Investments | Investments Our investments in fixed maturity securities have been designated as AFS and are carried at fair value, net of allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses included within AOCI, net of deferred income taxes. Our preferred and equity securities investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in net earnings. The Company’s consolidated investments are summarized as follows (in millions): December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 15,777 $ (13) $ 202 $ (317) $ 15,649 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,327 (49) 53 (200) 5,131 Corporates 23,177 — 103 (2,802) 20,478 Hybrids 604 — 6 (29) 581 Municipals 1,592 — 3 (249) 1,346 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,861 — 32 (105) 2,788 U.S. Government 160 — 1 (3) 158 Foreign Governments 231 — — (45) 186 Total AFS securities $ 49,729 $ (62) $ 400 $ (3,750) $ 46,317 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 14,623 $ (11) $ 191 $ (469) $ 14,334 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,732 (22) 23 (323) 4,410 Corporates 18,780 — 178 (2,379) 16,579 Hybrids 668 — 3 (53) 618 Municipals 1,776 — 14 (223) 1,567 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,501 (2) 29 (104) 2,424 U.S. Government 258 — 4 (1) 261 Foreign Governments 263 — 2 (39) 226 Total AFS securities $ 43,601 $ (35) $ 444 $ (3,591) $ 40,419 Securities held on deposit with various state regulatory authorities had a fair value of $866 million at December 31, 2024 and was immaterial at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held $32 million and $47 million, respectively, of investments that were non-income producing for a period greater than twelve months. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's accrued interest receivable balance, excluding accrued interest receivable balances related to mortgage loans discussed below under “ Mortgage Loans, ” was $ 465 million 438 million In accordance with our FHLB agreements, the investments supporting the funding agreement liabilities are pledged as collateral to secure the FHLB funding agreement liabilities and are not available to us for general purposes. The collateral investments had a fair value of $4,289 million and $4,345 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturities, as applicable, are shown below (in millions). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost Fair Value Corporates, Non-structured Hybrids, Municipal, Foreign and U.S. Government Securities: Due in one year or less $ 525 $ 524 Due after one year through five years 3,634 3,589 Due after five years through ten years 4,930 4,756 Due after ten years 16,675 13,880 Subtotal 25,764 22,749 Other securities, which provide for periodic payments: Asset-backed securities 15,777 15,649 Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,327 5,131 Residential mortgage-backed securities 2,861 2,788 Subtotal 23,965 23,568 Total fixed maturity AFS securities $ 49,729 $ 46,317 Allowance for Current Expected Credit Loss We regularly review AFS securities for declines in fair value that we determine to be credit related. For our fixed maturity securities, we generally consider the following in determining whether our unrealized losses are credit related, and if so, the magnitude of the credit loss: • The extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; • The reasons for the decline in value (credit event, currency or interest-rate related, including general credit spread widening); • The financial condition of and near-term prospects of the issuer (including issuer's current credit rating and the probability of full recovery of principal based upon the issuer's financial strength); • Current delinquencies and non-performing assets of underlying collateral; • Expected future default rates; • Collateral value by vintage, geographic region, industry concentration or property type; • Subordination levels or other credit enhancements as of the balance sheet date as compared to origination; and • Contractual and regulatory cash obligations and the issuer's plans to meet such obligations. We recognize an allowance for current expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position when it is determined, using the factors discussed above, a component of the unrealized loss is related to credit. We measure the credit loss using a discounted cash flow model that utilizes the single best estimate cash flow and the recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security (i.e., the fair value floor). Cash flows are discounted using the implicit yield of bonds at their time of purchase and the current book yield for asset and mortgage backed securities as well as variable rate securities. We recognize the expected credit losses in Recognized gains and (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, with an offset for the amount of non-credit impairments recognized in AOCI. