Merck & Co. (MRK) 10-K 24 Feb 23 2022 FY Annual report Financial data

Cover Page

Cover Page - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Jan. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-6571
Entity Registrant Name	Merck & Co., Inc.
Entity Address, Address Line One	126 East Lincoln Avenue
Entity Address, City or Town	Rahway
Entity Address, State or Province	NJ
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	07065
City Area Code	908
Local Phone Number	740-4000
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	NJ
Entity Tax Identification Number	22-1918501
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock ($0.50 par value)
Trading Symbol	MRK
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		2,538,592,467
Entity Public Float			$ 230,820,000,000
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Central Index Key	0000310158
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 23, 2023, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year covered by this report
0.500% Notes due 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	0.500% Notes due 2024
Trading Symbol	MRK 24
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
1.875% Notes due 2026
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.875% Notes due 2026
Trading Symbol	MRK/26
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
2.500% Notes due 2034
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	2.500% Notes due 2034
Trading Symbol	MRK/34
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
1.375% Notes due 2036
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	1.375% Notes due 2036
Trading Symbol	MRK 36A
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

Audit Information

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Name	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Auditor Location	Florham Park, New Jersey
Auditor Firm ID	238

Consolidated Statement of Incom

Consolidated Statement of Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales	17,411	13,626	13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042	9,634	8,955
Research and development	13,548	12,245	13,397
Restructuring costs	337	661	575
Other (income) expense, net	1,501	(1,341)	(890)
Total costs, expenses and other	42,839	34,825	35,655
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	16,444	13,879	5,863
Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations	1,918	1,521	1,340
Net Income from Continuing Operations	14,526	12,358	4,523
Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	7	13	4
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	14,519	12,345	4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	0	704	2,548
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	$ 5.73	$ 4.88	$ 1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.01
Net Income (in dollars per share)	5.73	5.16	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	5.71	4.86	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1
Net Income (in dollars per share)	$ 5.71	$ 5.14	$ 2.78

Consolidated Statement of Compr

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Net of Taxes:
Net unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives, net of reclassifications	(71)	410	(297)
Net unrealized loss on investments, net of reclassifications	0	0	(18)
Benefit plan net gain (loss) and prior service credit (cost), net of amortization	335	1,769	(279)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(603)	(423)	153
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)	1,756	(441)
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,180	$ 14,805	$ 6,626

Consolidated Balance Sheet

Consolidated Balance Sheet - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 12,694	$ 8,096
Short-term investments	498	0
Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $72 in 2022 and $62 in 2021)	9,450	9,230
Inventories (excludes inventories of $2,938 in 2022 and $2,194 in 2021 classified in Other assets - see Note 8)	5,911	5,953
Other current assets	7,169	6,987
Total current assets	35,722	30,266
Investments	1,015	370
Property, Plant and Equipment (at cost)
Land	295	326
Buildings	13,166	12,529
Machinery, equipment and office furnishings	16,760	16,303
Construction in progress	9,186	8,313
Property, plant and equipment (at cost)	39,407	37,471
Less: accumulated depreciation	17,985	18,192
Property, plant and equipment, net	21,422	19,279
Goodwill	21,204	21,264
Other Intangibles, Net	20,269	22,933
Other Assets	9,528	11,582
Total Assets	109,160	105,694
Current Liabilities
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	1,946	2,412
Trade accounts payable	4,264	4,609
Accrued and other current liabilities	14,159	13,859
Income taxes payable	1,986	1,224
Dividends payable	1,884	1,768
Total current liabilities	24,239	23,872
Long-Term Debt	28,745	30,690
Deferred Income Taxes	1,795	3,441
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	8,323	9,434
Merck & Co., Inc. Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.50 par value Authorized - 6,500,000,000 shares Issued - 3,577,103,522 shares in 2022 and 2021	1,788	1,788
Other paid-in capital	44,379	44,238
Retained earnings	61,081	53,696
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(4,768)	(4,429)
Stockholders' equity before deduction for treasury stock	102,480	95,293
Less treasury stock, at cost: 1,039,269,638 shares in 2022 and 1,049,499,023 shares in 2021	56,489	57,109
Total Merck & Co., Inc. stockholders’ equity	45,991	38,184
Noncontrolling Interests	67	73
Total equity	46,058	38,257
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 109,160	$ 105,694

Consolidated Balance Sheet (Par

Consolidated Balance Sheet (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 72	$ 62
Inventory classified in Other assets	$ 2,938	$ 2,194
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.50
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	6,500,000,000	6,500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	3,577,103,522	3,577,103,522
Treasury stock, shares (in shares)	1,039,269,638	1,049,499,023

Consolidated Statement of Equit

Consolidated Statement of Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Common Stock	Other Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Treasury Stock	Non- controlling Interests
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 26,001	$ 1,788	$ 39,660	$ 46,602	$ (6,193)	$ (55,950)	$ 94
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	7,067			7,067
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(441)				(441)
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(6,307)			(6,307)
Treasury stock shares purchased	(1,281)					(1,281)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	15						15
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(22)						(22)
Share-based compensation plans and other	372		(72)			444
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2020	25,404	1,788	39,588	47,362	(6,634)	(56,787)	87
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	13,049			13,049
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	1,756				1,756
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(6,715)			(6,715)
Treasury stock shares purchased	(840)					(840)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	5,091		4,643		449		(1)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	16						16
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(29)						(29)
Share-based compensation plans and other	525		7			518
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	38,257	1,788	44,238	53,696	(4,429)	(57,109)	73
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	14,519			14,519
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)				(339)
Cash dividends declared on common stock	(7,134)			(7,134)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.					449
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests	7						7
Distributions attributable to noncontrolling interests	(13)						(13)
Share-based compensation plans and other	761		141			620
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 46,058	$ 1,788	$ 44,379	$ 61,081	$ (4,768)	$ (56,489)	$ 67

Consolidated Statement of Equ_2

Consolidated Statement of Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 2.80	$ 2.64	$ 2.48

Consolidated Statement of Cash

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities of Continuing Operations
Net income from continuing operations	$ 14,526	$ 12,358	$ 4,523
Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Amortization	2,085	1,636	1,817
Depreciation	1,824	1,578	1,669
Intangible asset impairment charges	1,749	302	1,718
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net	1,419	(1,940)	(1,338)
Charge for the acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc.	0	1,556	0
Charge for the acquisition of VelosBio Inc.	0	0	2,660
Deferred income taxes	(1,568)	187	(566)
Share-based compensation	541	479	441
Other	1,301	805	1,294
Net changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(644)	(2,033)	(1,002)
Inventories	(161)	(674)	(895)
Trade accounts payable	(289)	405	684
Accrued and other current liabilities	(50)	277	(1,152)
Income taxes payable	380	(540)	814
Noncurrent liabilities	(545)	484	(617)
Other	(1,473)	(1,758)	(2,433)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities of Continuing Operations	19,095	13,122	7,617
Cash Flows from Investing Activities of Continuing Operations
Capital expenditures	(4,388)	(4,448)	(4,429)
Purchase of Seagen Inc. common stock	0	0	(1,000)
Purchases of securities and other investments	(1,204)	(1)	(95)
Proceeds from sales of securities and other investments	721	1,026	2,812
Acquisition of Acceleron Pharma Inc., net of cash acquired	0	(11,174)	0
Acquisition of Pandion Therapeutics, Inc., net of cash acquired	0	(1,554)	0
Acquisition of VelosBio Inc., net of cash acquired	0	0	(2,696)
Acquisition of ArQule, Inc., net of cash acquired	0	0	(2,545)
Other acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(121)	(179)	(1,365)
Other	32	(91)	125
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities of Continuing Operations	(4,960)	(16,421)	(9,193)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities of Continuing Operations
Net change in short-term borrowings	0	(3,986)	2,549
Payments on debt	(2,251)	(2,319)	(1,957)
Proceeds from issuance of debt	0	7,936	4,419
Distribution from Organon & Co.	0	9,000	0
Purchases of treasury stock	0	(840)	(1,281)
Dividends paid to stockholders	(7,012)	(6,610)	(6,215)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	384	202	89
Other	(240)	(286)	(436)
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities of Continuing Operations	(9,119)	3,097	(2,832)
Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations
Net cash provided by operating activities	0	987	2,636
Net cash used in investing activities	0	(134)	(250)
Net cash used in financing activities	0	(504)	0
Net Cash Flows Provided by Discontinued Operations	0	349	2,386
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	(410)	(133)	253
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	4,606	14	(1,769)
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Year (includes $71, $103 and $258 of restricted cash at January 1, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	8,167	8,153	9,934
Less: Cash and cash equivalents related to discontinued operations	0	0	12
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of Year (includes $79, $71 and $103 of restricted cash at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 included in Other current assets)	$ 12,773	$ 8,167	$ 8,153

Consolidated Statement of Cas_2

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Restricted cash	$ 79	$ 71	$ 103	$ 258

Nature of Operations

Nature of Operations	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Nature of Operations	Nature of Operations Merck & Co., Inc. (Merck or the Company) is a global health care company that delivers innovative health solutions through its prescription medicines, including biologic therapies, vaccines and animal health products. The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners. Spin-Off of Organon & Co. On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of products from its women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses into a new, independent, publicly traded company named Organon & Co. (Organon) through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax-free to the Company and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The established brands included in the transaction consisted of dermatology, non-opioid pain management, respiratory, select cardiovascular products, as well as the rest of Merck’s diversified brands franchise. Merck’s existing research pipeline programs continue to be owned and developed within Merck as planned. The historical results of the businesses that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated financial statements through the date of the spin-off (see Note 3).

Summary of Accounting Policies

Summary of Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Accounting Policies	Summary of Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity basis. Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of assets rather than a business combination and, therefore, no goodwill will be recorded. In an asset acquisition, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) with no alternative future use is charged to expense and contingent consideration is not recognized at the acquisition date. Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( AOCL ) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net . Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months. Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product within the regulatory approval process. Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI . The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI . Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net . Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net . Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net . Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net . Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation. The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation , Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile . This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. Some customers have bill-and-hold arrangements with the Company. Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized when control transfers to the customer even though the customer does not yet have physical possession of the goods. Control transfers when the bill-and-hold arrangement has been requested by the customer, the product is identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for physical transfer, the product cannot be directed for use by anyone but the customer and, in certain circumstances, the customer has inspected and accepted the product at the Company’s facility. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material. The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts. In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material. The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $12.3 billion in 2022, $12.3 billion in 2021 and $11.4 billion in 2020. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale. The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda , have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms. See Note 19 for disaggregated revenue disclosures. Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 40 years for Buildings , and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings . Depreciation expense was $1.8 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.7 billion in 2020. Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred. The Company recorded advertising and promotion expenses of $2.2 billion in 2022, $2.0 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020. Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment . In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service agreement, which are included in Other Assets . Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years, with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred. Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill). Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in a business combination include products and product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows. Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results. Contingent Consideration — Certain of the Company’s acquisitions involve the potential for future payment of consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of performance milestones, including product development milestones and royalty payments on future product sales. If the transaction is accounted for as a business combination, the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities is determined at the acquisition date using unobservable inputs. These inputs include the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows, the probability of success (achievement of the contingent event) and the risk-adjusted discount rate used to present value the probability-weighted cash flows. Subsequent to the acquisition date, at each reporting period until the contingency is resolved, the contingent consideration liability is remeasured at current fair value with changes (either expense or income) recorded in earnings. Significant events that increase or decrease the probability of achieving development and regulatory milestones or that increase or decrease projected cash flows will result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the related contingent consideration obligations. Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made. Research and development expenses include restructuring costs and IPR&D impairment charges. In addition, research and development expenses include expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with IPR&D assets. Research and development expenses also include upfront and milestone payments related to asset acquisitions and licensing transactions involving clinical development programs that have not yet received regulatory approval. Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales . When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales ). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses. In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing. Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period. Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations . The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach. Reclassifications — Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amended guidance on the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance removes the separation model for convertible debt instruments and preferred stock, amends requirements for conversion options to be classified in equity as well as amends diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculations for certain convertible debt instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance to increase the transparency of transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance requires annual disclosures of such transactions to include the nature of the transactions and the significant terms and conditions, the accounting treatment and the impact to a company’s financial statements. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and subsequently issued clarifying amendments. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The Company adopted the optional guidance on July 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In October 2021, the FASB issued amended guidance that requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior acquisitions; however, the impact in future periods will be dependent upon the contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in future business combinations. Recently Issued Accounting Standard Not Yet Adopted —

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.

Spin-Off of Organon & Co.	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]
Spin-Off of Organon & Co.	On June 2, 2021, Merck completed the spin-off of Organon through a distribution of Organon’s publicly traded stock to Company shareholders. In connection with the spin-off, each Merck shareholder received one-tenth of a share of Organon’s common stock for each share of Merck common stock held by such shareholder. The distribution is expected to qualify and has been treated as tax free to Merck and its shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Indebtedness of $9.5 billion principal amount, consisting of term loans and senior notes, was issued in 2021 in connection with the spin-off and assumed by Organon. Merck is no longer the obligor of any Organon debt or financing arrangements. Cash proceeds of $9.0 billion were distributed by Organon to Merck in connection with the spin-off. Also in connection with the spin-off, Merck and Organon entered into a separation and distribution agreement and also entered into various other agreements to effect the spin-off and provide a framework for the relationship between Merck and Organon after the spin-off, including a transition services agreement (TSA), manufacturing and supply agreements (MSAs), trademark license agreements, intellectual property license agreements, an employee matters agreement, a tax matters agreement and certain other commercial agreements. Under the TSA, Merck is providing Organon various services and, similarly, Organon is providing Merck various services. The provision of services under the TSA generally will terminate within 25 months following the spin-off; however, the provision of certain services has been extended to 35 months. Merck and Organon also entered into a series of interim operating agreements pursuant to which in various jurisdictions where Merck held licenses, permits and other rights in connection with marketing, import and/or distribution of Organon products prior to the separation, Merck is continuing to market, import and distribute such products until such time as the relevant licenses and permits are transferred to Organon. Under such interim operating agreements and in accordance with the separation and distribution agreement, Merck is continuing operations in the affected markets on behalf of Organon, with Organon receiving all of the economic benefits and burdens of such activities. Additionally, Merck and Organon entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Merck is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain active pharmaceutical ingredients for Organon, (b) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Organon, and (c) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Organon. Similarly, Organon and Merck entered into a number of MSAs pursuant to which Organon is (a) manufacturing and supplying certain formulated pharmaceutical products for Merck, and (b) packaging and labeling certain finished pharmaceutical products for Merck. The terms of the MSAs range in initial duration from four years to ten years. The amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the above MSAs include sales of $383 million and $219 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, and related cost of sales of $404 million and $195 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts included in the consolidated statement of income for the TSAs were immaterial in 2022 and 2021. The amounts due from Organon under all of the above agreements were $511 million and $964 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are reflected in Other current assets . The amounts due to Organon under these agreements were $345 million and $400 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in Accrued and other current liabilities . The results of the women’s health, biosimilars and established brands businesses (previously included in the Pharmaceutical segment) that were contributed to Organon in the spin-off, as well as interest expense related to the debt issuance in 2021, have been reflected as discontinued operations in the Company’s consolidated statement of income as Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests for periods prior to the spin-off on June 2, 2021. Merck incurred separation costs of $556 million in 2021 and $743 million in 2020 related to the spin-off of Organon, which are also included in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests . These costs primarily relate to professional fees for separation activities within finance, tax, legal and information technology functions, as well as investment banking fees. Details of Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2021 (1) 2020 Sales $ 2,512 $ 6,476 Costs, Expenses and Other Cost of sales 789 1,867 Selling, general and administrative 877 1,513 Research and development 103 161 Restructuring costs 1 3 Other (income) expense, net (15) 4 1,755 3,548 Income from discontinued operations before taxes 757 2,928 Tax provision 50 369 Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes 707 2,559 Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests 3 11 $ 704 $ 2,548 (1) Reflects amounts through the June 2, 2021 spin-off date.

Acquisitions, Research Collabor

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements	Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements The Company continues to pursue acquisitions and the establishment of external alliances such as research collaborations and licensing agreements to complement its internal research capabilities. These arrangements often include upfront payments, as well as expense reimbursements or payments to the third party, and milestone, royalty or profit share arrangements, contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. The Company also reviews its marketed products and pipeline to examine candidates which may provide more value through out-licensing and, as part of its portfolio assessment process, may also divest certain assets. Pro forma financial information for acquired businesses is not presented if the historical financial results of the acquired entity are not significant when compared with the Company’s financial results. Recently Completed Transactions In February 2023, Merck and Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kelun-Biotech) closed a license and collaboration agreement expanding their relationship in which Merck gained exclusive rights for the research, development, manufacture and commercialization of up to seven investigational preclinical antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) for the treatment of cancer. Kelun-Biotech retained the right to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize certain licensed and option ADCs for Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau. Merck will make an upfront payment of $175 million, which will be recorded in Research and development expenses in 2023. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $1.0 billion, $2.8 billion in regulatory milestones, and $5.5 billion in sales-based milestones if Kelun-Biotech does not retain Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macau rights for the option ADCs and all candidates achieve regulatory approval. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales for any commercialized ADC product. Also, in connection with the agreement, Merck invested $100 million in Kelun-Biotech’s Series B preferred shares in January 2023. In January 2023, Merck acquired Imago BioSciences, Inc. (Imago), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing new medicines for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other bone marrow diseases, for $1.35 billion (including payments to settle share-based equity awards) and also incurred approximately $60 million of transaction costs. Imago’s lead candidate bomedemstat, MK-3543 (formerly IMG-7289), is an investigational orally available lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and polycythemia vera, in addition to other indications. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck will record net assets of approximately $200 million and Research and development expenses of $1.2 billion in 2023 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. 2022 Transactions In October 2022, Merck and Royalty Pharma plc (Royalty Pharma) entered into a funding arrangement under which Royalty Pharma paid Merck $50 million to co-fund Merck’s development costs for a Phase 2b trial of MK-8189, an investigational oral phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, which is being evaluated for the treatment of schizophrenia. As Royalty Pharma is sharing the risk of technical and regulatory success with Merck, the development funding was recognized by Merck as an obligation to perform contractual services. Accordingly, the payment received is being recognized by Merck as a reduction to Research and development expenses ratably over the estimated Phase 2b research period. Under the agreement, Royalty Pharma has no rights to MK-8189 and has no decision-making authority over the program. If Merck elects to advance MK-8189 into a Phase 3 study, Royalty Pharma has the option to provide additional funding of 50% of the development costs up to $375 million. Royalty Pharma is eligible to receive royalties on future sales. If Royalty Pharma elects to provide the additional funding noted above, Royalty Pharma becomes eligible to receive future regulatory milestone payments contingent upon certain marketing approvals, as well as a higher royalty rate. Merck will record the milestone payments as an expense within Other (income) expense, net upon receipt of the related approvals. In September 2022, Merck exercised its option to jointly develop and commercialize personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine mRNA-4157/V940 pursuant to the terms of an existing collaboration and license agreement with Moderna, Inc. (Moderna), which resulted in a $250 million charge to Research and development expenses in 2022. mRNA-4157/V940 is currently being evaluated in combination with Keytruda (pembrolizumab), Merck’s anti-PD-1 therapy, as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage III/IV melanoma following complete resection in a Phase 2 clinical trial being conducted by Moderna. Merck and Moderna will collaborate on development and commercialization and will share costs and any profits equally under this worldwide collaboration. In August 2022, Merck and Orna Therapeutics (Orna), a biotechnology company pioneering a new investigational class of engineered circular RNA (oRNA) therapies, entered into a collaboration agreement to discover, develop, and commercialize multiple programs, including vaccines and therapeutics in the areas of infectious disease and oncology. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Orna of $150 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. In addition, Orna is eligible to receive future contingent development-related payments aggregating up to $440 million, $675 million in regulatory milestones, and $2.4 billion in sales-based milestones associated with the progress of the multiple vaccine and therapeutic programs, as well as royalties ranging from a high-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on any approved products derived from the collaboration. Merck also invested $100 million in Orna’s Series B preferred shares in 2022. In July 2022, Merck and Orion Corporation (Orion) announced a global co-development and co-commercialization agreement for Orion’s investigational candidate ODM-208 (MK-5684) and other drugs targeting cytochrome P450 11A1 (CYP11A1), an enzyme important in steroid production. MK-5684 is an oral, non-steroidal inhibitor of CYP11A1 currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Merck made an upfront payment to Orion of $290 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Orion is responsible for the manufacture of clinical and commercial supply of MK-5684. In addition, the contract provides both parties with an option to convert the initial co-development and co-commercialization agreement into a global exclusive license to Merck. If the option is exercised, Merck would assume full responsibility for all past development and commercialization expenses associated with the program since inception of the agreement, as well as all future development and commercialization expenses. In addition, Orion would be eligible to receive milestone payments associated with progress in the development and commercialization of MK-5684, as well as tiered double-digit royalties on sales if the product is approved. Also in July 2022, Merck and Kelun-Biotech closed a license and collaboration agreement in which Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights for the development, manufacture and commercialization of an investigational ADC (MK-1200) for the treatment of solid tumors. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on the early clinical development of the investigational ADC. Merck made an upfront payment of $35 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022. Kelun-Biotech is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments aggregating up to $82 million in developmental milestones, $334 million in regulatory milestones, and $485 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales. In May 2022, in connection with an existing arrangement, Merck exercised its option to obtain an exclusive license outside of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for the development, manufacture and commercialization of Kelun-Biotech’s trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2)-targeting ADC programs, including its lead compound, SKB-264 (MK-2870), which is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Kelun-Biotech will collaborate on certain early clinical development plans, including evaluating the potential of MK-2870 as a monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda for advanced solid tumors. Upon option exercise, Merck made a payment of $30 million, which was recorded in Research and development expenses in 2022, and agreed to make additional payments of $30 million upon completion of specified project activities and $25 million upon technology transfer. Merck also agreed to make quarterly payments in 2022 and 2023 aggregating up to $111 million to fund Kelun-Biotech’s ongoing research and development activities, of which $51 million was paid in 2022. In addition, Kelun-Biotech is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which includes all program compounds) aggregating up to $90 million in developmental milestones, $290 million in first commercial sale milestones, and $780 million in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from a mid-single-digit rate to a low-double-digit rate on future net sales. 2021 Transactions In November 2021, Merck acquired Acceleron Pharma Inc. (Acceleron), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, for total consideration of $11.5 billion. Acceleron’s development work focused on evaluating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily of proteins that is known to play a central role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and repair. Acceleron’s lead therapeutic candidate, sotatercept (MK-7962), has a novel mechanism of action with the potential to improve short-term and/or long-term clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Sotatercept is in Phase 3 trials as an add-on to current standard of care for the treatment of PAH. Under a previous agreement assumed by Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS) was granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize sotatercept outside of the pulmonary hypertension (PH) field (for which Merck would be eligible to receive contingent milestones and royalty payments), however, Merck retains the worldwide exclusive rights to develop and commercialize sotatercept in the PH field. The agreement provides for Merck to pay 22% royalties on future sales of sotatercept in the PH field to BMS. In addition to sotatercept, Acceleron’s portfolio includes Reblozyl (luspatercept), a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein that is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. Reblozyl is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with BMS. In connection with this ongoing collaboration, Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck received a contingent regulatory milestone payment of $20 million in 2022 and remains eligible to receive up to $80 million in sales-based milestones. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company incurred $280 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of Acceleron, consisting primarily of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service, severance, as well as investment banking and legal fees. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses and Research and development costs in 2021. The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Acceleron (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) is as follows: November 19, 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 340 Investments 285 Identifiable intangible assets: (1) IPR&D - sotatercept 6,380 Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life) 3,830 Deferred income tax liabilities, net (1,814) Other assets and liabilities, net 82 Total identifiable net assets 9,103 Goodwill (2) 2,411 Consideration transferred $ 11,514 (1) The estimated fair value of the identifiable intangible assets related to sotatercept and Reblozyl were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 7.5% for sotatercept and 6.0% for Reblozyl. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics, Inc. (Pandion), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel therapeutics designed to address the unmet needs of patients living with autoimmune diseases. Pandion’s development work focused on advancing a pipeline of precision immune modulators targeting critical immune control nodes. Total consideration paid of $1.9 billion included $147 million of costs primarily comprised of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $156 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $1.7 billion in 2021 related to the transaction. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. In March 2021, Merck and Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Gilead) entered into an agreement to jointly develop and commercialize long-acting treatments in HIV that combine Merck’s investigational nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, islatravir, and Gilead’s investigational capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir. The collaboration will initially focus on long-acting oral formulations and long-acting injectable formulations of these combination products, with other formulations potentially added to the collaboration as mutually agreed. There was no upfront payment made by either party upon entering into the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck and Gilead will share operational responsibilities, as well as development, commercialization and marketing costs, and any future revenues. Global development and commercialization costs will be shared 60% Gilead and 40% Merck across the oral and injectable formulation programs. For long-acting oral products, Gilead will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Merck will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. For long-acting injectable products, Merck will lead commercialization in the U.S. and Gilead will lead commercialization in the EU and the rest of the world. Gilead and Merck will co-promote in the U.S. and certain other major markets. Merck and Gilead will share global product revenues equally until product revenues surpass certain pre-agreed per formulation revenue tiers. Upon passing $2.0 billion a year in net product sales for the oral combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold. Upon passing $3.5 billion a year in net product sales for the injectable combination, the revenue split will adjust to 65% Gilead and 35% Merck for any revenues above the threshold. Beyond the potential combinations of investigational lenacapavir and investigational islatravir, Gilead will have the option to license certain of Merck’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with lenacapavir. Reciprocally, Merck will have the option to license certain of Gilead’s investigational oral integrase inhibitors to develop in combination with islatravir. Each company may exercise its option for an investigational oral integrase inhibitor of the other company following completion of the first Phase 1 clinical trial of that integrase inhibitor. Upon exercise of an option, the companies will split development costs and revenues, unless the non-exercising company decides to opt-out. In December 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed full or partial clinical holds on investigational new drug applications for certain oral, implant and injectable formulations of islatravir based on observations of decreases in total lymphocyte and CD4+ T-cell counts in some participants receiving islatravir in clinical studies. In September 2022, Merck announced the Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating an investigational oral once-weekly combination treatment regimen of islatravir and lenacapavir in adults with HIV-1 infection who are virologically suppressed will resume under an amended protocol with a lower dose of islatravir. The investigational new drug application for the islatravir + lenacapavir once-weekly treatment regimen remains under a partial clinical hold for any studies that would use weekly oral islatravir doses higher than the doses considered for the revised clinical program. Additionally, Merck announced it will discontinue the development of once-monthly oral islatravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The Company remains committed to developing compounds for long-acting HIV prevention and believes in the potential of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI) mechanism. In January 2021, Merck entered into an exclusive license and research collaboration agreement with Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. (Artiva) to discover, develop and manufacture CAR-NK cells that target certain solid tumors using Artiva’s proprietary platform. Merck and Artiva agreed to engage in up to three different research programs, each covering a collaboration target. Merck has sole responsibility for all development and commercialization activities (including regulatory filing and approval). Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $30 million, which was included in Research and development expenses in 2021, for license and other rights for the first two collaboration targets and agreed to make another upfront payment of $15 million for license and other rights for the third collaboration target when it is selected by Merck and accepted by Artiva. In addition, Artiva is eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments (which span all three collaboration targets), aggregating up to $217.5 million in developmental milestones, $570 million in regulatory milestones, and $1.05 billion in sales-based milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to pay tiered royalties ranging from 7% to 14% on future sales. 2020 Transactions In December 2020, Merck acquired OncoImmune, a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for an upfront payment of $423 million. OncoImmune’s lead therapeutic candidate (MK-7110) was being evaluated for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Under the agreement, prior to the completion of the acquisition, OncoImmune spun-out certain rights and assets unrelated to the MK-7110 program to a new entity owned by the existing shareholders of OncoImmune. In connection with the closing of the acquisition, Merck invested $50 million for a 20% ownership interest in the new entity, which was valued at $33 million resulting in a $17 million premium. Merck also recognized other net liabilities of $22 million. The Company recorded Research and development expenses of $462 million in 2020 related to this transaction. In 2021, Merck received feedback from the FDA that additional data would be needed to support a potential Emergency Use Authorization application and therefore the Company did not expect MK-7110 would become available until the first half of 2022. Given this timeline and the technical, clinical and regulatory uncertainties, the availability of a number of medicines for patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and the need to concentrate Merck’s resources on accelerating the development and manufacture of the most viable therapeutics and vaccines, Merck decided to discontinue development of MK-7110 for the treatment of COVID-19. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded charges of $207 million in 2021, which are reflected in Cost of sales and relate to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments. Also in December 2020, Merck acquired VelosBio Inc. (VelosBio), a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, for $2.8 billion. VelosBio’s lead investigational candidate, zilovertamab vedotin (MK-2140), is an ADC targeting receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded net assets of $180 million (primarily cash) and Research and development expenses of $2.7 billion in 2020 related to the transaction. During 2021, the Company recorded adjustments to these amounts which resulted in a reduction of Research and development expenses of $43 million, an increase to total consideration paid of $47 million, and an increase to net assets recorded of $90 million. In September 2020, Merck and Seagen Inc. (Seagen) announced an oncology collaboration to globally develop and commercialize Seagen’s ladiratuzumab vedotin (MK-6440), an investigational ADC targeting LIV-1, which is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials. The companies will equally share profits worldwide. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment of $600 million and a $1.0 billion equity investment in 5 million shares of Seagen common stock at a price of $200 per share. Merck recorded $616 million in Research and development expenses in 2020 related to this transaction reflecting the upfront payment as well as a $16 million premium relating to the equity shares based on the price of Seagen common stock on the closing date. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent milestone payments of up to $2.6 billion, including $850 million in development milestones and $1.75 billion in sales-based milestones. Concurrent with the above transaction, Seagen granted Merck an exclusive license to commercialize Tukysa (tucatinib), a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers, in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and other regions outside of the U.S., Canada and Europe. Merck will be responsible for marketing applications seeking approval in its territories. Under the terms of the agreement, Merck made upfront payments aggregating $210 million, which were recorded as Research and development expenses in 2020. Seagen is also eligible to receive future contingent regulatory approval milestones of up to $65 million and is receiving tiered royalties ranging from 20% to 33% based on annual sales levels of Tukysa in Merck’s territories. Also in September 2020, Merck acquired a biologics manufacturing facility located in Dunboyne, Ireland from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited for €256 million ($302 million). The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recorded property, plant and equipment of $289 million and other net assets of $13 million. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. In July 2020, Merck acquired the U.S. rights to Sentinel Flavor Tabs and Sentinel Spectrum Chews from Virbac Corporation for $410 million. Sentinel products provide protection against common parasites in dogs. The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of an asset. Merck recognized intangible assets of $401 million related to currently marketed products and inventory of $9 million at the acquisition date. The estimated fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to currently marketed products were determined using an income approach. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. The intangible assets related to currently marketed products are being amortized over their estimated useful lives of 15 years. There are no future contingent payments associated with the acquisition. Also in July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP (Ridgeback), a closely held biotechnology company, closed a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio (molnupiravir), an investigational oral antiviral COVID-19 medicine. See Note 5 for additional information related to this collaboration. In June 2020, Merck acquired privately held Themis Bioscience GmbH (Themis), a company focused on vaccines (including a COVID-19 vaccine candidate, V591) and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases and cancer for $366 million. The acquisition originally provided for Merck to make additional contingent payments. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration was $85 million at the acquisition date utilizing a probability-weighted estimated cash flow stream using an appropriate discount rate dependent on the nature and timing of the milestone payments. Merck recognized intangible assets for IPR&D of $113 million, cash of $59 million, deferred tax assets of $72 million and other net liabilities of $32 million. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets acquired of $239 million was recorded as goodwill that was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes. The fair values of the identifiable intangible assets related to IPR&D were determined using an income approach. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V591 as discussed below. As a result, in 2020, the Company recorded an IPR&D impairment charge of $90 million within Research and development expenses. The Company also recorded a reduction in Research and development expenses resulting from a decrease in the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million. In 2022, the Company wrote off the remaining IPR&D intangible asset and related contingent consideration liability; the net impact to Research and development expenses was immaterial. In May 2020, Merck and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges, announced a collaboration to develop V590, an investigational vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 being studied for the prevention of COVID-19. The agreement provided for an upfront payment by Merck of $6.5 million and also provided for future contingent payments based on sales. Merck also signed an agreement with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), part of the office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response within an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to provide initial funding support to Merck for this effort. In January 2021, the Company announced it was discontinuing development of V590 as discussed below. In January 2021, the Company announced the discontinuation of the development programs for its COVID-19 vaccine candidates, V590 and V591, following Merck’s review of findings from Phase 1 clinical studies for the vaccines. In these studies, both V590 and V591 were generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. Due to the discontinuation, the Company recorded a charge of $305 million in 2020, of which $260 million was reflected in Cost of sales and related to fixed assets and materials written off, as well as the recognition of liabilities for purchase commitments . The remaining $45 million of costs were reflected in Research and development expenses and represent amounts related to the Themis acquisition noted above (an IPR&D impairment charge, partially offset by a reduction in the related liability for contingent consideration). In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, Inc. (ArQule), a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company focused on kinase inhibitor discovery and development for the treatment of patients with cancer and other diseases. Total consideration paid of $2.7 billion included $138 million of share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards attributable to precombination service and cash paid for transaction costs on behalf of ArQule. The Company incurred $95 million of costs directly related to the acquisition of ArQule, consisting almost entirely of share-based compensation payments to settle non-vested equity awards attributable to postcombination service. These costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in 2020. ArQule’s lead investigational candidate, nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), is a novel, oral Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from ArQule is as follows: January 16, 2020 Cash and cash equivalents $ 145 IPR&D - nemtabrutinib (1) 2,280 Licensing arrangement for derazantinib 80 Deferred income tax liabilities (361) Other assets and liabilities, net 34 Total identifiable net assets 2,178 Goodwill (2) 512 Consideration transferred $ 2,690 (1) The estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib was determined using an income approach. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 12.5%. (2) The goodwill was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes. Merck recorded intangible asset impairment charges in 2022 and 2021 related to nemtabrutinib and in 2022 related to derazantinib (see Note 9).

