| Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Terns Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Terns) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a portfolio of small-molecule single-agent and combination therapy candidates to address serious diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity and cancer. Terns was incorporated as an exempted company in the Cayman Islands in December 2016. In December 2020, the Company effected a de-registration of the Company in the Cayman Islands and a domestication in the State of Delaware (the "Domestication"), pursuant to which it became a Delaware corporation. Terns owns all of the share capital of Terns Pharmaceutical HongKong Limited (Terns Hong Kong) and Terns, Inc., a Delaware corporation (Terns U.S. Opco). Terns Hong Kong holds all of the share capital of Terns China Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (organized in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China (PRC)) (Terns China) and Terns (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (organized in Suzhou, PRC) (Terns Suzhou). Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and include the accounts of Terns and its wholly owned subsidiaries Terns U.S. Opco and Terns Hong Kong and its wholly owned subsidiaries Terns China and Terns Suzhou. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Initial Public Offering In February 2021, the Company completed an initial public offering (the “IPO”) of 8,625,000 shares of its common stock, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 1,125,000 additional shares of common stock, for net proceeds of $ 133.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, and its shares started trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol “TERN.” Upon closing of the IPO, all of the Company's outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock automatically converted into an aggregate of 16,079,230 shares of common stock. At-the-Market Offering In March 2022, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, as sales agent, pursuant to which the Company has the ability to offer and sell, from time to time, through Cowen, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 75.0 million in an at-the-market offering. The shares are offered pursuant to the Company's shelf registration statement on Form S-3 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. There were no sales of the Company's common stock pursuant to this agreement through March 31, 2022 . Certificate of Incorporation Prior to the IPO, the Company’s certificate of incorporation adopted in December 2020 in connection with the Domestication (the “December 2020 Charter”) authorized the Company to issue the following shares of capital stock: (i) 299,700,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 40,000,000 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock, (iii) 36,409,088 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock, and (iii) 111,619,996 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock. All classes of stock under the December 2020 Charter were authorized at a par value of $ 0.0001 . In February 2021, the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware became effective in connection with the closing of the IPO. Under the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. All classes of stock have a par value of $ 0.0001 . Reverse Stock Split In January 2021, the Company filed an amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effectuate a reverse split of shares of the Company’s common stock and convertible preferred stock on a 1-for-14 basis (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The par value and the number of authorized shares of the convertible preferred stock and common stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All issued and outstanding common stock, options to purchase common stock and per share amounts contained in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly evolving. The COVID-19 virus and new variants that emerge continue to impact countries worldwide, including the United States and China where the Company has business operations. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business, operations and development timelines and plans remains uncertain, and will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak and its impact on the Company’s development activities, planned clinical trial enrollment, future trial sites, contract research organizations (CROs), third-party manufacturers and other third parties with whom the Company conducts business, as well as its impact on regulatory authorities and the Company’s key scientific and management personnel. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. To the extent possible, the Company is conducting business as usual, with necessary or advisable modifications to employee travel and to the on-site and in-person activities of the Company's personnel. The Company will continue to actively monitor the rapidly evolving situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic and may take further actions that alter the Company’s operations, including those that may be required by federal, state or local authorities in the United States and China, or that the Company determines are in the best interest of its employees and other third parties with whom the Company conducts business. At this point, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may affect the Company’s business, operations and development timelines and plans, including the resulting impact on expenditures and capital needs, remains uncertain. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the estimates for accruals of research and development expenses, accrual of research contract costs, unrecognized tax benefits, fair value of common stock and stock option valuations. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and judgments, using historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Unaudited Interim Financial Information These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, to fairly state the financial position and the results of the Company’s operations and cash flows for interim periods in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Interim period results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations or cash flows for a full year or any subsequent interim period. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on March 7, 2022. There have been no significant changes to the Company's significant accounting policies described in Note 1, Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities Cash and cash equivalents consist of standard checking accounts and money market funds. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company classifies as available-for-sale marketable securities with a remaining maturity when purchased of greater than three months. The Company’s marketable securities are maintained by investment managers and consist of U.S. government and non-U.S. government securities, corporate debt securities, and commercial paper. Debt securities are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Any premium arising at purchase is amortized to the earliest call date and any discount arising at purchase is accreted to maturity. Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are recorded in interest income and/or expense. Realized gains and losses on debt securities are determined using the specific identification method and are included in other income (expense), net. If any adjustment to fair value reflects a decline in value of the investment, the Company considers all available evidence to evaluate the extent to which the decline is “other-than-temporary” and, if so, marks the investment to market through a charge to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value and amortized cost of marketable securities by major security type is as follows:
