206 $ 1,771 $ (49 ) $ 2,928 2015 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,448 $ 1,465 $ — $ 2,913 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 169 — — 169 Cost centers 195 — — 195 Timing 37 — — 37 Other (219 ) 194 (28 ) (53 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,630 $ 1,659 $ (28 ) $ 3,261 2014 Total capital expenditures from reportable segments $ 1,393 $ 1,634 $ — $ 3,027 Items not included in segment capital expenditures: All Other operating segments 192 — — 192 Cost centers 181 — — 181 Timing 21 — — 21 Other (146 ) 183 (79 ) (42 ) Total capital expenditures $ 1,641 $ 1,817 $ (79 ) $ 3,379
Information about Geographic Areas	Information about Geographic Areas: Property, plant and equipment - net External sales and revenues 1 December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 2016 2015 Inside United States $ 15,956 $ 19,218 $ 21,122 $ 8,537 $ 8,842 Outside United States 22,581 27,793 34,062 6,785 7,248 Total $ 38,537 $ 47,011 $ 55,184 $ 15,322 $ 16,090 1 Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation are based on dealer or customer location. Revenues from services provided are based on where service is rendered.

Restructuring Costs (Tables)

Restructuring Costs (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016
Restructuring Charges [Abstract]
Restructuring and Related Costs	Restructuring costs for 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (Millions of dollars) 2016 2015 2014 Employee separations 1 $ 297 $ 641 $ 382 Contract terminations 1 62 — — Long-lived asset impairments 1 391 127 48 Defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses 1 7 82 2 Other 2 262 48 — Total restructuring costs $ 1,019 $ 898 $ 432 1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses. 2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, accelerated depreciation, sales discounts, project management and equipment relocation and were recognized primarily in Cost of goods sold.
Summary of separation activity	The following table summarizes the 2015 and 2016 employee separation activity: (Millions of dollars) Liability balance at December 31, 2014 $ 182 Increase in liability (separation charges) 641 Reduction in liability (payments) (340 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2015 $ 483 Increase in liability (separation charges) 297 Reduction in liability (payments) (633 ) Liability balance at December 31, 2016 $ 147

Selected quarterly financial 59

Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Quarterly Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]
Selected quarterly financial results	2016 Quarter (Dollars in millions except per share data) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 9,461 $ 10,342 $ 9,160 $ 9,574 Less: Revenues (681 ) (697 ) (697 ) (689 ) Sales 8,780 9,645 8,463 8,885 Cost of goods sold 6,822 7,419 6,527 7,541 Gross margin 1,958 2,226 1,936 1,344 Profit (loss) 1 $ 271 $ 550 $ 283 $ (1,171 ) 4,5,6,7 Profit (loss) per common share $ 0.46 $ 0.94 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 0.46 $ 0.93 $ 0.48 $ (2.00 ) 3 2015 Quarter 8 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sales and revenues $ 12,702 $ 12,317 $ 10,962 $ 11,030 Less: Revenues (741 ) (734 ) (677 ) (712 ) Sales 11,961 11,583 10,285 10,318 Cost of goods sold 8,760 8,674 7,872 8,240 Gross margin 3,201 2,909 2,413 2,078 Profit (loss) 1 $ 1,245 $ 802 $ 559 $ (94 ) 4,5 Profit (loss) per common share $ 2.06 $ 1.33 $ 0.95 $ (0.16 ) Profit (loss) per common share–diluted 2 $ 2.03 $ 1.31 $ 0.94 $ (0.16 ) 3 1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders. 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 3 The assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards was not considered because the impact would be antidilutive. 4 The fourth quarter of 2016 and fourth quarter of 2015 include pre-tax restructuring costs of $395 million and $679 million , respectively. See Note 26 for additional information on these costs. 5 The fourth quarter of 2016 and fourth quarter of 2015 include pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses of $985 million and $214 million , respectively. See Note 12 for additional information on these costs. 6 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $595 million . See Note 10 for additional information. 7 The fourth quarter of 2016 includes a deferred tax valuation allowance of $141 million . See Note 5 for additional information. 8 Reflects the change in accounting principle in Note 1B.

Operations and summary of sig60

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)dealerscountriesdistributors	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014USD ($)
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of countries served by dealers | countries	190
Maximum amortizable period of purchased intangibles (in years)	14 years	14 years
Ownership percentage of investments in companies below which the entity must exercise significant influence in order to be accounted for under the equity method	20.00%
Standard invoice terms, maximum extension period (in years)	1 year	1 year	1 year
Standard invoice terms, amount of extension allowed to receivables | $	$ 406	$ 635	$ 624
Percentage of consolidated sales representing extension to standard invoice terms not more than one year	1.00%	1.00%	1.00%
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days)	120 days
Percentage of value of inventories on the LIFO basis to total inventories	60.00%	60.00%
Incremental value of inventory if FIFO method had been in use | $	$ 2,139	$ 2,498
Depreciation on equipment leased to others | $	841	836	$ 872
Consolidated depreciation expense | $	$ 2,707	$ 2,705	$ 2,795
Maximum
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Maximum amortizable period of purchased intangibles (in years)	20 years
Minimum
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Ownership percentage of investments in companies accounted for under the equity method (as a percent)	20.00%
Inside United States
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of dealers | dealers	49
Outside the United States
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of dealers | dealers	123
Perkins
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of distributors | distributors	96
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries	179
Caterpillar Northern Ireland Ltd (F.G. Wilson)
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of distributors | distributors	184
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries	145
MaK
Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Number of distributors | distributors	20
Number of countries where distributors are located | countries	130

Operations and summary of sig61

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Receivables - trade and other	$ 5,981	$ 6,695
Receivables - finance	8,522	8,991
Long-term receivables - finance	13,556	13,651
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	249	246
Guarantees	1,856	681
Variable Interest Entity, Not Primary Beneficiary
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Receivables - trade and other	55	19
Receivables - finance	174	466
Long-term receivables - finance	246	62
Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	31	35
Guarantees	210	175
Total	$ 716	$ 757

Operations and summary of sig62

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 3) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016		Dec. 31, 2015		Dec. 31, 2014		Dec. 31, 2013
Income Statement [Abstract]
Cost of goods sold	$ 7,541	$ 6,527	$ 7,419	$ 6,822	$ 8,240	$ 7,872	$ 8,674	$ 8,760	$ 28,309		$ 33,546		$ 40,718
Selling, general and administrative expenses									4,686		4,951		6,529
Research and development expenses									1,951		2,119		2,380
Other operating (income) expenses									1,902		2,023		1,619
Total operating costs									38,039		43,226		51,870
Operating profit									498		3,785		3,314
Other income (expense)									146		161		322
Consolidated profit before taxes									139		3,439		3,152
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									192		916		692
Profit (loss) of consolidated companies									(53)		2,523		2,460
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									(59)		2,523		2,468
Profit (loss)	$ (1,171)	$ 283	$ 550	$ 271	$ (94)	$ 559	$ 802	$ 1,245	$ (67)	[1]	$ 2,512	[1]	$ 2,452	[1]
Profit (loss) per common share (in dollars per share)	$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.94	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.95	$ 1.33	$ 2.06	$ (0.11)		$ 4.23		$ 3.97
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.93	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.94	$ 1.31	$ 2.03	$ (0.11)	[2]	$ 4.18	[2]	$ 3.90	[2]
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									$ (59)		$ 2,523		$ 2,468
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									(17)		(973)		(1,155)
Current year actuarial gain (loss),net of tax									0		0		0
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax									0		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax									(4)		(988)		(1,290)
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Profit employed in the business	$ 27,377				$ 29,246				27,377		29,246
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,039)				(2,035)				(2,039)		(2,035)		(1,059)		$ 231
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									(59)		2,523		2,468
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									(17)		(973)		(1,155)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax									(83)		38		21
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									(59)		2,523		2,468
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes									(431)		(307)		(954)
Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits	985				214				985		179		2,624
Adjustment for non-cash items: Other									856		453		470
Other assets - net									224		143		(139)
Other liabilities - net									(388)		(146)		(359)
Previously Reported
Income Statement [Abstract]
Cost of goods sold									28,074		33,742		39,767
Selling, general and administrative expenses									4,441		5,199		5,697
Research and development expenses									1,868		2,165		2,135
Other operating (income) expenses											2,062		1,633
Total operating costs									37,476		43,755		49,856
Operating profit									1,061		3,256		5,328
Other income (expense)									50		106		239
Consolidated profit before taxes									606		2,855		5,083
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									364		742		1,380
Profit (loss) of consolidated companies									242		2,113		3,703
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									236		2,113		3,711
Profit (loss)									$ 228		$ 2,102		$ 3,695
Profit (loss) per common share (in dollars per share)									$ 0.39		$ 3.54		$ 5.99
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted (in dollars per share)									$ 0.39		$ 3.50		$ 5.88
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									$ 236		$ 2,113		$ 3,711
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									0		(977)		(1,164)
Current year actuarial gain (loss),net of tax									(621)		(10)		(1,578)
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, net of tax									(326)		(424)		(344)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax									(299)		(578)		(2,533)
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Profit employed in the business	32,634				34,208				32,634		34,208
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$ (7,296)				$ (6,997)				(7,296)		(6,997)
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									236		2,113		3,711
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									0		(977)		(1,164)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax									212		(376)		1,255
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Profit (loss) of consolidated and affiliated companies									236		2,113		3,711
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes									0		0		0
Adjustments for non-cash items: Actuarial (gain) loss on pension and postretirement benefits									0		0		0
Adjustment for non-cash items: Other									952		508		553
Other assets - net									46		(220)		(300)
Other liabilities - net									(47)		$ 444		$ 146
Adjustments for Change in Accounting Principle [Domain]
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									0
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Foreign currency translation, net of tax									$ 0
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
[2]	2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method.

Operations and summary of sig63

Operations and summary of significant accounting policies (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs, net		$ 80
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 1,682	1,662
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,790	2,489
Other current liabilities	1,635	1,671
Other liabilities	3,184	$ 3,203
New Accounting Pronouncement, Early Adoption, Effect
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred and refundable income taxes	(910)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	616
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	835
Other current liabilities	(59)
Other liabilities	$ (16)

Stock-based compensation (Detai

Stock-based compensation (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)	4,164,134	2,931,595	10,106,542
Number of shares authorized under the plans (in shares)	38,800,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Number of Shares Available for Grant	17,231,358
Vesting period of prior awards granted (in years)	3 years
Term life of SARs and option awards (in years)	10 years
Required minimum age of a participant upon separation from service to meet the criteria for Long Service Separation (in years)	55 years
Minimum term of service to meet criteria for Long Service Separation (in years)	5 years
Term life of vested options/SARs from separation date (in years)	5 years
Assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards
Weighted-average dividend yield (as a percent)	3.20%	2.30%	2.20%
Weighted-average volatility (as a percent)	31.10%	28.40%	28.20%
Volatilities, low end of range (as a percent)	22.50%	19.90%	18.40%
Volatilities, high end of range (as a percent)	33.40%	35.90%	36.20%
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent)	0.62%	0.22%	0.12%
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent)	1.73%	2.08%	2.60%
Weighted-average expected lives (in years)	8 years	8 years	8 years
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)
Stock options/SARs activity
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	38,338,525
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares)	4,243,272
Exercised (in shares)	(6,931,189)
Forfeited / expired (in shares)	(3,585,818)
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	32,064,790	38,338,525
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	20,991,816
Weighted- Average Exercise Price for Stock options/SARs
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares)	$ 77.84
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares)	74.77
Exercised (in dollars per shares)	57.78
Forfeited / expired (in dollars per shares)	74.59
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares)	82.13	$ 77.84
Exercisable at year-end (in dollars per share)	$ 81.18
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)
Stock options/SARs activity
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares)	0
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
RSUs/PSUs activity
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	4,330,513
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares)	1,085,505
Vested (in shares)	(2,232,695)
Forfeited (in shares)	(112,309)
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	3,071,014	4,330,513
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value for RSUs and PSUs
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares)	$ 83.14
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares)	68.04	$ 77.55	$ 89.18
Vested (in dollars per shares)	82.44
Forfeited (in dollars per shares)	77.71
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares)	$ 78.50	$ 83.14
Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs)
RSUs/PSUs activity
Outstanding at beginning of year (in shares)	132,068
Granted to officers and key employees (in shares)	614,347
Vested (in shares)	0
Forfeited (in shares)	(36,129)
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	710,286	132,068
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value for RSUs and PSUs
Outstanding at beginning of year (in dollars per shares)	$ 77.47
Granted to officers and key employees (in dollars per shares)	64.71	$ 77.47	$ 0
Vested (in dollars per shares)	0
Forfeited (in dollars per shares)	67.96
Outstanding at end of year (in dollars per shares)	$ 66.92	$ 77.47
2015 and later grants
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Graded vesting period of awards granted (in years)	3 years
2015 and later grants | Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Graded vesting period of awards granted (in years)	3 years
Percentage of award vested on first anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date	33.33%
Percentage of award vested on second anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date	33.33%
Percentage of award vested on third anniversary of grant date | 2015 and later grants
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date	33.33%