Collaborative Arrangements

Collaborative Arrangements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract]
Collaborative Arrangements	Collaborative Arrangements Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. Both parties in these arrangements are active participants and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of the activities of the collaboration. Merck’s more significant collaborative arrangements are discussed below. AstraZeneca In 2017, Merck and AstraZeneca PLC (AstraZeneca) entered into a global strategic oncology collaboration to co-develop and co-commercialize AstraZeneca’s Lynparza (olaparib) for multiple cancer types. Independently, Merck and AstraZeneca will develop and commercialize Lynparza in combinations with their respective PD-1 and PD-L1 medicines, Keytruda and Imfinzi. The companies are also jointly developing and commercializing AstraZeneca’s Koselugo (selumetinib) for multiple indications. Under the terms of the agreement, AstraZeneca and Merck will share the development and commercialization costs for Lynparza and Koselugo monotherapy and non-PD-L1/PD-1 combination therapy opportunities. Profits from Lynparza and Koselugo product sales generated through monotherapies or combination therapies are shared equally. AstraZeneca is the principal on Lynparza and Koselugo sales transactions. Merck records its share of Lynparza and Koselugo product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue, and its share of development costs associated with the collaboration as part of Research and development expenses. Reimbursements received from AstraZeneca for research and development expenses are recognized as reductions to Research and development costs. As part of the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to AstraZeneca and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain license options. In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to AstraZeneca related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. In 2022, Merck determined it was probable that sales of Lynparza in the future would trigger a $600 million sales-based milestone payment from Merck to AstraZeneca. Accordingly, Merck recorded a $600 million liability (which remained accrued at December 31, 2022) and a corresponding increase to the intangible asset related to Lynparza. Merck also recognized $250 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense related to the recognition of this milestone in 2022. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to AstraZeneca aggregating $400 million and $550 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.1 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. In 2022 and 2020, Lynparza received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $250 million and $160 million, respectively, from Merck to AstraZeneca. A regulatory milestone of $105 million that was accrued at December 31, 2022 was paid in January 2023. Potential future regulatory milestone payments of $1.1 billion remain under the agreement. The intangible asset balance related to Lynparza (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net . The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2028 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Lynparza $ 1,116 $ 989 $ 725 Alliance revenue - Koselugo 54 29 8 Total alliance revenue $ 1,170 $ 1,018 $ 733 Cost of sales (1) 492 167 247 Selling, general and administrative 185 178 160 Research and development 106 120 133 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets $ 303 $ 271 Payables to AstraZeneca included in Trade a ccounts payable and Accrued and other current liabilities (2) 123 415 Payables to AstraZeneca included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities (2) 600 — (1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amounts in 2022 and 2020 include $250 million and $106 million, respectively, of cumulative amortization catch-up expense. (2) Includes accrued milestone payments. Eisai In 2018, Merck and Eisai Co., Ltd. (Eisai) announced a strategic collaboration for the worldwide co-development and co-commercialization of Lenvima (lenvatinib), an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor discovered by Eisai. Under the agreement, Merck and Eisai will develop and commercialize Lenvima jointly, both as monotherapy and in combination with Keytruda . Eisai records Lenvima product sales globally (Eisai is the principal on Lenvima sales transactions) and Merck and Eisai share applicable profits equally. Merck records its share of Lenvima product sales, net of cost of sales and commercialization costs, as alliance revenue. Expenses incurred during co-development are shared by the two companies in accordance with the collaboration agreement and reflected in Research and development expenses. Certain expenses incurred solely by Merck or Eisai are not shareable under the collaboration agreement, including costs incurred in excess of agreed upon caps and costs related to certain combination studies of Keytruda and Lenvima. Under the agreement, Merck made an upfront payment to Eisai and also made payments over a multi-year period for certain option rights (of which the final $125 million option payment was made in March 2021). In addition, the agreement provides for contingent payments from Merck to Eisai related to the successful achievement of sales-based and regulatory milestones. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Eisai aggregating $600 million, $200 million and $500 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Potential future sales-based milestone payments of $2.6 billion have not yet been accrued as they are not deemed by the Company to be probable at this time. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, Lenvima received regulatory approvals triggering capitalized milestone payments of $50 million, $75 million and $10 million, respectively, from Merck to Eisai. There are no regulatory milestone payments remaining under the agreement. The intangible asset balance related to Lenvima (which includes capitalized sales-based and regulatory milestone payments) was $814 million at December 31, 2022 and is included in Other Intangibles, Net . The amount is being amortized over its estimated useful life through 2026 as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Lenvima $ 876 $ 704 $ 580 Cost of sales (1) 212 195 271 Selling, general and administrative 158 127 73 Research and development 136 173 185 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets $ 214 $ 200 Payables to Eisai included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2) — 625 (1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (2) Represents accrued milestone payments. Bayer AG In 2014, the Company entered into a worldwide clinical development collaboration with Bayer AG (Bayer) to market and develop soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) modulators including Bayer’s Adempas (riociguat). The two companies have implemented a joint development and commercialization strategy. The collaboration also includes development of Bayer’s Verquvo (vericiguat), which was approved in the U.S., the EU and Japan in 2021 and has since been approved in several other markets. Under the agreement, Bayer commercializes Adempas in the Americas, while Merck commercializes in the rest of the world. For Verquvo, Merck commercializes in the U.S. and Bayer commercializes in the rest of the world. Both companies share in development costs and profits on sales. Merck records sales of Adempas and Verquvo in its marketing territories, as well as alliance revenue. Alliance revenue represents Merck’s share of profits from sales of Adempas and Verquvo in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs. Cost of sales includes Bayer’s share of profits from sales in Merck’s marketing territories. In addition, the agreement provided for contingent payments from Merck to Bayer related to the successful achievement of sales-based milestones. Merck made sales-based milestone payments to Bayer of $400 million and $375 million in 2022 and 2020, respectively. There are no sales-based milestone payments remaining under the agreement. The intangible asset balances related to Adempas (which includes the acquired intangible asset balance, as well as capitalized sales-based milestone payments attributed to Adempas) and Verquvo (which reflects the portion of the final sales-based milestone payment that was attributed to Verquvo) were $633 million and $57 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and are included in Other Intangibles, Net . The assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives (through 2027 for Adempas and through 2031 for Verquvo) as supported by projected future cash flows, subject to impairment testing. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo $ 341 $ 342 $ 281 Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck 238 252 220 Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck 22 7 — Total sales $ 601 $ 601 $ 501 Cost of sales (1) 210 424 196 Selling, general and administrative 153 126 47 Research and development 75 53 63 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets $ 143 $ 114 Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current Liabilities (2) 80 472 (1) Includes amortization of intangible assets. Amount in 2021 includes $153 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense. (2) Amount as of December 31, 2021 includes accrued milestone payment. Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP In July 2020, Merck and Ridgeback, a closely held biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration agreement to develop Lagevrio , an investigational orally available antiviral candidate for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Merck gained exclusive worldwide rights to develop and commercialize Lagevrio and related molecules. Following initial authorizations in certain markets in the fourth quarter of 2021, Lagevrio has since received multiple additional authorizations worldwide. Under the terms of the agreement, Ridgeback received an upfront payment and is eligible to receive future contingent payments dependent upon the achievement of certain developmental and regulatory approval milestones. The agreement also provides for Merck to reimburse Ridgeback for a portion of certain third-party contingent milestone payments and royalties on net sales, which is part of the profit-sharing calculation. Merck is the principal on sales transactions, recognizing sales and related costs, with profit-sharing amounts recorded within Cost of sales . Profits from the collaboration are split equally between the partners. Reimbursements from Ridgeback for its share of research and development costs (deducted from Ridgeback’s share of profits) are reflected as decreases to Research and development expenses. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Net sales of Lagevrio $ 5,684 $ 952 $ — Cost of sales (1)(2) 3,038 502 17 Selling, general and administrative (2) 147 37 6 Research and development (2)(3) 88 137 349 December 31 2022 2021 Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (4) $ 348 $ 283 (1) Includes royalty expense and amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (2) Expenses in all periods now include an allocation for overhead charges. (3) Amount in 2020 includes upfront payment. (4) Includes accrued royalty and milestone payments . Bristol Myers Squibb Reblozyl (luspatercept-aamt) is a first-in-class erythroid maturation recombinant fusion protein obtained as part of Merck’s November 2021 acquisition of Acceleron that is being developed and commercialized through a global collaboration with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS). Reblozyl is approved in the U.S., Europe, and certain other markets for the treatment of anemia in certain rare blood disorders and is also being evaluated for additional indications for hematology therapies. BMS is the principal on sales transactions for Reblozyl; however, Merck co-promotes Reblozyl (and will co-promote all future products approved under this collaboration) in North America, which is reimbursed by BMS. Merck receives a 20% sales royalty from BMS which could increase to a maximum of 24% based on sales levels. This royalty will be reduced by 50% upon the earlier of patent expiry or generic entry on an indication-by-indication basis in each market. Additionally, Merck is eligible to receive future contingent sales-based milestone payments of up to $80 million. Merck recorded alliance revenue of $166 million in 2022, which includes royalties of $146 million and the receipt of a regulatory approval milestone payment of $20 million, compared with alliance revenue of $17 million in 2021.

Restructuring

Restructuring	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Restructuring	RestructuringIn 2019, Merck approved a global restructuring program (Restructuring Program) as part of a worldwide initiative focused on further optimizing the Company’s manufacturing and supply network, as well as reducing its global real estate footprint. This program is a continuation of the Company’s plant rationalization and builds on prior restructuring programs. The actions currently contemplated under the Restructuring Program are expected to be substantially completed by the end of 2023, with the cumulative pretax costs to be incurred by the Company to implement the program estimated to be approximately $3.7 billion. The Company estimates that approximately 70% of the cumulative pretax costs will result in cash outlays, primarily related to employee separation expense and facility shut-down costs. Approximately 30% of the cumulative pretax costs will be non-cash, relating primarily to the accelerated depreciation of facilities to be closed or divested. The Company recorded total pretax costs of $666 million in 2022, $868 million in 2021 and $880 million in 2020 related to restructuring program activities. Since inception of the Restructuring Program through December 31, 2022, Merck has recorded total pretax accumulated costs of approximately $3.3 billion. The Company expects to record charges of approximately $400 million in 2023 related to the Restructuring Program. For segment reporting, restructuring charges are unallocated expenses. The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost: Separation Accelerated Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 Cost of sales $ — $ 72 $ 133 $ 205 Selling, general and administrative — 19 75 94 Research and development — 29 1 30 Restructuring costs 212 — 125 337 $ 212 $ 120 $ 334 $ 666 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Cost of sales $ — $ 52 $ 108 $ 160 Selling, general and administrative — 12 7 19 Research and development — 27 1 28 Restructuring costs 451 — 210 661 $ 451 $ 91 $ 326 $ 868 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Cost of sales $ — $ 143 $ 32 $ 175 Selling, general and administrative — 44 3 47 Research and development — 81 2 83 Restructuring costs 385 — 190 575 $ 385 $ 268 $ 227 $ 880 Separation costs are associated with actual headcount reductions, as well as involuntary headcount reductions which were probable and could be reasonably estimated. Accelerated depreciation costs primarily relate to manufacturing, research and administrative facilities and equipment to be sold or closed as part of the program. Accelerated depreciation costs represent the difference between the depreciation expense to be recognized over the revised useful life of the asset, based upon the anticipated date the site will be closed or divested or the equipment disposed of, and depreciation expense as determined utilizing the useful life prior to the restructuring actions. All the sites have and will continue to operate up through the respective closure dates and, since future undiscounted cash flows are sufficient to recover the respective book values, Merck is recording accelerated depreciation over the revised useful life of the site assets. Anticipated site closure dates, particularly related to manufacturing locations, have been and may continue to be adjusted to reflect changes resulting from regulatory or other factors. Other activity in 2022, 2021 and 2020 includes asset abandonment, facility shut-down and other related costs, as well as pretax gains and losses resulting from the sales of facilities and related assets. Additionally, other activity includes certain employee-related costs associated with pension and other postretirement benefit plans (see Note 14) and share-based compensation. The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities: Separation Accelerated Other Total Restructuring reserves January 1, 2021 $ 567 $ — $ 19 $ 586 Expenses 451 91 326 868 (Payments) receipts, net (422) — (186) (608) Non-cash activity — (91) (118) (209) Restructuring reserves December 31, 2021 596 — 41 637 Expenses 212 120 334 666 (Payments) receipts, net (329) — (120) (449) Non-cash activity — (120) (221) (341) Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 (1) $ 479 $ — $ 34 $ 513

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Financial Instruments	Financial Instruments Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and interest rate movements on its earnings, cash flows and fair values of assets and liabilities through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments. A significant portion of the Company’s revenues and earnings in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. The objectives of and accounting related to the Company’s foreign currency risk management program, as well as its interest rate risk management activities are discussed below. Foreign Currency Risk Management The Company has established revenue hedging, balance sheet risk management and net investment hedging programs to protect against volatility of future foreign currency cash flows and changes in fair value caused by changes in foreign exchange rates. The objective of the revenue hedging program is to reduce the variability caused by changes in foreign exchange rates that would affect the U.S. dollar value of future cash flows derived from foreign currency denominated sales, primarily the euro, Japanese yen and Chinese renminbi. To achieve this objective, the Company will hedge a portion of its forecasted foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany distributor entity sales (forecasted sales) that are expected to occur over its planning cycle, typically no more than two years into the future. The Company will layer in hedges over time, increasing the portion of forecasted sales hedged as it gets closer to the expected date of the forecasted sales. The portion of forecasted sales hedged is based on assessments of cost-benefit profiles that consider natural offsetting exposures, revenue and exchange rate volatilities and correlations, and the cost of hedging instruments. The Company manages its anticipated transaction exposure principally with purchased local currency put options, forward contracts, and purchased collar options. The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain positions) or liabilities (loss positions) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded each period in either current earnings or OCI depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. For derivatives that are designated as cash flow hedges, the unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in AOCL and reclassified into Sales when the hedged anticipated revenue is recognized. For those derivatives which are not designated as cash flow hedges, but serve as economic hedges of forecasted sales, unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Sales each period. The cash flows from both designated and non-designated contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company does not enter into derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company manages operating activities and net asset positions at each local subsidiary in order to mitigate the effects of exchange on monetary assets and liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of a given subsidiary are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Other (income) expense, net . The Company also uses a balance sheet risk management program to mitigate the exposure of such assets and liabilities from the effects of volatility in foreign exchange. Merck principally utilizes forward exchange contracts to offset the effects of exchange in developed country currencies, primarily the euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss franc. For exposures in developing country currencies, including the Chinese renminbi, the Company will enter into forward contracts to offset the effects of exchange on exposures when it is deemed economical to do so based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers the magnitude of the exposure, the volatility of the exchange rate and the cost of the hedging instrument. The forward contracts are not designated as hedges and are marked to market through Other (income) expense, net . Accordingly, fair value changes in the forward contracts help mitigate the changes in the value of the remeasured assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, except to the extent of the spot-forward differences. These differences are not significant due to the short-term nature of the contracts, which typically have average maturities at inception of less than six months. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company also uses forward exchange contracts to hedge a portion of its net investment in foreign operations against movements in exchange rates. The forward contracts are designated as hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. The unrealized gains or losses on these contracts are recorded in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI , and remain in AOCL until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. The Company excludes certain portions of the change in fair value of its derivative instruments from the assessment of hedge effectiveness (excluded components). Changes in fair value of the excluded components are recognized in OCI . The Company recognizes in earnings the initial value of the excluded components on a straight-line basis over the life of the derivative instrument, rather than using the mark-to-market approach. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Foreign exchange risk is also managed through the use of foreign currency debt. The Company’s senior unsecured euro-denominated notes have been designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of the net investment in a foreign operation. Accordingly, foreign currency transaction gains or losses due to spot rate fluctuations on the euro-denominated debt instruments are included in foreign currency translation adjustment within OCI . The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below: Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1) Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net Investment Hedging Relationships Foreign exchange contracts $ (48) $ (49) $ 26 $ (1) $ (13) $ (19) Euro-denominated notes (162) (296) 385 — — — (1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary. Interest Rate Risk Management The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and to reduce its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and, in general, does not leverage any of its investment activities that would put principal at risk. In 2022, nine interest rate swap contracts with a total notional amount of $2.25 billion matured. These swaps effectively converted the Company’s $1.0 billion, 2.4% fixed-rate notes and $1.25 billion, 2.35% fixed-rate notes due 2022 to variable rate debt. The interest rate swap contracts were designated hedges of the fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the benchmark LIBOR swap rate. The fair value changes in the notes attributable to changes in the LIBOR swap rate were recorded in interest expense along with the offsetting fair value changes in the swap contracts. The cash flows from these contracts are reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company is not currently a party to any interest rate swaps. The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31: Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount 2022 2021 2022 2021 Balance Sheet Line Item in which Hedged Item is Included Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt $ — $ 2,263 $ — $ 13 Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31: 2022 2021 Fair Value of U.S. Dollar Fair Value of U.S. Dollar Asset Liability Asset Liability Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Balance Sheet Caption Interest rate swap contracts Other current assets $ — $ — $ — $ 14 $ — $ 2,250 Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets 220 — 4,824 271 — 6,778 Foreign exchange contracts Other Assets 27 — 1,609 43 — 1,551 Foreign exchange contracts Accrued and other current liabilities — 101 2,691 — 24 1,623 Foreign exchange contracts Other Noncurrent Liabilities — 1 91 — 1 43 $ 247 $ 102 $ 9,215 $ 328 $ 25 $ 12,245 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Balance Sheet Caption Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets $ 186 $ — $ 8,540 $ 221 $ — $ 10,073 Foreign exchange contracts Accrued and other current liabilities — 307 10,926 — 96 10,640 $ 186 $ 307 $ 19,466 $ 221 $ 96 $ 20,713 $ 433 $ 409 $ 28,681 $ 549 $ 121 $ 32,958 As noted above, the Company records its derivatives on a gross basis in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has master netting agreements with several of its financial institution counterparties (see Concentrations of Credit Risk below). The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31: 2022 2021 Asset Liability Asset Liability Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet $ 433 $ 409 $ 549 $ 121 Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet (220) (220) (110) (110) Cash collateral received/posted (66) (19) (164) — Net amounts $ 147 $ 170 $ 275 $ 11 The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded Sales Other (income) expense, net (1) Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 59,283 $ 48,704 $ 41,518 $ 1,501 (1,341) (890) $ (339) $ 1,756 $ (441) (Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships: Interest rate swap contracts Hedged items — — — (13) (40) 40 — — — Derivatives designated as hedging instruments — — — 4 1 (76) — — — Impact of cash flow hedging relationships: Foreign exchange contracts Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives — — — — — — 684 333 (383) Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications 773 (194) (6) — — — (773) 194 6 Interest rate contracts Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives — — — (2) (2) (4) — — — Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives — — — — — — (2) (2) (4) (1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net. The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Income Statement Caption Foreign exchange contracts (1) Other (income) expense, net $ (49) $ 313 $ (12) Foreign exchange contracts (2) Sales (37) 9 13 Interest rate contracts (3) Other (income) expense, net — — 9 Forward contract related to Seagen common stock Research and development — — 15 (1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amount in 2021 includes a loss on forward exchange contracts entered into in conjunction with the spin-off of Organon. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions. (3) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges against rising treasury rates . At December 31, 2022, the Company estimates $104 million of pretax net unrealized gains on derivatives maturing within the next 12 months that hedge foreign currency denominated sales over that same period will be reclassified from AOCL to Sales . The amount ultimately reclassified to Sales may differ as foreign exchange rates change. Realized gains and losses are ultimately determined by actual exchange rates at maturity. Investments in Debt and Equity Securities Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows: 2022 2021 Amortized Gross Unrealized Fair Amortized Gross Unrealized Fair Gains Losses Gains Losses Commercial paper $ 498 $ — $ — $ 498 $ — $ — $ — $ — U.S. government and agency securities 68 — — 68 80 — — 80 Corporate notes and bonds 3 — — 3 4 — — 4 Foreign government bonds — — — — 2 — — 2 Total debt securities 569 — — 569 86 — — 86 Publicly traded equity securities (1) 1,284 1,647 Total debt and publicly traded equity securities $ 1,853 $ 1,733 (1) Unrealized net losses of $462 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2022 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2022. Unrealized net losses of $232 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2021 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company also had $832 million and $596 million, respectively, of equity investments without readily determinable fair values included in Other Assets . The Company records unrealized gains on these equity investments based on favorable observable price changes from transactions involving similar investments of the same investee and records unrealized losses based on unfavorable observable price changes, which are included in Other (income) expense, net . During 2022, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $56 million and unrealized losses of $12 million related to certain of these equity investments still held at December 31, 2022. During 2021, the Company recorded unrealized gains of $110 million and unrealized losses of $1 million related to certain of these investments still held at December 31, 2021. Cumulative unrealized gains and cumulative unrealized losses based on observable price changes for investments in equity investments without readily determinable fair values still held at December 31, 2022 were $289 million and $19 million, respectively. At December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company also had $598 million, $1.7 billion and $800 million, respectively, recorded in Other Assets for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds. Losses (gains) recorded in Other (income) expense, net relating to these investment funds were $1.0 billion, $(1.4) billion and $(583) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The Company uses a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets or liabilities are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as assets or liabilities for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2022 2021 Assets Investments Commercial paper $ — $ 498 $ — $ 498 $ — $ — $ — $ — Foreign government bonds — — — — — 2 — 2 Publicly traded equity securities 1,015 — — 1,015 368 — — 368 1,015 498 — 1,513 368 2 — 370 Other assets (1) U.S. government and agency securities 68 — — 68 80 — — 80 Corporate notes and bonds 3 — — 3 4 — — 4 Publicly traded equity securities 269 — — 269 1,279 — — 1,279 340 — — 340 1,363 — — 1,363 Derivative assets (2) Forward exchange contracts — 218 — 218 — 351 — 351 Purchased currency options — 215 — 215 — 184 — 184 Interest rate swaps — — — — — 14 — 14 — 433 — 433 — 549 — 549 Total assets $ 1,355 $ 931 $ — $ 2,286 $ 1,731 $ 551 $ — $ 2,282 Liabilities Other liabilities Contingent consideration $ — $ — $ 456 $ 456 $ — $ — $ 777 $ 777 Derivative liabilities (2) Forward exchange contracts — 402 — 402 — 120 — 120 Written currency options — 7 — 7 — 1 — 1 — 409 — 409 — 121 — 121 Total liabilities $ — $ 409 $ 456 $ 865 $ — $ 121 $ 777 $ 898 (1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Cash and cash equivalents included $11.3 billion and $6.8 billion of cash equivalents, respectively, (which would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy). Contingent Consideration Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows: 2022 2021 Fair value January 1 $ 777 $ 841 Changes in estimated fair value (1) (146) 57 Payments (119) (109) Other (56) (12) Fair value December 31 (2) $ 456 $ 777 (1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net . Includes cumulative translation adjustments. (2) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $368 million and $620 million, respectively, of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at December 31, 2022 includes $122 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months. The payments of contingent consideration in both years relate to the Sanofi Pasteur MSD liabilities described above. Other Fair Value Measurements Some of the Company’s financial instruments, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables, are reflected in the balance sheet at carrying value, which approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. The estimated fair value of loans payable and long-term debt (including current portion) at December 31, 2022, was $26.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $30.7 billion and at December 31, 2021, was $35.7 billion compared with a carrying value of $33.1 billion. Fair value was estimated using recent observable market prices and would be considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Concentrations of Credit Risk On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors concentrations of credit risk associated with corporate and government issuers of securities and financial institutions with which it conducts business. Credit exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single issuer or institution. Cash and investments are placed in instruments that meet high credit quality standards, as specified in the Company’s investment policy guidelines. The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable arise from product sales in the U.S., Europe and China and are primarily due from drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals and government agencies. The Company monitors the financial performance and creditworthiness of its customers so that it can properly assess and respond to changes in their credit profile. The Company also continues to monitor global economic conditions, including the volatility associated with international sovereign economies, and associated impacts on the financial markets and its business. The Company’s customers with the largest accounts receivable balances are: McKesson Corporation, AmerisourceBergen Corporation and Cardinal Health, Inc., which represented approximately 21%, 20% and 13%, respectively, of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2022. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Bad debts have been minimal. The Company does not normally require collateral or other security to support credit sales. The Company has accounts receivable factoring agreements with financial institutions in certain countries to sell accounts receivable. The Company factored $2.5 billion and $2.8 billion of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, under these factoring arrangements, which reduced outstanding accounts receivable. The cash received from the financial institutions is reported within operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. In certain of these factoring arrangements, for ease of administration, the Company will collect customer payments related to the factored receivables, which it then remits to the financial institutions. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had collected $67 million and $62 million, respectively, on behalf of the financial institutions, which is reflected as restricted cash in Other current assets and the related obligation to remit the cash within Accrued and other current liabilities . The Company remitted the cash to the financial institutions in January 2023 and 2022, respectively. The net cash flows related to these collections are reported as financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The cost of factoring such accounts receivable was de minimis . Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements. The master agreements with several of the Company’s financial institution counterparties also include credit support annexes. These annexes contain provisions that require collateral to be exchanged depending on the value of the derivative assets and liabilities, the Company’s credit rating, and the credit rating of the counterparty. Cash collateral advanced by the Company to various counterparties was $19 million at December 31, 2022. Cash collateral received by the Company from various counterparties was $66 million and $164 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The obligation to return such collateral is recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities

Inventories

Inventories	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Inventories	Inventories Inventories at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Finished goods $ 1,841 $ 1,747 Raw materials and work in process 7,063 6,220 Supplies 238 196 Total (approximates current cost) 9,142 8,163 Decrease to LIFO cost (293) (16) $ 8,849 $ 8,147 Recognized as: Inventories $ 5,911 $ 5,953 Other Assets 2,938 2,194 Inventories valued under the LIFO method comprised approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amounts recognized as Other Assets are comprised almost entirely of raw materials and work in process inventories. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, these amounts included $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of inventories not expected to be sold within one year. In addition, these amounts included $516 million and $256 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of inventories produced in preparation for product launches.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and Other Intangibles	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill and Other Intangibles	Goodwill and Other Intangibles The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment: Pharmaceutical Animal Health Total Balance January 1, 2021 $ 15,614 $ 3,268 $ 18,882 Acquisitions 2,431 5 2,436 Other (1) (48) (6) (54) Balance December 31, 2021 (2) 17,997 3,267 21,264 Other (1) (61) 1 (60) Balance December 31, 2022 (2) $ 17,936 $ 3,268 $ 21,204 (1) Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances. (2) Accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $531 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. The additions to goodwill in the Pharmaceutical segment in 2021 were primarily related to the acquisition of Acceleron (see Note 4). Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Gross Accumulated Net Gross Accumulated Net Products and product rights $ 23,555 $ 16,745 $ 6,810 $ 23,671 $ 15,776 $ 7,895 IPR&D 7,661 — 7,661 9,281 — 9,281 Trade names 2,879 635 2,244 2,882 493 2,389 Licenses and other 7,651 4,097 3,554 6,604 3,236 3,368 $ 41,746 $ 21,477 $ 20,269 $ 42,438 $ 19,505 $ 22,933 Some of the more significant acquired intangibles included in products and product rights, on a net basis, related to human health marketed products at December 31, 2022 were Reblozyl, $3.5 billion; Zerbaxa , $406 million; Sivextro , $122 million; Gardasil/Gardasil 9, $120 million; and Bridion , $97 million. Additionally, the Company had $4.6 billion of net acquired intangibles related to animal health at December 31, 2022, of which $2.3 billion related to products and product rights and $2.2 billion was attributable to trade names, primarily related to Allflex. At December 31, 2022, IPR&D primarily relates to MK-7962 (sotatercept), $6.4 billion, obtained through the acquisition of Acceleron in 2021 (see Note 4); MK-7264 (gefapixant), $832 million, obtained through the acquisition of Afferent Pharmaceuticals in 2016; and MK-1026 (nemtabrutinib), $418 million, obtained through the acquisition of ArQule in 2020 (see below and Note 4). Some of the more significant net intangible assets included in licenses and other above at December 31, 2022 include Lynparza, $1.6 billion, related to a collaboration with AstraZeneca; Lenvima, $814 million, related to a collaboration with Eisai; and Adempas, $633 million, related to a collaboration with Bayer. See Note 5 for additional information related to the intangible assets associated with these collaborations. In 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.6 billion within Cost of sales related to Zerbaxa (ceftolozane and tazobactam) for injection, a combination antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor for the treatment of certain bacterial infections. In December 2020, the Company temporarily suspended sales of Zerbaxa , and subsequently issued a product recall, following the identification of product sterility issues. The recall constituted a triggering event requiring the evaluation of the Zerbaxa intangible asset for impairment. The Company revised its cash flow forecasts for Zerbaxa utilizing certain assumptions around the return to market timeline and anticipated uptake in sales thereafter. These revised cash flow forecasts indicated that the Zerbaxa intangible asset value was not fully recoverable on an undiscounted cash flows basis. The Company utilized market participant assumptions to determine its best estimate of the fair value of the intangible asset related to Zerbaxa that, when compared with its related carrying value, resulted in the impairment charge noted above. The Company also wrote-off inventory of $120 million to Cost of sales in 2020 related to the Zerbaxa recall. A phased resupply of Zerbaxa was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2021 and completed during 2022. IPR&D that the Company acquires through business combinations represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. Amounts capitalized as IPR&D are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, the Company will make a separate determination as to the then-useful life of the asset and begin amortization. In 2022, the Company recorded $1.7 billion of intangible impairment charges within Research and development expenses, of which $1.6 billion represents IPR&D impairment charges related to nemtabrutinib (MK-1026), a novel, oral BTK inhibitor currently being evaluated for the treatment of B-cell malignancies that was obtained through the 2020 acquisition of ArQule (see Note 4). Following discussions with regulatory authorities in the third quarter, the development period for nemtabrutinib was extended, which constituted a triggering event that required the evaluation of the nemtabrutinib intangible asset for impairment. The Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing an income approach which calculates the present value of projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which resulted in lower cumulative revenue forecasts and a reduction in the estimated fair value. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in a $807 million impairment charge recorded in the third quarter of 2022. In December 2022, regulatory authorities provided additional feedback with respect to clinical study design that led to a further reassessment of the development plan for nemtabrutinib, which is expected to result in changes to the clinical study design, and corresponding delays in the anticipated approval and launch timelines, which constituted a triggering event. Utilizing an income approach, the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect a decline in forecasted revenue coupled with an increase in development cost forecasts, which reduced projected cash flows lowering the estimated current fair value of nemtabrutinib. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its then-related carrying value resulted in a $780 million impairment charge. The remaining IPR&D intangible asset related to nemtabrutinib is $418 million. If the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of nemtabrutinib prove to be incorrect and the development of nemtabrutinib does not progress as anticipated thereby adversely affecting projected future cash flows, the Company may record an additional impairment charge in the future and such charge could be material. The Company also recorded an $80 million intangible asset impairment charge related to derazantinib resulting from the termination of the out-licensing agreement and the decision by Merck not to pursue development of derazantinib. In 2021, the Company recorded a $275 million IPR&D impairment charge related to nemtabrutinib. As part of Merck’s annual impairment assessment of IPR&D intangible assets, the Company estimated the current fair value of nemtabrutinib utilizing projected future cash flows. The market participant assumptions used to derive the forecasted cash flows were updated to reflect the current competitive landscape for nemtabrutinib, including increased expected development costs for additional clinical trial data needed to develop nemtabrutinib, as well as a delay in the anticipated launch date for nemtabrutinib, which collectively reduced the projected future cash flows and estimated fair value. Additionally, the discount rate utilized to determine the current fair value of the asset was reduced to 8.5% to reflect the current risk profile of the asset. The revised estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib when compared with its related carrying value resulted in the IPR&D impairment charge noted above. In 2020, the Company recorded a $90 million IPR&D impairment charge related to a decision to discontinue the development program for COVID-19 vaccine candidate V591 following Merck’s review of findings from a Phase 1 clinical study for the vaccine. In the study, V591 was generally well tolerated, but the immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines. The discontinuation of this development program also resulted in a reversal of the related liability for contingent consideration of $45 million. The IPR&D projects that remain in development are subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties in drug development and it is possible that the Company will not be able to successfully develop and complete the IPR&D programs and profitably commercialize the underlying product candidates. The Company may recognize additional non-cash impairment charges in the future related to other marketed products or pipeline programs and such charges could be material. Aggregate amortization expense primarily recorded within Cost of sales was $2.1 billion in 2022, $1.6 billion in 2021 and $1.8 billion in 2020. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows: 2023, $1.8 billion; 2024, $1.7 billion; 2025, $1.6 billion; 2026, $1.5 billion; 2027, $1.3 billion.

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt a

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases	Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases Loans Payable Loans payable at December 31, 2022 included $1.7 billion of notes due in 2023 and $197 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. Loans payable at December 31, 2021 included $2.3 billion of notes due in 2022 and $149 million of long-dated notes that are subject to repayment at the option of the holders. The weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper borrowings was 0.65% and 0.08% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 2.75% notes due 2025 $ 2,496 $ 2,495 2.15% notes due 2031 1,986 1,986 2.75% notes due 2051 1,979 1,979 3.70% notes due 2045 1,978 1,977 3.40% notes due 2029 1,738 1,736 1.70% notes due 2027 1,494 1,493 2.90% notes due 2061 1,483 1,484 4.00% notes due 2049 1,471 1,470 4.15% notes due 2043 1,239 1,239 1.45% notes due 2030 1,237 1,235 2.45% notes due 2050 1,213 1,212 1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026 1,060 1,123 0.75% notes due 2026 995 993 1.90% notes due 2028 994 994 3.90% notes due 2039 985 984 2.35% notes due 2040 984 983 2.90% notes due 2024 749 748 6.50% notes due 2033 711 715 0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024 531 563 1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036 527 559 2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034 526 558 3.60% notes due 2042 492 491 6.55% notes due 2037 408 409 5.75% notes due 2036 339 338 5.95% debentures due 2028 307 306 5.85% notes due 2039 271 271 6.40% debentures due 2028 250 250 6.30% debentures due 2026 135 135 2.80% notes due 2023 — 1,749 Other 167 215 $ 28,745 $ 30,690 Other (as presented in the table above) includes borrowings at variable rates that resulted in effective interest rates of 1.40% and zero for 2022 and 2021, respectively. With the exception of the 6.30% debentures due 2026, the notes listed in the table above are redeemable in whole or in part, at Merck’s option at any time, at varying redemption prices. Effective as of November 3, 2009, the Company executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of its subsidiary Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD) and MSD executed a full and unconditional guarantee of the then existing debt of the Company (excluding commercial paper), including for payments of principal and interest. These guarantees do not extend to debt issued subsequent to that date. Certain of the Company’s borrowings require that Merck comply with covenants and, at December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with these covenants. The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years are as follows: 2023, $1.7 billion; 2024, $1.3 billion; 2025, $2.5 billion; 2026, $2.2 billion; 2027, $1.5 billion. Interest payments related to these debt obligations are as follows: 2023, $882 million; 2024, $845 million; 2025, $778 million; 2026, $751 million; 2027, $720 million. The Company has a $6.0 billion credit facility that matures in June 2026. The facility provides backup liquidity for the Company’s commercial paper borrowing facility and is to be used for general corporate purposes. The Company has not drawn funding from this facility. Leases The Company has operating leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, research and development facilities, corporate offices, employee housing, vehicles and certain equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicit or implicit identified asset in the contract and if Merck controls the use of that asset. Embedded leases, primarily associated with contract manufacturing organizations, are immaterial. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that Merck will exercise that option. Real estate leases for facilities have an average remaining lease term of seven years, which include options to extend the leases for up to four years where applicable. Vehicle leases are generally in effect for four years. The Company elected to exclude short-term leases (leases with an initial term of 12 months or less) from the lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Since the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments by asset class. On a quarterly basis, an updated incremental borrowing rate is determined based on the average remaining lease term of each asset class and the Company’s pretax cost of debt for that same term. The updated rates for each asset class are applied prospectively to new leases. The Company does not separate lease components (e.g. payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs) in the event that the agreement contains both. Merck includes both the lease and non-lease components for purposes of calculating the right-of-use asset and related lease liability (if the non-lease components are fixed). For vehicle leases and employee housing, the Company applies a portfolio approach to account for the operating lease assets and liabilities. Certain of the Company’s lease agreements contain variable lease payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or for actual operating expense true-ups compared with estimated amounts; however, these amounts are immaterial. Sublease income and activity related to sale and leaseback transactions are immaterial. Merck’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Operating lease cost was $334 million in 2022, $343 million in 2021 and $340 million in 2020. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $335 million in 2022, $340 million in 2021 and $334 million in 2020. Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations were $57 million in 2022, $117 million in 2021 and $473 million in 2020. Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows: December 31 2022 2021 Assets Other Assets (1) $ 1,346 $ 1,586 Liabilities Accrued and other current liabilities 281 304 Other Noncurrent Liabilities 1,013 1,225 $ 1,294 $ 1,529 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 7.0 7.0 Weighted-average discount rate 3.1 % 2.6 % (1) Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability. Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows: 2023 $ 323 2024 258 2025 224 2026 157 2027 126 Thereafter 404 Total lease payments 1,492 Less: Imputed interest 198 $ 1,294 At December 31, 2022, the Company had entered into additional real estate operating leases that had not yet commenced; the obligations associated with these leases total $232 million.

Contingencies and Environmental

Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities	Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities The Company is involved in various claims and legal proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business, including product liability, intellectual property, and commercial litigation, as well as certain additional matters including governmental and environmental matters. In the opinion of the Company, it is unlikely that the resolution of these matters will be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Given the nature of the litigation discussed below and the complexities involved in these matters, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss or range of possible loss for such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, (i) what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice, (ii) the extent of the claims, including the size of any potential class, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate, (iii) how the discovery process will affect the litigation, (iv) the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation and (v) any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation. The Company records accruals for contingencies when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessments change or additional information becomes available. For product liability claims, a portion of the overall accrual is actuarially determined and considers such factors as past experience, number of claims reported and estimates of claims incurred but not yet reported. Individually significant contingent losses are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. The Company’s decision to obtain insurance coverage is dependent on market conditions, including cost and availability, existing at the time such decisions are made. The Company has evaluated its risks and has determined that the cost of obtaining product liability insurance outweighs the likely benefits of the coverage that is available and, as such, has no insurance for most product liabilities. Product Liability Litigation Gardasil/Gardasil 9 As previously disclosed, Merck is a defendant in product liability lawsuits in the U.S. involving Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent [Types 6, 11, 16 and 18] Vaccine, Recombinant) and Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant). As of December 31, 2022, approximately 70 cases were filed and pending against Merck in either federal or state court. In these actions, plaintiffs allege, among other things, that they suffered various personal injuries after vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9, with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome as a predominate alleged injury. In August 2022, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that Gardasil/Gardasil 9 product liability cases pending in federal courts nationwide be transferred to Judge Robert J. Conrad in the Western District of North Carolina for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. There are fewer than 15 product liability cases pending outside the U.S., including one purported class action in Colombia. Governmental Proceedings As previously disclosed, in the fall of 2018, the Company received a records subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Vermont (VT USAO) pursuant to Section 248 of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) relating to an investigation of potential health care offenses. The subpoena sought information relating to any actual or potential business relationship or arrangement Merck has had with Practice Fusion, Inc. (PFI), a cloud-based, electronic health records (EHR) company that was acquired by Allscripts in January 2018. The Company cooperated with the government and responded to that subpoena. Subsequently, in May 2019, Merck received a second records subpoena from the VT USAO that broadened the government’s information request by seeking information relating to Merck’s relationship with any EHR company. Shortly thereafter, the VT USAO served a Civil Investigation Demand (CID) upon Merck similarly seeking information on the Company’s relationships with EHR vendors. The CID explains that the government is conducting a False Claims Act investigation concerning whether Merck and/or PFI submitted claims to federal health care programs that violate the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation. As previously disclosed, in April 2019, Merck received a set of investigative interrogatories from the California Attorney General’s Office pursuant to its investigation of conduct and agreements that allegedly affected or delayed competition to Lantus in the insulin market. The interrogatories seek information concerning Merck’s development of an insulin glargine product, and its subsequent termination, as well as Merck’s patent litigation against Sanofi S.A. concerning Lantus and the resolution of that litigation. Merck is cooperating with the California Attorney General’s investigation. As previously disclosed, in June 2020, Merck received a CID from the U.S. Department of Justice. The CID requests answers to interrogatories, as well as various documents, regarding temperature excursions at a third-party storage facility containing certain Merck products. Merck is cooperating with the government’s investigation and intends to produce information and/or documents as necessary in response to the CID. As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company’s subsidiaries in China receive inquiries regarding their operations from various Chinese governmental agencies. Some of these inquiries may be related to matters involving other multinational pharmaceutical companies, as well as Chinese entities doing business with such companies. The Company’s policy is to cooperate with these authorities and to provide responses as appropriate. As previously disclosed, from time to time, the Company receives inquiries and is the subject of preliminary investigation activities from competition and other governmental authorities in markets outside the U.S. These authorities may include regulators, administrative authorities, and law enforcement and other similar officials, and these preliminary investigation activities may include site visits, formal or informal requests or demands for documents or materials, inquiries or interviews and similar matters. Certain of these preliminary inquiries or activities may lead to the commencement of formal proceedings. Should those proceedings be determined adversely to the Company, monetary fines and/or remedial undertakings may be required. Commercial and Other Litigation Zetia Antitrust Litigation As previously disclosed, Merck, MSD, Schering Corporation, Schering-Plough Corporation, and MSP Singapore Company LLC (collectively, the Merck Defendants) are defendants in a number of lawsuits filed in 2018 on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers of Zetia (ezetimibe) alleging violations of federal and state antitrust laws, as well as other state statutory and common law causes of action. The cases were consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation (the Zetia MDL) before Judge Rebecca Beach Smith in the Eastern District of Virginia. In November 2019, the direct purchaser plaintiffs and the indirect purchaser plaintiffs filed motions for class certification. In August 2020, the district court granted in part the direct purchasers’ motion for class certification and certified a class of 35 direct purchasers. In August 2021, the Fourth Circuit vacated the district court’s class certification order and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the court’s ruling. In September 2021, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed a renewed motion for class certification. On January 25, 2022, the magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny the motion for class certification. On February 8, 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs filed objections to the recommendation. On April 13, 2022, the district court denied the direct purchaser plaintiffs’ renewed motion for class certification. In August 2021, the district court granted certification of a class of indirect purchasers. In 2020 and 2021, United Healthcare Services, Inc., Humana Inc., Centene Corporation and others, and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (collectively, the Insurer Plaintiffs), each filed a lawsuit in a jurisdiction outside of the Eastern District of Virginia against the Merck Defendants and others, making similar allegations as those made in the Zetia MDL, as well as additional allegations about Vytorin. These cases have been transferred to the Eastern District of Virginia to proceed with the Zetia MDL. On February 9, 2022, the Insurer Plaintiffs filed amended complaints. On March 2, 2022, the Merck Defendants, jointly with other defendants, moved to dismiss certain aspects of the Insurer Plaintiffs’ complaints, including any claims for Vytorin damages. That motion to dismiss the Vytorin-related claims is still pending. In April 2022, the direct purchaser plaintiffs moved for an order setting a deadline for direct purchasers of Zetia not currently parties to the case to file cases against defendants in order for those cases to be coordinated for trial with the existing direct purchaser plaintiffs and other Zetia MDL plaintiff groups. The court granted that motion, setting a deadline of June 30, 2022 for unnamed direct purchasers to file claims. On June 30, 2022, 23 new entities, many related, brought new complaints against defendants or otherwise sought to intervene. On February 10, 2023, the district court denied the Merck Defendants’ and Glenmark defendants’ motions for summary judgment. In the cases filed by direct purchaser plaintiffs, retailer plaintiffs, and indirect purchaser plaintiffs, plaintiffs seek up to a maximum of $12.7 billion in damages after trebling. The court has scheduled trial for these plaintiffs (all plaintiffs other than the Insurer Plaintiffs) for April 17, 2023. Bravecto Litigation As previously disclosed, in January 2020, the Company was served with a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. Following motion practice, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint on July 1, 2021, seeking to certify a nationwide class action of purchasers or users of Bravecto (fluralaner) products in the U.S. or its territories between May 1, 2014 and July 1, 2021. Plaintiffs contend Bravecto causes neurological events in dogs and cats and alleges violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, Breach of Warranty, Product Liability, and related theories. The Company moved to dismiss or, alternatively, to strike the class allegations from the second amended complaint, and that motion is pending. A similar case was filed in Quebec, Canada in May 2019. The Superior Court certified a class of dog owners in Quebec who gave Bravecto Chew to their dogs between February 16, 2017 and November 2, 2018 whose dogs experienced one of the conditions in the post-marketing adverse reactions section of the labeling approved on November 2, 2018. The Company and plaintiffs each appealed the class certification decision. The Court of Appeal of Quebec heard the appeal on February 7, 2022 and took the matter under advisement. 340B Program Litigation Merck has filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to challenge the letter Merck received from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) in May 2022 regarding Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative. HRSA’s letter to Merck asserts that Merck is in violation of the 340B statute. HRSA further claims that continued failure to provide the 340B price to covered entities using contract pharmacies may result in civil monetary penalties for each instance of alleged overcharging, in addition to repayment for any instance of overcharging. The letter is very similar to letters HRSA has sent to other manufacturers, which letters have been held to be unlawful by multiple federal courts. Merck disagrees with HRSA’s assertion. Merck remains committed to the 340B Program and to providing 340B discounts to eligible covered entities. Merck’s 340B Program integrity initiative is consistent with the requirements of the 340B statute and is intended to ensure the integrity and sustainability of the 340B statute by reducing prohibited duplicate discounts and diversion and putting patients back at the center of the program. Merck continues to offer all of the Company’s covered outpatient drugs to all 340B covered entities for purchase at or below the 340B ceiling price. On September 13, 2022, the court stayed the case pending the D.C. Circuit’s ruling in Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. v. Johnson and United Therapeutics Corp. v. Johnson . Qui Tam Litigation As previously disclosed, in June 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania unsealed a complaint that had been filed against the Company under the federal False Claims Act by two former employees alleging, among other things, that the Company defrauded the U.S. government by falsifying data in connection with a clinical study conducted on the mumps component of the Company’s M-M-R II vaccine. The complaint alleges the fraud took place between 1999 and 2001. The U.S. government had the right to participate in and take over the prosecution of this lawsuit but notified the court that it declined to exercise that right. The two former employees are pursuing the lawsuit without the involvement of the U.S. government. In addition, as previously disclosed, two putative class action lawsuits on behalf of direct purchasers of the M‑M‑R II vaccine, which charge that the Company misrepresented the efficacy of the M-M-R II vaccine in violation of federal antitrust laws and various state consumer protection laws, are pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. In September 2014, the court denied Merck’s motion to dismiss the False Claims Act suit and granted in part and denied in part its motion to dismiss the then-pending antitrust suit. As a result, both the False Claims Act suit and the antitrust suits proceeded into discovery, which is now complete, and the parties have filed and briefed cross-motions for summary judgment, which are currently pending before the court. Merck KGaA Litigation As previously disclosed, in January 2016, to protect its long-established brand rights in the U.S., the Company filed a lawsuit against Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (KGaA), historically operating as the EMD Group in the U.S., alleging it improperly uses the name “Merck” in the U.S. KGaA has filed suit against the Company in a number of jurisdictions outside of the U.S. alleging, among other things, unfair competition, trademark infringement and/or corporate name infringement. In certain of those jurisdictions, KGaA also alleges breach of the parties’ coexistence agreement. The litigation is ongoing in the U.S. with no trial date set, and also ongoing in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Patent Litigation From time to time, generic manufacturers of pharmaceutical products file abbreviated New Drug Applications (NDAs) with the FDA seeking to market generic forms of the Company’s products prior to the expiration of relevant patents owned by the Company. To protect its patent rights, the Company may file patent infringement lawsuits against such generic companies. Similar lawsuits defending the Company’s patent rights may exist in other countries. The Company intends to vigorously defend its patents, which it believes are valid, against infringement by companies attempting to market products prior to the expiration of such patents. As with any litigation, there can be no assurance of the outcomes, which, if adverse, could result in significantly shortened periods of exclusivity for these products and, with respect to products acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, potentially significant intangible asset impairment charges. Bridion — As previously disclosed, between January and November 2020, the Company received multiple Paragraph IV Certification Letters under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying the Company that generic drug companies have filed applications to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Bridion (sugammadex) Injection. In March, April and December 2020, the Company filed patent infringement lawsuits in the U.S. District Courts for the District of New Jersey and the Northern District of West Virginia against those generic companies. All actions in the District of New Jersey have been consolidated. These lawsuits, which assert one or more patents covering sugammadex and methods of using sugammadex, automatically stay FDA approval of the generic applications until June 2023 or until adverse court decisions, if any, whichever may occur earlier. The West Virginia case was jointly dismissed with prejudice on August 8, 2022 in favor of proceeding in New Jersey. The remaining defendants in the New Jersey action have stipulated to infringement of the asserted claims and have stated they are withdrawing all remaining claims and defenses other than a defense seeking to shorten the patent term extension of the sugammadex patent to December 2022. The U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey held a one-day trial on December 19, 2022 on this remaining patent term extension calculation defense. The court ordered a post-trial briefing on this defense and held closing arguments on February 3, 2023. The Company has settled with five generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Bridion to the market in January 2026 (which may be delayed by any applicable pediatric exclusivity) or earlier under certain circumstances. The Company has agreed to stay the lawsuit filed against two generic companies, which in exchange agreed to be bound by a judgment on the merits of the consolidated action in the District of New Jersey. One of the generic companies in the consolidated action requested dismissal of the action against it and the Company did not oppose this request, which was subsequently granted by the court. The Company does not expect this company to bring its generic version of Bridion to the market before January 2026 or later, depending on any applicable pediatric exclusivity, unless the Company receives an adverse court decision. Januvia, Janumet, Janumet XR — As previously disclosed, the FDA granted pediatric exclusivity with respect to Januvia (sitagliptin), Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl), and Janumet XR (sitagliptin and metformin HCl extended-release), which provides a further six months of exclusivity in the U.S. beyond the expiration of all patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Adding this exclusivity to the term of the key patent protection extended exclusivity on these products to January 2023. However, Januvia , Janumet , and Janumet XR contain sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate and the Company has another patent covering certain phosphate salt and polymorphic forms of sitagliptin that expires in May 2027, including pediatric exclusivity (2027 salt/polymorph patent). In 2019, Par Pharmaceutical filed suit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey seeking a declaratory judgment of invalidity of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. In response, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Par Pharmaceutical and additional companies that also indicated an intent to market generic versions of Januvia , Janumet , and Janumet XR following expiration of key patent protection, but prior to the expiration of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent, and a later granted patent owned by the Company covering the Janumet formulation where its term plus the pediatric exclusivity ends in 2029. The Company also filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Mylan in the Northern District of West Virginia. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation entered an order transferring the Company’s lawsuit against Mylan to the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware for coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings with the other cases pending in that district. Prior to the beginning of the scheduled October 2021 trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware on invalidity issues, the Company settled with all defendants scheduled to participate in that trial. In the Company’s case against Mylan, a bench trial was held in December 2021 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, and the closing arguments were held on April 13, 2022. On September 21, 2022, the District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia issued a decision in the Company’s favor, upholding all asserted patent claims. Mylan (now Viatris) has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In total, the Company has settled with 22 generic companies providing that these generic companies can bring their generic versions of Januvia and Janumet to the market in May 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances, and their generic versions of Janumet XR to the market in July 2026 or earlier under certain circumstances. Additionally, in 2019, Mylan filed a petition for inter partes review (IPR) at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) seeking invalidity of some, but not all, of the claims of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent. The USPTO instituted IPR proceedings in May 2020, finding a reasonable likelihood that the challenged claims are not valid. A trial was held in February 2021 and a final decision was rendered in May 2021, holding that all of the challenged claims were not invalid. Mylan appealed the USPTO’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and a hearing was held on August 2, 2022. On September 29, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled in the Company’s favor, upholding the USPTO’s decision. Mylan submitted a combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc, for which the Company was invited by the court to provide a response. On February 3, 2023, the court issued a per curiam decision denying both rehearing requests. In March 2021, the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Zydus Worldwide DMCC, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, Zydus). In that lawsuit, the Company alleged infringement of the 2027 salt/polymorph patent based on the filing of Zydus’s NDA seeking approval of its sitagliptin tablets. In December 2022, the parties reached settlement that included dismissal of the case without prejudice enabling Zydus to seek final approval of a non-automatically substitutable product containing a different form of sitagliptin than that used in Januvia , Janumet and Janumet XR . As a result of these favorable court rulings and settlement agreements related to the later expiring patent directed to the specific sitagliptin salt form of the products, the Company expects that these products will not lose market exclusivity in the U.S. until May 2026. However, certain of the rulings are currently being appealed, and an unfavorable court decision would likely cause the products to lose exclusivity toward the end of 2023. Generic companies have sought revocation of the Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) for Janumet in a number of European countries. In February 2022, a Finnish court referred certain questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union that could determine the validity of the Janumet SPCs in Europe, for which there will be an oral hearing on March 8, 2023. In first instance decisions, the Janumet SPC has been found invalid in Germany and Romania, and has been upheld in Czech Republic and Sweden. Appeals are pending in Germany, Czech Republic and Sweden. The Company has filed for injunctive relief in Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland and Slovakia. An ex-parte preliminary injunction was granted in Finland, which has been subsequently maintained in inter-partes proceedings, Czech Republic and Switzerland, and an inter-partes preliminary injunction has been granted in Ireland. A preliminary injunction was granted in France and the validity of the SPC and the associated patent were held to be prima facie valid. Preliminary injunctions have been refused in Portugal, Greece, Belgium and Hungary. In Belgium, the Company has filed a main infringement action against generic companies and a request for preliminary measures in that action has been refused. Lynparza — In December 2022, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP received a Paragraph IV Certification Letter under the Hatch-Waxman Act notifying AstraZeneca that Natco Pharma Limited (Natco) has filed an application to the FDA seeking pre-patent expiry approval to sell generic versions of Lynparza (olaparib) tablet. In February 2023, AstraZeneca and the Company filed a patent infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey/Delaware against Natco. This lawsuit, which asserts one or more patents covering olaparib, automatically stays FDA approval of the generic application until June 2025 or until an adverse court decision, if any, whichever may occur earlier. Other Litigation There are various other pending legal proceedings involving the Company, principally product liability and intellectual property lawsuits. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of such proceedings, in the opinion of the Company, either the likelihood of loss is remote or any reasonably possible loss associated with the resolution of such proceedings is not expected to be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows either individually or in the aggregate. Legal Defense Reserves Legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are accrued when probable and reasonably estimable. Some of the significant factors considered in the review of these legal defense reserves are as follows: the actual costs incurred by the Company; the development of the Company’s legal defense strategy and structure in light of the scope of its litigation; the number of cases being brought against the Company; the costs and outcomes of completed trials and the most current information regarding anticipated timing, progression, and related costs of pre-trial activities and trials in the associated litigation. The amount of legal defense reserves as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of approximately $230 million represents the Company’s best estimate of the minimum amount of defense costs to be incurred in connection with its outstanding litigation; however, events such as additional trials and other events that could arise in the course of its litigation could affect the ultimate amount of legal defense costs to be incurred by the Company. The Company will continue to monitor its legal defense costs and review the adequacy of the associated reserves and may determine to increase the reserves at any time in the future if, based upon the factors set forth, it believes it would be appropriate to do so. Environmental Matters The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to a number of proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund, and other federal and state equivalents. These proceedings seek to require the operators of hazardous waste disposal facilities, transporters of waste to the sites and generators of hazardous waste disposed of at the sites to clean up the sites or to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. The Company has been made a party to these proceedings as an alleged generator of waste disposed of at the sites. In each case, the government alleges that the defendants are jointly and severally liable for the cleanup costs. Although joint and several liability is alleged, these proceedings are frequently resolved so that the allocation of cleanup costs among the parties more nearly reflects the relative contributions of the parties to the site situation. The Company’s potential liability varies greatly from site to site. For some sites the potential liability is de minimis and for others the final costs of cleanup have not yet been determined. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of many of these proceedings brought by federal or state agencies or private litigants, in the opinion of the Company, such proceedings should not ultimately result in any liability which would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company. The Company has taken an active role in identifying and accruing for these costs and such amounts do not include any reduction for anticipated recoveries of cleanup costs from former site owners or operators or other recalcitrant potentially responsible parties. In management’s opinion, the liabilities for all environmental matters that are probable and reasonably estimable have been accrued and totaled $39 million and $40 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These liabilities are undiscounted, do not consider potential recoveries from other parties and will be paid out over the periods of remediation for the applicable sites, which are expected to occur primarily over the next 15 years. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these matters, or the ultimate costs of remediation, management does not believe that any reasonably possible expenditures that may be incurred in excess of the liabilities accrued should exceed approximately $35 million in the aggregate. Management also does not believe that these expenditures should result in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity for any year.