March 31, 2022
(in thousands) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value
Money market funds $ 28,649 $ — $ — $ 28,649
U.S. government securities 50,197 — ( 569 ) 49,628
Non-U.S. government securities 7,056 — ( 41 ) 7,015
Corporate debt securities 24,430 — ( 135 ) 24,295
Commercial paper 26,451 — — 26,451
Total $ 136,783 $ — $ ( 745 ) $ 136,038
Classified as:
Cash equivalents $ 28,649
Marketable securities 107,389
Total $ 136,038
December 31, 2021
(in thousands) Amortized Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value
Money market funds $ 33,239 $ — $ — $ 33,239
U.S. government securities 36,322 — ( 130 ) 36,192
Non-U.S. government securities 11,194 — ( 12 ) 11,182
Corporate debt securities 39,495 — ( 52 ) 39,443
Commercial paper 31,466 — — 31,466
Total $ 151,716 $ — $ ( 194 ) $ 151,522
Classified as:
Cash equivalents $ 33,239
Marketable securities 118,283
Total $ 151,522 Operating Leases and Rent Expense At the inception of a contractual arrangement, the Company determines whether the contract contains a lease by assessing whether there is an identified asset and whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset in exchange for consideration over a period of time. If both criteria are met, upon lease commencement, the Company records a lease liability which represents the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease, and a corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset which represents the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized on the balance sheet at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. In determining the net present value of the lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate applicable to the underlying asset unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. Any lease incentives received are deferred and recorded as a reduction of the ROU asset and amortized over the term of the lease. The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components and instead treats them as a single component. Rent expense, comprised of amortization of the ROU asset and the implicit interest accreted on the operating lease liability, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company determines the lease term as the noncancellable period of the lease and may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. The Company elected to not apply the recognition requirements of the new leasing standard to short term leases with terms of 12 months or less. As a result, leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet. Classification of Convertible Preferred Stock The holders of Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock, which were outstanding prior to the IPO, had certain liquidation rights in the event of a deemed liquidation that, in certain situations, were not solely within the control of the Company and would call for the redemption of the then outstanding convertible preferred stock. Therefore, the Series A, Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock were classified outside of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. In February 2021, upon the completion of the IPO, all the outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock converted into common stock and the Company does not have any shares of preferred stock outstanding. Research and Development Expenses Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred to discover, research and develop drug candidates, including personnel expenses, stock-based compensation expense, allocated facility-related and depreciation expenses, third-party license fees and external costs, including fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations, or CROs, in connection with nonclinical studies and clinical trials and other related clinical trial fees, such as for investigator grants, patient screening, laboratory work, clinical trial database management, clinical trial material management and statistical compilation and analysis. Non-refundable prepayments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered. Costs incurred in obtaining technology licenses are charged immediately to research and development expense if the technology licensed has not reached technological feasibility and has no alternative future uses. The Company has from time to time entered into various research and development and other agreements with commercial firms, researchers, universities and others for provisions of goods and services. These agreements are generally cancelable, and the related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research and development costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies or clinical trials, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from the Company’s estimates. Since inception, the Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities included the following:
(in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Research and development costs $ 1,883 $ 1,570
Compensation and benefit costs 679 2,403
Accrued professional fees 1,070 363
Other 271 358
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 3,903 $ 4,694 Income Taxes The provision for income taxes primarily relates to projected federal, state, and foreign income taxes. To determine the quarterly provision for income taxes, the Company uses an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is generally based on expected annual income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates. In addition, the tax effects of certain significant or unusual items are recognized discretely in the quarter during which they occur and can be a source of variability in the effective tax rates from quarter to quarter. Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s financial statements. In estimating future tax consequences, the Company considers all expected future events including the enactment of changes in tax laws or rates. A valuation allowance is recorded, if necessary, to reduce net deferred tax assets to their realizable values if management does not believe it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the amount of the valuation allowance. When the Company establishes or reduces the valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets, its provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made. The Company assesses accounting for uncertainty in income taxes by modeling for the recognition, measurement and disclosure in financial statements any uncertain income tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. As of each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions are reassessed. The Company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the total amount of gross interest accrued and penalties was nominal. The Company recorded income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 of less than $0.1 million. The expenses are primarily related to foreign income tax expenses from China. Common Stock Valuation Due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to the completion of the IPO in February 2021, the Company utilized methodologies to estimate the fair value of its common stock. In determining the fair value of options granted prior to the IPO, the Company has considered the estimated fair value of the common stock as of the measurement date. The estimated fair value of the common stock prior to the IPO was determined at each grant date based upon a