Stock-based compensation (Det65

Stock-based compensation (Details 2) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)	$ 218	$ 283	$ 254
Income tax benefit corresponding to stock-based compensation expense	61	87	79
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards (in dollars)	$ 170
Term of amortization of unrecognized compensation cost over weighted-average remaining requisite service periods (in years)	1 year 7 months
Cash tax benefits realized from stock awards exercised	$ 104	$ 68	$ 253
Tax benefit recordable in APIC on reduction of future income taxes payable	$ 15
Exercise Price Range 22.17 To 57.85
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share)	$ 22.17
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share)	57.85
Exercise Price Range 63.04 To 74.77
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share)	63.04
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share)	74.77
Exercise Price Range 83.00 To 86.77
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share)	83
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share)	86.77
Exercise Price Range 88.51 To 96.31
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share)	88.51
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share)	96.31
Exercise Price Range 102.13 To 110.09
Exercise Prices Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Exercise Price Range, Minimum (in dollars per share)	102.13
Exercise Price Range, Maximum (in dollars per share)	$ 110.09
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	32,064,790
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 82.13
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 435
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	20,991,816
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 81.18
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 325
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Stock Option and Stock Appreciation Rights
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted (in dollars per share)	$ 20.64	$ 23.61	$ 29.52
Intrinsic value of stock awards exercised	$ 185	$ 93	$ 649
Fair value of stock awards vested	163	155	108
Cash received from stock awards exercised	$ 30	$ 59	$ 259
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 22.17 To 57.85
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	5,405,540
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years)	2 years 9 months 28 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 45.64
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 255
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	5,405,540
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years)	2 years 9 months 28 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 45.64
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 255
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 63.04 To 74.77
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	5,220,662
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years)	7 years 5 months 1 day
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 74.23
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 97
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	1,368,924
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years)	2 years 5 months 12 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 72.70
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 27
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 83.00 To 86.77
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	7,074,057
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years)	8 years 30 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 83.05
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 69
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	2,994,626
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years)	8 years 2 months 6 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 83
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 29
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 88.51 To 96.31
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	8,576,789
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years)	6 years 5 months 25 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 92.88
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 14
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	5,434,984
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years)	6 years 1 month 2 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 90.90
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 14
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) | Exercise Price Range 102.13 To 110.09
Stock Options/SARs outstanding and exercisable
Number of stock awards outstanding at end of the period (in shares)	5,787,742
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life outstanding (in years)	4 years 8 months 15 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 106.31
Aggregate Intrinsic Value outstanding	$ 0
Number of stock awards exercisable at end of the period (in shares)	5,787,742
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life exercisable (in years)	4 years 8 months 15 days
Weighted Average Exercise Price (in dollars per share)	$ 106.31
Aggregate Intrinsic Value exercisable	$ 0
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted	$ 68.04	$ 77.55	$ 89.18
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value	$ 162	$ 109	$ 106
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	3,071,014	4,330,513
Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	1 year 2 months
Performance Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs)
Additional Stock-based Award Information under Restricted Stock Units Activity
Weighted-average fair value per share of stock awards granted	$ 64.71	$ 77.47	$ 0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Outstanding at end of year (in shares)	710,286	132,068
Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)	1 year 9 months

Derivative financial instrume66

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Maximum length of time policy, foreign currency cash flow hedge	5 years
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum period (in months)	51 months
Deferred net losses, foreign currency exchange rate risk, to be reclassified from equity to current earnings over the next twelve months	$ 52
Commodity forward and option contracts, maximum period (in years)	5 years

Derivative financial instrume67

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	$ 95	$ 105
Liability Fair Value	(167)	(56)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	23	14
Liability Fair Value	(159)	(46)
Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	72	91
Liability Fair Value	(8)	(10)
Designated derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	(87)	35
Undesignated derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	15	14
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	13	12
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	29	0
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(93)	(25)
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(3)	0
Foreign exchange contracts | Designated derivatives | Other Liabilities [Member] | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(36)	0
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	2
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	39	3
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	36
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(30)	(9)
Foreign exchange contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(4)	(6)
Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	1
Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Long-term receivables - trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	4	51
Interest rate contracts | Designated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(1)	(4)
Commodity contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Receivables - trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	10	0
Commodity contracts | Undesignated derivatives | Accrued expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	$ 0	$ (12)

Derivative financial instrume68

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative notional amounts
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 2,530	$ 2,040
Financial Products
Derivative notional amounts
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 2,626	$ 3,539

Derivative financial instrume69

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Designated derivatives | Fair Value Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives	$ (12)	$ (27)	$ (41)
Gains (Losses) on Borrowings	11	26	23
Designated derivatives | Fair Value Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives	(12)	(27)	(41)
Gains (Losses) on Borrowings	11	26	23
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)	(95)	(30)	(187)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings	5	(139)	(6)
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)	0	0	0
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)	(118)	(33)	(118)
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings	(14)	(128)	5
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)	0	0	0
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)	15	0
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings	28	1
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)	0
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)	0	0	(63)
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Interest expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings	(6)	(6)	(5)
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)	0	0	0
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)	8	3	(6)
Designated derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | Interest expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings	(3)	(6)	(6)
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)	0	0	0
Undesignated derivatives
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(10)	(87)	(120)
Undesignated derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(4)	(32)	(60)
Undesignated derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(24)	(34)	(47)
Undesignated derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	2	2	2
Undesignated derivatives | Commodity contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ 16	$ (23)	$ (15)

Derivative financial instrume70

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	$ 95	$ 105
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	95	105
Financial Instruments	(28)	(19)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	67	86
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	23	14
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	23	14
Financial Instruments	(21)	(14)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	2	0
Financial Products
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	72	91
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	72	91
Financial Instruments	(7)	(5)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	$ 65	$ 86

Derivative financial instrume71

Derivative financial instruments and risk management (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Offsetting Liabilities
Derivative Asset, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash, Offset	$ 0
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(167)	$ (56)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(167)	(56)
Financial Instruments	28	19
Cash Collateral Pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	139	37
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(159)	(46)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(159)	(46)
Financial Instruments	21	14
Cash Collateral Pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	138	32
Financial Products
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(8)	(10)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(8)	(10)
Financial Instruments	7	5
Cash Collateral Pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	$ 1	$ 5

Other income (expense) (Details

Other income (expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Investment and interest income		$ 74	$ 65	$ 66
Foreign exchange gains (losses)		(57)	(173)	137
License fee income		92	111	128
Gains (losses) on sale of securities and affiliated companies		47	176	36
Miscellaneous income (loss)		(10)	(18)	(45)
Other income (expense)		$ 146	$ 161	$ 322
Third party logistics business, investment
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal	$ 120
Equity Method Investment, Percentage Sold	35.00%

Income taxes (Details)

Income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income taxes paid	$ 522	$ 1,143	$ 1,595
Components of profit (loss) before taxes
U.S	(2,053)	636	276
Non-U.S	2,192	2,803	2,876
Consolidated profit before taxes	139	3,439	3,152
Current tax provision (benefit):
U.S.	(90)	525	715
Non-U.S.	718	656	883
State (U.S.)	(5)	42	48
Current tax provision (benefit)	623	1,223	1,646
Deferred tax provision (benefit):
U.S.	(544)	(367)	(763)
Non-U.S.	(108)	66	(116)
State (U.S.)	221	(6)	(75)
Deferred tax provision (benefit)	(431)	(307)	(954)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$ 192	$ 916	$ 692

Income taxes (Details 2)

Income taxes (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Dec. 31, 2013
Reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to effective rate:
Taxes at U.S. statutory rate	$ 49	$ 1,203	$ 1,103
U. S. statutory tax rate (as a percent)	35.00%	35.00%	35.00%
(Decreases) increases in taxes resulting from:
Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35%	$ (119)	$ (236)	$ (223)
Non-U.S. subsidiaries taxed at other than 35% (as a percent)	(85.60%)	(6.90%)	(7.10%)
Nondeductible goodwill	$ 191	$ 0	$ 0
Nondeductible goodwill (as a percent)	137.40%	0.00%	0.00%
State and local taxes, net of federal	$ (1)	$ 24	$ (17)
State and local taxes, net of federal (as a percent)	(0.70%)	0.70%	(0.50%)
Interest and penalties, net of tax	$ 24	$ 12	$ 12
Interest and penalties, net of tax (as a percent)	17.20%	0.40%	0.40%
U.S. research and production incentives	$ (52)	$ (95)	$ (125)
U.S. research and production incentives (as a percent)	(37.40%)	(2.70%)	(4.00%)
ESOP dividend tax benefit	$ (27)	$ (27)	$ (25)
ESOP dividend tax benefit (as a percent)	(19.40%)	(0.80%)	(0.80%)
Other-net	$ (14)	$ (7)	$ 11
Other-net (as a percent)	(10.10%)	(0.20%)	0.40%
Total of taxes at statutory rate plus increases and decreases	$ 51	$ 874	$ 736
Total of tax rates at statutory rate plus increases and decreases in the rate (as a percent)	36.40%	25.50%	23.40%
Prior year tax and interest adjustments	$ 0	$ 42	$ (21)
Prior year tax and interest adjustments (as a percent)	0.00%	1.20%	(0.70%)
Valuation allowances	$ 141	$ 0	$ (23)
Valuation allowances (as a percent)	101.40%	0.00%	(0.70%)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$ 192	$ 916	$ 692
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (as a percent)	137.80%	26.70%	22.00%
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions	$ 55	$ 118
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments	7,168	6,460	$ 7,341	$ 6,081
Pre-tax foreign currency permanent difference	130	130	10
Deferred tax assets state, net	141
Other Tax Expense (Benefit)		(26)	12
Income tax adjustment		125
Income Tax Reconciliation Settlement Benefit Including Interest			(33)
Tax Adjustments, Settlements, and Unusual Provisions			(16)
Settlement benefit, interest and penalties			(17)
Tax Correction Prior Years			$ 55
Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries considered indefinitely reinvested	16,000
Tax Year Prior Years
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions		$ 68
Non-US
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments	$ 5,000

Income taxes (Details 3)

Income taxes (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Deferred tax assets
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	$ 2,683	$ 2,367
Deferred tax liabilities
Other liabilities	237	335
Deferred income taxes-net	$ 2,446	$ 2,032

Income taxes (Details 4)

Income taxes (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Deferred income tax assets:
Pension	$ 1,887	$ 1,694
Postemployment benefits other than pensions	1,318	1,339
Tax carryforwards	1,999	1,098
Warranty reserves	339	359
Stock based compensation	316	356
Inventory	93	129
Allowance for credit losses	209	203
Post sale discounts	207	185
Other employee compensation and benefits	262	269
Other-net	476	427
Deferred income tax assets, Total	7,106	6,059
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Capital and intangible assets	(2,455)	(2,561)
Bond discount	(223)	(225)
Translation	(368)	(343)
Other outside basis differences	(227)	0
Undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries	(285)	(82)
Deferred income tax liabilities, Total	(3,558)	(3,211)
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	(1,102)	(816)
Deferred income taxes-net	$ 2,446	$ 2,032

Income taxes (Details 5)

Income taxes (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	$ 1,102	$ 816
U.S foreign tax credit carryforwards	920
U.S. state taxing jurisdictions | 2017-2036
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	1,425
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	442
U.S. state taxing jurisdictions | Expiration date next one to fifteen years
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Tax credit carryforwards	$ 137
State tax credit carryforward expiration date, minimum	5 years
State tax credit carryforwards expiration date, maximum	15 years
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 4,055
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets	660
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2017
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	3
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2018
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	64
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expiring in 2019
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	159
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expire between 2020-2022
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	470
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Expire between 2023-2037
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	168
Non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions | Unlimited
Operating loss and Tax credit carryforwards
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 3,191

Income taxes (Details 6)