Equity

Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Equity	Equity The Merck certificate of incorporation authorizes 6,500,000,000 shares of common stock and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Capital Stock A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Common Treasury Common Treasury Common Treasury Balance January 1 3,577 1,049 3,577 1,047 3,577 1,038 Purchases of treasury stock — — — 11 — 16 Issuances (1) — (10) — (9) — (7) Balance December 31 3,577 1,039 3,577 1,049 3,577 1,047 (1) Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

Share-Based Compensation Plans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Share-Based Compensation Plans	Share-Based Compensation PlansThe Company has share-based compensation plans under which the Company grants restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs) to certain management level employees. In addition, employees and non-employee directors may be granted options to purchase shares of Company common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These plans were approved by the Company’s shareholders. At December 31, 2022, 87 million shares collectively were authorized for future grants under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. These awards are settled with treasury shares. Employee stock options are granted to purchase shares of Company stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. These awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period, with a contractual term of 7-10 years. RSUs are stock awards that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the awards vest. The fair value of the stock option and RSU awards is determined and fixed on the grant date based on the Company’s stock price. PSUs are stock awards where the ultimate number of shares issued will be contingent on the Company’s performance against a pre-set objective or set of objectives. The fair value of each PSU is determined on the date of grant based on the Company’s stock price. For RSUs and PSUs, dividends declared during the vesting period are payable to the employees only upon vesting. Over the PSU performance period, the number of shares of stock that are expected to be issued will be adjusted based on the probability of achievement of a performance target and final compensation expense will be recognized based on the ultimate number of shares issued. RSU and PSU distributions will be in shares of Company stock after the end of the vesting or performance period, subject to the terms applicable to such awards. PSU awards generally vest after three years. RSU awards generally vest one-third each year over a three-year period. Total pretax share-based compensation cost recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $541 million, $498 million and $475 million, respectively. The amounts in 2021 and 2020 include $479 million and $441 million, respectively, related to continuing operations. Income tax benefits for share-based compensation expense recognized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $78 million, $69 million and $65 million, respectively. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the fair value of option grants. In applying this model, the Company uses both historical data and current market data to estimate the fair value of its options. The Black-Scholes model requires several assumptions including expected dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, volatility, and term of the options. The expected dividend yield is based on historical patterns of dividend payments. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rate at grant date of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Notes with a term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility is estimated using a blend of historical and implied volatility. The historical component is based on historical monthly price changes. The implied volatility is obtained from market data on the Company’s traded options. The expected life represents the amount of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, based on historical and forecasted exercise behavior. The weighted average exercise price of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $87.10, $75.99 and $77.67 per option, respectively. The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $15.45, $9.80 and $9.93 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Expected dividend yield 3.1 % 3.1 % 3.1 % Risk-free interest rate 3.0 % 1.0 % 0.4 % Expected volatility 22.5 % 20.9 % 22.1 % Expected life (years) 5.9 5.9 5.8 Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows: Number Weighted Weighted Aggregate Outstanding January 1, 2022 18,572 $ 65.27 Granted 2,326 87.10 Exercised (6,317) 60.77 Forfeited (862) 73.11 Outstanding December 31, 2022 13,719 $ 70.55 6.5 $ 554 Vested and expected to vest December 31, 2022 13,199 $ 70.09 6.4 $ 539 Exercisable December 31, 2022 8,730 $ 65.24 5.4 $ 399 Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised $ 225 $ 106 $ 51 Fair value of stock options vested 30 27 25 Cash received from the exercise of stock options 384 202 89 A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows: RSUs PSUs Number Weighted Number Weighted Nonvested January 1, 2022 11,790 $ 74.88 1,966 $ 77.13 Granted 7,170 87.12 951 88.52 Vested (5,150) 75.40 (725) 87.87 Forfeited (1,110) 78.65 (171) 77.58 Nonvested December 31, 2022 12,700 $ 81.25 2,021 $ 78.60 Expected to vest December 31, 2022 11,254 $ 80.96 1,895 $ 78.26 At December 31, 2022, there was $813 million of total pretax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. For segment reporting, share-based compensation costs are unallocated expenses.

Pension and Other Postretiremen

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans	Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering eligible employees in the U.S. and in certain of its international subsidiaries. In addition, the Company provides medical benefits, principally to its eligible U.S. retirees and their dependents, through its other postretirement benefit plans. The Company uses December 31 as the year-end measurement date for all of its pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans. Net Periodic Benefit Cost The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (including certain costs reported as part of discontinued operations) consisted of the following components: Pension Benefits U.S. International Other Postretirement Benefits Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Service cost $ 372 $ 403 $ 360 $ 283 $ 328 $ 297 $ 48 $ 48 $ 52 Interest cost 457 404 431 145 123 136 46 45 57 Expected return on plan assets (753) (755) (774) (383) (416) (414) (86) (79) (75) Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost (32) (38) (49) (14) (16) (18) (57) (63) (73) Net loss (gain) amortization 128 298 303 96 142 127 (43) (42) (18) Termination benefits 2 56 10 1 5 3 — 37 2 Curtailments 12 16 10 — (26) — (1) (29) (4) Settlements 239 216 13 1 8 15 — — — Net periodic benefit cost (credit) $ 425 $ 600 $ 304 $ 129 $ 148 $ 146 $ (93) $ (83) $ (59) Net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans in 2021 includes expenses for curtailments, settlements and termination benefits provided to certain employees in connection with the spin-off of Organon. In connection with restructuring actions (see Note 6), termination charges were recorded in 2022, 2021 and 2020 on pension and other postretirement benefit plans related to expanded eligibility for certain employees exiting Merck. Also, in connection with these restructuring activities, curtailments and settlements were recorded on certain pension plans. An increase in lump sum payments to U.S. pension plan participants also contributed to the settlements recorded during 2022 and 2021. The components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income) expense, net (see Note 15), with the exception of certain amounts for termination benefits, curtailments and settlements, which are recorded in Restructuring costs if the event giving rise to the termination benefits, curtailment or settlement is related to restructuring actions or in Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests if related to the spin-off of Organon (each as noted above). Obligations and Funded Status Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows: Pension Benefits Other U.S. International 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Fair value of plan assets January 1 $ 13,067 $ 12,672 $ 12,195 $ 12,009 $ 1,292 $ 1,221 Actual return on plan assets (3,129) 1,250 (2,793) 891 (306) 118 Company contributions 293 305 155 189 46 33 Effects of exchange rate changes — — (848) (671) — — Benefits paid (219) (219) (250) (233) (90) (86) Settlements (918) (941) (16) (55) — — Spin-off of Organon — — — (55) — — Other — — 30 120 5 6 Fair value of plan assets December 31 $ 9,094 $ 13,067 $ 8,473 $ 12,195 $ 947 $ 1,292 Benefit obligation January 1 $ 13,999 $ 14,613 $ 11,575 $ 12,458 $ 1,541 $ 1,607 Service cost 372 403 283 328 48 48 Interest cost 457 404 145 123 46 45 Actuarial (gains) losses (1) (3,851) (332) (3,283) (240) (392) (103) Benefits paid (219) (219) (250) (233) (90) (86) Effects of exchange rate changes — — (732) (678) (1) (1) Plan amendments — — 4 4 — — Curtailments 12 15 — (38) — (12) Termination benefits 2 56 1 5 — 37 Settlements (918) (941) (16) (55) — — Spin-off of Organon — — — (118) — — Other — — 28 19 5 6 Benefit obligation December 31 $ 9,854 $ 13,999 $ 7,755 $ 11,575 $ 1,157 $ 1,541 Funded status December 31 $ (760) $ (932) $ 718 $ 620 $ (210) $ (249) Recognized as: Other Assets $ 5 $ 9 $ 1,052 $ 1,395 $ — $ — Accrued and other current liabilities (59) (64) (19) (22) (8) (8) Other Noncurrent Liabilities (706) (877) (315) (753) (202) (241) (1) Actuarial (gains) losses primarily reflect changes in discount rates. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated benefit obligation was $17.2 billion and $24.9 billion, respectively, for all pension plans, of which $9.7 billion and $13.8 billion, respectively, related to U.S. pension plans. Information related to the funded status of selected pension plans at December 31 is as follows: U.S. International 2022 2021 2022 2021 Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets Projected benefit obligation $ 9,186 $ 13,013 $ 2,779 $ 2,507 Fair value of plan assets 8,421 12,072 2,445 1,731 Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets Accumulated benefit obligation $ 9,081 $ 12,916 $ 1,226 $ 2,462 Fair value of plan assets 8,421 12,072 948 1,723 Plan Assets Entities are required to use a fair value hierarchy which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $765 million and $943 million, respectively, or approximately 4% of the Company’s pension investments were categorized as Level 3 assets. If the inputs used to measure the financial assets fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total 2022 2021 U.S. Pension Plans Cash and cash equivalents $ 49 $ — $ — $ 98 $ 147 $ 3 $ — $ — $ 289 $ 292 Investment funds Developed markets equities 211 — — 2,443 2,654 236 — — 3,799 4,035 Emerging markets equities — — — 707 707 — — — 919 919 Real estate — — — 131 131 — — — — — Equity securities Developed markets 1,956 — — — 1,956 2,915 — — — 2,915 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 1,934 — — 1,934 — 2,870 — — 2,870 Corporate obligations — 1,438 — — 1,438 — 2,005 — — 2,005 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 22 — — 22 — 23 — — 23 Other investments Derivatives — 101 — — 101 — — — — — Other — — 4 — 4 2 — 6 — 8 Plan assets at fair value $ 2,216 $ 3,495 $ 4 $ 3,379 $ 9,094 $ 3,156 $ 4,898 $ 6 $ 5,007 $ 13,067 International Pension Plans Cash and cash equivalents $ 57 $ 8 $ — $ 13 $ 78 $ 82 $ 10 $ — $ 18 $ 110 Investment funds Developed markets equities 375 2,957 — 90 3,422 531 4,292 — 121 4,944 Government and agency obligations 177 2,656 — 130 2,963 240 4,025 — 171 4,436 Emerging markets equities 52 — — 59 111 137 — — 72 209 Corporate obligations 8 9 — 129 146 9 8 — 171 188 Other fixed income obligations 10 7 — 4 21 15 8 — 3 26 Real estate — 1 — 10 11 — 1 — 16 17 Equity securities Developed markets 263 — — — 263 369 — — — 369 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 448 — — 448 3 591 — 3 597 Corporate obligations — 157 — — 157 — 223 — 2 225 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 69 — — 69 — 90 — — 90 Other investments Insurance contracts (2) — 18 761 1 780 — 44 937 1 982 Other 1 3 — — 4 1 1 — — 2 Plan assets at fair value $ 943 $ 6,333 $ 761 $ 436 $ 8,473 $ 1,387 $ 9,293 $ 937 $ 578 $ 12,195 (1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (2) The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques. The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets: 2022 2021 Insurance Real Other Total Insurance Real Other Total U.S. Pension Plans Balance January 1 $ — $ — $ 6 $ 6 $ — $ — $ 7 $ 7 Actual return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at December 31 — — (3) (3) — — (5) (5) Relating to assets sold during the year — — 2 2 — — 7 7 Purchases and sales, net — — (1) (1) — — (3) (3) Balance December 31 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 4 $ — $ — $ 6 $ 6 International Pension Plans Balance January 1 $ 937 $ — $ — $ 937 $ 935 $ — $ — $ 935 Actual return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at December 31 (147) — — (147) (34) — — (34) Purchases and sales, net (39) — (39) (42) — — (42) Transfers into Level 3 10 — 10 78 — — 78 Balance December 31 $ 761 $ — $ — $ 761 $ 937 $ — $ — $ 937 The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total 2022 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 2 $ — $ — $ 8 $ 10 $ 11 $ — $ — $ 28 $ 39 Investment funds Developed markets equities 22 — — 257 279 24 — — 378 402 Emerging markets equities — — — 74 74 — — — 92 92 Real estate — — — 14 14 — — — — — Government and agency obligations 1 — — — 1 1 — — — 1 Equity securities — Developed markets 206 — — — 206 290 — — — 290 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 212 — — 212 — 275 — — 275 Corporate obligations — 137 — — 137 — 191 — — 191 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 2 — — 2 — 2 — — 2 Other Investments Derivatives — 12 — — 12 — — — — — Plan assets at fair value $ 231 $ 363 $ — $ 353 $ 947 $ 326 $ 468 $ — $ 498 $ 1,292 (1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company has established investment guidelines for its U.S. pension and other postretirement plans to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of each plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans is allocated 25% to 40% in U.S. equities, 10% to 20% in international equities, 35% to 45% in fixed-income investments, and up to 8% in cash and other investments. The portfolio’s equity weighting is consistent with the long-term nature of the plans’ benefit obligations. The expected annual standard deviation of returns of the target portfolio, which approximates 10%, reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests. For international pension plans, the targeted investment portfolio varies based on the duration of pension liabilities and local government rules and regulations. Although a significant percentage of plan assets are invested in U.S. equities, concentration risk is mitigated through the use of strategies that are diversified within management guidelines. Expected Contributions Contributions during 2023 are expected to be approximately $270 million for U.S. pension plans, approximately $150 million for international pension plans and approximately $20 million for other postretirement benefit plans. Expected Benefit Payments Expected benefit payments are as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits International Pension Other 2023 $ 627 $ 271 $ 84 2024 634 257 86 2025 650 262 87 2026 676 283 89 2027 694 297 90 2028 — 2032 3,948 1,704 474 Expected benefit payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations and include estimated future employee service. Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income Net gain/loss amounts reflect differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net gain/loss amounts in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining service life of employees. The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI : Pension Plans Other Postretirement U.S. International Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net (loss) gain arising during the period $ (42) $ 813 $ (472) $ 116 $ 772 $ (424) $ — $ 156 $ 199 Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period — — — (4) (4) 64 — — — $ (42) $ 813 $ (472) $ 112 $ 768 $ (360) $ — $ 156 $ 199 Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost $ 128 $ 298 $ 303 $ 96 $ 142 $ 127 $ (43) $ (42) $ (18) Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost (32) (38) (49) (14) (16) (18) (57) (63) (73) Settlements and curtailments 251 232 23 1 (18) 15 (1) (29) (4) $ 347 $ 492 $ 277 $ 83 $ 108 $ 124 $ (101) $ (134) $ (95) Actuarial Assumptions The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows: U.S. Pension and Other International Pension Plans December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net periodic benefit cost Discount rate 3.00 % 2.70 % 3.40 % 1.50 % 1.10 % 1.50 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 6.70 % 6.70 % 7.30 % 3.70 % 3.80 % 4.40 % Salary growth rate 4.60 % 4.60 % 4.20 % 2.90 % 2.80 % 2.80 % Interest crediting rate 5.00 % 4.70 % 4.90 % 3.00 % 3.00 % 2.80 % Benefit obligation Discount rate 5.50 % 3.00 % 2.70 % 3.90 % 1.50 % 1.10 % Salary growth rate 4.60 % 4.60 % 4.60 % 3.20 % 2.90 % 2.80 % Interest crediting rate 5.30 % 5.00 % 4.70 % 3.30 % 3.00 % 3.00 % For both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans, the discount rate is evaluated on measurement dates and modified to reflect the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed-income debt instruments that would provide the future cash flows needed to pay the benefits included in the benefit obligation as they come due. The expected rate of return for both the pension and other postretirement benefit plans represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid and is determined on a plan basis. The expected rate of return for each plan is developed considering long-term historical returns data, current market conditions, and actual returns on the plan assets. Using this reference information, the long-term return expectations for each asset category and a weighted-average expected return for each plan’s target portfolio is developed according to the allocation among those investment categories. The expected portfolio performance reflects the contribution of active management as appropriate. For 2023, the expected rate of return for the Company’s U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans will be 7.00%, as compared to 6.70% in 2022. The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows: December 31 2022 2021 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.8 % 6.4 % Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 4.5 % 4.5 % Year that the trend rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2038 2032 Savings Plans The Company also maintains defined contribution savings plans in the U.S. The Company matches a percentage of each employee’s contributions consistent with the provisions of the plan for which the employee is eligible. Total employer contributions to these plans in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $175 million, $158 million and $158 million, respectively.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

Other (Income) Expense, Net	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Other (Income) Expense, Net	Other (income) expense, net, consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Interest income $ (157) $ (36) $ (59) Interest expense 962 806 831 Exchange losses 237 297 145 Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net (1) 1,419 (1,940) (1,338) Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost (279) (212) (339) Other, net (681) (256) (130) $ 1,501 $ (1,341) $ (890) (1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates gains of approximately $140 million will be recorded in the first quarter of 2023 from ownership interests in investment funds. Interest paid was $937 million in 2022, $779 million in 2021 and $822 million in 2020.