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued investment income because we write-off accrued interest through Interest and investment income when collectability concerns arise. We consider the following in determining whether write-offs of a security’s amortized cost are necessary: • We believe amounts related to securities have become uncollectible; • We intend to sell a security; or • It is more likely than not that we will be required to sell a security prior to recovery. If we intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis and the fair value of the security is below amortized cost, we will write down the security to current fair value, with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. If we do not intend to sell a fixed maturity security or it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell a fixed maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost basis but believe amounts related to a security are uncollectible, an impairment is deemed to have occurred and the amortized cost is written down to the estimated recovery value with a corresponding charge, net of any amount previously recognized as an allowance for expected credit loss, to Recognized gains and (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The remainder of unrealized loss is held in AOCI in the Consolidated Statements of Equity. The activity in the allowance for expected credit losses of AFS securities aggregated by investment category was as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (11) $ (2) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (13) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (22) (8) (19) — — — — (49) Residential mortgage-backed securities (2) — 2 — — — — — Total AFS securities $ (35) $ (10) $ (17) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (62) Year ended December 31, 2023 Additions Reductions Balance at Beginning of Period For credit losses on securities for which losses were not previously recorded (Additions) reductions in allowance recorded on previously impaired securities For securities sold during the period For securities intended/required to be sold prior to recovery of amortized cost basis Write offs charged against the allowance Recoveries of amounts previously written off Balance at End of Period AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ (8) $ (18) $ 15 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (11) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (1) (22) 1 — — — — (22) Corporates (15) — — 15 — — — — Residential mortgage-backed securities (7) (7) 12 — — — — (2) Total AFS securities $ (31) $ (47) $ 28 $ 15 $ — $ — $ — $ (35) There were no purchases of purchased credit deteriorated AFS securities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The fair value and gross unrealized losses of AFS securities, excluding securities in an unrealized loss position with an allowance for expected credit loss, aggregated by investment category and duration of fair value below amortized cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2024 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 1,164 $ (30) $ 2,637 $ (276) $ 3,801 $ (306) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 699 (10) 1,508 (175) 2,207 (185) Corporates 6,524 (202) 9,234 (2,600) 15,758 (2,802) Hybrids 105 (4) 380 (25) 485 (29) Municipals 261 (12) 966 (237) 1,227 (249) Residential mortgage-backed securities 898 (16) 459 (89) 1,357 (105) U.S. Government 93 (2) 10 (1) 103 (3) Foreign Government 51 (1) 128 (44) 179 (45) Total AFS securities $ 9,795 $ (277) $ 15,322 $ (3,447) $ 25,117 $ (3,724) Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 1,838 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 2,113 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position 3,951 December 31, 2023 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses AFS securities Asset-backed securities $ 1,707 $ (56) $ 5,835 $ (404) $ 7,542 $ (460) Commercial mortgage-backed securities 798 (53) 1,916 (234) 2,714 (287) Corporates 2,273 (128) 9,779 (2,251) 12,052 (2,379) Hybrids 60 (2) 483 (51) 543 (53) Municipals 392 (48) 884 (174) 1,276 (222) Residential mortgage-backed securities 334 (5) 660 (89) 994 (94) U.S. Government 5 — 9 (1) 14 (1) Foreign Government 25 (1) 145 (38) 170 (39) Total AFS securities $ 5,594 $ (293) $ 19,711 $ (3,242) $ 25,305 $ (3,535) Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position less than twelve months 927 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position twelve months or longer 2,602 Total number of AFS securities in an unrealized loss position 3,529 We determined the unrealized losses were caused by higher treasury rates compared to those at the time of the FNF acquisition or the purchase of the security if later. For securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024, our allowance for expected credit loss was $62 million. We believe the unrealized loss position for which we have not recorded an allowance for expected credit loss as of December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to interest rate increases, near-term illiquidity, and other macroeconomic uncertainties as opposed to issuer specific credit concerns. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial and residential properties. Commercial Mortgage Loans Commercial mortgage loans (“CMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The mortgage loans in our investment portfolio, are generally comprised of high quality commercial first lien and mezzanine real estate loans. Mortgage loans are primarily on income producing properties including industrial properties, retail buildings, multifamily properties and office buildings. We diversify our CML portfolio by geographic region and property type to attempt to reduce concentration risk. We continuously evaluate CMLs based on relevant current information to ensure properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt. The distribution of CMLs, gross of valuation allowances, by property type and geographic region is reflected in the following tables (dollars in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Gross Carrying Value % of Total Gross Carrying