Income taxes (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits
Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning	$ 968	$ 846
Additions for tax positions related to current year	73	73
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions	55	118
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years	(36)	(30)
Reductions for settlements	(24)	(30)
Reductions for expiration of statute of limitations	(4)	(9)
Unrecognized tax benefits, ending	1,032	968	$ 846
Unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate	963	934
Net provision for interest and penalties	34	20	$ 3
Interest and penalties, accrued	120	79
Income tax examination, proposed liability increase/(decrease)	2,000
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions	$ 55	118
Tax Year Prior Years
Reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions		68
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Unrecognized tax benefits, increase resulting from prior period tax positions		$ 68

Cat Financial Financing Activ79

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details) - Wholesale Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables
2,017	$ 972
2,018	361
2,019	229
2,020	62
2,021	22
Thereafter	15
Total Amounts Due	1,661
Guaranteed residual value	58
Unguaranteed residual value	35
Less: Unearned Income	(27)
Total	1,727	$ 2,165
Wholesale Installment Contracts
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables
2,017	147
2,018	114
2,019	75
2,020	40
2,021	13
Thereafter	0
Total Amounts Due	389
Guaranteed residual value	0
Unguaranteed residual value	0
Less: Unearned Income	(7)
Total	382
Wholesale Finance Leases
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables
2,017	60
2,018	42
2,019	27
2,020	14
2,021	5
Thereafter	1
Total Amounts Due	149
Guaranteed residual value	58
Unguaranteed residual value	35
Less: Unearned Income	(15)
Total	227
Wholesale Notes
Contractual maturities of wholesale inventory receivables
2,017	765
2,018	205
2,019	127
2,020	8
2,021	4
Thereafter	14
Total Amounts Due	1,123
Guaranteed residual value	0
Unguaranteed residual value	0
Less: Unearned Income	(5)
Total	$ 1,118

Cat Financial Financing Activ80

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 2) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables
2,017	$ 8,619
2,018	5,391
2,019	3,492
2,020	2,131
2,021	1,346
Thereafter	1,095
Total Amounts Due	22,074
Guaranteed residual value	295
Unguaranteed residual value	750
Less: Unearned Income	(722)
Total	22,397	$ 22,959
Retail Installment Contracts
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables
2,017	2,592
2,018	1,951
2,019	1,260
2,020	598
2,021	162
Thereafter	8
Total Amounts Due	6,571
Guaranteed residual value	0
Unguaranteed residual value	0
Less: Unearned Income	(140)
Total	6,431
Retail Finance Leases
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables
2,017	2,332
2,018	1,547
2,019	887
2,020	407
2,021	170
Thereafter	78
Total Amounts Due	5,421
Guaranteed residual value	295
Unguaranteed residual value	750
Less: Unearned Income	(503)
Total	5,963
Retail Notes
Contractual maturities of outstanding finance receivables
2,017	3,695
2,018	1,893
2,019	1,345
2,020	1,126
2,021	1,014
Thereafter	1,009
Total Amounts Due	10,082
Guaranteed residual value	0
Unguaranteed residual value	0
Less: Unearned Income	(79)
Total	$ 10,003

Cat Financial Financing Activ81

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 3) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Allowance for credit loss activity:
Balance at beginning of year	$ 336	$ 398
Receivables written off	(158)	(196)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	35	41
Provision for credit losses	133	118
Other	(5)	(25)
Balance at end of year	341	336
Allowance for Credit Losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment			$ 85	$ 65
Collectively evaluated for impairment			256	271
Ending Balance	336	398	341	336
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment			786	601
Collectively evaluated for impairment			21,611	22,358
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			22,397	22,959
Customer
Allowance for credit loss activity:
Balance at beginning of year	327	388
Receivables written off	(158)	(196)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	35	41
Provision for credit losses	132	119
Other	(5)	25
Balance at end of year	331	327
Allowance for Credit Losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment			85	65
Collectively evaluated for impairment			246	262
Ending Balance	327	388	331	327
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment			786	601
Collectively evaluated for impairment			18,236	18,788
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			19,022	19,389
Dealer
Allowance for credit loss activity:
Balance at beginning of year	9	10
Receivables written off	0	0
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	0	0
Provision for credit losses	1	(1)
Other	0	0
Balance at end of year	10	9
Allowance for Credit Losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment			0	0
Collectively evaluated for impairment			10	9
Ending Balance	$ 9	$ 10	10	9
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment			0	0
Collectively evaluated for impairment			3,375	3,570
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			$ 3,375	$ 3,570

Cat Financial Financing Activ82

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 4) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	$ 679	$ 596
Current	21,718	22,363
Total	22,397	22,959
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	18	22
31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	137	135
61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	79	64
91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	463	397
Customer
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Total	19,022	19,389
Customer | North America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	125	87
Current	7,938	7,850
Total	8,063	7,937
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	5	4
Customer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	50	45
Customer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	16	12
Customer | North America | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	59	30
Customer | Europe
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	67	69
Current	2,388	2,358
Total	2,455	2,427
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	6	9
Customer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	16	18
Customer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	12	7
Customer | Europe | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	39	44
Customer | Asia Pacific
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	39	54
Current	1,435	1,647
Total	1,474	1,701
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	4	6
Customer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	17	21
Customer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	7	12
Customer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	15	21
Customer | Mining
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	68	75
Current	1,756	1,793
Total	1,824	1,868
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	2	1
Customer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	3	6
Customer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	2	1
Customer | Mining | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	63	68
Customer | Latin America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	287	275
Current	1,808	1,998
Total	2,095	2,273
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Customer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	40	45
Customer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	33	31
Customer | Latin America | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	214	199
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	93	36
Current	3,018	3,147
Total	3,111	3,183
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	1	2
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	11	0
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	9	1
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	73	35
Dealer
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Total	3,375	3,570
Dealer | North America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	1,916	2,209
Total	1,916	2,209
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | North America | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	161	149
Total	161	149
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	541	552
Total	541	552
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	3	4
Total	3	4
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Latin America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	752	653
Total	752	653
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Latin America | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	2	3
Total	2	3
91 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days or More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	$ 0	$ 0

Cat Financial Financing Activ83

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 5) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Customer
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	$ 530	$ 408
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	528	407
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	256	193
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	265	191
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	85	65
Recorded Investment, Total	786	601
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	793	598
Related Allowance, Total	85	65
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	481	332	$ 333
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	18	10	11
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	211	268	274
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	7	10	12
Average Recorded Investment, Total	692	600	607
Interest Income Recognized, Total	25	20	23
Customer | North America
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	10	12
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	10	12
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	61	14
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	60	13
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	22	4
Recorded Investment, Total	71	26
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	70	25
Related Allowance, Total	22	4
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	18	12	20
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	1	1	1
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	34	9	9
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	0	0
Average Recorded Investment, Total	52	21	29
Interest Income Recognized, Total	1	1	1
Customer | Europe
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	49	41
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	48	41
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	7	11
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	7	10
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	3	5
Recorded Investment, Total	56	52
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	55	51
Related Allowance, Total	3	5
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	46	42	47
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	1	1	1
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	11	14	21
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	1	1	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	57	56	68
Interest Income Recognized, Total	2	2	2
Customer | Asia Pacific
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	3	1
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	2	1
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	50	34
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	50	34
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	8	4
Recorded Investment, Total	53	35
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	52	35
Related Allowance, Total	8	4
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	2	2	3
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	0	0	0
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	37	35	22
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	3	2	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	39	37	25
Interest Income Recognized, Total	3	2	1
Customer | Mining
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	129	84
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	129	84
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	0	11
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	0	11
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	0	3
Recorded Investment, Total	129	95
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	129	95
Related Allowance, Total	0	3
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	98	75	69
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	4	3	3
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	13	39	90
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	1	7
Average Recorded Investment, Total	111	114	159
Interest Income Recognized, Total	4	4	10
Customer | Latin America
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	68	28
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	68	28
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	93	53
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	104	53
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	34	21
Recorded Investment, Total	161	81
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	172	81
Related Allowance, Total	34	21
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	47	31	30
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	1	0	0
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	66	56	36
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	2	3	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	113	87	66
Interest Income Recognized, Total	3	3	1
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	271	242
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	271	241
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0	0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	45	70
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	44	70
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	18	28
Recorded Investment, Total	316	312
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	315	311
Related Allowance, Total	18	28
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	270	170	164
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	11	5	6
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	50	115	96
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	1	3	2
Average Recorded Investment, Total	320	285	260
Interest Income Recognized, Total	12	8	8
Dealer
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment, Total	$ 0	0
Average Recorded Investment, Total		$ 0	$ 0

Cat Financial Finacning Activit

Cat Financial Finacning Activities (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days)	120 days
Finance Receivables
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Period after which collection of future income is considered as not probable (in days)	120 days
Finance Receivables | Dealer
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	$ 0	$ 0
Finance Receivables | Customer
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	579	485
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	66	31
Finance Receivables | Customer | EMEA
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	35	39
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	12	15
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	69	106
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	307	217
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due [Line Items]
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	$ 90	$ 77

Cat Financial Financing Activ85

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 7) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)CustomerContracts	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)Contracts	Dec. 31, 2014USD ($)Contracts
Finance Receivables | Customer
Loan and finance lease receivables
Loans and leases receivable, impaired, commitment to lend	$ 11	$ 3
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	574	94	164
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 454	$ 354	$ 373
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 387	$ 338	$ 360
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	43	24	68
Post-TDR Recorded Investment	$ 15	$ 2	$ 4
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	25	14	34
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 25	$ 1	$ 12
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 25	$ 1	$ 7
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	17	12	11
Post-TDR Recorded Investment	$ 3	$ 1	$ 1
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	43	23	8
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 12	$ 2	$ 7
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 9	$ 2	$ 7
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	16	0	46
Post-TDR Recorded Investment	$ 9	$ 0	$ 2
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	31	21	2
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 29	$ 26	$ 0
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 28	$ 26	$ 0
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	3	0	0
Post-TDR Recorded Investment	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	4	4	51
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 74	$ 65	$ 185
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 66	$ 65	$ 176
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	437	11	51
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 118	$ 1	$ 32
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 82	$ 2	$ 31
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	7	12	11
Post-TDR Recorded Investment	$ 3	$ 1	$ 1
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	34	21	18
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 196	$ 259	$ 137
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 177	$ 242	$ 139
Finance Receivables | Dealer
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts)	0	0	0
Significant Amount of Amount Disclosed Represented by a Certain Number of Customers [Member] | Customer | Latin America
Loan and finance lease receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	321
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 94
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 64
TDRs with a payment default which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date
Number of Significant Customers Disclosed | Customer	4

Inventories (Details)

Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Percentage of LIFO Inventory	60.00%	60.00%
Raw materials	$ 2,102	$ 2,467
Work-in-process	1,719	1,857
Finished goods	4,576	5,122
Supplies	217	254
Total inventories	8,614	$ 9,700
Long-term material purchase obligations	$ 1,145

Property, plant and equipment87

Property, plant and equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 31,940	$ 31,977
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(16,618)	(15,887)
Property, plant and equipment - net	15,322	16,090
Commitments for the purchase or construction of capital assets	142
Assets recorded under capital leases
Gross capital leases	99	124
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(22)	(44)
Net capital leases	77	80
Minimum rental payments on assets recorded under capital leases were:
2,017	7
2,018	6
2,019	6
2,020	6
2,021	20
Thereafter	30
Minimum rental payments to be received for equipment leased to others were:
2,017	892
2,018	600
2,019	349
2,020	167
2,021	67
Thereafter	64
Land
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	667	644
Buildings and land improvements
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	7,383	7,242
Machinery, equipment and other
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	15,392	15,686
Software
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	1,641	1,636
Equipment leased to others
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	6,086	5,728
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(1,659)	(1,571)
Property, plant and equipment - net	4,427	4,157
Construction-in-process
Property, plant and equipment
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 771	$ 1,041
Minimum | Buildings and land improvements
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	20 years
Minimum | Machinery, equipment and other
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	3 years
Minimum | Software
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	3 years
Minimum | Equipment leased to others
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	1 year
Maximum | Buildings and land improvements
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	45 years
Maximum | Machinery, equipment and other
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	10 years
Maximum | Software
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	7 years
Maximum | Equipment leased to others
Property, plant and equipment
Useful Lives (Years)	7 years

Investments in unconsolidated88

Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Caterpillar's investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies:
Investments in equity method companies		$ 192	$ 203
Plus: Investments in cost method companies		57	43
Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies		$ 249	$ 246
Third party logistics business, investment
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Percentage Sold	35.00%
Equity Method Investment, Net Sales Proceeds	$ 177
Equity Method Investment, Cash Proceeds from Sale	167
Equity Method Investment, Note Receivable from Sale	10
Equity Method Investment, Realized Gain (Loss) on Disposal	120
Equity Method Investment, Noncontrolling Interest	$ 57