Taxes on Income

Taxes on Income	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Taxes on Income	Taxes on Income A reconciliation between the effective tax rate for income from continuing operations and the U.S. statutory rate is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Amount Tax Rate Amount Tax Rate Amount Tax Rate U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes $ 3,453 21.0 % $ 2,915 21.0 % $ 1,231 21.0 % Differential arising from: Foreign earnings (1,835) (11.1) (1,446) (10.4) (965) (16.5) GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction 462 2.8 (75) (0.5) 349 6.0 State taxes (110) (0.7) 2 — 57 1.0 R&D tax credit (81) (0.5) (81) (0.6) (108) (1.8) Tax settlements (10) (0.1) (275) (2.0) (13) (0.2) Valuation allowances 108 0.7 102 0.7 37 0.6 Restructuring 11 0.1 61 0.4 105 1.8 Acquisition of VelosBio — — (9) (0.1) 559 9.5 Acquisition of Pandion — — 356 2.6 — — Acquisition of OncoImmune — — — — 97 1.7 Other (80) (0.5) (29) (0.1) (9) (0.2) $ 1,918 11.7 % $ 1,521 11.0 % $ 1,340 22.9 % Where applicable, the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions is reflected in the reconciling items above. The Company’s remaining transition tax liability under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, which has been reduced by payments and the utilization of foreign tax credits, was $2.2 billion at December 31, 2022, of which $732 million is included in Income taxes payable and the remainder of $1.5 billion is included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities . As a result of the transition tax under the TCJA, the Company is no longer indefinitely reinvested with respect to its undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries and has provided a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding taxes that would apply. The Company remains indefinitely reinvested with respect to its financial statement basis in excess of tax basis of its foreign subsidiaries. A determination of the deferred tax liability with respect to this basis difference is not practicable. The foreign earnings tax rate differentials in the tax rate reconciliation above primarily reflect the impacts of operations in jurisdictions with different tax rates than the U.S., particularly Ireland and Switzerland, as well as Singapore and Puerto Rico which operate under tax incentive grants (which begin to expire in 2025), thereby yielding a favorable impact on the effective tax rate compared with the U.S. statutory rate of 21%. The Company has an additional Cantonal tax holiday in Switzerland that provides for a tax rate reduction and is effective through 2032. Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Domestic $ 1,011 $ 1,854 $ (3,814) Foreign 15,433 12,025 9,677 $ 16,444 $ 13,879 $ 5,863 Taxes on income from continuing operations consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Current provision Federal $ 2,265 $ 74 $ 893 Foreign 1,164 1,273 969 State 57 (13) 44 3,486 1,334 1,906 Deferred provision Federal (1,510) 240 (605) Foreign 71 (77) 64 State (129) 24 (25) (1,568) 187 (566) $ 1,918 $ 1,521 $ 1,340 Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Product intangibles and licenses $ — $ 2,575 $ — $ 3,207 R&D capitalization 1,341 — 274 — Inventory related 43 423 119 370 Accelerated depreciation — 657 — 589 Equity investments — 92 — 335 Pensions and other postretirement benefits 372 284 487 338 Compensation related 335 — 301 — Unrecognized tax benefits 91 — 75 — Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards 912 — 867 — Other 511 267 434 180 Subtotal 3,605 4,298 2,557 5,019 Valuation allowance (599) (287) Total deferred taxes $ 3,006 $ 4,298 $ 2,270 $ 5,019 Net deferred income taxes $ 1,292 $ 2,749 Recognized as: Other Assets $ 503 $ 692 Deferred Income Taxes $ 1,795 $ 3,441 The Company has net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards in several jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2022, $349 million of deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relate to foreign jurisdictions. Valuation allowances of $345 million have been established on these foreign NOL carryforwards and other foreign deferred tax assets. In addition, the Company has $563 million of deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards. Valuation allowances of $247 million have been established on these U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards. Income taxes paid in 2022, 2021 and 2020 (including amounts attributable to discontinued operations in 2021 and 2020) were $3.2 billion, $2.4 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. Income taxes paid consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Domestic (1) $ 1,891 $ 1,211 $ 977 Foreign 1,348 1,201 1,763 $ 3,239 $ 2,412 $ 2,740 (1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments. Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises were $45 million in 2022, $21 million in 2021 and $12 million in 2020. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Balance January 1 $ 1,529 $ 1,537 $ 1,225 Additions related to current year positions 344 306 298 Additions related to prior year positions 48 63 110 Reductions for tax positions of prior years (1) (40) (230) (4) Settlements (1) (6) (46) (70) Lapse of statute of limitations (40) (58) (22) Spin-off of Organon — (43) — Balance December 31 $ 1,835 $ 1,529 $ 1,537 (1) Amount in 2021 reflects a settlement with the IRS discussed below. If the Company were to recognize the unrecognized tax benefits of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2022, the income tax provision would reflect a favorable net impact of $1.8 billion. The Company is under examination by numerous tax authorities in various jurisdictions globally. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 could decrease by up to approximately $31 million in the next 12 months as a result of various audit closures, settlements or the expiration of the statute of limitations. The ultimate finalization of the Company’s examinations with relevant taxing authorities can include formal administrative and legal proceedings, which could have a significant impact on the timing of the reversal of unrecognized tax benefits. The Company believes that its reserves for uncertain tax positions are adequate to cover existing risks or exposures. Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions amounted to an expense (benefit) of $54 million in 2022, $(37) million in 2021 and $16 million in 2020. These amounts reflect the beneficial impacts of various tax settlements, including the settlement discussed below. Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties were $256 million and $192 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In 2021, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) concluded its examinations of Merck’s 2015-2016 U.S. federal income tax returns. As a result, the Company was required to make a payment of $190 million (of which $172 million related to continuing operations and $18 million related to discontinued operations). The Company’s reserves for unrecognized tax benefits for the years under examination exceeded the adjustments relating to this examination period and therefore the Company recorded a $236 million net tax benefit in 2021 (of which $207 million related to continuing operations and $29 million related to discontinued operations). This net benefit reflects reductions in reserves for unrecognized tax benefits and other related liabilities for tax positions relating to the years that were under examination. The IRS is currently conducting examinations of the Company’s tax returns for the years 2017 and 2018. In addition, various state and foreign tax examinations are in progress and for these jurisdictions, the Company’s income tax returns are open for examination for the period 2003 through 2022.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings per Share	Earnings per Share The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. $ 14,519 $ 12,345 $ 4,519 Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests — 704 2,548 Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. $ 14,519 $ 13,049 $ 7,067 Average common shares outstanding 2,532 2,530 2,530 Common shares issuable (1) 10 8 11 Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution 2,542 2,538 2,541 Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders: Income from Continuing Operations $ 5.73 $ 4.88 $ 1.79 Income from Discontinued Operations — 0.28 1.01 Net Income $ 5.73 $ 5.16 $ 2.79 Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders: Income from Continuing Operations $ 5.71 $ 4.86 $ 1.78 Income from Discontinued Operations — 0.28 1.00 Net Income $ 5.71 $ 5.14 $ 2.78 (1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, 2 million, 9 million and 5 million, respectively, of common shares issuable under share-based compensation plans were excluded from the computation of earnings per common share assuming dilution because the effect would have been antidilutive.

Other Comprehensive Income (Los

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: Derivatives Investments Employee Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Balance January 1, 2020, net of taxes $ 31 $ 18 $ (4,261) $ (1,981) $ (6,193) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax (383) 3 (633) 64 (949) Tax 84 — 120 89 293 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes (299) 3 (513) 153 (656) Reclassification adjustments, pretax 2 (1) (21) (2) 306 (3) — 287 Tax — — (72) — (72) Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 2 (21) 234 — 215 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (297) (18) (279) 153 (441) Balance at December 31, 2020, net of taxes (266) — (4,540) (1,828) (6,634) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax 333 — 1,737 (304) 1,766 Tax (75) — (332) (119) (526) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 258 — 1,405 (423) 1,240 Reclassification adjustments, pretax 192 (1) — 466 (3) — 658 Tax (40) — (102) — (142) Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 152 — 364 — 516 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 410 — 1,769 (423) 1,756 Spin-off of Organon (see Note 3) — — 28 421 449 Balance at December 31, 2021, net of taxes 144 — (2,743) (4) (1,830) (4,429) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax 684 — 70 (584) 170 Tax (143) — 12 (19) (150) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 541 — 82 (603) 20 Reclassification adjustments, pretax (775) (1) — 329 (3) — (446) Tax 163 — (76) — 87 Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes (612) — 253 — (359) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (71) — 335 (603) (339) Balance at December 31, 2022, net of taxes $ 73 $ — $ (2,408) (4) $ (2,433) $ (4,768) (1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales . (2) Represents net realized gains on the sales of available-for-sale debt securities that were reclassified from AOCL to Other (income) expense, net . (3) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14). (4) Includes pension plan net loss of $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $446 million and $473 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $152 million and $190 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $135 million and $181 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segment Reporting	Segment Reporting The Company’s operations are principally managed on a product basis and include two operating segments, Pharmaceutical and Animal Health, both of which are reportable segments. The Pharmaceutical segment includes human health pharmaceutical and vaccine products. Human health pharmaceutical products consist of therapeutic and preventive agents, generally sold by prescription, for the treatment of human disorders. The Company sells these human health pharmaceutical products primarily to drug wholesalers and retailers, hospitals, government agencies and managed health care providers such as health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers and other institutions. Human health vaccine products consist of preventive pediatric, adolescent and adult vaccines. The Company sells these human health vaccines primarily to physicians, wholesalers, physician distributors and government entities. A large component of pediatric and adolescent vaccine sales are made to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines for Children program, which is funded by the U.S. government. Additionally, the Company sells vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles. The Animal Health segment discovers, develops, manufactures and markets a wide range of veterinary pharmaceutical and vaccine products, as well as health management solutions and services, for the prevention, treatment and control of disease in all major livestock and companion animal species. The Company also offers an extensive suite of digitally connected identification, traceability and monitoring products. The Company sells its products to veterinarians, distributors, animal producers, farmers and pet owners. The Company previously had a Healthcare Services segment that provided services and solutions focused on engagement, health analytics and clinical services to improve the value of care delivered to patients. The Company divested the remaining businesses in this segment during the first quarter of 2020. Sales of the Company’s products were as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 U.S. Int’l Total U.S. Int’l Total U.S. Int’l Total Pharmaceutical: Oncology Keytruda $ 12,686 $ 8,251 $ 20,937 $ 9,765 $ 7,421 $ 17,186 $ 8,352 $ 6,028 $ 14,380 Alliance revenue - Lynparza (1) 584 532 1,116 515 473 989 417 308 725 Alliance revenue - Lenvima (1) 579 297 876 417 287 704 359 220 580 Alliance revenue - Reblozyl (2) 123 43 166 — 17 17 — — — Vaccines Gardasil/Gardasil 9 2,065 4,832 6,897 1,881 3,792 5,673 1,755 2,184 3,938 ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax 1,724 518 2,241 1,629 506 2,135 1,378 500 1,878 RotaTeq 508 275 783 473 334 807 486 311 797 Pneumovax 23 346 256 602 547 346 893 727 359 1,087 Vaqta 95 78 173 100 79 179 103 67 170 Hospital Acute Care Bridion 922 762 1,685 762 770 1,532 583 615 1,198 Prevymis 188 240 428 153 218 370 119 162 281 Dificid 241 22 263 166 10 175 102 7 110 Primaxin 1 238 239 2 258 259 2 248 251 Noxafil 51 187 238 60 199 259 42 287 329 Invanz 4 185 189 (5) 207 202 9 202 211 Cancidas 6 168 174 4 208 212 7 207 213 Zerbaxa 89 79 169 4 (5) (1) 74 56 130 Cardiovascular Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (3) 329 12 341 312 30 342 259 22 281 Adempas — 238 238 — 252 252 — 220 220 Virology Lagevrio 1,523 4,161 5,684 632 320 952 — — — Isentress/Isentress HD 274 359 633 294 474 769 326 531 857 Neuroscience Belsomra 79 179 258 78 241 318 81 247 327 Immunology Simponi — 706 706 — 825 825 — 838 838 Remicade — 207 207 — 299 299 — 330 330 Diabetes Januvia 1,248 1,565 2,813 1,404 1,920 3,324 1,470 1,836 3,306 Janumet 355 1,344 1,700 367 1,597 1,964 477 1,494 1,971 Other pharmaceutical (4) 969 1,282 2,249 841 1,275 2,118 882 1,321 2,202 Total Pharmaceutical segment sales 24,989 27,016 52,005 20,401 22,353 42,754 18,010 18,600 36,610 Animal Health: Livestock 710 2,590 3,300 667 2,628 3,295 612 2,327 2,939 Companion Animals 1,112 1,138 2,250 1,091 1,182 2,273 872 892 1,764 Total Animal Health segment sales 1,822 3,728 5,550 1,758 3,810 5,568 1,484 3,219 4,703 Other segment sales (5) — — — — — — 23 — 23 Total segment sales 26,811 30,744 57,555 22,159 26,163 48,322 19,517 21,819 41,336 Other (6) 395 1,333 1,728 266 116 382 71 111 182 $ 27,206 $ 32,077 $ 59,283 $ 22,425 $ 26,279 $ 48,704 $ 19,588 $ 21,930 $ 41,518 U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding. (1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. (5) Represents sales for the Healthcare Services segment. All the businesses in the Healthcare Services segment were fully divested by the first quarter of 2020. (6) Other is primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate revenue, including revenue hedging activities which increased (decreased) sales by $810 million, $(203) million and $(19) million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as well as revenue from third-party manufacturing arrangements (including sales to Organon). Other for 2022, 2021 and 2020 also includes $165 million, $218 million and $54 million, respectively, related to upfront and milestone payments received by Merck for out-licensing arrangements. Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 United States $ 27,206 $ 22,425 $ 19,588 Europe, Middle East and Africa 14,493 13,341 11,547 China 5,191 4,378 2,751 Japan 3,629 2,726 2,602 Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) 3,614 2,407 2,113 Latin America 2,582 2,206 1,890 Other 2,568 1,221 1,027 $ 59,283 $ 48,704 $ 41,518 A reconciliation of segment profits to Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Segment profits: Pharmaceutical segment $ 36,852 $ 30,977 $ 26,106 Animal Health segment 1,963 1,950 1,669 Other segments — — 1 Total segment profits 38,815 32,927 27,776 Other profits 1,160 156 75 Unallocated: Interest income 157 36 59 Interest expense (962) (806) (831) Amortization (2,085) (1,636) (1,817) Depreciation (1,642) (1,414) (1,519) Research and development (13,011) (11,692) (12,911) Restructuring costs (337) (661) (575) Other unallocated, net (5,651) (3,031) (4,394) $ 16,444 $ 13,879 $ 5,863 Pharmaceutical segment profits are comprised of segment sales less standard costs, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses directly incurred by the segment. Animal Health segment profits are comprised of segment sales, less all cost of sales, as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development costs directly incurred by the segment. For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, Merck does not allocate the remaining cost of sales not included in segment profits as described above, research and development expenses incurred in Merck Research Laboratories, the Company’s research and development division that focuses on human health-related activities, or general and administrative expenses, nor the cost of financing these activities. Separate divisions maintain responsibility for monitoring and managing these costs, including depreciation related to fixed assets utilized by these divisions and, therefore, they are not included in segment profits. In addition, costs related to restructuring activities, as well as the amortization of intangible assets and purchase accounting adjustments are not allocated to segments. Other profits are primarily comprised of miscellaneous corporate profits, as well as operating profits related to third-party manufacturing arrangements. Other unallocated, net, includes expenses from corporate and manufacturing cost centers, goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, gains or losses on sales of businesses, expense or income related to changes in the estimated fair value measurement of liabilities for contingent consideration, and other miscellaneous income or expense items. Equity income/loss from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows: Pharmaceutical Animal Health All Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 Included in segment profits: Equity income from affiliates $ 39 $ — $ — $ 39 Depreciation 5 177 — 182 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Included in segment profits: Equity income from affiliates $ 11 $ — $ — $ 11 Depreciation 6 158 — 164 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Included in segment profits: Equity loss from affiliates $ 6 $ — $ — $ 6 Depreciation 6 143 1 150 Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows: December 31 2022 2021 2020 United States $ 12,891 $ 11,759 $ 10,394 Europe, Middle East and Africa 6,993 6,081 5,314 Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) 966 857 737 Latin America 225 199 169 China 207 220 216 Japan 135 159 166 Other 5 4 4 $ 21,422 $ 19,279 $ 17,000 The Company does not disaggregate assets on a products and services basis for internal management reporting and, therefore, such information is not presented.

Summary of Accounting Policies

Summary of Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling interest is maintained. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. Controlling interest is determined by majority ownership interest and the absence of substantive third-party participating rights or, in the case of variable interest entities, by majority exposure to expected losses, residual returns or both. For those consolidated subsidiaries where Merck ownership is less than 100%, the outside shareholders’ interests are shown as Noncontrolling interests in equity. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest, such as interests in entities owned equally by the Company and a third party that are under shared control, are carried on the equity basis.
Acquisitions	Acquisitions — In a business combination, the acquisition method of accounting requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded as of the date of the acquisition at their respective fair values with limited exceptions. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies are generally recognized at fair value. If fair value cannot be determined, the asset or liability is recognized if probable and reasonably estimable; if these criteria are not met, no asset or liability is recognized. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Accordingly, the Company may be required to value assets at fair value measures that do not reflect the Company’s intended use of those assets. Any excess of the purchase price (consideration transferred) over the estimated fair values of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs and costs to restructure the acquired company are expensed as incurred. The operating results of the acquired business are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements after the date of the acquisition. If the Company determines the assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of assets rather than a business combination and, therefore, no
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation — The net assets of international subsidiaries where the local currencies have been determined to be the functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and results of operations are translated at average exchange rates. The U.S. dollar effects that arise from translating the net assets of these subsidiaries at changing rates are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and remain in Accumulated other comprehensive loss ( AOCL ) until either the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the subsidiary. For those subsidiaries that operate in highly inflationary economies and for those subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency, non-monetary foreign currency assets and liabilities are translated using historical rates, while monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current rates, with the U.S. dollar effects of rate changes included in Other (income) expense, net .
Cash Equivalents	Cash Equivalents — Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than three months.
Inventories	Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of a substantial majority of U.S. human health inventories is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for both financial reporting and tax purposes. The cost of all other inventories is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Inventories consist of currently marketed products, as well as certain inventories produced in preparation for product launches that are considered by the Company to be probable of obtaining regulatory approval. In evaluating the recoverability of inventories produced in preparation for product launches, the Company considers the likelihood that revenue will be obtained from the future sale of the related inventory together with the status of the product within the regulatory approval process.
Investments	Investments — Investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair values of the Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value that are not impairment related are reported net of taxes in OCI . The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments in marketable debt securities, including the extent to which fair value is less than cost, whether an allowance for credit loss is required, as well as adverse factors that could affect the value of the securities. An impairment has occurred if the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the marketable debt security. If the Company does not intend to sell the impaired debt security, and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the amount of the impairment recognized in earnings, recorded in Other (income) expense, net is limited to the portion attributed to credit loss. The remaining portion of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in OCI . Realized gains and losses for debt securities are included in Other (income) expense, net . Investments in publicly traded equity securities are reported at fair value determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or quoted prices for similar assets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Changes in fair value are included in Other (income) expense, net . Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period. Gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds, which are accounted for as equity method investments, are reported on a one quarter lag. Investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values are recorded at cost, plus or minus subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments, minus impairments. Such adjustments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net . Realized gains and losses for equity securities are included in Other (income) expense, net .
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition — Recognition of revenue requires evidence of a contract, probable collection of sales proceeds and completion of substantially all performance obligations. Merck acts as the principal in substantially all of its customer arrangements and therefore records revenue on a gross basis. The majority of the Company’s contracts related to the Pharmaceutical and Animal Health segments have a single performance obligation - the promise to transfer goods. Shipping is considered immaterial in the context of the overall customer arrangement and damages or loss of goods in transit are rare. Therefore, shipping is not deemed a separately recognized performance obligation. The vast majority of revenues from sales of products are recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which the Company has determined is when title and risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the Company is entitled to payment. The Company recognizes revenue from the sales of vaccines to the Federal government for placement into vaccine stockpiles in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Interpretation , Commission Guidance Regarding Accounting for Sales of Vaccines and BioTerror Countermeasures to the Federal Government for Placement into the Pediatric Vaccine Stockpile or the Strategic National Stockpile . This interpretation allows companies to recognize revenue for sales of vaccines into U.S. government stockpiles even though these sales might not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under other accounting guidance. Some customers have bill-and-hold arrangements with the Company. Revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements is recognized when control transfers to the customer even though the customer does not yet have physical possession of the goods. Control transfers when the bill-and-hold arrangement has been requested by the customer, the product is identified as belonging to the customer and is ready for physical transfer, the product cannot be directed for use by anyone but the customer and, in certain circumstances, the customer has inspected and accepted the product at the Company’s facility. For certain services in the Animal Health segment, revenue is recognized over time, generally ratably over the contract term as services are provided. These service revenues are not material. The nature of the Company’s business gives rise to several types of variable consideration including discounts and returns, which are estimated at the time of sale generally using the expected value method, although the most likely amount method is used for prompt pay discounts. In the U.S., sales discounts are issued to customers at the point-of-sale, through an intermediary wholesaler (known as chargebacks), or in the form of rebates. Additionally, sales are generally made with a limited right of return under certain conditions. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. In addition, if collection of accounts receivable is expected to be in excess of one year, sales are recorded net of time value of money discounts, which have not been material. The U.S. provision for aggregate customer discounts covering chargebacks and rebates was $12.3 billion in 2022, $12.3 billion in 2021 and $11.4 billion in 2020. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when a contracted customer purchases through an intermediary wholesaler. The contracted customer generally purchases product from the wholesaler at its contracted price plus a mark-up. The wholesaler, in turn, charges the Company back for the difference between the price initially paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by the customer. The provision for chargebacks is based on expected sell-through levels by the Company’s wholesale customers to contracted customers, as well as estimated wholesaler inventory levels. Rebates are amounts owed based upon definitive contractual agreements or legal requirements with private sector and public sector (Medicaid and Medicare Part D) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant. The provision for rebates is based on expected patient usage, as well as inventory levels in the distribution channel to determine the contractual obligation to the benefit providers. The Company uses historical customer segment utilization mix, sales forecasts, changes to product mix and price, inventory levels in the distribution channel, government pricing calculations and prior payment history in order to estimate the expected provision. Amounts accrued for aggregate customer discounts are evaluated on a quarterly basis through comparison of information provided by the wholesalers, health maintenance organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, federal and state agencies, and other customers to the amounts accrued. The accrued balances relative to the provisions for chargebacks and rebates included in Accounts receivable and Accrued and other current liabilities were $178 million and $2.7 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and were $207 million and $2.6 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2021. Outside of the U.S., variable consideration in the form of discounts and rebates are a combination of commercially-driven discounts in highly competitive product classes, discounts required to gain or maintain reimbursement, or legislatively mandated rebates. In certain European countries, legislatively mandated rebates are calculated based on an estimate of the government’s total unbudgeted spending and the Company’s specific payback obligation. Rebates may also be required based on specific product sales thresholds. The Company applies an estimated factor against its actual invoiced sales to represent the expected level of future discount or rebate obligations associated with the sale. The Company maintains a returns policy that allows its U.S. pharmaceutical customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date (generally, three Merck’s payment terms for U.S. pharmaceutical customers are typically 36 days from receipt of invoice and for U.S. animal health customers are typically 30 days from receipt of invoice; however, certain products, including Keytruda , have longer payment terms, some of which are up to 90 days. Outside of the U.S., payment terms are typically 30 days to 90 days, although certain markets have longer payment terms. See Note 19 for disaggregated revenue disclosures.
Depreciation	Depreciation — Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, principally using the straight-line method. For tax purposes, accelerated tax methods are used. The estimated useful lives primarily range from 25 to 40 years for Buildings , and from 3 to 15 years for Machinery, equipment and office furnishings
Advertising and Promotion Costs	Advertising and Promotion Costs — Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred.
Software Capitalization	Software Capitalization — The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software including external direct costs of material and services, and payroll costs for employees directly involved with the software development. These costs are included in Property, plant and equipment . In addition, the Company capitalizes certain costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service agreement, which are included in Other Assets . Capitalized software costs are being amortized over periods ranging from 3 to 10 years, with the longer lives generally associated with enterprise-wide projects implemented over multiple years. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill	Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and evaluated for impairment on at least an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative fair value test is performed. If the carrying value of a reporting unit is greater than its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge will be recorded for the difference (up to the carrying value of goodwill).
Acquired Intangibles	Acquired Intangibles — Intangibles acquired in a business combination include products and product rights, trade names and patents, licenses and other, which are initially recorded at fair value, assigned an estimated useful life, and amortized primarily on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 24 years. The Company periodically evaluates whether current facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying values of its acquired intangibles may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of the undiscounted future cash flows of these assets, or appropriate asset groupings, is compared to the carrying value to determine whether an impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the carrying value of the intangible asset and its fair value, which is determined based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows.
Acquired In-Process Research and Development	Acquired In-Process Research and Development — IPR&D that the Company acquires in conjunction with the acquisition of a business represents the fair value assigned to incomplete research projects which, at the time of acquisition, have not reached technological feasibility. The amounts are capitalized and are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of the projects. Upon successful completion of each IPR&D project, Merck will make a determination as to the then-useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which the substantial majority of the cash flows are expected to be generated, and begin amortization. The Company evaluates IPR&D for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators exist, by performing a quantitative test that compares the fair value of the IPR&D intangible asset with its carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in operating results.
Contingent Consideration	Contingent Consideration —
Research and Development	Research and Development — Research and development is expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are
Collaborative Arrangements	Collaborative Arrangements — Merck has entered into collaborative arrangements that provide the Company with varying rights to develop, produce and market products together with its collaborative partners. When Merck is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company recognizes sales, cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses on a gross basis. Profit sharing amounts it pays to its collaborative partners are recorded within Cost of sales . When the collaborative partner is the principal on sales transactions with third parties, the Company records profit sharing amounts received from its collaborative partners as alliance revenue (within Sales ). Alliance revenue is recorded net of cost of sales and includes an adjustment to share commercialization costs between the partners in accordance with the collaboration agreement. The adjustment is determined by comparing the commercialization costs Merck has incurred directly and reported within Selling, general and administrative expenses with the costs the collaborative partner has incurred. Research and development costs Merck incurs related to collaborations are recorded within Research and development expenses. Cost reimbursements to the collaborative partner or payments received from the collaborative partner to share these costs pursuant to the terms of the collaboration agreements are recorded as increases or decreases to Research and development expenses. In addition, the terms of the collaboration agreements may require the Company to make payments based upon the achievement of certain developmental, regulatory approval or commercial milestones. Upfront and milestone payments payable by Merck to collaborative partners prior to regulatory approval are expensed as incurred and included in Research and development expenses. Payments due to collaborative partners upon or subsequent to regulatory approval are capitalized and amortized to Cost of sales over the estimated useful life of the corresponding intangible asset provided that future cash flows support the amounts capitalized. Sales-based milestones payable by Merck to collaborative partners are accrued and capitalized, subject to cumulative amortization catch-up, when determined to be probable of being achieved by the Company. The amortization catch-up is calculated either from the time of the first regulatory approval for indications that were unapproved at the time the collaboration was formed, or from time of the formation of the collaboration for approved products. The related intangible asset that is recognized is amortized to Cost of sales over its remaining useful life, subject to impairment testing.
Share-Based Compensation	Share-Based Compensation — The Company expenses all share-based payments to employees over the requisite service period based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.
Restructuring Costs	Restructuring Costs — The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, future employee termination costs to be incurred in conjunction with involuntary separations are accrued when such separations are probable and estimable. When accruing these costs, the Company will recognize the amount within a range of costs that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company recognizes the minimum amount within the range. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period.
Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs	Contingencies and Legal Defense Costs — The Company records accruals for contingencies and legal defense costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
Taxes on Income	Taxes on Income — Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting based on enacted tax laws and rates. The Company evaluates tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company recognizes the amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, the Company does not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as a component of Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations . The Company accounts for the tax effects of the tax on global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of certain foreign subsidiaries in the income tax provision in the period the tax arises. The Company’s policy for releasing disproportionate income tax effects from AOCL is to utilize the item-by-item approach.
Reclassifications	Reclassifications —
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates — The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) and, accordingly, include certain amounts that are based on management’s best estimates and judgments. Estimates are used when accounting for amounts recorded in connection with acquisitions, including initial fair value determinations of assets and liabilities in a business combination (primarily IPR&D, other intangible assets and contingent consideration), as well as subsequent fair value measurements. Additionally, estimates are used in determining such items as provisions for sales discounts and returns, depreciable and amortizable lives, recoverability of inventories, including those produced in preparation for product launches, amounts recorded for contingencies, environmental liabilities, accruals for contingent sales-based milestone payments and other reserves, pension and other postretirement benefit plan assumptions, share-based compensation assumptions, restructuring costs, impairments of long-lived assets (including intangible assets and goodwill) and investments, and taxes on income. Because of the uncertainty inherent in such estimates, actual results may differ from these estimates.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards	Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued amended guidance on the accounting for convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance removes the separation model for convertible debt instruments and preferred stock, amends requirements for conversion options to be classified in equity as well as amends diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculations for certain convertible debt instruments. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 using a modified retrospective approach. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In November 2021, the FASB issued new guidance to increase the transparency of transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The guidance requires annual disclosures of such transactions to include the nature of the transactions and the significant terms and conditions, the accounting treatment and the impact to a company’s financial statements. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and subsequently issued clarifying amendments. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for accounting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The Company adopted the optional guidance on July 1, 2022 on a prospective basis. There was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements upon adoption. In October 2021, the FASB issued amended guidance that requires acquiring entities to recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities in a business combination in accordance with existing revenue recognition guidance. The Company adopted the guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior acquisitions; however, the impact in future periods will be dependent upon the contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in future business combinations. Recently Issued Accounting Standard Not Yet Adopted —

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. (Tabl

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]
Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations	Details of Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2021 (1) 2020 Sales $ 2,512 $ 6,476 Costs, Expenses and Other Cost of sales 789 1,867 Selling, general and administrative 877 1,513 Research and development 103 161 Restructuring costs 1 3 Other (income) expense, net (15) 4 1,755 3,548 Income from discontinued operations before taxes 757 2,928 Tax provision 50 369 Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes 707 2,559 Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests 3 11 $ 704 $ 2,548 (1) Reflects amounts through the June 2, 2021 spin-off date.