Value % of Total Property Type: Hotel $ 17 1 % $ 18 1 % Industrial 657 24 616 24 Mixed Use 11 — 11 — Multifamily 1,006 37 1,012 40 Office 349 13 316 13 Retail 98 4 102 4 Student Housing 83 3 83 3 Other 501 18 392 15 Total CMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,722 100 % 2,550 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (17) (12) Total CMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,705 $ 2,538 U.S. Region: East North Central $ 98 4 % $ 151 6 % East South Central 75 3 75 3 Middle Atlantic 354 13 354 14 Mountain 409 15 352 14 New England 164 6 168 6 Pacific 706 26 766 30 South Atlantic 683 25 563 22 West North Central 62 2 4 — West South Central 171 6 117 5 Total CMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,722 100 % 2,550 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (17) (12) Total CMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,705 $ 2,538 CMLs segregated by aging of the loans and charge offs (by year of origination), gross of valuation allowances, were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions): December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 273 $ 227 $ 290 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 201 $ 2,713 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — 9 9 Total CMLs $ 273 $ 227 $ 290 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 210 $ 2,722 Charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 30-89 days past due — — — — — — — 90 days or more past due — — — — — — — Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 Charge offs $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3 $ 3 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million at December 31, 2023. LTV and DSC ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.00 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. We normalize our DSC ratios to a 25-year amortization period for purposes of our general loan allowance evaluation. The following tables present the recorded investment in CMLs by LTV and DSC ratio categories and estimated fair value by the indicated loan-to-value ratios, gross of valuation allowances at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions) : Debt-Service Coverage Ratios Total Amount % of Total Estimated Fair Value % of Total >1.25 1.00 - 1.25 <1.00 December 31, 2024 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 490 $ 34 $ — $ 524 19 % $ 501 21 % 50.00% to 59.99% 803 112 12 927 34 826 34 60.00% to 74.99% 1,238 16 — 1,254 46 1,060 44 75.00% to 84.99% 4 4 9 17 1 17 1 CMLs $ 2,535 $ 166 $ 21 $ 2,722 100 % $ 2,404 100 % December 31, 2023 LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 519 $ 4 $ 10 $ 533 21 % $ 510 23 % 50.00% to 59.99% 764 — — 764 30 679 30 60.00% to 74.99% 1,160 56 — 1,216 48 1,028 46 75.00% to 84.99% — 6 9 15 1 14 1 CMLs (a) $ 2,443 $ 66 $ 19 $ 2,528 100 % $ 2,231 100 % (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $22 million at December 31, 2023. December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 66 $ 99 $ 19 $ 74 $ 189 $ 77 $ 524 50.00% to 59.99% 112 53 149 321 159 133 927 60.00% to 74.99% 91 71 113 858 121 — 1,254 75.00% to 84.99% 4 4 9 — — — 17 Total CMLs $ 273 $ 227 $ 290 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 210 2,722 DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 140 $ 215 $ 278 $ 1,241 $ 469 $ 192 $ 2,535 1.00x - 1.25x 133 12 3 — — 18 166 Less than 1.00x — — 9 12 — — 21 Total CMLs $ 273 $ 227 $ 290 $ 1,253 $ 469 $ 210 $ 2,722 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total LTV Ratios: Less than 50.00% $ 85 $ 17 $ 77 $ 232 $ — $ 122 $ 533 50.00% to 59.99% 53 149 267 158 — 137 764 60.00% to 74.99% 69 113 912 122 — — 1,216 75.00% to 84.99% 6 9 — — — — 15 Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 DSCR Greater than 1.25x $ 154 $ 276 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 245 $ 2,443 1.00x - 1.25x 59 3 — — — 4 66 Less than 1.00x — 9 — — — 10 19 Total CMLs (a) $ 213 $ 288 $ 1,256 $ 512 $ — $ 259 $ 2,528 (a) Excludes loans under development with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $ 22 million at December 31, 2023. We recognize a mortgage loan as delinquent when payments on the loan are greater than 30 days past due. At December 31, 2024, we had one CML that was delinquent in principal or interest payments compared to none at December 31, 2023 as shown in the tables above. Residential Mortgage Loans Residential mortgage loans (“RMLs”) represented approximately 5% of our total investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our RMLs are closed end, amortizing loans and 100% of the properties are located in the United States. We diversify our RML portfolio by state to attempt to reduce concentration risk. The distribution of RMLs by state with highest-to-lowest concentration are reflected in the following tables, gross of valuation allowances (dollars in millions): December 31, 2024 U.S. States: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 164 5 % All other states (a) 3,110 95 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 3,274 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (53) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 3,221 (a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of December 31, 2024. December 31, 2023 U.S. States: Amortized Cost % of Total Florida $ 163 6 % New York 129 5 Texas 129 5 All other states (a) 2,431 84 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 2,852 100 % Allowance for expected credit loss (54) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 