Intangible assets and goodwil89

Intangible assets and goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Oct. 01, 2016	Oct. 31, 2015
Intangible assets
Goodwill impairment charge	$ 595	$ 595	$ 0	$ 0
Goodwill	6,020	6,020	$ 6,615	6,694
Tax benefit from goodwill impairment loss		$ 17
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		14 years	14 years
Gross Carrying Amount	4,066	$ 4,066	$ 4,323
Accumulated Amortization	(1,717)	(1,717)	(1,502)
Net	2,349	2,349	2,821
Total intangible assets, net	2,349	2,349	2,821
Amortization expense		326	337	365
2,017	313	313
2,018	308	308
2,019	303	303
2,020	292	292
2,021	275	275
Thereafter	858	$ 858
Rail Product Solutions Inc.
Intangible assets
Goodwill						$ 53
Finite-lived intangible assets						$ 82
RDS Manufacturing Inc.
Intangible assets
Goodwill			$ 59
Customer relationships
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		15 years	15 years
Gross Carrying Amount	2,378	$ 2,378	$ 2,489
Accumulated Amortization	(934)	(934)	(809)
Net	1,444	$ 1,444	$ 1,680
Intellectual property
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		11 years	11 years
Gross Carrying Amount	1,496	$ 1,496	$ 1,660
Accumulated Amortization	(706)	(706)	(626)
Net	790	$ 790	$ 1,034
Other
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)		14 years	12 years
Gross Carrying Amount	192	$ 192	$ 174
Accumulated Amortization	(77)	(77)	(67)
Net	115	115	107
Resource Industries
Intangible assets
Goodwill impairment charge		595	0
Goodwill	$ 2,935	2,935	$ 3,565	$ 3,707
Impairment of Intangible Assets, Finite-lived		132
Resource Industries | Customer relationships
Intangible assets
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross		96
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization		27
Resource Industries | Intellectual property
Intangible assets
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Gross		111
Impairment of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization		$ 48
Surface Mining & Technology
Intangible assets
Goodwill					$ 629

Intangible assets and goodwil90

Intangible assets and goodwill (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jan. 01, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014	Oct. 31, 2015
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired			$ 37	$ 133
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of year	$ 7,217		7,217	7,296
Impairments, beginning of year	(602)		(602)	(602)
Goodwill acquired			37	133
Impairment Loss		$ (595)	(595)	0	$ 0
Other Adjustments			(37)	(212)
Goodwill, end of year		7,217	7,217	7,217	7,296
Impairments, end of year		(1,197)	(1,197)	(602)	(602)
Net Goodwill, end of year		6,020	6,020	6,615	6,694
Rail Product Solutions Inc.
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired				53
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill acquired				53
Net Goodwill, end of year						$ 53
RDS Manufacturing Inc.
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired				59
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill acquired				59
Net Goodwill, end of year				59
Construction Industries
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of year	285		285	297
Impairments, beginning of year	(22)		(22)	(22)
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Impairment Loss			0	0
Other Adjustments			11	(12)
Goodwill, end of year		296	296	285	297
Impairments, end of year		(22)	(22)	(22)	(22)
Net Goodwill, end of year		274	274	263	275
Resource Industries
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of year	4,145		4,145	4,287
Impairments, beginning of year	(580)		(580)	(580)
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Impairment Loss			(595)	0
Other Adjustments			(35)	(142)
Goodwill, end of year		4,110	4,110	4,145	4,287
Impairments, end of year		(1,175)	(1,175)	(580)	(580)
Net Goodwill, end of year		2,935	2,935	3,565	3,707
Energy & Transportation
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired			37	133
Goodwill reassigned	118
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of year	2,738		2,738	2,660
Goodwill acquired			37	133
Impairment Loss			0	0
Other Adjustments			(19)	(55)
Goodwill, end of year		2,756	2,756	2,738	2,660
Net Goodwill, end of year		2,756	2,756	2,738
All Other
Carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of year	$ 49		49	52
Goodwill acquired			0	0
Impairment Loss			0	0
Other Adjustments			6	(3)
Goodwill, end of year		$ 55	$ 55	$ 49	$ 52

Investments in debt and equit91

Investments in debt and equity securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	$ 1,317	$ 1,577
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	50	58
Fair Value	1,367	1,635
U.S. treasury bonds
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	9	9
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	0
Fair Value	9	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	60	71
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	1
Fair Value	60	72
Corporate bonds
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	489	701
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	3	7
Fair Value	492	708
Asset-backed securities
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	90	129
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	0
Fair Value	90	129
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	225	291
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	(2)	1
Fair Value	223	292
Residential
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	10	12
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	0
Fair Value	10	12
Commercial
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	36	59
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	0	2
Fair Value	36	61
Large capitalization value
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	280	243
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	32	30
Fair Value	312	273
REIT
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	77	25
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	2	0
Fair Value	79	25
Smaller company growth
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	41	37
Unrealized pretax net gains (losses)	15	17
Fair Value	$ 56	$ 54

Investments in debt and equit92

Investments in debt and equity securities (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	$ 376	$ 572
Unrealized Losses	10	14
12 months or more
Fair Value	38	96
Unrealized Losses	3	3
Total
Fair Value	414	668
Unrealized Losses	13	17
Corporate bonds
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	131	242
Unrealized Losses	1	3
12 months or more
Fair Value	13	27
Unrealized Losses	0	1
Total
Fair Value	144	269
Unrealized Losses	1	4
Asset-backed securities
Less than 12 months
Fair Value		84
Unrealized Losses		1
12 months or more
Fair Value		10
Unrealized Losses		1
Total
Fair Value		94
Unrealized Losses		2
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	167	135
Unrealized Losses	2	1
12 months or more
Fair Value	11	57
Unrealized Losses	0	1
Total
Fair Value	178	192
Unrealized Losses	2	2
Large capitalization value
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	68	97
Unrealized Losses	6	8
12 months or more
Fair Value	11	2
Unrealized Losses	2	0
Total
Fair Value	79	99
Unrealized Losses	8	8
Smaller company growth
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	10	14
Unrealized Losses	1	1
12 months or more
Fair Value	3	0
Unrealized Losses	1	0
Total
Fair Value	13	14
Unrealized Losses	$ 2	$ 1

Investments in debt and equit93

Investments in debt and equity securities (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, Cost Basis	$ 188
Due after one year through five years, Cost Basis	421
Due after five years through ten years, Cost Basis	13
Due after ten years, Cost Basis	26
Due in one year or less, Fair Value	189
Due after one year through five years, Fair Value	423
Due after five years through ten years, Fair Value	13
Due after ten years, Fair Value	26
Cost Basis	919
Fair Value	920
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	1,317	$ 1,577
Fair Value	1,367	1,635
Available-for-sale Securities, Proceeds, Gains and Losses
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	694	351	$ 434
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	55	64	38
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	4	2	$ 2
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	225	291
Fair Value	223	292
Residential
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	10	12
Fair Value	10	12
Commercial
Schedule of Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	36	59
Fair Value	$ 36	$ 61

Postemployment benefit plans (D

Postemployment benefit plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate	$ (180)
Voluntary retirement enhancement program
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Curtailment expense		$ (82)
U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.50%	3.80%	4.60%
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate	$ 0	$ (1)	$ (17)
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	2.90%	3.30%	4.10%
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate	$ (6)	$ (8)	$ (4)
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.20%	3.90%	4.60%
Change in service and interest cost from change in accounting estimate	$ (125)	$ 70	$ 53
Previous Accounting Method [Member] | U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.20%
Previous Accounting Method [Member] | Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	3.20%
Previous Accounting Method [Member] | Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.10%

Postemployment benefit plans 95

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Change in benefit obligation:
Actuarial losses (gains)	$ 985	$ 214	$ 985	$ 179	$ 2,624
Effect of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend
Effect of a one-percentage-point increase in current year service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost			19
Effect of a one-percentage-point decrease in current year service and interest cost components of other postretirement benefit cost			(15)
Effect of a one-percentage-point increase on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation			178
Effect of a one-percentage-point decrease on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation			$ (150)
U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Defined Benefit Plan, Assumptions Used Calculating Net Periodic Benefit Cost, Discount Rate Support, Percentage of Highest and Lowest Yielding Bonds Excluded			10.00%
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year			$ 15,792	16,249
Service cost			119	181	157
Interest cost			517	608	648
Plan amendments			0	0
Actuarial losses (gains)			767	(384)
Foreign currency exchange rates			0	0
Participant contributions			0	0
Benefits paid - gross			(970)	(890)
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid			0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits			7	(28)
Benefit obligation, end of year	16,218	15,792	16,218	15,792	16,249
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year	$ 16,034	$ 15,550	$ 16,034	$ 15,550
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation:
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.00%	4.20%	4.00%	4.20%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year			$ 4,355	$ 4,801
Service cost			92	110	109
Interest cost			117	146	185
Plan amendments			(5)	0
Actuarial losses (gains)			512	(152)
Foreign currency exchange rates			(369)	(307)
Participant contributions			7	8
Benefits paid - gross			(238)	(191)
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid			0	0
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits			(1)	60
Benefit obligation, end of year	$ 4,472	$ 4,355	4,472	4,355	4,801
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year	$ 4,163	$ 4,024	$ 4,163	$ 4,024
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation:
Discount rate (as a percent)	2.50%	3.20%	2.50%	3.20%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	4.00%	3.80%	4.00%	3.80%
Other Postretirement Benefits
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of year			$ 4,313	$ 4,938
Service cost			82	101	82
Interest cost			131	181	213
Plan amendments			(188)	3
Actuarial losses (gains)			60	(625)
Foreign currency exchange rates			14	(43)
Participant contributions			57	52
Benefits paid - gross			(388)	(345)
Less: federal subsidy on benefits paid			11	11
Defined Benefit Plan, Curtailments, Settlements and Termination Benefits			4	(40)
Benefit obligation, end of year	$ 4,088	$ 4,313	$ 4,088	$ 4,313	$ 4,938
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation:
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.00%	4.10%	4.00%	4.10%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%

Postemployment benefit plans 96

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
U.S. Pension Benefits
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$ 11,440	$ 12,530
Actual return on plan assets	860	(225)
Foreign currency exchange rates	0	0
Company contributions	36	30
Participant contributions	0	0
Benefits paid	(970)	(890)
Settlements and termination benefits	(12)	(5)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 11,354	11,440
Information about plan asset allocations
Rebalancing of plan assets outside of target allocation (as a percent)	5.00%
U.S. Pension Benefits | Equities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	40.00%
U.S. Pension Benefits | Debt securities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	60.00%
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$ 9
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	10	9
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	3,890	4,100
Actual return on plan assets	503	107
Foreign currency exchange rates	(392)	(234)
Company contributions	117	156
Participant contributions	7	8
Benefits paid	(238)	(191)
Settlements and termination benefits	0	(56)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 3,887	3,890
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Equities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	39.00%
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Debt securities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	52.00%
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$ 172
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 179	172
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	6.00%
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Other
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	3.00%
Other Postretirement Benefits
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$ 650	776
Actual return on plan assets	55	3
Foreign currency exchange rates	0	0
Company contributions	176	164
Participant contributions	57	52
Benefits paid	(388)	(345)
Settlements and termination benefits	0	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 550	$ 650
Other Postretirement Benefits | Equities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	70.00%
Other Postretirement Benefits | Debt securities
Information about plan asset allocations
Target allocation of plan assets (as a percent)	30.00%

