So why are we developing SZN-1326 for IBD? A major component in the pathophysiology of IBD is an impaired epithelial barrier, or gut wall, allowing for the exposure of the gut microbes to the gut’s immune cells, resulting in inflammation. This inflammation further destroys epithelial barrier as the activated immune cells release cytokines that break down the epithelium creating a vicious circle.
It will be difficult to induce remission with anti-inflammatory drugs because as long as the epithelial barrier is not healed, the immune system continues to be exposed to gut microbes. SZN-1326 can directly address this epithelial barrier dysfunction. It binds to intestinal stem cells deep in the colon crypt. It does this by binding to frizzled-5 and LRP6, and as such, replaces the Wnt ligand that in normal circumstances is produced by the stromal cells, but that is disrupted in IBD. This binding leads to proliferation and differentiation of these cells as they move up out of the colon crypt, replace the damaged epithelium, and restore the epithelial barrier. This results in reduced inflammation and reduced disease activity.
In preclinical studies, we demonstrated that 1326 restores Wnt signaling in damaged intestine, repairs the damaged colon epithelium, reduces inflammatory cytokines and reduces disease activity.
We’re planning to go into the clinic in healthy volunteers in 2022 and advance to a study in ulcerative colitis patients in 2023.
What is needed in IBD are agents with a new mechanism of action, especially since patients who failed first line therapy are likely to fail second and third line therapy, particularly if that therapy has a similar mechanism of action. This is where SZN-1326 comes in. SZN-1326 works directly on the epithelium, or gut wall, and induces epithelial healing. This restoration and sealing of the mucosal barrier immediately reduces the exposure of the immune system to the gut bacteria and quiets down the inflammation leading to deep mucosal healing.
It’s been shown that mucosal healing is associated with better clinical outcomes, lower relapse rate, longer remissions, lower hospitalization rate, lower steroid use, and a lower chance of IBD-related neoplasia. As the mechanism of action of SZN-1326 is very different from the MOA of the approved anti-inflammatory drugs, it is possible that a combined treatment could lead to even deeper and quicker remissions.
SZN-043 is a molecule that is based on our SWEETS technology, which means that it can be made cell specific. It’s an R-spondin-mimetic that binds to ASGR1, an antigen exclusively expressed on hepatocytes, and to ZNRF3 and RNF43, taking these E3 ligases off the surface. This results in an increase of frizzled receptors on the hepatocyte surface, an increased sensitivity of hepatocytes to the available Wnt, and an increase in Wnt signaling in hepatocytes resulting in Wnt target gene expression and hepatocyte proliferation.
In preclinical studies, we demonstrated ‘043 selectively stimulates hepatocyte proliferation resulting in rapid improvement in liver function as evidenced by the reduction in key markers of liver injury and inflammation. We’ve also shown efficacy in chronic models of hepatocyte destruction and fibrosis.
As the pathophysiology of severe alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by an impairment of hepatocyte regeneration, we decided to go after this indication first, but we will also be exploring additional indications. We’re planning to file a US IND early next year, followed by a first in human study in healthy volunteers and patients with early cirrhosis, and a multiple ascending dose study in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. It is possible that we obtain fast-track designation, and because this is a disease with high mortality, likely only one phase 3 study will be required.
There are currently no drugs approved for severe alcoholic hepatitis, and the standard of care consists of steroids which are contraindicated in more than half of the patients.
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