Acquisitions, Research Collab_2

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed	The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Acceleron (inclusive of measurement period adjustments) is as follows: November 19, 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 340 Investments 285 Identifiable intangible assets: (1) IPR&D - sotatercept 6,380 Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life) 3,830 Deferred income tax liabilities, net (1,814) Other assets and liabilities, net 82 Total identifiable net assets 9,103 Goodwill (2) 2,411 Consideration transferred $ 11,514 (1) The estimated fair value of the identifiable intangible assets related to sotatercept and Reblozyl were determined using an income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 7.5% for sotatercept and 6.0% for Reblozyl. Actual cash flows are likely to be different than those assumed. (2) The goodwill recognized is largely attributable to anticipated synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. The estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from ArQule is as follows: January 16, 2020 Cash and cash equivalents $ 145 IPR&D - nemtabrutinib (1) 2,280 Licensing arrangement for derazantinib 80 Deferred income tax liabilities (361) Other assets and liabilities, net 34 Total identifiable net assets 2,178 Goodwill (2) 512 Consideration transferred $ 2,690 (1) The estimated fair value of nemtabrutinib was determined using an income approach. The future probability-weighted net cash flows were discounted to present value utilizing a discount rate of 12.5%. (2) The goodwill was allocated to the Pharmaceutical segment and is not deductible for tax purposes.

Collaborative Arrangements (Tab

Collaborative Arrangements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Collaborative Arrangements [Abstract]
Collaborative Arrangements	Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Lynparza $ 1,116 $ 989 $ 725 Alliance revenue - Koselugo 54 29 8 Total alliance revenue $ 1,170 $ 1,018 $ 733 Cost of sales (1) 492 167 247 Selling, general and administrative 185 178 160 Research and development 106 120 133 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from AstraZeneca included in Other current assets $ 303 $ 271 Payables to AstraZeneca included in Trade a ccounts payable and Accrued and other current liabilities (2) 123 415 Payables to AstraZeneca included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities (2) 600 — (1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. Amounts in 2022 and 2020 include $250 million and $106 million, respectively, of cumulative amortization catch-up expense. (2) Includes accrued milestone payments. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Lenvima $ 876 $ 704 $ 580 Cost of sales (1) 212 195 271 Selling, general and administrative 158 127 73 Research and development 136 173 185 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from Eisai included in Other current assets $ 214 $ 200 Payables to Eisai included in Accrued and other current liabilities (2) — 625 (1) Represents amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (2) Represents accrued milestone payments. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo $ 341 $ 342 $ 281 Net sales of Adempas recorded by Merck 238 252 220 Net sales of Verquvo recorded by Merck 22 7 — Total sales $ 601 $ 601 $ 501 Cost of sales (1) 210 424 196 Selling, general and administrative 153 126 47 Research and development 75 53 63 December 31 2022 2021 Receivables from Bayer included in Other current assets $ 143 $ 114 Payables to Bayer included in Accrued and other current Liabilities (2) 80 472 (1) Includes amortization of intangible assets. Amount in 2021 includes $153 million of cumulative amortization catch-up expense. (2) Amount as of December 31, 2021 includes accrued milestone payment. Summarized financial information related to this collaboration is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Net sales of Lagevrio $ 5,684 $ 952 $ — Cost of sales (1)(2) 3,038 502 17 Selling, general and administrative (2) 147 37 6 Research and development (2)(3) 88 137 349 December 31 2022 2021 Payables to Ridgeback included in Accrued and other current liabilities (4) $ 348 $ 283 (1) Includes royalty expense and amortization of capitalized milestone payments. (2) Expenses in all periods now include an allocation for overhead charges. (3) Amount in 2020 includes upfront payment. (4) Includes accrued royalty and milestone payments .

Restructuring (Tables)

Restructuring (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Charges Related to Restructuring Program Activities by Type of Cost	The following table summarizes the charges related to restructuring program activities by type of cost: Separation Accelerated Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 Cost of sales $ — $ 72 $ 133 $ 205 Selling, general and administrative — 19 75 94 Research and development — 29 1 30 Restructuring costs 212 — 125 337 $ 212 $ 120 $ 334 $ 666 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Cost of sales $ — $ 52 $ 108 $ 160 Selling, general and administrative — 12 7 19 Research and development — 27 1 28 Restructuring costs 451 — 210 661 $ 451 $ 91 $ 326 $ 868 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Cost of sales $ — $ 143 $ 32 $ 175 Selling, general and administrative — 44 3 47 Research and development — 81 2 83 Restructuring costs 385 — 190 575 $ 385 $ 268 $ 227 $ 880
Charges and Spending Relating to Restructuring Activities by Program	The following table summarizes the charges and spending relating to restructuring program activities: Separation Accelerated Other Total Restructuring reserves January 1, 2021 $ 567 $ — $ 19 $ 586 Expenses 451 91 326 868 (Payments) receipts, net (422) — (186) (608) Non-cash activity — (91) (118) (209) Restructuring reserves December 31, 2021 596 — 41 637 Expenses 212 120 334 666 (Payments) receipts, net (329) — (120) (449) Non-cash activity — (120) (221) (341) Restructuring reserves December 31, 2022 (1) $ 479 $ — $ 34 $ 513

Financial Instruments (Tables)

Financial Instruments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Effect of Net Investment Hedges	The effects of the Company’s net investment hedges on OCI and the Consolidated Statement of Income are shown below: Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (1) Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net Investment Hedging Relationships Foreign exchange contracts $ (48) $ (49) $ 26 $ (1) $ (13) $ (19) Euro-denominated notes (162) (296) 385 — — — (1) No amounts were reclassified from AOCL into income related to the sale of a subsidiary.
Schedule of Fair Value Hedging Instruments, Statements of Financial Performance and Financial Position	The table below presents the location of amounts recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges as of December 31: Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount 2022 2021 2022 2021 Balance Sheet Line Item in which Hedged Item is Included Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt $ — $ 2,263 $ — $ 13
Fair Value of Derivatives on a Gross Basis Segregated Between those Derivatives that are Designated as Hedging Instruments and those that are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Presented in the table below is the fair value of derivatives on a gross basis segregated between those derivatives that are designated as hedging instruments and those that are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31: 2022 2021 Fair Value of U.S. Dollar Fair Value of U.S. Dollar Asset Liability Asset Liability Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments Balance Sheet Caption Interest rate swap contracts Other current assets $ — $ — $ — $ 14 $ — $ 2,250 Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets 220 — 4,824 271 — 6,778 Foreign exchange contracts Other Assets 27 — 1,609 43 — 1,551 Foreign exchange contracts Accrued and other current liabilities — 101 2,691 — 24 1,623 Foreign exchange contracts Other Noncurrent Liabilities — 1 91 — 1 43 $ 247 $ 102 $ 9,215 $ 328 $ 25 $ 12,245 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Balance Sheet Caption Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets $ 186 $ — $ 8,540 $ 221 $ — $ 10,073 Foreign exchange contracts Accrued and other current liabilities — 307 10,926 — 96 10,640 $ 186 $ 307 $ 19,466 $ 221 $ 96 $ 20,713 $ 433 $ 409 $ 28,681 $ 549 $ 121 $ 32,958
Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis	The following table provides information on the Company’s derivative positions subject to these master netting arrangements as if they were presented on a net basis, allowing for the right of offset by counterparty and cash collateral exchanged per the master agreements and related credit support annexes at December 31: 2022 2021 Asset Liability Asset Liability Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet $ 433 $ 409 $ 549 $ 121 Gross amounts subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet (220) (220) (110) (110) Cash collateral received/posted (66) (19) (164) — Net amounts $ 147 $ 170 $ 275 $ 11
Location and Pretax Gain or Loss Amounts for Derivatives	The table below provides information regarding the location and amount of pretax gains and losses of derivatives designated in fair value or cash flow hedging relationships: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Financial Statement Caption in which Effects of Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges are Recorded Sales Other (income) expense, net (1) Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 59,283 $ 48,704 $ 41,518 $ 1,501 (1,341) (890) $ (339) $ 1,756 $ (441) (Gain) loss on fair value hedging relationships: Interest rate swap contracts Hedged items — — — (13) (40) 40 — — — Derivatives designated as hedging instruments — — — 4 1 (76) — — — Impact of cash flow hedging relationships: Foreign exchange contracts Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives — — — — — — 684 333 (383) Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications 773 (194) (6) — — — (773) 194 6 Interest rate contracts Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives — — — (2) (2) (4) — — — Amount of loss recognized in OCI on derivatives — — — — — — (2) (2) (4) (1) Interest expense is a component of Other (income) expense, net.
Income Statement Effects of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	The table below provides information regarding the income statement effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Income Statement Caption Foreign exchange contracts (1) Other (income) expense, net $ (49) $ 313 $ (12) Foreign exchange contracts (2) Sales (37) 9 13 Interest rate contracts (3) Other (income) expense, net — — 9 Forward contract related to Seagen common stock Research and development — — 15 (1) These derivative contracts primarily mitigate changes in the value of remeasured foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities attributable to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amount in 2021 includes a loss on forward exchange contracts entered into in conjunction with the spin-off of Organon. (2) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges of forecasted transactions. (3) These derivative contracts serve as economic hedges against rising treasury rates .
Information on Investments in Debt and Equity Securities	Information on investments in debt and equity securities at December 31 is as follows: 2022 2021 Amortized Gross Unrealized Fair Amortized Gross Unrealized Fair Gains Losses Gains Losses Commercial paper $ 498 $ — $ — $ 498 $ — $ — $ — $ — U.S. government and agency securities 68 — — 68 80 — — 80 Corporate notes and bonds 3 — — 3 4 — — 4 Foreign government bonds — — — — 2 — — 2 Total debt securities 569 — — 569 86 — — 86 Publicly traded equity securities (1) 1,284 1,647 Total debt and publicly traded equity securities $ 1,853 $ 1,733 (1) Unrealized net losses of $462 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2022 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2022. Unrealized net losses of $232 million were recorded in Other (income) expense, net in 2021 on equity securities still held at December 31, 2021.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis	Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31 are summarized below: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 2022 2021 Assets Investments Commercial paper $ — $ 498 $ — $ 498 $ — $ — $ — $ — Foreign government bonds — — — — — 2 — 2 Publicly traded equity securities 1,015 — — 1,015 368 — — 368 1,015 498 — 1,513 368 2 — 370 Other assets (1) U.S. government and agency securities 68 — — 68 80 — — 80 Corporate notes and bonds 3 — — 3 4 — — 4 Publicly traded equity securities 269 — — 269 1,279 — — 1,279 340 — — 340 1,363 — — 1,363 Derivative assets (2) Forward exchange contracts — 218 — 218 — 351 — 351 Purchased currency options — 215 — 215 — 184 — 184 Interest rate swaps — — — — — 14 — 14 — 433 — 433 — 549 — 549 Total assets $ 1,355 $ 931 $ — $ 2,286 $ 1,731 $ 551 $ — $ 2,282 Liabilities Other liabilities Contingent consideration $ — $ — $ 456 $ 456 $ — $ — $ 777 $ 777 Derivative liabilities (2) Forward exchange contracts — 402 — 402 — 120 — 120 Written currency options — 7 — 7 — 1 — 1 — 409 — 409 — 121 — 121 Total liabilities $ — $ 409 $ 456 $ 865 $ — $ 121 $ 777 $ 898 (1) Investments included in other assets are restricted as to use, including for the payment of benefits under employee benefit plans. (2) The fair value determination of derivatives includes the impact of the credit risk of counterparties to the derivatives and the Company’s own credit risk, the effects of which were not significant.
Summarized Information about the Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration	Summarized information about the changes in the fair value of liabilities for contingent consideration associated with business combinations is as follows: 2022 2021 Fair value January 1 $ 777 $ 841 Changes in estimated fair value (1) (146) 57 Payments (119) (109) Other (56) (12) Fair value December 31 (2) $ 456 $ 777 (1) Recorded in Cost of sales, Research and development expenses, and Other (income) expense, net . Includes cumulative translation adjustments. (2) At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $368 million and $620 million, respectively, of the liabilities relate to the termination of the Sanofi Pasteur MSD joint venture in 2016. As part of the termination, Merck recorded a liability for contingent future royalty payments of 11.5% on net sales of all Merck products that were previously sold by the joint venture through December 31, 2024. The fair value of this liability is determined utilizing the estimated amount and timing of projected cash flows using a risk-adjusted discount rate to present value the cash flows. Balance at December 31, 2022 includes $122 million recorded as a current liability for amounts expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

Inventories (Tables)

Inventories (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Inventories	Inventories at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Finished goods $ 1,841 $ 1,747 Raw materials and work in process 7,063 6,220 Supplies 238 196 Total (approximates current cost) 9,142 8,163 Decrease to LIFO cost (293) (16) $ 8,849 $ 8,147 Recognized as: Inventories $ 5,911 $ 5,953 Other Assets 2,938 2,194

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill Activity by Segment	The following table summarizes goodwill activity by segment: Pharmaceutical Animal Health Total Balance January 1, 2021 $ 15,614 $ 3,268 $ 18,882 Acquisitions 2,431 5 2,436 Other (1) (48) (6) (54) Balance December 31, 2021 (2) 17,997 3,267 21,264 Other (1) (61) 1 (60) Balance December 31, 2022 (2) $ 17,936 $ 3,268 $ 21,204 (1) Includes cumulative translation adjustments on goodwill balances.
Other Intangibles	Other acquired intangibles at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Gross Accumulated Net Gross Accumulated Net Products and product rights $ 23,555 $ 16,745 $ 6,810 $ 23,671 $ 15,776 $ 7,895 IPR&D 7,661 — 7,661 9,281 — 9,281 Trade names 2,879 635 2,244 2,882 493 2,389 Licenses and other 7,651 4,097 3,554 6,604 3,236 3,368 $ 41,746 $ 21,477 $ 20,269 $ 42,438 $ 19,505 $ 22,933

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt_2

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments	Long-term debt at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 2.75% notes due 2025 $ 2,496 $ 2,495 2.15% notes due 2031 1,986 1,986 2.75% notes due 2051 1,979 1,979 3.70% notes due 2045 1,978 1,977 3.40% notes due 2029 1,738 1,736 1.70% notes due 2027 1,494 1,493 2.90% notes due 2061 1,483 1,484 4.00% notes due 2049 1,471 1,470 4.15% notes due 2043 1,239 1,239 1.45% notes due 2030 1,237 1,235 2.45% notes due 2050 1,213 1,212 1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026 1,060 1,123 0.75% notes due 2026 995 993 1.90% notes due 2028 994 994 3.90% notes due 2039 985 984 2.35% notes due 2040 984 983 2.90% notes due 2024 749 748 6.50% notes due 2033 711 715 0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024 531 563 1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036 527 559 2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034 526 558 3.60% notes due 2042 492 491 6.55% notes due 2037 408 409 5.75% notes due 2036 339 338 5.95% debentures due 2028 307 306 5.85% notes due 2039 271 271 6.40% debentures due 2028 250 250 6.30% debentures due 2026 135 135 2.80% notes due 2023 — 1,749 Other 167 215 $ 28,745 $ 30,690
Supplemental Balance Sheet Information	Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases is as follows: December 31 2022 2021 Assets Other Assets (1) $ 1,346 $ 1,586 Liabilities Accrued and other current liabilities 281 304 Other Noncurrent Liabilities 1,013 1,225 $ 1,294 $ 1,529 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 7.0 7.0 Weighted-average discount rate 3.1 % 2.6 % (1) Includes prepaid leases that have no related lease liability.
Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities	Maturities of operating leases liabilities are as follows: 2023 $ 323 2024 258 2025 224 2026 157 2027 126 Thereafter 404 Total lease payments 1,492 Less: Imputed interest 198 $ 1,294

Equity (Tables)

Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Summary of Common Stock and Treasury Stock Transactions	A summary of common stock and treasury stock transactions (shares in millions) is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Common Treasury Common Treasury Common Treasury Balance January 1 3,577 1,049 3,577 1,047 3,577 1,038 Purchases of treasury stock — — — 11 — 16 Issuances (1) — (10) — (9) — (7) Balance December 31 3,577 1,039 3,577 1,049 3,577 1,047 (1) Issuances primarily reflect activity under share-based compensation plans.

Share-Based Compensation Plans

Share-Based Compensation Plans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted	The weighted average fair value of options granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $15.45, $9.80 and $9.93 per option, respectively, and were determined using the following assumptions: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Expected dividend yield 3.1 % 3.1 % 3.1 % Risk-free interest rate 3.0 % 1.0 % 0.4 % Expected volatility 22.5 % 20.9 % 22.1 % Expected life (years) 5.9 5.9 5.8
Summarized Information Relative to Stock Option Plan Activity	Summarized information relative to stock option plan activity (options in thousands) is as follows: Number Weighted Weighted Aggregate Outstanding January 1, 2022 18,572 $ 65.27 Granted 2,326 87.10 Exercised (6,317) 60.77 Forfeited (862) 73.11 Outstanding December 31, 2022 13,719 $ 70.55 6.5 $ 554 Vested and expected to vest December 31, 2022 13,199 $ 70.09 6.4 $ 539 Exercisable December 31, 2022 8,730 $ 65.24 5.4 $ 399
Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans	Additional information pertaining to stock option plans is provided in the table below: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised $ 225 $ 106 $ 51 Fair value of stock options vested 30 27 25 Cash received from the exercise of stock options 384 202 89
Summary of Nonvested RSU and PSU Activity	A summary of nonvested RSU and PSU activity (shares in thousands) is as follows: RSUs PSUs Number Weighted Number Weighted Nonvested January 1, 2022 11,790 $ 74.88 1,966 $ 77.13 Granted 7,170 87.12 951 88.52 Vested (5,150) 75.40 (725) 87.87 Forfeited (1,110) 78.65 (171) 77.58 Nonvested December 31, 2022 12,700 $ 81.25 2,021 $ 78.60 Expected to vest December 31, 2022 11,254 $ 80.96 1,895 $ 78.26

Pension and Other Postretirem_2

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost	The net periodic benefit cost (credit) for pension and other postretirement benefit plans (including certain costs reported as part of discontinued operations) consisted of the following components: Pension Benefits U.S. International Other Postretirement Benefits Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Service cost $ 372 $ 403 $ 360 $ 283 $ 328 $ 297 $ 48 $ 48 $ 52 Interest cost 457 404 431 145 123 136 46 45 57 Expected return on plan assets (753) (755) (774) (383) (416) (414) (86) (79) (75) Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost (32) (38) (49) (14) (16) (18) (57) (63) (73) Net loss (gain) amortization 128 298 303 96 142 127 (43) (42) (18) Termination benefits 2 56 10 1 5 3 — 37 2 Curtailments 12 16 10 — (26) — (1) (29) (4) Settlements 239 216 13 1 8 15 — — — Net periodic benefit cost (credit) $ 425 $ 600 $ 304 $ 129 $ 148 $ 146 $ (93) $ (83) $ (59)
Obligation and Funded Status	Summarized information about the changes in plan assets and benefit obligations, the funded status and the amounts recorded at December 31 is as follows: Pension Benefits Other U.S. International 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Fair value of plan assets January 1 $ 13,067 $ 12,672 $ 12,195 $ 12,009 $ 1,292 $ 1,221 Actual return on plan assets (3,129) 1,250 (2,793) 891 (306) 118 Company contributions 293 305 155 189 46 33 Effects of exchange rate changes — — (848) (671) — — Benefits paid (219) (219) (250) (233) (90) (86) Settlements (918) (941) (16) (55) — — Spin-off of Organon — — — (55) — — Other — — 30 120 5 6 Fair value of plan assets December 31 $ 9,094 $ 13,067 $ 8,473 $ 12,195 $ 947 $ 1,292 Benefit obligation January 1 $ 13,999 $ 14,613 $ 11,575 $ 12,458 $ 1,541 $ 1,607 Service cost 372 403 283 328 48 48 Interest cost 457 404 145 123 46 45 Actuarial (gains) losses (1) (3,851) (332) (3,283) (240) (392) (103) Benefits paid (219) (219) (250) (233) (90) (86) Effects of exchange rate changes — — (732) (678) (1) (1) Plan amendments — — 4 4 — — Curtailments 12 15 — (38) — (12) Termination benefits 2 56 1 5 — 37 Settlements (918) (941) (16) (55) — — Spin-off of Organon — — — (118) — — Other — — 28 19 5 6 Benefit obligation December 31 $ 9,854 $ 13,999 $ 7,755 $ 11,575 $ 1,157 $ 1,541 Funded status December 31 $ (760) $ (932) $ 718 $ 620 $ (210) $ (249) Recognized as: Other Assets $ 5 $ 9 $ 1,052 $ 1,395 $ — $ — Accrued and other current liabilities (59) (64) (19) (22) (8) (8) Other Noncurrent Liabilities (706) (877) (315) (753) (202) (241) (1) Actuarial (gains) losses primarily reflect changes in discount rates.
Schedule of Accumulated and Projected Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets	Information related to the funded status of selected pension plans at December 31 is as follows: U.S. International 2022 2021 2022 2021 Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets Projected benefit obligation $ 9,186 $ 13,013 $ 2,779 $ 2,507 Fair value of plan assets 8,421 12,072 2,445 1,731 Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets Accumulated benefit obligation $ 9,081 $ 12,916 $ 1,226 $ 2,462 Fair value of plan assets 8,421 12,072 948 1,723
Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets	The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total 2022 2021 U.S. Pension Plans Cash and cash equivalents $ 49 $ — $ — $ 98 $ 147 $ 3 $ — $ — $ 289 $ 292 Investment funds Developed markets equities 211 — — 2,443 2,654 236 — — 3,799 4,035 Emerging markets equities — — — 707 707 — — — 919 919 Real estate — — — 131 131 — — — — — Equity securities Developed markets 1,956 — — — 1,956 2,915 — — — 2,915 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 1,934 — — 1,934 — 2,870 — — 2,870 Corporate obligations — 1,438 — — 1,438 — 2,005 — — 2,005 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 22 — — 22 — 23 — — 23 Other investments Derivatives — 101 — — 101 — — — — — Other — — 4 — 4 2 — 6 — 8 Plan assets at fair value $ 2,216 $ 3,495 $ 4 $ 3,379 $ 9,094 $ 3,156 $ 4,898 $ 6 $ 5,007 $ 13,067 International Pension Plans Cash and cash equivalents $ 57 $ 8 $ — $ 13 $ 78 $ 82 $ 10 $ — $ 18 $ 110 Investment funds Developed markets equities 375 2,957 — 90 3,422 531 4,292 — 121 4,944 Government and agency obligations 177 2,656 — 130 2,963 240 4,025 — 171 4,436 Emerging markets equities 52 — — 59 111 137 — — 72 209 Corporate obligations 8 9 — 129 146 9 8 — 171 188 Other fixed income obligations 10 7 — 4 21 15 8 — 3 26 Real estate — 1 — 10 11 — 1 — 16 17 Equity securities Developed markets 263 — — — 263 369 — — — 369 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 448 — — 448 3 591 — 3 597 Corporate obligations — 157 — — 157 — 223 — 2 225 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 69 — — 69 — 90 — — 90 Other investments Insurance contracts (2) — 18 761 1 780 — 44 937 1 982 Other 1 3 — — 4 1 1 — — 2 Plan assets at fair value $ 943 $ 6,333 $ 761 $ 436 $ 8,473 $ 1,387 $ 9,293 $ 937 $ 578 $ 12,195 (1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (2) The plans’ Level 3 investments in insurance contracts are generally valued using a crediting rate that approximates market returns and invest in underlying securities whose market values are unobservable and determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques. The fair values of the Company’s other postretirement benefit plan assets at December 31 by asset category are as follows: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Measurements Using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV (1) Total 2022 2021 Cash and cash equivalents $ 2 $ — $ — $ 8 $ 10 $ 11 $ — $ — $ 28 $ 39 Investment funds Developed markets equities 22 — — 257 279 24 — — 378 402 Emerging markets equities — — — 74 74 — — — 92 92 Real estate — — — 14 14 — — — — — Government and agency obligations 1 — — — 1 1 — — — 1 Equity securities — Developed markets 206 — — — 206 290 — — — 290 Fixed income securities Government and agency obligations — 212 — — 212 — 275 — — 275 Corporate obligations — 137 — — 137 — 191 — — 191 Mortgage and asset-backed securities — 2 — — 2 — 2 — — 2 Other Investments Derivatives — 12 — — 12 — — — — — Plan assets at fair value $ 231 $ 363 $ — $ 353 $ 947 $ 326 $ 468 $ — $ 498 $ 1,292 (1) Certain investments that were measured at net asset value (NAV) per share or its equivalent have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the fair value of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Company's Level 3 Pension Plan Assets	The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the Company’s pension plan assets: 2022 2021 Insurance Real Other Total Insurance Real Other Total U.S. Pension Plans Balance January 1 $ — $ — $ 6 $ 6 $ — $ — $ 7 $ 7 Actual return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at December 31 — — (3) (3) — — (5) (5) Relating to assets sold during the year — — 2 2 — — 7 7 Purchases and sales, net — — (1) (1) — — (3) (3) Balance December 31 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 4 $ — $ — $ 6 $ 6 International Pension Plans Balance January 1 $ 937 $ — $ — $ 937 $ 935 $ — $ — $ 935 Actual return on plan assets: Relating to assets still held at December 31 (147) — — (147) (34) — — (34) Purchases and sales, net (39) — (39) (42) — — (42) Transfers into Level 3 10 — 10 78 — — 78 Balance December 31 $ 761 $ — $ — $ 761 $ 937 $ — $ — $ 937
Summary of Expected Benefit Payments	Expected benefit payments are as follows: U.S. Pension Benefits International Pension Other 2023 $ 627 $ 271 $ 84 2024 634 257 86 2025 650 262 87 2026 676 283 89 2027 694 297 90 2028 — 2032 3,948 1,704 474
Components of Other Comprehensive Income	The following amounts were reflected as components of OCI : Pension Plans Other Postretirement U.S. International Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net (loss) gain arising during the period $ (42) $ 813 $ (472) $ 116 $ 772 $ (424) $ — $ 156 $ 199 Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period — — — (4) (4) 64 — — — $ (42) $ 813 $ (472) $ 112 $ 768 $ (360) $ — $ 156 $ 199 Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost $ 128 $ 298 $ 303 $ 96 $ 142 $ 127 $ (43) $ (42) $ (18) Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost (32) (38) (49) (14) (16) (18) (57) (63) (73) Settlements and curtailments 251 232 23 1 (18) 15 (1) (29) (4) $ 347 $ 492 $ 277 $ 83 $ 108 $ 124 $ (101) $ (134) $ (95)
Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information	The Company reassesses its benefit plan assumptions on a regular basis. The weighted average assumptions used in determining U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plan and international pension plan information are as follows: U.S. Pension and Other International Pension Plans December 31 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 Net periodic benefit cost Discount rate 3.00 % 2.70 % 3.40 % 1.50 % 1.10 % 1.50 % Expected rate of return on plan assets 6.70 % 6.70 % 7.30 % 3.70 % 3.80 % 4.40 % Salary growth rate 4.60 % 4.60 % 4.20 % 2.90 % 2.80 % 2.80 % Interest crediting rate 5.00 % 4.70 % 4.90 % 3.00 % 3.00 % 2.80 % Benefit obligation Discount rate 5.50 % 3.00 % 2.70 % 3.90 % 1.50 % 1.10 % Salary growth rate 4.60 % 4.60 % 4.60 % 3.20 % 2.90 % 2.80 % Interest crediting rate 5.30 % 5.00 % 4.70 % 3.30 % 3.00 % 3.00 %
Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans	The health care cost trend rate assumptions for other postretirement benefit plans are as follows: December 31 2022 2021 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 7.8 % 6.4 % Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 4.5 % 4.5 % Year that the trend rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2038 2032

Other (Income) Expense, Net (Ta

Other (Income) Expense, Net (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Other (Income) Expense, Net	Other (income) expense, net, consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Interest income $ (157) $ (36) $ (59) Interest expense 962 806 831 Exchange losses 237 297 145 Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net (1) 1,419 (1,940) (1,338) Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost (279) (212) (339) Other, net (681) (256) (130) $ 1,501 $ (1,341) $ (890) (1) Includes net realized and unrealized gains and losses from investments in equity securities either owned directly or through ownership interests in investment funds. Unrealized gains and losses from investments that are directly owned are determined at the end of the reporting period, while gains and losses from ownership interests in investment funds are accounted for on a one quarter lag. The Company estimates gains of approximately $140 million will be recorded in the first quarter of 2023 from ownership interests in investment funds.