Postemployment benefit plans 97

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Change to previously reported US Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits		$ 141
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Change to previously reported US Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits		9
Measured at NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Change to previously reported US Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits		132
U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	$ 11,354	11,440	$ 12,530
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	2,995	3,148
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1,658	2,050
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	4,389	4,046
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	710	575
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	647	526
U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	491	627
U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	90	65
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	10	9
U.S. Pension Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	364	394
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	4,562	5,177
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	2,816	2,976
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1,653	2,044
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	93	157
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	6,290	5,698
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	5	5
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	4,273	3,872
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	710	575
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	647	526
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	491	627
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	90	65
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	74	28
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	57	59
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	5	5	9
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	5	4
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	1
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	31	42	29
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	31	42
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	10	9	9
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	11	3	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	11	3
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	445	506
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	174	168
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	85	132
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	186	206
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	3,887	3,890	4,100
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	513	544
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	796	834
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Global equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	156	204
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	152	138
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	356	402
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	44	64
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1,172	1,083
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Global fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	420	341
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	179	172
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	99	108
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1,219	1,322
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	405	426
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	639	680
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Global equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	122	155
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Global fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	53	61
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	2,230	2,134
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	38	29
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Global equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	34	49
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	151	135
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	345	389
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	44	64
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1,172	1,083
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Global fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	221	166
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	179	172
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	46	47
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	2	7
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	2	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	2
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Global equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	2	5	11
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1	3
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1	2
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Global fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0	39
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	436	427
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	108	118
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	119	123
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Global equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	10	11
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Global fixed income
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	199	175
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	550	650	$ 776
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	277	297
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	110	136
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	70	87
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	17	18
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	16	31
Other Postretirement Benefits | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	31	45
Other Postretirement Benefits | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	4	4
Other Postretirement Benefits | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	25	32
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	391	449
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	276	296
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	110	136
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 1 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	5	17
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	139	197
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1	1
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	69	83
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	17	18
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	16	31
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	31	45
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	4	4
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 2 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1	15
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3 | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	20	4
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	1	4
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. corporate bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Non-U.S. government bonds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits | Measured at NAV | Cash, short-term instruments and other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure
Total Assets, at Fair Value	$ 19	$ 0

Postemployment benefit plans 98

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
U.S. Pension Benefits
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$ 11,440	$ 12,530
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	11,354	11,440
U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	9
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	10	9
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	59
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	57	59
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	5	9
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	(1)
Realized gains (losses)	0	1
Purchases, issuances and settlements	1	(4)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	(1)	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	5	5
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	42	29
Unrealized gains (losses)	4	(1)
Realized gains (losses)	(5)	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	(9)	16
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	(1)	(2)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	31	42
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	9	9
Unrealized gains (losses)	1	0
Realized gains (losses)	0	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	0	0
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	0	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	10	9
U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	3	0
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	0
Realized gains (losses)	0	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	8	2
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	0	1
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	11	3
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	3,890	4,100
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	3,887	3,890
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Real estate
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	172
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	179	172
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	7
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	2	7
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Equities
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	2	0
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	0
Realized gains (losses)	(1)	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	(1)	0
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	0	2
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	0	2
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Fixed income securities
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	5	11
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	(1)
Realized gains (losses)	0	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	(1)	0
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	(2)	(5)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	2	5
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Real estate
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	0	39
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	(17)
Realized gains (losses)	0	15
Purchases, issuances and settlements	0	(37)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	0	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	0	0
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits | Level 3 | Other
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	0	0
Unrealized gains (losses)	0	0
Realized gains (losses)	0	0
Purchases, issuances and settlements	0	0
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	0	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	0	0
Other Postretirement Benefits
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	650	776
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	550	650
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3
Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	0
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 0	$ 0

Postemployment benefit plans 99

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
U.S. Pension Benefits
Funded Status, end of year
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	$ 11,354	$ 11,440	$ 12,530
Benefit obligations, end of year	16,218	15,792	16,249
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position	(4,864)	(4,352)
Components of net amount recognized in financial position:
Other assets (non-current asset)	4	6
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability)	(35)	(32)
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability)	(4,833)	(4,326)
Net liability recognized	(4,864)	(4,352)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of:
Prior service cost (credit)	0	1
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year
Prior service cost (credit)	0
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	16,163	15,734
Accumulated benefit obligation	15,979	15,493
Fair value of plan assets	11,295	11,377
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	16,163	15,734
Accumulated benefit obligation	15,979	15,493
Fair value of plan assets	11,295	11,377
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Funded Status, end of year
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	3,887	3,890	4,100
Benefit obligations, end of year	4,472	4,355	4,801
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position	(585)	(465)
Components of net amount recognized in financial position:
Other assets (non-current asset)	152	163
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability)	(20)	(19)
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability)	(717)	(609)
Net liability recognized	(585)	(465)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of:
Prior service cost (credit)	(5)	1
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year
Prior service cost (credit)	(1)
Pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	4,098	1,818
Accumulated benefit obligation	3,835	1,657
Fair value of plan assets	3,361	1,190
Pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets
Projected benefit obligation	1,707	1,363
Accumulated benefit obligation	1,607	1,320
Fair value of plan assets	1,024	793
Other Postretirement Benefits
Funded Status, end of year
Fair value of plan assets, end of year	550	650	776
Benefit obligations, end of year	4,088	4,313	$ 4,938
Over (under) funded status recognized in financial position	(3,538)	(3,663)
Components of net amount recognized in financial position:
Other assets (non-current asset)	0	0
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits (current liability)	(162)	(161)
Liability for postemployment benefits (non-current liability)	(3,376)	(3,502)
Net liability recognized	(3,538)	(3,663)
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (pre-tax) consist of:
Prior service cost (credit)	(85)	$ 39
Estimated amounts that will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) during the next fiscal year
Prior service cost (credit)	$ (21)

Postemployment benefit plans100

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 7) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)
U.S. Pension Benefits
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans
Employer contribution expected for 2017	$ 350
Expected benefit payments for 2017	1,020
Expected benefit payments for 2018	980
Expected benefit payments for 2019	990
Expected benefit payments for 2020	990
Expected benefit payments for 2021	990
Expected benefit payments from 2022-2026	4,900
Total expected benefit payments	9,870
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans
Employer contribution expected for 2017	100
Expected benefit payments for 2017	190
Expected benefit payments for 2018	160
Expected benefit payments for 2019	160
Expected benefit payments for 2020	160
Expected benefit payments for 2021	170
Expected benefit payments from 2022-2026	970
Total expected benefit payments	1,810
Other Postretirement Benefits
Expected contributions and benefit payments for pension and other Postretirement benefit plans
Employer contribution expected for 2017	160
Expected benefit payments for 2017	310
Expected benefit payments for 2018	300
Expected benefit payments for 2019	300
Expected benefit payments for 2020	290
Expected benefit payments for 2021	280
Expected benefit payments from 2022-2026	1,320
Total expected benefit payments	2,800
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2016	15
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2017	15
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2018	20
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2019	20
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected in 2020	20
Other postretirement benefits, Medicare Part D subsidy expected from 2021-2025	95
Total expected Medicare D subsidy receipts	$ 185

Postemployment benefit plans101

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 8) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax):
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	$ (180)
U.S. Pension Benefits
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	119	$ 181	$ 157
Interest cost	517	608	648
Expected return on plan assets	(757)	(890)	(943)
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses	6	32	0
Amortization of:
Prior service cost / (credit)	0	1	17
Net actuarial loss / (gain)	664	732	2,088
Total cost included in operating profit	549	664	1,967
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax):
Current year prior service cost (credit)	0	0	0
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	0	(1)	(17)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	0	(1)	(17)
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income	$ 549	$ 663	$ 1,950
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.50%	3.80%	4.60%
Discount rate used to measure interest cost	3.40%	3.80%	4.60%
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent)	6.90%	7.40%	7.80%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%
Expected return on plan assets, next fiscal year (as a percent)	6.70%
Additional percentage amount added to long-term passive rate of returns to arrive at the long-term expected rate of return (as a percent)	0.90%	0.95%	1.00%
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$ 92	$ 110	$ 109
Interest cost	117	146	185
Expected return on plan assets	(227)	(273)	(271)
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses	1	(1)	2
Amortization of:
Prior service cost / (credit)	3	0	0
Net actuarial loss / (gain)	262	8	345
Total cost included in operating profit	248	(10)	370
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax):
Current year prior service cost (credit)	(3)	(8)	(4)
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	(3)	0	0
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	(6)	(8)	(4)
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income	$ 242	$ (18)	$ 366
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)	2.90%	3.30%	4.10%
Discount rate used to measure interest cost	2.80%	3.30%	4.10%
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent)	6.10%	6.80%	6.90%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	3.60%	4.00%	4.20%
Expected return on plan assets, next fiscal year (as a percent)	5.90%
Other Postretirement Benefits
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$ 82	$ 101	$ 82
Interest cost	131	181	213
Expected return on plan assets	(44)	(56)	(58)
Defined benefit plan curtailment and settlement losses	(9)	27	(4)
Amortization of:
Prior service cost / (credit)	(59)	(54)	(55)
Net actuarial loss / (gain)	59	(561)	191
Total cost included in operating profit	160	(362)	369
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax):
Current year prior service cost (credit)	(184)	16	(2)
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit	59	54	55
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	(125)	70	53
Total recognized in net periodic cost and other comprehensive income	$ 35	$ (292)	$ 422
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost:
Discount rate (as a percent)	4.20%	3.90%	4.60%
Discount rate used to measure interest cost	3.30%	3.90%	4.60%
Expected return on plan assets (as a percent)	7.50%	7.80%	7.80%
Rate of compensation increase (as a percent)	4.00%	4.00%	4.00%
Assumed increase in health care trend rate
Assumed increase in health care trend rate over the current period to calculate benefit expenses (as a percent)	6.50%
Assumed increase in health care trend rate for the next year to calculate benefit expenses (as a percent)	6.60%
Year that heath care trend rate is assumed to reach ultimate trend rate (year)	2,022
Ultimate health care cost trend rate (as a percent)	5.00%
General inflation rate that forms a part of ultimate health care trend rate (as a percent)	3.00%
Additional healthcare inflation rate that forms a part of ultimate health care trend rate (as a percent)	2.00%

Postemployment benefit plans102

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 9) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Defined contribution plans
ESOP, number of allocated shares	21.3	26.4
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 369	$ 343	$ 386
U.S. Plans
Defined contribution plans
Percentage that the employer generally matches of employee contributions to U.S. defined contribution plans	100.00%
Employee compensation percentage contributed to defined contribution plan eligible for employer matching contributions	6.00%
New annual employer contribution, percentage of compensation, low end of range	3.00%
New annual employer contribution, percentage of compensation, high end of range	5.00%
Percentage that the employer generally matches of employee contributions to U.S. defined contribution plans for employees accruing benefits under a defined benefit plan	50.00%
Compensation percentage contributed to defined contribution plan eligible for employer matching contributions, for employees accruing benefits under defined benefit pension plan	6.00%
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 301	267	301
Non-U.S. Plans
Defined contribution plans
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 68	$ 76	$ 85

Postemployment benefit plans103

Postemployment benefit plans (Details 10) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Summary of long-term liability:
Postretirement benefits other than pensions	$ 3,376	$ 3,502
Other postemployment benefits	106	104
Defined contribution	325	302
Liability for postemployment benefits, long term	9,357	8,843
Pension plans
Summary of long-term liability:
Pensions	5,550	4,935
U.S. Pension Benefits
Summary of long-term liability:
Pensions	4,833	4,326
Non-U.S. Pension Benefits
Summary of long-term liability:
Pensions	$ 717	$ 609

Short-term borrowings (Details)

Short-term borrowings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	$ 7,303	$ 6,967
Notes payable to banks
Short-term borrowings:
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent)	7.00%	9.20%
Commercial paper
Short-term borrowings:
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent)	0.90%	0.50%
Demand notes
Short-term borrowings:
Weighted-average interest rates on short-term borrowings (as a percent)	0.90%	0.80%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	$ 209	$ 9
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes payable to banks
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	59	9
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Commercial paper
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	150	0
Financial Products
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	7,094	6,958
Financial Products | Notes payable to banks
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	553	440
Financial Products | Commercial paper
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	5,985	5,811
Financial Products | Demand notes
Short-term borrowings:
Short-term borrowings	$ 556	$ 707

Long-term debt (Details)