2,798 (a) The individual concentration of each state is less than 5% as of December 31, 2023. RMLs have a primary credit quality indicator of either a performing or non-performing loan. We define non-performing residential mortgage loans as those that are 90 or more days past due or in non-accrual status, which is assessed monthly. The credit quality of RMLs was as follows (dollars in millions): December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 Performance indicators: Amortized Cost % of Total Amortized Cost % of Total Performing $ 3,188 97 % $ 2,795 98 % Non-performing 86 3 57 2 Total RMLs, gross of valuation allowance 3,274 100 % 2,852 100 % Allowance for expected loan loss (53) (54) Total RMLs, net of valuation allowance $ 3,221 $ 2,798 There were no charge offs recorded for RMLs during the year ended December 31, 2024. RMLs segregated by aging of the loans (by year of origination) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows, gross of valuation allowances (in millions): December 31, 2024 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 610 $ 368 $ 911 $ 805 $ 162 $ 312 $ 3,168 30-89 days past due 1 6 4 6 1 3 21 90 days or more past due 3 2 13 29 13 25 85 Total RML mortgages $ 614 $ 376 $ 928 $ 840 $ 176 $ 340 $ 3,274 December 31, 2023 Amortized Cost by Origination Year 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Prior Total Current (less than 30 days past due) $ 373 $ 985 $ 854 $ 192 $ 183 $ 192 $ 2,779 30-89 days past due — 4 7 3 — 2 16 90 days or more past due — 6 16 13 21 1 57 Total RML mortgages $ 373 $ 995 $ 877 $ 208 $ 204 $ 195 $ 2,852 Non-accrual loans by amortized cost as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows (in millions): December 31, 2024 2023 Residential mortgage $ 85 $ 57 Commercial mortgage 9 — Total non-accrual mortgages $ 94 $ 57 Immaterial interest income was recognized on non-accrual financing receivables for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. It is our policy to cease to accrue interest on loans that are delinquent for 90 days or more. For loans less than 90 days delinquent, interest is accrued unless it is determined that the accrued interest is not collectible. If a loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent, it is our general policy to initiate foreclosure proceedings unless a workout arrangement to bring the loan current is in place. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $94 million and $57 million, respectively, of mortgage loans that were over 90 days past due. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $81 million and $41 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure. Loan Modifications Under certain circumstances, modifications are granted to mortgage loans. Generally, the types of concessions may include interest rate reduction, term extension, payment deferrals, principal forgiveness or a combination of these concessions. We had an immaterial amount of mortgage loans modified during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Allowance for Expected Credit Loss We estimate expected credit losses for our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios using a probability of default/loss given default model. Significant inputs to this model include, where applicable, the loans' current performance, underlying collateral type, location, contractual life, LTV, DSC and Debt to Income or FICO. The model projects losses using a two year reasonable and supportable forecast and then reverts over a three year period to market-wide historical loss experience. Changes in our allowance for expected credit losses on mortgage loans are recognized in Recognized gains and losses, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The allowances for our mortgage loan portfolio are summarized as follows (in millions): Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 Residential Commercial Total Residential Commercial Total Beginning Balance $ (54) $ (12) $ (66) $ (32) $ (10) $ (42) Provision (expense) benefit for loan losses 1 (5) (4) (22) (5) (27) Loans charged off — — — — 3 3 Ending Balance $ (53) $ (17) $ (70) $ (54) $ (12) $ (66) An allowance for expected credit loss is not measured on accrued interest income for commercial mortgage loans as we have a process to write-off interest on loans that enter into non-accrual status (90 days or more past due). Allowances for expected credit losses are measured on accrued interest income for residential mortgage loans and were immaterial as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. There were no purchases of purchased credit deteriorated mortgage loans during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the accrued interest receivable balance on CMLs totaled $8 million and $7 million, respectively, and the accrued interest receivable on RMLs totaled $28 million and $24 million, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is classified within Prepaid expenses and other assets within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest and Investment Income The major sources of Interest and investment income reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $ 2,181 $ 1,843 $ 1,431 Equity securities 21 20 17 Preferred securities 23 41 49 Mortgage loans 273 229 186 Invested cash and short-term investments 161 76 33 Limited partnerships 323 229 110 Other investments 32 27 20 Gross investment income 3,014 2,465 1,846 Investment expense (295) (254) (191) Interest and investment income $ 2,719 $ 2,211 $ 1,655 Interest and investment income