Taxes on Income (Tables)

Taxes on Income (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Reconciliation Between Effective Tax Rate and U.S. Statutory Rate	A reconciliation between the effective tax rate for income from continuing operations and the U.S. statutory rate is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Amount Tax Rate Amount Tax Rate Amount Tax Rate U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes $ 3,453 21.0 % $ 2,915 21.0 % $ 1,231 21.0 % Differential arising from: Foreign earnings (1,835) (11.1) (1,446) (10.4) (965) (16.5) GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction 462 2.8 (75) (0.5) 349 6.0 State taxes (110) (0.7) 2 — 57 1.0 R&D tax credit (81) (0.5) (81) (0.6) (108) (1.8) Tax settlements (10) (0.1) (275) (2.0) (13) (0.2) Valuation allowances 108 0.7 102 0.7 37 0.6 Restructuring 11 0.1 61 0.4 105 1.8 Acquisition of VelosBio — — (9) (0.1) 559 9.5 Acquisition of Pandion — — 356 2.6 — — Acquisition of OncoImmune — — — — 97 1.7 Other (80) (0.5) (29) (0.1) (9) (0.2) $ 1,918 11.7 % $ 1,521 11.0 % $ 1,340 22.9 %
Income Before Taxes	Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Domestic $ 1,011 $ 1,854 $ (3,814) Foreign 15,433 12,025 9,677 $ 16,444 $ 13,879 $ 5,863
Taxes on Income	Taxes on income from continuing operations consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Current provision Federal $ 2,265 $ 74 $ 893 Foreign 1,164 1,273 969 State 57 (13) 44 3,486 1,334 1,906 Deferred provision Federal (1,510) 240 (605) Foreign 71 (77) 64 State (129) 24 (25) (1,568) 187 (566) $ 1,918 $ 1,521 $ 1,340
Deferred Income Taxes	Deferred income taxes at December 31 consisted of: 2022 2021 Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Product intangibles and licenses $ — $ 2,575 $ — $ 3,207 R&D capitalization 1,341 — 274 — Inventory related 43 423 119 370 Accelerated depreciation — 657 — 589 Equity investments — 92 — 335 Pensions and other postretirement benefits 372 284 487 338 Compensation related 335 — 301 — Unrecognized tax benefits 91 — 75 — Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards 912 — 867 — Other 511 267 434 180 Subtotal 3,605 4,298 2,557 5,019 Valuation allowance (599) (287) Total deferred taxes $ 3,006 $ 4,298 $ 2,270 $ 5,019 Net deferred income taxes $ 1,292 $ 2,749 Recognized as: Other Assets $ 503 $ 692 Deferred Income Taxes $ 1,795 $ 3,441
Income Taxes Paid	Income taxes paid consisted of: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Domestic (1) $ 1,891 $ 1,211 $ 977 Foreign 1,348 1,201 1,763 $ 3,239 $ 2,412 $ 2,740 (1) Includes TCJA transition tax payments.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits	A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 2022 2021 2020 Balance January 1 $ 1,529 $ 1,537 $ 1,225 Additions related to current year positions 344 306 298 Additions related to prior year positions 48 63 110 Reductions for tax positions of prior years (1) (40) (230) (4) Settlements (1) (6) (46) (70) Lapse of statute of limitations (40) (58) (22) Spin-off of Organon — (43) — Balance December 31 $ 1,835 $ 1,529 $ 1,537

Earnings per Share (Tables)

Earnings per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Calculations of Earnings Per Share	The calculations of earnings per share (shares in millions) are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. $ 14,519 $ 12,345 $ 4,519 Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests — 704 2,548 Net Income Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. $ 14,519 $ 13,049 $ 7,067 Average common shares outstanding 2,532 2,530 2,530 Common shares issuable (1) 10 8 11 Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution 2,542 2,538 2,541 Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders: Income from Continuing Operations $ 5.73 $ 4.88 $ 1.79 Income from Discontinued Operations — 0.28 1.01 Net Income $ 5.73 $ 5.16 $ 2.79 Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders: Income from Continuing Operations $ 5.71 $ 4.86 $ 1.78 Income from Discontinued Operations — 0.28 1.00 Net Income $ 5.71 $ 5.14 $ 2.78 (1) Issuable primarily under share-based compensation plans.

Other Comprehensive Income (L_2

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Changes in AOCI by Component	Changes in each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: Derivatives Investments Employee Foreign Currency Accumulated Other Balance January 1, 2020, net of taxes $ 31 $ 18 $ (4,261) $ (1,981) $ (6,193) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax (383) 3 (633) 64 (949) Tax 84 — 120 89 293 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes (299) 3 (513) 153 (656) Reclassification adjustments, pretax 2 (1) (21) (2) 306 (3) — 287 Tax — — (72) — (72) Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 2 (21) 234 — 215 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (297) (18) (279) 153 (441) Balance at December 31, 2020, net of taxes (266) — (4,540) (1,828) (6,634) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax 333 — 1,737 (304) 1,766 Tax (75) — (332) (119) (526) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 258 — 1,405 (423) 1,240 Reclassification adjustments, pretax 192 (1) — 466 (3) — 658 Tax (40) — (102) — (142) Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 152 — 364 — 516 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes 410 — 1,769 (423) 1,756 Spin-off of Organon (see Note 3) — — 28 421 449 Balance at December 31, 2021, net of taxes 144 — (2,743) (4) (1,830) (4,429) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax 684 — 70 (584) 170 Tax (143) — 12 (19) (150) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes 541 — 82 (603) 20 Reclassification adjustments, pretax (775) (1) — 329 (3) — (446) Tax 163 — (76) — 87 Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes (612) — 253 — (359) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (71) — 335 (603) (339) Balance at December 31, 2022, net of taxes $ 73 $ — $ (2,408) (4) $ (2,433) $ (4,768) (1) Primarily relates to foreign currency cash flow hedges that were reclassified from AOCL to Sales . (2) Represents net realized gains on the sales of available-for-sale debt securities that were reclassified from AOCL to Other (income) expense, net . (3) Includes net amortization of prior service cost, actuarial gains and losses, settlements and curtailments included in net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14). (4) Includes pension plan net loss of $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan net gain of $446 million and $473 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as well as pension plan prior service credit of $152 million and $190 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and other postretirement benefit plan prior service credit of $135 million and $181 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Segment Reporting (Tables)

Segment Reporting (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Sales of Company's Products	Sales of the Company’s products were as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 U.S. Int’l Total U.S. Int’l Total U.S. Int’l Total Pharmaceutical: Oncology Keytruda $ 12,686 $ 8,251 $ 20,937 $ 9,765 $ 7,421 $ 17,186 $ 8,352 $ 6,028 $ 14,380 Alliance revenue - Lynparza (1) 584 532 1,116 515 473 989 417 308 725 Alliance revenue - Lenvima (1) 579 297 876 417 287 704 359 220 580 Alliance revenue - Reblozyl (2) 123 43 166 — 17 17 — — — Vaccines Gardasil/Gardasil 9 2,065 4,832 6,897 1,881 3,792 5,673 1,755 2,184 3,938 ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax 1,724 518 2,241 1,629 506 2,135 1,378 500 1,878 RotaTeq 508 275 783 473 334 807 486 311 797 Pneumovax 23 346 256 602 547 346 893 727 359 1,087 Vaqta 95 78 173 100 79 179 103 67 170 Hospital Acute Care Bridion 922 762 1,685 762 770 1,532 583 615 1,198 Prevymis 188 240 428 153 218 370 119 162 281 Dificid 241 22 263 166 10 175 102 7 110 Primaxin 1 238 239 2 258 259 2 248 251 Noxafil 51 187 238 60 199 259 42 287 329 Invanz 4 185 189 (5) 207 202 9 202 211 Cancidas 6 168 174 4 208 212 7 207 213 Zerbaxa 89 79 169 4 (5) (1) 74 56 130 Cardiovascular Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo (3) 329 12 341 312 30 342 259 22 281 Adempas — 238 238 — 252 252 — 220 220 Virology Lagevrio 1,523 4,161 5,684 632 320 952 — — — Isentress/Isentress HD 274 359 633 294 474 769 326 531 857 Neuroscience Belsomra 79 179 258 78 241 318 81 247 327 Immunology Simponi — 706 706 — 825 825 — 838 838 Remicade — 207 207 — 299 299 — 330 330 Diabetes Januvia 1,248 1,565 2,813 1,404 1,920 3,324 1,470 1,836 3,306 Janumet 355 1,344 1,700 367 1,597 1,964 477 1,494 1,971 Other pharmaceutical (4) 969 1,282 2,249 841 1,275 2,118 882 1,321 2,202 Total Pharmaceutical segment sales 24,989 27,016 52,005 20,401 22,353 42,754 18,010 18,600 36,610 Animal Health: Livestock 710 2,590 3,300 667 2,628 3,295 612 2,327 2,939 Companion Animals 1,112 1,138 2,250 1,091 1,182 2,273 872 892 1,764 Total Animal Health segment sales 1,822 3,728 5,550 1,758 3,810 5,568 1,484 3,219 4,703 Other segment sales (5) — — — — — — 23 — 23 Total segment sales 26,811 30,744 57,555 22,159 26,163 48,322 19,517 21,819 41,336 Other (6) 395 1,333 1,728 266 116 382 71 111 182 $ 27,206 $ 32,077 $ 59,283 $ 22,425 $ 26,279 $ 48,704 $ 19,588 $ 21,930 $ 41,518 U.S. plus international may not equal total due to rounding. (1) Alliance revenue for Lynparza and Lenvima represents Merck’s share of profits, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5). (2) Alliance revenue for Reblozyl represents royalties and, for 2022, also includes a payment received related to the achievement of a regulatory approval milestone (see Note 5). (3) Alliance revenue for Adempas/Verquvo represents Merck’s share of profits from sales in Bayer’s marketing territories, which are product sales net of cost of sales and commercialization costs (see Note 5). (4) Other pharmaceutical primarily reflects sales of other human health pharmaceutical products, including products within the franchises not listed separately. (5) Represents sales for the Healthcare Services segment. All the businesses in the Healthcare Services segment were fully divested by the first quarter of 2020.
Consolidated Revenues by Geographic Area	Consolidated sales by geographic area where derived are as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 United States $ 27,206 $ 22,425 $ 19,588 Europe, Middle East and Africa 14,493 13,341 11,547 China 5,191 4,378 2,751 Japan 3,629 2,726 2,602 Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) 3,614 2,407 2,113 Latin America 2,582 2,206 1,890 Other 2,568 1,221 1,027 $ 59,283 $ 48,704 $ 41,518
Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income Before Taxes	A reconciliation of segment profits to Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes is as follows: Years Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Segment profits: Pharmaceutical segment $ 36,852 $ 30,977 $ 26,106 Animal Health segment 1,963 1,950 1,669 Other segments — — 1 Total segment profits 38,815 32,927 27,776 Other profits 1,160 156 75 Unallocated: Interest income 157 36 59 Interest expense (962) (806) (831) Amortization (2,085) (1,636) (1,817) Depreciation (1,642) (1,414) (1,519) Research and development (13,011) (11,692) (12,911) Restructuring costs (337) (661) (575) Other unallocated, net (5,651) (3,031) (4,394) $ 16,444 $ 13,879 $ 5,863
Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits	Equity income/loss from affiliates and depreciation included in segment profits is as follows: Pharmaceutical Animal Health All Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 Included in segment profits: Equity income from affiliates $ 39 $ — $ — $ 39 Depreciation 5 177 — 182 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Included in segment profits: Equity income from affiliates $ 11 $ — $ — $ 11 Depreciation 6 158 — 164 Year Ended December 31, 2020 Included in segment profits: Equity loss from affiliates $ 6 $ — $ — $ 6 Depreciation 6 143 1 150
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area	Property, plant and equipment, net, by geographic area where located is as follows: December 31 2022 2021 2020 United States $ 12,891 $ 11,759 $ 10,394 Europe, Middle East and Africa 6,993 6,081 5,314 Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan) 966 857 737 Latin America 225 199 169 China 207 220 216 Japan 135 159 166 Other 5 4 4 $ 21,422 $ 19,279 $ 17,000

Nature of Operations (Details)

Nature of Operations (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 segment
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	2

Summary of Accounting Policie_2

Summary of Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Customer discounts	$ 12,300	$ 12,300	$ 11,400
Accrual for chargebacks reflected as direct reduction to accounts receivable	178	207
Accrual for rebates included in accrued and other current liabilities	$ 2,700	2,600
Product return period and expiration	12 months
Depreciation	$ 1,824	1,578	1,669
Advertising and promotion costs	$ 2,200	$ 2,000	$ 1,800
Minimum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Product return period	3 months
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	2 years
Minimum | Capitalized Software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	3 years
Minimum | Buildings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	25 years
Minimum | Machinery, equipment and office furnishings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	3 years
Minimum | United States | Pharmaceutical segment
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	36 days
Minimum | United States | Animal Health
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	30 days
Minimum | Outside of the United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	30 days
Maximum
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Product return period	6 months
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	24 years
Maximum | Capitalized Software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of intangible assets	10 years
Maximum | Buildings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	40 years
Maximum | Machinery, equipment and office furnishings
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Estimated useful life of property, plant and equipment	15 years
Maximum | United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	90 days
Maximum | Outside of the United States
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Payment terms	90 days

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Nar

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 02, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Consideration received	$ 9,000
Disposal group, other expense			$ 556	$ 743
Organon & Co.
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio	0.1
Revenue from related party		$ 383	219
Related party amount in cost of sales		404	195
Due from related parties, current		511	964
Due to related parties, current		$ 345	$ 400
Minimum | Transition services agreement
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	25 months
Minimum | Manufacturing and supply agreements
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	4 years
Maximum | Transition services agreement
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	35 months
Maximum | Manufacturing and supply agreements
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Period of continuing involvement after disposal	10 years
Organon & Co.
Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Additional Disclosures by Disposal Groups, Including Discontinued Operations [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 9,500

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Inc

Spin-Off of Organon & Co. - Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]
Sales		$ 2,512	$ 6,476
Costs, Expenses and Other
Cost of sales		789	1,867
Selling, general and administrative		877	1,513
Research and development		103	161
Restructuring costs		1	3
Other (income) expense, net		(15)	4
Operating expenses		1,755	3,548
Income from discontinued operations before taxes		757	2,928
Tax provision		50	369
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes		707	2,559
Less: Income of discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests		3	11
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes attributable to parent	$ 0	$ 704	$ 2,548

Acquisitions, Research Collab_3

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, € in Millions, shares in Millions, $ in Millions

1 Months Ended

3 Months Ended

8 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

Feb. 24, 2023 USD ($)

Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($)

Oct. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)

Aug. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Jul. 31, 2022 USD ($)

May 31, 2022 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)

Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($)

Apr. 30, 2021 USD ($)

Mar. 31, 2021 USD ($)

Jan. 31, 2021 USD ($) research_program collaboration_target

Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)

Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares

Sep. 30, 2020 EUR (€)

Jul. 31, 2020 USD ($)

Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($)

May 31, 2020 USD ($)

Jan. 31, 2020 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)

Nov. 19, 2021 USD ($)

Jan. 16, 2020 USD ($)

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

$ 13,548

$ 12,245

$ 13,397

Payments to acquire productive assets

4,388

4,448

4,429

Research and development expenses

0

0

2,660

Inventories

$ 5,953

$ 5,911

$ 5,911

5,911

5,953

Contingent consideration

777

$ 841

456

456

456

777

841

Goodwill

21,264

$ 18,882

21,204

21,204

21,204

21,264

$ 18,882

IPR&D impairment charges

1,700

Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability

$ 146

(57)

OncoImmune

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Equity method, ownership percentage

20%

20%

COVID-19

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

$ 45

Charges related to program discontinuation

207

305

IPR&D impairment charges

90

Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability

45

Inventory write-off related to contract termination

260

Sentinel

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Consideration paid

$ 410

Inventories

9

Sentinel | Products and product rights

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Finite-lived intangible assets acquired

$ 401

Imago BioSciences, Inc. | Subsequent Event

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

$ 1,200

Payments to acquire productive assets

1,350

Transaction costs

60

Net assets acquired

200

Pandion Therapeutics

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

1,700

Transaction costs

$ 147

Consideration paid

1,900

Other net assets (liabilities)

$ 156

OncoImmune

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Payments to acquire investment

$ 50

Consideration paid

423

Other net assets (liabilities)

(22)

(22)

Investments

33

33

Premium on shares acquired

17

Research and development expenses

462

VelosBio

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

43

2,700

Consideration paid

47

2,800

Other net assets (liabilities)

$ 90

$ 180

$ 90

180

Dunboyne

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Consideration paid

$ 302

€ 256

Other net assets (liabilities)

13

Property, plant and equipment

289

Research and development

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Premium on shares acquired

16

Acceleron Pharma Inc.

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Cash paid for acquisition of business

$ 11,500

Transaction costs

$ 280

Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired

12 years

In-process research and development (IPR&D)

$ 6,380

Other net liabilities

(82)

Goodwill

2,411

Cash and cash equivalents

$ 340

Themis

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Cash paid for acquisition of business

$ 366

Contingent consideration

85

In-process research and development (IPR&D)

113

Deferred tax assets

72

Other net liabilities

32

Goodwill

239

Cash and cash equivalents

$ 59

Themis | COVID-19

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

IPR&D impairment charges

90

Business combination, contingent consideration arrangements, change in amount of contingent consideration liability

45

ArQule

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Cash paid for acquisition of business

$ 2,700

Transaction costs

95

In-process research and development (IPR&D)

$ 2,280

Other net liabilities

(34)

Goodwill

512

Share-based compensation payments to settle equity awards attributable to precombination service

$ 138

Cash and cash equivalents

$ 145

Moderna | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner

$ 250

Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner

$ 150

Payments to acquire investment

$ 100

Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

440

Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

675

Orna Therapeutics | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 2,400

Orion Corporation | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner

$ 290

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Subsequent Event

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

$ 175

Eligible future contingent development-related payments (up to)

1,000

Regulatory milestones payments

2,800

Sales milestone payments

$ 5,500

Preferred stock investment in counterparty

$ 100

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments made to collaborative partner

35

$ 30

Upfront and milestone payments to be made

30

Milestone payment to be made to collaborative partner

25

Research and development payments to be made to a collaborative partners

111

Research and development payments made to a collaborative partner

$ 51

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

82

90

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

334

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 485

780

Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Licensing Agreements | First Commercial Sale Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 290

Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

22%

Royalty rate, deduction, percentage

50%

50%

Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Minimum

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

20%

20%

Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Maximum

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

24%

24%

Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 20

Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 80

Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Oral and Injectable Formulations

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Profit share by counterparty

60%

Profit share

40%

Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Oral Formulation

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Profit share by counterparty

65%

Profit share

35%

Sales threshold

$ 2,000

Gilead Sciences | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement | Injectable Formulation

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Profit share by counterparty

65%

Profit share

35%

Sales threshold

$ 3,500

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments to be made

$ 15

Number of research programs | research_program

3

Number of collaboration targets | collaboration_target

3

Upfront and milestone payments

$ 30

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Minimum

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

7%

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Maximum

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

14%

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Development Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 217.5

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

570

Artiva Biotherapeutics, Inc. | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 1,050

Seagen

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Research and development

$ 616

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

2,600

Payments to acquire investment

1,000

Upfront and milestone payments

$ 600

Forward contract indexed to issuer's equity, indexed shares (in shares) | shares

5

Share price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares

$ 200

Seagen | Tukysa

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments

$ 210

Seagen | Minimum | Tukysa

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

20%

20%

Seagen | Maximum | Tukysa

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Royalty rate, percentage

33%

33%

Seagen | Development Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 850

Seagen | Regulatory Milestones | Tukysa

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

65

Seagen | Sales-Based Milestones

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Contingent payments collaborative arrangement

$ 1,750

Sentinel | Products and product rights

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired

15 years

IAVI

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Upfront and milestone payments

$ 6.5

Royalty Pharma

Business Acquisition [Line Items]

Compensation earned on arragement

$ 50

Additional funding by others, percentage of development costs

50%

Additional funding by others, development costs subject to funding

$ 375

Acquisitions, Research Collab_4

Acquisitions, Research Collaborations and Licensing Agreements - Estimated Fair Value of Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Nov. 19, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Jan. 16, 2020 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 21,204	$ 21,264		$ 18,882
Acceleron Pharma Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents				$ 340
Investments				285
In-process research and development (IPR&D)				6,380
Products and product rights - Reblozyl (12 year useful life)				3,830
Estimated useful life of intangible assets, acquired	12 years
Deferred income tax liabilities				(1,814)
Other assets and liabilities, net				82
Total identifiable net assets				9,103
Goodwill				2,411
Consideration transferred				$ 11,514
Acceleron Pharma Inc. | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Present value discount rate				0.075
Discount rate				0.060
ArQule
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents						$ 145
In-process research and development (IPR&D)						2,280
Identifiable intangible assets						80
Deferred income tax liabilities						(361)
Other assets and liabilities, net						34
Total identifiable net assets						2,178
Goodwill						512
Consideration transferred						$ 2,690
ArQule | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Present value discount rate						0.125

Collaborative Arrangements - Na

Collaborative Arrangements - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization			$ 2,085	$ 1,636	$ 1,817
Other intangibles, net			20,269	22,933
Sales			59,283	48,704	41,518
Operating Segments
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			57,555	48,322	41,336
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			52,005	42,754	36,610
License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			3,554	3,368
Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization			250		106
Lynparza | License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			1,600
Lenvima | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			876	704	580
Lenvima | License
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net			814
Adempas | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			238	252	220
Adempas | Licenses and other
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Intangible assets			633
Verquvo | Licenses and other
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Intangible assets			57
Reblozyl | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales			166	17	0
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Probable contingent payments			600
Liabilities			600
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			400		550
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Potential future sales-based milestone payments			2,100
Regulatory milestone payments accrued			105
Potential future regulatory milestone payments			1,100
AstraZeneca | Lynparza | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			250		160
Eisai
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
License option payment related to collaborative arrangement		$ 125
Eisai | Lenvima | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			600	200	500
Eisai | Lenvima | Collaborative Arrangement, Transaction with Party to Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Potential future sales-based milestone payments			2,600
Eisai | Lenvima | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			50	$ 75	10
Bayer AG | Adempas | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Milestone payments made to collaborative partner			$ 400		$ 375
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	22%
Royalty rate, deduction, percentage	50%		50%
Royalties			$ 146
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Minimum
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	20%		20%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Maximum
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty rate, percentage	24%		24%
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Regulatory Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement			$ 20
Bristol Myers Squibb | Licensing Agreements | Sales-Based Milestones
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Contingent payments collaborative arrangement			$ 80

Collaborative Arrangements - Fi

Collaborative Arrangements - Financial Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Cost of sales	17,411	13,626	13,618
Selling, general and administrative	10,042	9,634	8,955
Research and development	13,548	12,245	13,397
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	24,239	23,872
Amortization	2,085	1,636	1,817
Amortization expense for intangible assets	2,100	1,600	1,800
Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Amortization	250		106
Other current assets | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	303	271
Other current assets | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	214	200
Other current assets | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Receivables included in Other current assets	143	114
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	123	415
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	0	625
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	80	472
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Accrued and other current liabilities	348	283
Other Noncurrent Liabilities | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Payables included in Other Noncurrent Liabilities	600	0
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	1,170	1,018	733
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	1,116	989	725
Total sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement | Alliance revenue - Koselugo
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	54	29	8
Total sales | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	876	704	580
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Alliance revenue - profit sharing	341	342	281
Sales	601	601	501
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement | Adempas
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net sales by Merck	238	252	220
Total sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement | Verquvo
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net sales by Merck	22	7	0
Total sales | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement | Lagevrio
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Sales	5,684	952	0
Cost of sales | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	492	167	247
Cost of sales | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	212	195	271
Cost of sales | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	210	424	196
Amortization expense for intangible assets		153
Cost of sales | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Cost of sales	3,038	502	17
Selling, general and administrative | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	185	178	160
Selling, general and administrative | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	158	127	73
Selling, general and administrative | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	153	126	47
Selling, general and administrative | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Selling, general and administrative	147	37	6
Research and development | AstraZeneca | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	106	120	133
Research and development | Eisai | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	136	173	185
Research and development | Bayer AG | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	75	53	63
Research and development | Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP | Collaborative Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and development	$ 88	$ 137	$ 349

Restructuring - Narrative (Deta

Restructuring - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2023
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Expected restructuring and related cost	$ 3,700
Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will result in cash outlays	70%
Estimate of cumulative pre tax costs that will be noncash	30%
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 666	$ 868	$ 880
Cumulative costs since program inception	$ 3,300
Forecast
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Expected restructuring and related cost				$ 400

Restructuring - Charges Activit

Restructuring - Charges Activities by Type of Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 666	$ 868	$ 880
Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 205	$ 160	$ 175
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 94	$ 19	$ 47
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 30	$ 28	$ 83
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 337	$ 661	$ 575
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Separation Costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 212	$ 451	$ 385
Separation Costs | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Separation Costs | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Separation Costs | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Separation Costs | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 212	$ 451	$ 385
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Accelerated Depreciation
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 120	$ 91	$ 268
Accelerated Depreciation | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 72	$ 52	$ 143
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Accelerated Depreciation | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 19	$ 12	$ 44
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Accelerated Depreciation | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 29	$ 27	$ 81
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Accelerated Depreciation | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs
Other
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 334	$ 326	$ 227
Other | Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 133	$ 108	$ 32
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Cost of sales	Cost of sales	Cost of sales
Other | Selling, general and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 75	$ 7	$ 3
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative	Selling, general and administrative
Other | Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 1	$ 1	$ 2
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Research and development	Research and development	Research and development
Other | Restructuring costs
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total pretax restructuring costs	$ 125	$ 210	$ 190
Restructuring, Incurred Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs	Restructuring costs