Long-term debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Long-term Debt
Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$ 8,436	$ 8,960
Total Financial Products	14,382	16,209
Total long-term debt due after one year	22,818	25,169
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Long-term Debt
Total Machinery, Energy & Transportation	8,436	8,960
Other	$ 3	45
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes-$1,250 million of 3.900% due 2021
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	4.01%
Notes	$ 1,245	1,244
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	3.90%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 1,250
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Notes-$759 million of 5.200% due 2041
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	5.27%
Notes	$ 752	751
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	5.20%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 759
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 1.500% due 2017
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	1.63%
Debentures	$ 0	499
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	1.50%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 500
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$900 million of 7.900% due 2018
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	7.98%
Debentures	$ 899	899
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	7.90%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 900
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$120 million of 9.375% due 2021
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	9.41%
Debentures	$ 120	120
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	9.375%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 120
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 2.600% due 2022
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	2.702%
Debentures	$ 498	497
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	2.60%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 500
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$82 million of 8.000% due 2023
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	8.06%
Debentures	$ 82	82
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	8.00%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 82
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$1,000 million of 3.400% due 2024
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	3.46%
Debentures	$ 996	996
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	3.40%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 1,000
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$193 million of 6.625% due 2028
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	6.68%
Debentures	$ 192	192
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	6.625%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 193
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$242 million of 7.300% due 2031
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	7.38%
Debentures	$ 241	240
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	7.30%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 242
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$307 million of 5.300% due 2035
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	8.64%
Debentures	$ 214	212
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	5.30%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 307
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$460 million of 6.050% due 2036
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	6.12%
Debentures	$ 456	456
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	6.05%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 460
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$65 million of 8.250% due 2038
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	8.38%
Debentures	$ 64	64
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	8.25%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 65
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$160 million of 6.950% due 2042
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	7.02%
Debentures	$ 159	159
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	6.95%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 160
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$1,722 million of 3.803% due 2042
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	6.392%
Debentures	$ 1,218	1,198
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	3.803%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 1,722
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 4.300% due 2044
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	4.39%
Debentures	$ 493	493
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	4.30%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 500
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$500 million of 4.750% due 2064
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	4.81%
Debentures	$ 494	494
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	4.75%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 500
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Debentures-$246 million of 7.375% due 2097
Long-term Debt
Effective Yield to Maturity (as a percent)	7.51%
Debentures	$ 242	242
Debt instrument, interest rate (as a percent)	7.375%
Debt instrument, face value	$ 246
Percentage of the redemption price to the principal amount of debentures to be redeemed	100.00%
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Capital lease obligations
Long-term Debt
Capital lease obligations	$ 68	77
Financial Products
Long-term Debt
Medium-term notes	13,869	15,679
Other	513	530
Total Financial Products	$ 14,382	$ 16,209

Long-term debt (Details 2)

Long-term debt (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2016	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Long-term Debt
2,017		$ 6,662
2,018		6,264
2,019		3,686
2,020		1,150
2,021		3,067
Interest paid on short-term and long-term borrowings		1,075	$ 1,047	$ 1,109
Debt Conversion, Original Debt, Amount	$ 381
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Amount	$ 366
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Rate	1.93%
Debt conversion, cash paid	$ 15
Debt exchange premium	$ 33
Medium-term Notes		78
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Long-term Debt
2,017		507
2,018		905
2,019		6
2,020		6
2,021		$ 1,385
Financial Products
Long-term Debt
Medium-term notes, weighted-average interest rate (as a percent)		2.65%
Medium-term notes, maximum remaining maturity (in years)		11 years
2,017		$ 6,155
2,018		5,359
2,019		3,680
2,020		1,144
2,021		$ 1,682

Credit commitments (Details)

Credit commitments (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)facilities
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$ 10,500
Other external	3,824
Total credit lines available	14,324
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(6,135)
Less: Utilized credit	(1,482)
Available credit	$ 6,707
Number of global credit facilities | facilities	3
Consolidated net worth	$ 13,200
Minimum consolidated net worth required under credit facilities	9,000
Utilized credit	$ 1,482
Cat Financial
Credit lines available:
Interest coverage ratio, numerator	1.92
Interest coverage ratio, denominator	1
Minimum interest coverage ratio required under credit facilities, numerator	1.15
Minimum interest coverage ratio required under credit facilities, denominator	1
Six-month leverage ratio, numerator	7.35
Six month leverage ratio, denominator	1
Year-end leverage ratio, numerator	7.60
Year-end leverage ratio denominator	1
Maximum leverage ratio permissible under credit facility, numerator	10
Maximum leverage ratio permissible under credit facility, denominator	1
Credit Facility
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$ 10,500
Less: Utilized credit	0
Utilized credit	0
364-day facility expires in September 2017
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$ 3,150
Duration of credit facility (in years or days)	364 days
Three-year facility expires in September 2019
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$ 2,730
Duration of credit facility (in years or days)	3 years
Five-year facility expires in September 2021
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$ 4,620
Duration of credit facility (in years or days)	5 years
Consolidated credit lines with banks
Credit lines available:
Other external	$ 4,000
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	2,750
Other external	60
Total credit lines available	2,810
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(150)
Less: Utilized credit	(59)
Available credit	2,601
Utilized credit	59
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Credit Facility
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	2,750
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | 364-day facility expires in September 2017
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	820
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Three-year facility expires in September 2019
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	720
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Five-year facility expires in September 2021
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	1,210
Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	7,750
Other external	3,764
Total credit lines available	11,514
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(5,985)
Less: Utilized credit	(1,423)
Available credit	4,106
Utilized credit	$ 1,423

Profit per share (Details)

Profit per share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		3 Months Ended									12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016		Dec. 31, 2015		Dec. 31, 2014		Jan. 31, 2014	Feb. 28, 2007
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Profit for the period (A) (in millions of dollars)		$ (1,171)	$ 283	$ 550	$ 271	$ (94)	$ 559	$ 802	$ 1,245		$ (67)	[1]	$ 2,512	[1]	$ 2,452	[1]
Determination of shares (in millions)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B) (in shares)											584,300,000		594,300,000		617,200,000
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price (in shares)											0		7,000,000		11,700,000
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) (in shares)	[2]										584,300,000		601,300,000		628,900,000
Profit (loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B) (in dollars per share)		$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.94	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.95	$ 1.33	$ 2.06		$ (0.11)		$ 4.23		$ 3.97
Assuming full dilution (A/C) (in dollars per share)		$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.93	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.94	$ 1.31	$ 2.03		$ (0.11)	[2]	$ 4.18	[2]	$ 3.90	[2]
Shares outstanding as of December 31		586,500,000				582,300,000					586,500,000		582,300,000		606,200,000
Common shares under SARs and stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)											32,064,790		22,169,133		10,266,682
Common Stock Repurchase
Stock Repurchase Program, Authorized Amount																	$ 10,000	$ 7,500
Common shares repurchased (in shares)							19,600,000		18,100,000	23,700,000	0		25,841,608		41,762,325
Payments for repurchase of common stock							$ 1,500		$ 1,700	$ 2,500	$ 0		$ 2,025		$ 4,238
Stock repurchase program, amount of authorized repurchase spent to date											$ 4,500
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
[2]	2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method.

Accumulated other comprehens109

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016		Dec. 31, 2015		Dec. 31, 2014
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other income (expense)									$ 146		$ 161		$ 322
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period				$ (2,035)				$ (1,059)	(2,035)		(1,059)		231
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications									48		(993)		(1,245)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss									(52)		17		(45)
Other comprehensive income (loss)									(4)		(976)		(1,290)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	$ (2,039)				$ (2,035)				(2,039)		(2,035)		(1,059)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									192		916		692
Reclassifications net of tax	(1,171)	$ 283	$ 550	271	(94)	$ 559	$ 802	1,245	(67)	[1]	2,512	[1]	2,452	[1]
Foreign currency translation
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period				(1,953)				(992)	(1,953)		(992)		163
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications									(34)		(961)		(1,155)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss									17		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)									(17)		(961)		(1,155)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	(1,970)				(1,953)				(1,970)		(1,953)		(992)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period				(69)				(31)	(69)		(31)		(10)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications									118		(3)		4
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss									(35)		(35)		(25)
Other comprehensive income (loss)									83		(38)		(21)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	14				(69)				14		(69)		(31)
Derivative financial instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period				(50)				(119)	(50)		(119)		(5)
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications									(62)		(19)		(118)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss									(3)		88		4
Other comprehensive income (loss)									(65)		69		(114)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	(115)				(50)				(115)		(50)		(119)
Available-for-sale securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period				$ 37				$ 83	37		83		83
Other comprehensive income (loss), before reclassifications									26		(10)		24
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss									(31)		(36)		(24)
Other comprehensive income (loss)									(5)		(46)		0
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	$ 32				$ 37				32		37		83
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Reclassifications net of tax									52		(17)		45
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Foreign currency translation
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other income (expense)									(17)		0		0
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									0		0		0
Reclassifications net of tax									(17)		0		0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Pension and other postretirement benefits
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									21		18		13
Reclassifications net of tax									35		35		25
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									2		(51)		(2)
Reclassifications net of tax									3		(88)		(4)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Available-for-sale securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other income (expense)									46		56		35
Provision (benefit) for income taxes									15		20		11
Reclassifications net of tax									$ 31		$ 36		$ 24
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.

Accumulated other comprehens110

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016		Dec. 31, 2015		Dec. 31, 2014
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)									$ 146		$ 161		$ 322
Interest expense excluding Financial Products									(505)		(507)		(484)
Interest expense of Financial Products									(596)		(587)		(624)
Consolidated profit before taxes									139		3,439		3,152
Tax (provision) benefit									(192)		(916)		(692)
Reclassifications net of tax	$ (1,171)	$ 283	$ 550	$ 271	$ (94)	$ 559	$ 802	$ 1,245	(67)	[1]	2,512	[1]	2,452	[1]
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Reclassifications net of tax									52		(17)		45
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Foreign currency translation
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)									(17)		0		0
Tax (provision) benefit									0		0		0
Reclassifications net of tax									(17)		0		0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Pension and other postretirement benefits
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)									56		53		38
Tax (provision) benefit									(21)		(18)		(13)
Reclassifications net of tax									35		35		25
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Consolidated profit before taxes									5		(139)		(6)
Tax (provision) benefit									(2)		51		2
Reclassifications net of tax									3		(88)		(4)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Foreign exchange contracts
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)									14		(127)		5
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Interest expense excluding Financial Products									(6)		(6)		(5)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Interest expense of Financial Products									(3)		(6)		(6)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Available-for-sale securities
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)									46		56		35
Tax (provision) benefit									(15)		(20)		(11)
Reclassifications net of tax									$ 31		$ 36		$ 24
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.

Fair value disclosures (Details

Fair value disclosures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	$ 1,367	$ 1,635
Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	1,288	1,610
Derivative Asset, at Fair Value, Net	0	49
Total Assets	1,367	1,684
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	72
Total Liabilities	72
U.S. treasury bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	9	9
U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	9	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	60	72
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	60	72
Corporate bonds
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	492	708
Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	492	708
Asset-backed securities
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	90	129
Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	90	129
U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	223	292
Residential
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	10	12
Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	10	12
Commercial
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	36	61
Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	36	61
Large capitalization value
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	312	273
Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	312	273
REIT
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	79	25
REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	79	25
Smaller company growth
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	56	54
Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	56	54
Level 1 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	377	336
Derivative Asset, at Fair Value, Net	0	0
Total Assets	377	336
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	0
Total Liabilities	0
Level 1 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	9	9
Level 1 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	312	273
Level 1 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 1 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	56	54
Level 2 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	911	1,274
Derivative Asset, at Fair Value, Net	0	49
Total Assets	911	1,323
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	72
Total Liabilities	72
Level 2 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 2 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	60	72
Level 2 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	492	708
Level 2 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	90	129
Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	223	292
Level 2 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	10	12
Level 2 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	36	61
Level 2 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 2 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 2 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Derivative Asset, at Fair Value, Net	0	0
Total Assets	79	25
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	0
Total Liabilities	0
Level 3 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	0	0
Level 3 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	79	25
Level 3 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities	$ 0	$ 0

Fair value disclosures (Deta112

Fair value disclosures (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Financial Products | Nonrecurring basis
Fair value of impaired loans
Impaired loans	$ 137	$ 91
Level 3 | REIT | Recurring basis
Roll-forward of assets measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs
Balance at beginning of period	25
Purchases of securities	50
Sale of securities	0
Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	4
Balance at end of period	$ 79

Fair value disclosures (Deta113

Fair value disclosures (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Carrying Amount
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$ 7,168	$ 6,460
Restricted cash and short-term investments	31	52
Investments in debt and equity securities	1,367	1,635
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	16,172	16,515
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	1,500	1,821
Foreign currency contracts-net	0	13
Interest rate swaps-net	3	48
Price Risk Derivative Assets, at Fair Value	10	0
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	7,303	6,967
Foreign currency contracts-net	85	0
Commodity contracts-net	0	12
Guarantees	8	12
Carrying Amount | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	8,943	9,477
Carrying Amount | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	20,537	21,569
Carrying amount of assets excluded from measurement at fair value
Liabilities
Total excluded items	6,111	6,452
Level 1 | Fair Value
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	7,168	6,460
Restricted cash and short-term investments	31	52
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	7,303	6,967
Level 1, 2 & 3 | Fair Value
Assets
Investments in debt and equity securities	1,367	1,635
Level 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Foreign currency contracts-net	0	13
Interest rate swaps-net	3	48
Price Risk Derivative Assets, at Fair Value	10	0
Liabilities
Foreign currency contracts-net	85	0
Commodity contracts-net	0	12
Level 2 | Fair Value | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	10,348	10,691
Level 2 | Fair Value | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	20,724	21,904
Level 3 | Fair Value
Assets
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	16,056	16,551
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	1,464	1,775
Liabilities
Guarantees	$ 8	$ 12