variety of factors, including: • the prices at which the Company sold shares of convertible preferred stock and the superior rights and preferences of the convertible preferred stock relative to its common stock at the time of each grant; • the progress of the Company’s research and development programs, including the status and results of clinical and nonclinical studies for its drugs; • the Company’s stage of development and commercialization and its business strategy; • external market conditions affecting the biotechnology industry and trends within the biotechnology industry; • the Company’s financial position, including cash on hand, and its historical and forecasted performance and operating results; • the lack of an active public market for the Company’s common stock and convertible preferred stock; • the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO or sale of the Company in light of prevailing market conditions; and • the analysis of IPOs and the market performance of similar companies in the biotechnology industry. Significant changes to the key assumptions underlying the factors used could have resulted in different fair values of common stock at each valuation date. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense, including grants of stock options and restricted stock awards issued under the Company’s equity incentive plan and rights to acquire stock granted under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (ESPP) , is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the awards and is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company’s determination of the fair value of stock options with time-based vesting and rights to acquire stock under the ESPP utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company lacks sufficient company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies and expects to continue to do so until such time as it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own traded stock price. The Company estimates risk-free rates using the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term and dividend yield using the Company’s expectations and historical data. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate the expected term of stock option grants. Under the simplified method, the expected term is estimated to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the contractual term of the option. The fair value of each stock option grant and right to acquire stock under the ESPP is calculated based upon the Company’s common stock valuation on the date of the grant. The Company accounts for forfeitures of stock option grants as they occur. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock The Company follows the two-class method when computing net income (loss) per share of common stock as the Company has issued shares that meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net income (loss) per share of common stock for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. Basic net income (loss) per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net income (loss) per share of common stock by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock is computed by adjusting net income (loss) to reallocate undistributed earnings based on the potential impact of dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing the diluted net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive shares. For purposes of this calculation, outstanding stock options and convertible preferred stock are considered potential dilutive shares. The Company’s convertible preferred stock outstanding prior to the IPO contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but did not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in losses of the Company. Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reported a net loss, such losses were not allocated to such securities. In periods in which the Company reported a net loss, diluted net loss per share of common stock was the same as basic net loss per share of common stock, since dilutive shares were not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company reported a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company excluded the following potential shares of common stock, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per share of common stock for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:
March 31,
2022 2021
Options to purchase common stock 4,308,952 2,544,778
Unvested shares of restricted stock units 74,830 —
Restricted common stock — 71,429
Shares issuable under employee stock purchase plan 59,247 —
Total 4,443,029 2,616,207 Deferred Offering Costs The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs are recorded as a reduction to the carrying value of stockholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital or equity generated as a result of such offering. Should an in-process equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs will be expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Commitments and Contingencies From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made, and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. For all periods presented, the Company was not a party to any pending material litigation or other material legal proceedings. Recent Accounting Pronouncements From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies. The Company is an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (JOBS Act). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies have extended transition periods available for complying with new or revised accounting standards. The Company has elected to use this exemption to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Where allowable, the Company has early adopted certain standards as described below. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less may be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. For non-public entities, ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, and early adoption is permitted. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies have extended transition periods available for complying with new or revised accounting standards. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2022 using the effective date as the date of initial application. Consequently, prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historical accounting policies under ASC 840: Leases (Topic 840). The Company elected the package of practical expedients under which the Company has not reassessed prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. Additionally, the Company made a policy election that does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities related to leases with a term of 12 months or less. The Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components and instead treat them as a single component. The pattern of recognition for operating leases within the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss has not significantly changed. Upon adoption, the Company recognized operating liabilities of $ 1.7 million, with corresponding ROU assets of $ 1.5 million based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases. The Company’s current operating lease portfolio is primarily comprised of property leases. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. For non-public entities, ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies have extended transition periods available for complying with new or revised accounting standards. The Company has elected to use this exemption to delay adopting ASU 2016-13. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. |