is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which is passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Interest and investment income attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $636 million, $339 million and $109 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Recognized Gains and (Losses), Net Details underlying Recognized gains and losses, net reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net realized (losses) gains on fixed maturity available-for-sale securities $ (8) $ (155) $ (241) Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities (a) 11 18 (40) Net realized/unrealized (losses) gains on preferred securities (b) 6 2 (167) Realized (losses) gains on other invested assets 67 24 (13) Change in allowance for expected credit losses (34) (37) (34) Derivatives and embedded derivatives: Realized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments 254 (211) (164) Unrealized (losses) gains on certain derivative instruments (184) 358 (693) Change in fair value of reinsurance related embedded derivatives (32) (128) 352 Change in fair value of other derivatives and embedded derivatives 4 5 (10) Realized (losses) gains on derivatives and embedded derivatives 42 24 (515) Recognized gains and losses, net $ 84 $ (124) $ (1,010) (a) Includes net valuation (losses) gains of $12 million, $18 million, and $(40) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (b) Includes net valuation (losses) gains of $6 million, $73 million, and $(159) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Recognized gains and (losses), net is shown net of amounts attributable to certain funds withheld reinsurance agreements which are passed along to the reinsurer in accordance with the terms of these agreements. Recognized gains and (losses) attributable to these agreements, and thus excluded from the totals in the table above, was $(30) million, $(123) million and $381 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The proceeds from the sale of fixed-maturity securities and the gross gains and losses associated with those transactions were as follows (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Proceeds $ 4,368 $ 2,590 $ 3,097 Gross gains 44 8 13 Gross losses (80) (134) (239) Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities We own investments in VIEs that are not consolidated within our financial statements. A VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its own activities without additional financial support, where investors lack certain characteristics of a controlling financial interest, or where the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. VIEs are consolidated by their ‘primary beneficiary,’ a designation given to an entity that receives both the benefits from the VIE as well as the substantive power to make its key economic decisions. While we participate in the benefits from VIEs in which we invest, but do not consolidate, the substantive power to make the key economic decisions for each respective VIE resides with entities not under our common control. It is for this reason that we are not considered the primary beneficiary for the VIE investments that are not consolidated. We invest in various limited partnerships and limited liability companies primarily as a passive investor. These investments are primarily in credit funds with a bias towards current income, real assets, or private equity. Limited partnership and limited liability company interests are accounted for under the equity method and are included in Investments in unconsolidated affiliates on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we invest in structured investments, which may be VIEs, but for which we are not the primary beneficiary. These structured investments typically invest in fixed income investments and are managed by third parties and include asset-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities available for sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our maximum loss exposure with respect to these VIEs is limited to the investment carrying amounts reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets for limited partnerships and the amortized costs of certain of our fixed maturity securities, in addition to any required unfunded commitments (also refer to Note N - Commitments and Contingencies ). The following table summarizes the carrying value and the maximum loss exposure of our unconsolidated VIEs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions): December 31, 2024 2023 Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Carrying Value Maximum Loss Exposure Investment in unconsolidated affiliates $ 3,565 $ 4,703 $ 3,071 $ 4,806 Fixed maturity securities 23,242 24,242 20,837 22,346 Total unconsolidated VIE investments $ 26,807 $ 28,945 $ 23,908 $ 27,152 Concentrations Our underlying investment concentrations that exceed 10% of shareholders equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in millions): December 31, 2024 2023 Blackstone Wave Asset Holdco (a) $ 710 $ 725 Blackstone Cooper Asset Holdco (a) 472 — Elba (b) (c) — 463 COLI (c) — 324 (a) Represents a special purpose vehicle that holds investments in numerous limited partnership investments whose underlying investments are further diversified by holding interest in multiple individual investments and industries. (b) Represents special purpose vehicles that hold an underlying minority ownership interest in a single operating liquified natural gas export facility. (c) Investments did not exceed 10% of shareholder’s equity as of December 31, 2024. |