Concentration of credit risk (D

Concentration of credit risk (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]
Derivative contracts, maximum exposure to credit loss	$ 96	$ 105

Operating leases (Details)

Operating leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Leases [Abstract]
Rental expense for operating leases	$ 375	$ 371	$ 391
Minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms
2,017	211
2,018	160
2,019	107
2,020	81
2,021	61
Thereafter	176
Total	$ 796

Guarantees and product warra116

Guarantees and product warranty (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2015
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Dealer performance guarantees with unlimited potential payment	2
Related liability	$ 8	$ 12
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	1,856	681
Special-Purpose Company's assets in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position	1,088	1,211
Special-Purpose Company's liabilities in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position	1,087	1,210
Unused commitments and lines of credit for dealers	12,775	12,920
Unused commitments and lines of credit for customers	3,340	3,567
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	1,384	216
Customer loan guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	51	47
Supplier consortium performance guarantee
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	278	286
Third party logistics business guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	87	107
Other guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	$ 56	$ 25
Third party logistics business, investment
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Equity Method Investment, Percentage Sold			35.00%

Guarantees and product warra117

Guarantees and product warranty (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015
Movement in Standard Product Warranty Accrual
Warranty liability, beginning balance	$ 1,354	$ 1,426
Reduction in liability (payments)	(909)	(874)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	813	802
Warranty liability, ending balance	$ 1,258	$ 1,354

Environmental and legal matters

Environmental and legal matters (Details)	Mar. 20, 2014	Dec. 31, 2016
Loss Contingency [Abstract]
Environmental and legal matters		Environmental and legal matters The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing our use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards. We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required. On January 8, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requests documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL and related structures. The Company is cooperating with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. On September 10, 2014, the SEC issued to Caterpillar a subpoena seeking information concerning the Company’s accounting for the goodwill relating to its acquisition of Bucyrus International Inc. in 2011 and related matters. The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation, and the Company is cooperating with the SEC regarding its ongoing investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda. The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against two current employees of MGE and one former employee of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. The Company has responded to all requests for information from the authorities. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate the potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. On October 24, 2013, Progress Rail received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. The subpoena requests documents and information from Progress Rail, United Industries Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Progress Rail, and Caterpillar Inc. relating to allegations that Progress Rail conducted improper or unnecessary railcar inspections and repairs and improperly disposed of parts, equipment, tools and other items. In connection with this subpoena, Progress Rail was informed by the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California that it is a target of a criminal investigation into potential violations of environmental laws and alleged improper business practices. The Company is cooperating with the authorities and is currently in discussions regarding a potential resolution of the matter. Although the Company believes a loss is probable, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity. In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos and welding fumes exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters or intellectual property rights. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
Number of defendants, companies
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants	18
Number of defendants, individuals
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants	100
Number of defendants, subsidiaries
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants	2
Number of defendants, current employee
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants	2
Number of defendants, former employee
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants	1

Segment information (Details)

Segment information (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2016USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2016USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2016USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2015USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2015USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2015USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)group_presidentssegments	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information
Change to previously reported depreciation										$ (58)	$ (35)
Number of group presidents | group_presidents									5
Number of operating segments | segments									6
Useful life to amortize goodwill for segment assets									20 years
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	$ 9,574	$ 9,160	$ 10,342	$ 9,461	$ 11,030	$ 10,962	$ 12,317	$ 12,702	$ 38,537	47,011	55,184
Depreciation and amortization									3,034	3,046	3,163
Consolidated profit before taxes									139	3,439	3,152
Segment assets	74,704				78,342				74,704	78,342	84,498
Capital expenditures									$ 2,928	3,261	3,379
All Other operating segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of group presidents | group_presidents									1
Number of smaller operating segments led by Group President | segments									2
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									$ 139	203	236
Depreciation and amortization									219	205	187
Consolidated profit before taxes									(77)	(75)	19
Segment assets	1,381				1,405				1,381	1,405	1,548
Capital expenditures									182	169	192
Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									$ 41,644	50,451	59,281
Reportable segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of operating segments led by Group Presidents | segments									3
Number of operating segments led by Group president responsible for corporate services | segments									1
Number of reportable segments | segments									4
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									$ 38,742	47,133	55,343
Depreciation and amortization									2,591	2,686	2,837
Consolidated profit before taxes									3,527	6,065	7,886
Segment assets	55,517				59,605				55,517	59,605	62,826
Capital expenditures									2,586	2,913	3,027
Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									2,902	3,318	3,938
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									38,651	47,373	55,968
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									35,749	44,055	52,030
Depreciation and amortization									1,742	1,838	1,952
Consolidated profit before taxes									2,825	5,256	6,985
Segment assets	20,293				23,876				20,293	23,876	25,857
Capital expenditures									948	1,448	1,393
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									2,902	3,318	3,938
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									15,690	17,906	20,714
Construction Industries | Reportable segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									15,612	17,797	20,590
Depreciation and amortization									458	505	564
Consolidated profit before taxes									1,650	1,865	2,133
Segment assets	5,367				6,176				5,367	6,176	7,342
Capital expenditures									186	276	447
Construction Industries | Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									78	109	124
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									6,010	8,071	9,562
Resource Industries | Reportable segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									5,726	7,739	9,134
Depreciation and amortization									607	643	692
Consolidated profit before taxes									(1,047)	1	565
Segment assets	7,135				8,931				7,135	8,931	9,854
Capital expenditures									243	303	277
Resource Industries | Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									284	332	428
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									16,951	21,396	25,692
Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									14,411	18,519	22,306
Depreciation and amortization									677	690	696
Consolidated profit before taxes									2,222	3,390	4,287
Segment assets	7,791				8,769				7,791	8,769	8,661
Capital expenditures									519	869	669
Energy & Transportation | Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									2,540	2,877	3,386
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									2,993	3,078	3,313
Financial Products Segment | Reportable segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									2,993	3,078	3,313
Depreciation and amortization									849	848	885
Consolidated profit before taxes									702	809	901
Segment assets	$ 35,224				$ 35,729				35,224	35,729	36,969
Capital expenditures									1,638	1,465	1,634
Financial Products Segment | Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues									$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Segment information (Details 2)

Segment information (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues	$ 9,574	$ 9,160	$ 10,342	$ 9,461	$ 11,030	$ 10,962	$ 12,317	$ 12,702	$ 38,537	$ 47,011	$ 55,184
Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									38,742	47,133	55,343
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									139	203	236
Other
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									(344)	(325)	(395)
Consolidating Adjustments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									(301)	(315)	(344)
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Other
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									(301)	(315)	(344)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									35,749	44,055	52,030
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									35,773	44,147	52,142
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									35,749	44,055	52,030
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									139	203	236
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									(115)	(111)	(124)
Financial Products | Business
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									3,065	3,179	3,386
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									2,993	3,078	3,313
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Sales and revenues
Sales and revenues									$ 72	$ 101	$ 73

Segment information (Details 3)

Segment information (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	$ 139	$ 3,439	$ 3,152
Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	3,527	6,065	7,886
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(77)	(75)	19
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	8	20	(12)
Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(527)	(600)	(674)
Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	40	95	(245)
Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(1,019)	(898)	(432)
Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	(100)	55
Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(788)	131	(2,434)
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(218)	(283)	(254)
Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(517)	(524)	(502)
Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(22)	(261)	31
Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(225)	(95)	(249)
Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(43)	(36)	(37)
Business
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	3,450	5,990	7,905
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,825	5,256	6,985
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(553)	2,617	2,243
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,825	5,256	6,985
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(77)	(75)	19
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	8	20	(12)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(527)	(600)	(674)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	40	95	(245)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(1,014)	(881)	(432)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	(100)	55
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(788)	131	(2,434)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(209)	(270)	(242)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(517)	(524)	(502)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(22)	(261)	31
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(225)	(95)	(249)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(47)	(79)	(57)
Financial Products | Business
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	692	822	909
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	702	809	901
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(5)	(17)	0
Financial Products | Business | Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(9)	(13)	(12)
Financial Products | Business | Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	$ 4	$ 43	$ 20

Segment information (Details 4)

Segment information (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Segment Reporting Information
Change to previously reported depreciation				$ 58	$ 35
Consolidated profit before taxes			$ 139	3,439	3,152
Restructuring costs	$ (395)	$ (679)	(1,019)	(898)	(432)
Reportable segments
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			3,527	6,065	7,886
Reportable segments | Construction Industries
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			1,650	1,865	2,133
Reportable segments | Resource Industries
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			(1,047)	1	565
Reportable segments | Energy & Transportation
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			2,222	3,390	4,287
Reportable segments | Financial Products Segment
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			702	809	901
All Other operating segments
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			(77)	(75)	19
Business
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			3,450	5,990	7,905
Restructuring costs			(879)	(683)	425
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			2,571	5,307	7,480
Business | Reportable segments | Construction Industries
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			1,650	1,865	2,133
Restructuring costs			(41)	(123)	(314)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			1,609	1,742	1,819
Business | Reportable segments | Resource Industries
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			(1,047)	1	565
Restructuring costs			(540)	(305)	(72)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			(1,587)	(304)	493
Business | Reportable segments | Energy & Transportation
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			2,222	3,390	4,287
Restructuring costs			(248)	(109)	(33)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			1,974	3,281	4,254
Business | Reportable segments | Financial Products Segment
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			702	809	901
Restructuring costs			(5)	(17)	0
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			697	792	901
Business | All Other operating segments | All Other
Segment Reporting Information
Consolidated profit before taxes			(77)	(75)	19
Restructuring costs			(45)	(129)	(6)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs			$ (122)	$ (204)	$ 13

Segment information (Details 5)

Segment information (Details 5) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	$ 74,704	$ 78,342	$ 84,498
Reportable segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	55,517	59,605	62,826
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	1,381	1,405	1,548
Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	5,257	5,340	6,317
Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Deferred income taxes
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	2,701	2,415	2,210
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	3,883	3,571	3,492
Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	1,645	1,585	1,766
Operating Lease Methodology Difference
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(186)	(213)	(213)
Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	7,400	8,017	9,851
Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(2,373)	(2,646)	(2,697)
Other
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(521)	(737)	(602)
Consolidating Adjustments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(6,354)	(5,845)	(6,375)
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(1,713)	(1,087)	(1,185)
Consolidating Adjustments | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(3,638)	(3,888)	(4,488)
Consolidating Adjustments | Deferred income taxes
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(947)	(793)	(633)
Consolidating Adjustments | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Operating Lease Methodology Difference
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Other
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(56)	(77)	(69)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	20,293	23,876	25,857
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	45,863	48,551	54,047
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	20,293	23,876	25,857
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	1,381	1,405	1,548
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	5,257	5,340	6,317
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	1,713	1,087	1,185
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	3,638	3,888	4,488
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Deferred income taxes
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	3,648	3,208	2,843
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	3,883	3,571	3,492
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	1,645	1,585	1,766
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Operating Lease Methodology Difference
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(186)	(213)	(213)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	7,400	8,017	9,851
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(2,373)	(2,646)	(2,697)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	(436)	(567)	(390)
Financial Products | Business
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	35,195	35,636	36,826
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	35,224	35,729	36,969
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Deferred income taxes
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Operating Lease Methodology Difference
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other
Reconciliation of assets
Total assets	$ (29)	$ (93)	$ (143)

Segment information (Details 6)

Segment information (Details 6) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 3,034	$ 3,046	$ 3,163
Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	2,591	2,686	2,837
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	219	205	187
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	156	154	147
Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	68	1	(8)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	1,742	1,838	1,952
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	2,144	2,164	2,253
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	1,742	1,838	1,952
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	219	205	187
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	156	154	147
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	27	(33)	(33)
Financial Products | Business
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	890	882	910
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	849	848	885
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 41	$ 34	$ 25

Segment information (Details 7)

Segment information (Details 7) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	$ 2,928	$ 3,261	$ 3,379
Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	2,586	2,913	3,027
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	182	169	192
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	72	195	181
Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	153	37	21
Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(65)	(53)	(42)
Consolidating Adjustments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(49)	(28)	(79)
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(49)	(28)	(79)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	948	1,448	1,393
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	1,206	1,630	1,641
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	948	1,448	1,393
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	182	169	192
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	72	195	181
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	153	37	21
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(149)	(219)	(146)
Financial Products | Business
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	1,771	1,659	1,817
Financial Products | Business | Reportable segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	1,638	1,465	1,634
Financial Products | Business | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0
Financial Products | Business | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	$ 133	$ 194	$ 183

Segment information (Details 8)

Segment information (Details 8) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Segment Reporting Information
External sales and revenues	$ 9,574	$ 9,160	$ 10,342	$ 9,461	$ 11,030	$ 10,962	$ 12,317	$ 12,702	$ 38,537	$ 47,011	$ 55,184
Net property, plant and equipment	15,322				16,090				15,322	16,090
Inside United States
Segment Reporting Information
External sales and revenues									15,956	19,218	21,122
Net property, plant and equipment	8,537				8,842				8,537	8,842
Outside the United States
Segment Reporting Information
External sales and revenues									22,581	27,793	$ 34,062
Net property, plant and equipment	$ 6,785				$ 7,248				$ 6,785	$ 7,248

Acquisitions (Details)

Acquisitions (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2015USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014USD ($)	Dec. 15, 2016USD ($)
Acquisitions
Net cash paid for acquisition				$ 191	$ 400	$ 30
Assets acquired
Investments in equity method companies	$ 192	$ 203		192	203
Goodwill	6,020	$ 6,615		$ 6,020	$ 6,615	$ 6,694
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp.
Acquisitions
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent)							100.00%
Fair value of contingent consideration							$ 39
Number of components of contingent considerations arising from acquisition							2
Payments to acquire businesses, gross	94
Estimated net working capital adjustment							$ 2
Payments to acquire business, to be paid	$ 8
Assets acquired
Tangible assets acquired							138
Cash							10
Receivables							7
Net deferred tax assets acquired							23
Inventory							56
Property, plant and equipment							42
Finite-lived intangible assets							4
Finite-lived intangible assets, weighed average useful life (in years)	10 years
Goodwill							12
Liabilities assumed
Total liabilities assumed							3
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. | Contribution of nonmonetary assets to charitable organization
Acquisitions
Fair value of contingent consideration							20
Kemper Valve & Fittings Corp. | Guarantee based on industry performance price index
Acquisitions
Fair value of contingent consideration							$ 20
RDS Manufacturing Inc.
Acquisitions
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent)		100.00%			100.00%
Net cash paid for acquisition		$ 85
Trade receivable due from acquirer		5
Payments to acquire businesses, gross		74
Payments to acquire business, to be paid		11
Assets acquired
Tangible assets acquired		28			$ 28
Cash		1			1
Inventory		12			12
Property, plant and equipment		16			16
Goodwill		59			59
Liabilities assumed
Total liabilities assumed		$ 2			$ 2
Rail Product Solutions Inc.
Acquisitions
Percentage of equity acquired (as a percent)			100.00%
Net cash paid for acquisition			$ 165
Assets acquired
Tangible assets acquired			41
Receivables			9
Inventory			6
Property, plant and equipment			17
Investments in equity method companies			9
Finite-lived intangible assets			$ 82
Finite-lived intangible assets, weighed average useful life (in years)			15 years
Goodwill			$ 53
Liabilities assumed
Total liabilities assumed			$ 11

Divestitures (Details)

Divestitures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Disposal groups
Cat Financial financing of transactions	$ 9,339	$ 9,929	$ 11,278

Restructuring Costs (Details)

Restructuring Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs	$ 395	$ 679	$ 1,019	$ 898	$ 432
Employee separation costs			297	641
Employee Separation Activity
Liability balance at beginning of period			483	182
Employee separation costs			297	641
Reduction in liability (payments and other adjustments)			633	340
Liability balance at end of period	147	$ 483	147	483	182
Other restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			262	48	0
Voluntary retirement enhancement program
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Curtailment expense				(82)
Employee separation costs			100	379
Employee Separation Activity
Employee separation costs			100	379
Facility closures and consolidations
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			181	108
Other operating income (expense) | Employee separation
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			297	641	382
Other operating income (expense) | Contract termination
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			62	0	0
Other operating income (expense) | Long-lived asset impairments
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			391	127	48
Other operating income (expense) | Defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			7	$ 82	$ 2
Discontinue production on-highway vocational trucks
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			104
Estimated restructuring costs	110		110
Second half of 2016 announcement
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			369
Estimated restructuring costs	$ 385		385
Second half of 2016 announcement | Other restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			4
Second half of 2016 announcement | Employee separation
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Employee separation costs			120
Employee Separation Activity
Employee separation costs			120
Second half of 2016 announcement | Inventory write-downs
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			81
Second half of 2016 announcement | Long-lived asset impairments
Restructuring Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			$ 164

Selected quarterly financial130

Selected quarterly financial results (unaudited) (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended								12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016	Jun. 30, 2016	Mar. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Sep. 30, 2015	Jun. 30, 2015	Mar. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2016		Dec. 31, 2015		Dec. 31, 2014
Sales and revenues	$ 9,574	$ 9,160	$ 10,342	$ 9,461	$ 11,030	$ 10,962	$ 12,317	$ 12,702	$ 38,537		$ 47,011		$ 55,184
Less: Revenues	(689)	(697)	(697)	(681)	(712)	(677)	(734)	(741)	(2,764)		(2,864)		(3,042)
Sales	8,885	8,463	9,645	8,780	10,318	10,285	11,583	11,961	35,773		44,147		52,142
Cost of goods sold	7,541	6,527	7,419	6,822	8,240	7,872	8,674	8,760	28,309		33,546		40,718
Gross margin	1,344	1,936	2,226	1,958	2,078	2,413	2,909	3,201
Profit (loss)	$ (1,171)	$ 283	$ 550	$ 271	$ (94)	$ 559	$ 802	$ 1,245	$ (67)	[1]	$ 2,512	[1]	$ 2,452	[1]
Profit (loss) per common share	$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.94	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.95	$ 1.33	$ 2.06	$ (0.11)		$ 4.23		$ 3.97
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted	$ (2)	$ 0.48	$ 0.93	$ 0.46	$ (0.16)	$ 0.94	$ 1.31	$ 2.03	$ (0.11)	[2]	$ 4.18	[2]	$ 3.90	[2]
Restructuring costs	$ 395				$ 679				$ 1,019		$ 898		$ 432
Pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses	(985)				$ (214)				(985)		(179)		(2,624)
Goodwill impairment charge	595								595		0		0
Deferred Tax Assets, Valuation Allowance, Current	$ 141								141
Previously Reported
Cost of goods sold									28,074		33,742		39,767
Profit (loss)									$ 228		$ 2,102		$ 3,695
Profit (loss) per common share									$ 0.39		$ 3.54		$ 5.99
Profit (loss) per common share - diluted									$ 0.39		$ 3.50		$ 5.88
Pre-tax pension and other postretirement benefit plan actuarial losses									$ 0		$ 0		$ 0
[1]	1 Profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders.
[2]	2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards, using the treasury stock method.

Uncategorized Items - cat-20161

Label	Element	Value
Restatement Adjustment [Member]
Selling, General and Administrative Expense	us-gaap_SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense	$ 832,000,000
Selling, General and Administrative Expense	us-gaap_SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense	(248,000,000)
Selling, General and Administrative Expense	us-gaap_SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpense	$ 245,000,000
Earnings Per Share, Basic	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic	$ (2.02)
Earnings Per Share, Basic	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic	0.69
Earnings Per Share, Basic	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic	$ (0.50)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax	$ 4,962,000,000
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax	5,257,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Liabilities	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingLiabilities	(505,000,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Liabilities	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingLiabilities	(590,000,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Liabilities	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingLiabilities	(341,000,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTax	$ 2,400,000,000
Earnings Per Share, Diluted	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted	$ (1.98)
Earnings Per Share, Diluted	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted	0.68
Earnings Per Share, Diluted	us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted	$ (0.50)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax	$ 9,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax	4,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossForeignCurrencyTransactionAndTranslationAdjustmentNetOfTax	0
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	(954,000,000)
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	(307,000,000)
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_DeferredIncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	(431,000,000)
Defined Benefit Plan, Actuarial Gain (Loss)	us-gaap_DefinedBenefitPlanActuarialGainLoss	(2,624,000,000)
Defined Benefit Plan, Actuarial Gain (Loss)	us-gaap_DefinedBenefitPlanActuarialGainLoss	(179,000,000)
Defined Benefit Plan, Actuarial Gain (Loss)	us-gaap_DefinedBenefitPlanActuarialGainLoss	(985,000,000)
Research and Development Expense	us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense	245,000,000
Research and Development Expense	us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense	(46,000,000)
Research and Development Expense	us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense	83,000,000
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_ProfitLoss	(1,243,000,000)
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_ProfitLoss	410,000,000
Net Income (Loss), Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_ProfitLoss	(295,000,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Net Unamortized Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeDefinedBenefitPlansNetUnamortizedGainLossArisingDuringPeriodNetOfTax	1,578,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Net Unamortized Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeDefinedBenefitPlansNetUnamortizedGainLossArisingDuringPeriodNetOfTax	10,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Net Unamortized Gain (Loss) Arising During Period, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeDefinedBenefitPlansNetUnamortizedGainLossArisingDuringPeriodNetOfTax	621,000,000
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Assets	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingAssets	(161,000,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Assets	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingAssets	(363,000,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Other Operating Assets	us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOtherOperatingAssets	(178,000,000)
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders, Basic	us-gaap_NetIncomeLossAvailableToCommonStockholdersBasic	(1,243,000,000)
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders, Basic	us-gaap_NetIncomeLossAvailableToCommonStockholdersBasic	410,000,000
Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders, Basic	us-gaap_NetIncomeLossAvailableToCommonStockholdersBasic	(295,000,000)
Cost of Goods Sold	us-gaap_CostOfGoodsSold	951,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold	us-gaap_CostOfGoodsSold	(196,000,000)
Cost of Goods Sold	us-gaap_CostOfGoodsSold	235,000,000
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNonoperatingIncomeExpense	83,000,000
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNonoperatingIncomeExpense	55,000,000
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNonoperatingIncomeExpense	96,000,000
Other Operating Income (Expense), Net	us-gaap_OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet	14,000,000
Other Operating Income (Expense), Net	us-gaap_OtherOperatingIncomeExpenseNet	39,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, for Net Gain (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossReclassificationAdjustmentFromAOCIPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansForNetGainLossNetOfTax	344,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, for Net Gain (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossReclassificationAdjustmentFromAOCIPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansForNetGainLossNetOfTax	424,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Reclassification Adjustment from AOCI, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, for Net Gain (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossReclassificationAdjustmentFromAOCIPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansForNetGainLossNetOfTax	326,000,000
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	(688,000,000)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	174,000,000
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	us-gaap_IncomeTaxExpenseBenefit	(172,000,000)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets	us-gaap_NewAccountingPronouncementOrChangeInAccountingPrincipleCumulativeEffectOfChangeOnEquityOrNetAssets1	4,100,000,000
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesMinorityInterestAndIncomeLossFromEquityMethodInvestments	(1,931,000,000)
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesMinorityInterestAndIncomeLossFromEquityMethodInvestments	584,000,000
Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Equity Method Investments, Income Taxes, Noncontrolling Interest	us-gaap_IncomeLossFromContinuingOperationsBeforeIncomeTaxesMinorityInterestAndIncomeLossFromEquityMethodInvestments	(467,000,000)
Operating Expenses	us-gaap_OperatingExpenses	2,014,000,000
Operating Expenses	us-gaap_OperatingExpenses	(529,000,000)
Operating Expenses	us-gaap_OperatingExpenses	563,000,000
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansAdjustmentNetOfTax	(1,234,000,000)
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansAdjustmentNetOfTax	414,000,000
Other Comprehensive (Income) Loss, Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, Adjustment, Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossPensionAndOtherPostretirementBenefitPlansAdjustmentNetOfTax	(295,000,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax	1,243,000,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax	(410,000,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	us-gaap_OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossNetOfTax	295,000,000
Operating Income (Loss)	us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss	(2,014,000,000)
Operating Income (Loss)	us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss	529,000,000
Operating Income (Loss)	us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss	(563,000,000)
Profit of Consolidated Companies	cat_ProfitOfConsolidatedCompanies	(1,243,000,000)
Profit of Consolidated Companies	cat_ProfitOfConsolidatedCompanies	410,000,000
Profit of Consolidated Companies	cat_ProfitOfConsolidatedCompanies	(295,000,000)
Other Noncash Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNoncashIncomeExpense	83,000,000
Other Noncash Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNoncashIncomeExpense	55,000,000
Other Noncash Income (Expense)	us-gaap_OtherNoncashIncomeExpense	96,000,000
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit	(4,962,000,000)
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)	us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit	$ (5,257,000,000)