Restructuring - Activities by P

Restructuring - Activities by Program (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	$ 637	$ 586
Expenses	666	868	$ 880
(Payments) receipts, net	(449)	(608)
Non-cash activity	(341)	(209)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	513	637	586
Separation Costs
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	596	567
Expenses	212	451	385
(Payments) receipts, net	(329)	(422)
Non-cash activity	0	0
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	479	596	567
Accelerated Depreciation
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	0	0
Expenses	120	91	268
(Payments) receipts, net	0	0
Non-cash activity	(120)	(91)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	0	0	0
Other
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Restructuring reserve, beginning balance	41	19
Expenses	334	326	227
(Payments) receipts, net	(120)	(186)
Non-cash activity	(221)	(118)
Restructuring reserve, ending balance	$ 34	$ 41	$ 19

Financial Instruments - Narrati

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) interest_rate_swap	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Pre tax net unrealized gain on derivatives maturing within next 12 months estimated to be reclassified from AOCI to sales			$ 104,000,000
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values	$ 832,000,000	$ 596,000,000	832,000,000	$ 596,000,000
Unrealized gains recognized on investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair value			56,000,000	110,000,000
Unrealized losses recognized on investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair values			12,000,000	1,000,000
Cumulative upward price adjustment	289,000,000		289,000,000
Cumulative downward price adjustment	19,000,000		19,000,000
Equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds	598,000,000	1,700,000,000	598,000,000	1,700,000,000	$ 800,000,000
(Gains) losses for equity securities held through ownership interests in investment funds			1,000,000,000	(1,400,000,000)	$ (583,000,000)
Fair value of loans payable and long-term debt, including current portion	26,700,000,000	35,700,000,000	26,700,000,000	35,700,000,000
Debt, carrying amount	30,700,000,000	33,100,000,000	30,700,000,000	33,100,000,000
Factored accounts receivable	2,500,000,000	2,800,000,000
Funds collected from factoring of receivable, held in restricted cash	67,000,000	62,000,000	67,000,000	62,000,000
Cash collateral advanced to counterparties	19,000,000		19,000,000
Cash collateral received from counterparties	66,000,000	164,000,000	66,000,000	164,000,000
2.40% Notes Due 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 1,000,000,000		$ 1,000,000,000
Stated interest rate	2.40%		2.40%
2.35% notes due 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Face amount of debt	$ 1,250,000,000		$ 1,250,000,000
Stated interest rate	2.35%		2.35%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | McKesson
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			21%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | AmerisourceBergen Corporation
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			20%
Customer Concentration Risk | Accounts Receivable | Cardinal Health, Inc.
Derivative [Line Items]
Percentage of accounts receivable represented by customers with largest balances (as percent)			13%
Level 2
Derivative [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	$ 11,300,000,000	$ 6,800,000,000	$ 11,300,000,000	$ 6,800,000,000
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Number of interest rate derivatives matured | interest_rate_swap			9
Total notional amount of Interest rate derivatives matured			$ 2,250,000,000
Maximum | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivative [Line Items]
Maximum planning cycle of hedges (less than)			2 years
Maximum | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivative [Line Items]
Maximum planning cycle of hedges (less than)			6 months

Financial Instruments - Effect

Financial Instruments - Effect of Net Investment Hedges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income	$ (48)	$ (49)	$ 26
Foreign exchange contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	(1)	(13)	(19)
Euro-denominated notes
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income	(162)	(296)	385
Euro-denominated notes | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Amount of Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Other (income) expense, net for Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Financial Instruments - Fair Va

Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Hedges (Details) - Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Carrying Amount of Hedged Liabilities	$ 0	$ 2,263
Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Increase Included in the Carrying Amount	$ 0	$ 13

Financial Instruments - Fair _2

Financial Instruments - Fair Value of Derivatives Segregated Between Those Derivatives That are Designated as Hedging Instruments and Those That are Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 433	$ 549
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	409	121
Notional amount of derivative	28,681	32,958
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	247	328
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	102	25
Notional amount of derivative	9,215	12,245
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	186	221
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	307	96
Notional amount of derivative	19,466	20,713
Interest rate swap contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 0	$ 14
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 0	$ 2,250
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other current assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 220	$ 271
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 4,824	$ 6,778
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other Assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 27	$ 43
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Assets	Other Assets
Notional amount of derivative	$ 1,609	$ 1,551
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Accrued and other current liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	101	24
Notional amount of derivative	$ 2,691	$ 1,623
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	$ 1	$ 1
Notional amount of derivative	$ 91	$ 43
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative, Asset	$ 186	$ 221
Derivative Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current assets	Other current assets
Fair Value of Derivative, Liability	$ 307	$ 96
Derivative Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Other current assets
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative	$ 8,540	$ 10,073
Foreign exchange contracts | Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | Accrued and other current liabilities
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional amount of derivative	$ 10,926	$ 10,640

Financial Instruments - Informa

Financial Instruments - Information on Derivative Positions Subject to Master Netting Arrangements as if they were Presented on a Net Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, asset	$ 433	$ 549
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet, asset	(220)	(110)
Cash collateral received, asset	(66)	(164)
Net amounts, asset	147	275
Gross amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, liability	409	121
Gross amount subject to offset in master netting arrangements not offset in the consolidated balance sheet, liability	(220)	(110)
Cash collateral received, liability	(19)	0
Net amounts, liability	$ 170	$ 11

Financial Instruments - Locatio

Financial Instruments - Location and Pretax (Gains) or Loss Amounts for Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Other (income) expense, net	1,501	(1,341)	(890)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$ (339)	$ 1,756	$ (441)
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Other (income) expense, net	Other (income) expense, net	Other (income) expense, net
Interest rate swap contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	$ (2)	$ (2)	$ (4)
Amount of gain recognized in Other (income) expense, net on derivatives	(2)	(2)	(4)
Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives	684	333	(383)
Increase (decrease) in Sales as a result of AOCL reclassifications	(773)	194	6
Other (income) expense, net | Interest rate swap contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Hedged items	(13)	(40)	40
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	4	1	(76)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Accumulated Gain (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Including Noncontrolling Interest | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Sales	$ 773	$ (194)	$ (6)

Financial Instruments - Income

Financial Instruments - Income Statement Effects on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Foreign exchange contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	$ (49)	$ 313	$ (12)
Foreign exchange contracts | Sales
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	(37)	9	13
Interest rate swap contracts | Other (income) expense, net
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	0	0	9
Forward Contracts | Research and development
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of Derivative Pretax (Gain) Loss Recognized in Income	$ 0	$ 0	$ 15

Financial Instruments - Infor_2

Financial Instruments - Information on Debt and Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	$ 569	$ 86
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	569	86
Publicly traded equity securities	1,284	1,647
Total debt and publicly traded equity securities, fair value	1,853	1,733
Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	498	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	498	0
U.S. government and agency securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	68	80
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	68	80
Corporate notes and bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	3	4
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	3	4
Foreign government bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Debt securities, amortized cost	0	2
Debt securities, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Debt securities, gross unrealized losses	0	0
Debt securities, fair value	$ 0	$ 2

Financial Instruments - Financi

Financial Instruments - Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets
Foreign government bonds	$ 569	$ 86
Publicly traded equity securities	1,284	1,647
Derivative assets	433	549
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777	$ 841
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Foreign government bonds	68	80
Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Investments	1,513	370
Other assets	340	1,363
Derivative assets	433	549
Total assets	2,286	2,282
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Total liabilities	865	898
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	218	351
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	402	120
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	215	184
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	7	1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	14
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	68	80
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015	368
Other assets	269	1,279
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1
Assets
Investments	1,015	368
Other assets	340	1,363
Derivative assets	0	0
Total assets	1,355	1,731
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	0	0
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	68	80
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	3	4
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	1,015	368
Other assets	269	1,279
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2
Assets
Investments	498	2
Other assets	0	0
Derivative assets	433	549
Total assets	931	551
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	0	0
Derivative liabilities	409	121
Total liabilities	409	121
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	218	351
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	402	120
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	215	184
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	7	1
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	14
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	498	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	2
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	0	0
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3
Assets
Investments	0	0
Other assets	0	0
Derivative assets	0	0
Total assets	0	0
Liabilities
Contingent consideration	456	777
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Total liabilities	456	777
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Foreign exchange contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Currency Options
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Interest rate swap contracts
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Commercial paper
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Foreign government bonds
Assets
Foreign government bonds	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | U.S. government and agency securities
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Corporate notes and bonds
Assets
Other assets	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3 | Publicly traded equity securities
Assets
Publicly traded equity securities	0	0
Other assets	$ 0	$ 0

Financial Instruments - Infor_3

Financial Instruments - Information About Changes in Liabilities for Contingent Consideration (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration, beginning balance	$ 777	$ 841
Changes in estimated fair value	(146)	57
Payments	(119)	(109)
Other	(56)	(12)
Contingent consideration, ending balance	456	777
Contingent consideration, liability, current	122
Sanofi Pasteur
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration, beginning balance	620
Contingent consideration, ending balance	$ 368	$ 620
Contingent consideration, measurement input, discount rate	0.115

Inventories - Inventories (Deta

Inventories - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Finished goods	$ 1,841	$ 1,747
Raw materials and work in process	7,063	6,220
Supplies	238	196
Total (approximates current cost)	9,142	8,163
Decrease to LIFO cost	(293)	(16)
Total current and noncurrent inventories	8,849	8,147
Recognized as:
Inventories	5,911	5,953
Other Assets	$ 2,938	$ 2,194

Inventories - Narrative (Detail

Inventories - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory [Line Items]
LIFO inventory amount	$ 3,400	$ 3,300
Inventory classified in Other assets	2,938	2,194
Inventory Not Expected to be Sold Within One Year
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory classified in Other assets	2,400	1,900
Inventories Produced in Preparation for Product Launches
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory classified in Other assets	$ 516	$ 256

Goodwill and Other Intangible_2

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Goodwill Activity by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 21,264	$ 18,882
Acquisitions		2,436
Other	(60)	(54)
Goodwill, ending balance	21,204	21,264
Accumulated goodwill impairment losses	531	531
Pharmaceutical
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	17,997	15,614
Acquisitions		2,431
Other	(61)	(48)
Goodwill, ending balance	17,936	17,997
Animal Health
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	3,267	3,268
Acquisitions		5
Other	1	(6)
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 3,268	$ 3,267

Goodwill and Other Intangible_3

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	$ 20,269		$ 20,269	$ 22,933
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Finite-Lived, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]					Cost of sales
IPR&D impairment charges			$ 1,700
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Indefinite-Lived (Excluding Goodwill), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]			Research and development
Contingent consideration liability, changes in estimated fair value			$ (146)	57
Amortization expense for intangible assets			2,100	1,600	$ 1,800
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2023	1,800		1,800
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2024	1,700		1,700
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2025	1,600		1,600
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2026	1,500		1,500
Estimated aggregate amortization expense, 2027	1,300		1,300
IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	7,661		7,661	9,281
Zerbaxa
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible asset impairment charge related to marketed product					1,600
Inventory write-down					120
Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	4,600		4,600
Adempas | Licenses and other
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible assets	633		633
COVID-19
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
IPR&D impairment charges					90
Contingent consideration liability, changes in estimated fair value					$ (45)
sotatercept | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	6,400		6,400
nemtabrutinib | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	418		418
IPR&D impairment charges	780	$ 807	1,600	$ 275
nemtabrutinib | Measurement Input, Discount Rate | Valuation Technique, Discounted Cash Flow | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Discount rate				0.085
gefapixant | IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	832		832
Products and product rights
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	6,810		6,810	$ 7,895
Products and product rights | Reblozyl
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	3,500		3,500
Products and product rights | Zerbaxa
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	406		406
Products and product rights | Sivextro
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	122		122
Products and product rights | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	120		120
Products and product rights | Bridion
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	97		97
Products and product rights | Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,300		2,300
Trade names
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,244		2,244	2,389
Trade names | Animal Health
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	2,200		2,200
License
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	3,554		3,554	$ 3,368
License | Lynparza
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	1,600		1,600
License | Lenvima
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Other intangibles, net	$ 814		814
License | Derazantinib
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Intangible asset impairment			$ 80

Goodwill and Other Intangible_4

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Other Intangibles (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 41,746	$ 42,438
Accumulated Amortization	21,477	19,505
Net	20,269	22,933
IPR&D
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,661	9,281
Net	7,661	9,281
Products and product rights
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	23,555	23,671
Accumulated Amortization	16,745	15,776
Net	6,810	7,895
Trade names
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	2,879	2,882
Accumulated Amortization	635	493
Net	2,244	2,389
License
Intangible Assets Excluding Goodwill [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	7,651	6,604
Accumulated Amortization	4,097	3,236
Net	$ 3,554	$ 3,368

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt_3

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt, current maturities	$ 1,700	$ 2,300
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	1,946	$ 2,412
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2023	1,700
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2024	1,300
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2025	2,500
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2026	2,200
Long-term debt, maturities, repayments of principal in 2027	1,500
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2023	882
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2024	845
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2025	778
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2026	751
Long-term debt, interest payments in 2027	720
Available borrowing capacity under credit facility	$ 6,000
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	7 years	7 years
Operating lease, cost	$ 334	$ 343	$ 340
Operating lease, payments	335	340	334
Right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability	57	$ 117	$ 473
Lessee, operating lease, lease not yet commenced, amount	$ 232
Other Variable Rate Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Effective interest rate	1.40%	0%
6.30% debentures due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.30%
1.70% notes due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.70%
1.90% notes due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.90%
2.15% notes due 2031
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.15%
2.75% notes due 2051
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
2.90% notes due 2061
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Commercial paper
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rate of commercial paper	0.65%	0.08%
Notes Subject To Repayment At Option Of Holder
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Loans payable and current portion of long-term debt	$ 197	$ 149
Buildings
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	7 years
Lessee, operating lease, renewal term	4 years
Vehicles
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating lease, weighted average remaining lease term	4 years

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt_4

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Long-Term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-Term Debt	$ 28,745	$ 30,690
2.75% notes due 2025
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 2,496	2,495
2.15% notes due 2031
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.15%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,986	1,986
2.75% notes due 2051
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,979	1,979
3.70% notes due 2045
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.70%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,978	1,977
3.40% notes due 2029
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.40%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,738	1,736
1.70% notes due 2027
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.70%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,494	1,493
2.90% notes due 2061
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,483	1,484
4.00% notes due 2049
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	4%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,471	1,470
4.15% notes due 2043
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	4.15%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,239	1,239
1.45% notes due 2030
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.45%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,237	1,235
2.45% notes due 2050
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.45%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,213	1,212
1.875% euro-denominated notes due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.875%
Long-Term Debt	$ 1,060	1,123
0.75% notes due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	0.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 995	993
1.90% notes due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 994	994
3.90% notes due 2039
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 985	984
2.35% notes due 2040
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.35%
Long-Term Debt	$ 984	983
2.90% notes due 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.90%
Long-Term Debt	$ 749	748
6.50% notes due 2033
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 711	715
0.50% euro-denominated notes due 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	0.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 531	563
1.375% euro-denominated notes due 2036
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	1.375%
Long-Term Debt	$ 527	559
2.50% euro-denominated notes due 2034
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.50%
Long-Term Debt	$ 526	558
3.60% notes due 2042
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	3.60%
Long-Term Debt	$ 492	491
6.55% notes due 2037
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.55%
Long-Term Debt	$ 408	409
5.75% notes due 2036
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.75%
Long-Term Debt	$ 339	338
5.95% debentures due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.95%
Long-Term Debt	$ 307	306
5.85% notes due 2039
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	5.85%
Long-Term Debt	$ 271	271
6.40% debentures due 2028
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.40%
Long-Term Debt	$ 250	250
6.30% debentures due 2026
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	6.30%
Long-Term Debt	$ 135	135
2.80% notes due 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Stated interest rate	2.80%
Long-Term Debt	$ 0	1,749
Other
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-Term Debt	$ 167	$ 215

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt_5

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Other Assets	$ 1,346	$ 1,586
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Assets	Other Assets
Accrued and other current liabilities	$ 281	$ 304
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued and other current liabilities	Accrued and other current liabilities
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	$ 1,013	$ 1,225
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other Noncurrent Liabilities	Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Total operating lease liability	$ 1,294	$ 1,529
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)	7 years	7 years
Weighted-average discount rate	3.10%	2.60%

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt_6

Loans Payable, Long-Term Debt and Leases - Maturity Schedule (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 323
2024	258
2025	224
2026	157
2027	126
Thereafter	404
Total lease payments	1,492
Less: Imputed interest	198
Total operating lease liability	$ 1,294	$ 1,529

Contingencies and Environment_2

Contingencies and Environmental Liabilities (Details) $ in Millions			12 Months Ended
	Dec. 19, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022 claim	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) case Plaintiff	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2020 claim
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrued liabilities for environmental matters | $			$ 39	$ 40
Environmental Loss Contingency Statement Of Financial Position Extensible Enumeration Not Disclosed Flag			liabilities
Term for paying off environmental liabilities			15 years
Aggregate possible expenditure on environmental matters in excess of amounts accrued | $			$ 35
Legal Defense Costs
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Legal defense costs reserve | $			$ 230	$ 230
Commercial Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			2
Loss contingency, number of plaintiffs | Plaintiff			2
Patent litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, claims settled (in cases)			22
Zetia antitrust litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims | claim					35
Loss contingency, damages sought | $			$ 12,700
Zetia antitrust litigation | Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, new claims filed | claim		23
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | United States
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			70
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | Outside of the United States
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			15
Gardasil/Gardasil 9 | COLOMBIA
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			1
Bridion | Patents
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, claims settled (in cases)			5
Bridion | Patents | Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Loss contingency, pending claims			2
Loss contingency, trial period	1 day

Equity - Narrative (Details)

Equity - Narrative (Details) - shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	6,500,000,000	6,500,000,000
Preferred stock, authorized (in shares)	20,000,000

Equity - Shareholders' Equity (

Equity - Shareholders' Equity (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	3,577,103,522
Balance December 31 (in shares)	3,577,103,522	3,577,103,522
Common Stock
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000
Purchases of treasury stock (in shares)	0	0	0
Issuances (in shares)	0	0	0
Balance December 31 (in shares)	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000	3,577,000,000
Treasury Stock
Movement in Common Stock and Treasury Stock [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1 (in shares)	1,049,000,000	1,047,000,000	1,038,000,000
Purchases of treasury stock (in shares)	0	11,000,000	16,000,000
Issuances (in shares)	(10,000,000)	(9,000,000)	(7,000,000)
Balance December 31 (in shares)	1,039,000,000	1,049,000,000	1,047,000,000

Share-Based Compensation Plan_2

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares collectively authorized for future grants under share-based compensation plans (in shares)	87,000,000
Quantity of stock options that vest per year	33.33%
Period over which share-based payment awards vest	3 years
Pretax share-based compensation cost recorded		$ 498	$ 475
Pretax share-based compensation cost recorded, related to continuing operations	$ 541	479	441
Income tax benefits related to share-based compensation	$ 78	$ 69	$ 65
Weighted average exercise price of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 87.10	$ 75.99	$ 77.67
Total pre tax unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards	$ 813
Weighted average period in years of recognition for nonvested stock options, RSU and PSU awards	1 year 10 months 24 days
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Contractual term of options	7 years
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Contractual term of options	10 years

Share-Based Compensation Plan_3

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Assumptions Used to Determine Weighted-Average Fair Value of Options Granted (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Weighted average fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 15.45	$ 9.80	$ 9.93
Expected dividend yield	3.10%	3.10%	3.10%
Risk-free interest rate	3%	1%	0.40%
Expected volatility	22.50%	20.90%	22.10%
Expected life (years)	5 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days

Share-Based Compensation Plan_4

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Information Relative to Stock Option Plan Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Options
Number of Options, Outstanding, January 1 (in shares)	18,572
Number of Options, Granted (in shares)	2,326
Number of Options, Exercised (in shares)	(6,317)
Number of Options, Forfeited (in shares)	(862)
Number of Options, Outstanding, December 31 (in shares)	13,719	18,572
Number of Options, Vested and expected to vest (in shares)	13,199
Number of Options, Exercisable (in shares)	8,730
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Outstanding, January 1 (in dollars per share)	$ 65.27
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted (in dollars per share)	87.10	$ 75.99	$ 77.67
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercised (in dollars per share)	60.77
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited (in dollars per share)	73.11
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Options Outstanding, December 31 (in dollars per share)	70.55	$ 65.27
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)	70.09
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 65.24
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Outstanding	6 years 6 months
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Vested and expected to vest	6 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term, Exercisable	5 years 4 months 24 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Outstanding	$ 554
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and expected to vest	539
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Exercisable	$ 399

Share-Based Compensation Plan_5

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Additional Information Pertaining to Stock Option Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised	$ 225	$ 106	$ 51
Fair value of stock options vested	30	27	25
Cash received from the exercise of stock options	$ 384	$ 202	$ 89

Share-Based Compensation Plan_6

Share-Based Compensation Plans - Summary of Nonvested RSU and PSU Activity (Details) shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Number of Shares, Nonvested January 1 (in shares) | shares	11,790
Number of Shares, Granted (in shares) | shares	7,170
Number of Shares, Vested (in shares) | shares	(5,150)
Number of Shares, Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(1,110)
Number of Shares, Nonvested December 31 (in shares) | shares	12,700
Number of Shares, Expected to Vest (in shares) | shares	11,254
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested January 1 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 74.88
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	87.12
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	75.40
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	78.65
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested December 31 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	81.25
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Expected to vest (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 80.96
PSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Roll Forward]
Number of Shares, Nonvested January 1 (in shares) | shares	1,966
Number of Shares, Granted (in shares) | shares	951
Number of Shares, Vested (in shares) | shares	(725)
Number of Shares, Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(171)
Number of Shares, Nonvested December 31 (in shares) | shares	2,021
Number of Shares, Expected to Vest (in shares) | shares	1,895
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested January 1 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 77.13
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	88.52
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	87.87
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	77.58
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Nonvested December 31 (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	78.60
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value, Expected to vest (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 78.26

Pension and Other Postretirem_3

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Accumulated benefit obligation		$ 17,200	$ 24,900
Employer contributions to defined contribution savings plans		$ 175	$ 158	$ 158
Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Percentage of Company's pension investments categorized as level 3 assets		4%	4%
Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 765	$ 943
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		947	1,292	$ 1,221
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		20
Other Postretirement Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 0	$ 0
United States
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Expected annual standard deviation in returns of the target portfolio which reflects both the equity allocation and the diversification benefits among the asset classes in which the portfolio invests		10%
Expected rate of return on plan assets		6.70%	6.70%	7.30%
United States | Forecast
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Expected rate of return on plan assets	7%
United States | U.S. equities | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		25%
United States | U.S. equities | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		40%
United States | International equities | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		10%
United States | International equities | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		20%
United States | Fixed Income Investments | Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		35%
United States | Fixed Income Investments | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		45%
United States | Cash And Other Investments | Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Target allocation		8%
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Accumulated benefit obligation		$ 9,700	$ 13,800
Fair value of plan assets		9,094	13,067	$ 12,672
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		270
United States | Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		4	6	7
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		8,473	$ 12,195	$ 12,009
Expected contributions to the pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans during next fiscal year		$ 150
Expected rate of return on plan assets		3.70%	3.80%	4.40%
International | Pension Benefits | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets		$ 761	$ 937	$ 935

Pension and Other Postretirem_4

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	$ 48	$ 48	$ 52
Interest cost	46	45	57
Expected return on plan assets	(86)	(79)	(75)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(57)	(63)	(73)
Net loss (gain) amortization	(43)	(42)	(18)
Termination benefits	0	37	2
Curtailments	(1)	(29)	(4)
Settlements	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	(93)	(83)	(59)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	372	403	360
Interest cost	457	404	431
Expected return on plan assets	(753)	(755)	(774)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(32)	(38)	(49)
Net loss (gain) amortization	128	298	303
Termination benefits	2	56	10
Curtailments	12	16	10
Settlements	239	216	13
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	425	600	304
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Service cost	283	328	297
Interest cost	145	123	136
Expected return on plan assets	(383)	(416)	(414)
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost	(14)	(16)	(18)
Net loss (gain) amortization	96	142	127
Termination benefits	1	5	3
Curtailments	0	(26)	0
Settlements	1	8	15
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$ 129	$ 148	$ 146

Pension and Other Postretirem_5

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Obligation and Funded Status (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$ 1,292	$ 1,221
Actual return on plan assets	(306)	118
Company contributions	46	33
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Benefits paid	(90)	(86)
Settlements	0	0
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	5	6
Fair value of plan assets December 31	947	1,292	$ 1,221
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	1,541	1,607
Service cost	48	48	52
Interest cost	46	45	57
Actuarial (gains) losses	(392)	(103)
Benefits paid	(90)	(86)
Effects of exchange rate changes	(1)	(1)
Plan amendments	0	0
Curtailments	0	(12)
Termination benefits	0	37	2
Settlements	0	0
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	5	6
Benefit obligation December 31	1,157	1,541	1,607
Funded status December 31	(210)	(249)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	0	0
Accrued and other current liabilities	(8)	(8)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(202)	(241)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	13,067	12,672
Actual return on plan assets	(3,129)	1,250
Company contributions	293	305
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Benefits paid	(219)	(219)
Settlements	(918)	(941)
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	9,094	13,067	12,672
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	13,999	14,613
Service cost	372	403	360
Interest cost	457	404	431
Actuarial (gains) losses	(3,851)	(332)
Benefits paid	(219)	(219)
Effects of exchange rate changes	0	0
Plan amendments	0	0
Curtailments	12	15
Termination benefits	2	56	10
Settlements	(918)	(941)
Spin-off of Organon	0	0
Other	0	0
Benefit obligation December 31	9,854	13,999	14,613
Funded status December 31	(760)	(932)
Recognized as:
Other Assets	5	9
Accrued and other current liabilities	(59)	(64)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	(706)	(877)
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	12,195	12,009
Actual return on plan assets	(2,793)	891
Company contributions	155	189
Effects of exchange rate changes	(848)	(671)
Benefits paid	(250)	(233)
Settlements	(16)	(55)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(55)
Other	30	120
Fair value of plan assets December 31	8,473	12,195	12,009
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Benefit obligation January 1	11,575	12,458
Service cost	283	328	297
Interest cost	145	123	136
Actuarial (gains) losses	(3,283)	(240)
Benefits paid	(250)	(233)
Effects of exchange rate changes	(732)	(678)
Plan amendments	4	4
Curtailments	0	(38)
Termination benefits	1	5	3
Settlements	(16)	(55)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(118)
Other	28	19
Benefit obligation December 31	7,755	11,575	$ 12,458
Funded status December 31	718	620
Recognized as:
Other Assets	1,052	1,395
Accrued and other current liabilities	(19)	(22)
Other Noncurrent Liabilities	$ (315)	$ (753)

Pension and Other Postretirem_6

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Accumulated and Projected Benefit Obligation in Excess of Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
United States
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, projected benefit obligation	$ 9,186	$ 13,013
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	8,421	12,072
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, accumulated benefit obligation	9,081	12,916
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	8,421	12,072
International
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, projected benefit obligation	2,779	2,507
Pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	2,445	1,731
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, accumulated benefit obligation	1,226	2,462
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, fair value of plan assets	$ 948	$ 1,723

Pension and Other Postretirem_7

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Fair Values of Pension Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 765	$ 943
United States
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	9,094	13,067	$ 12,672
United States | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	147	292
United States | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,654	4,035
United States | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	707	919
United States | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	131	0
United States | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,956	2,915
United States | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,934	2,870
United States | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,438	2,005
United States | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	22	23
United States | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	101	0
United States | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	8
United States | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,216	3,156
United States | Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	49	3
United States | Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	211	236
United States | Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,956	2,915
United States | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 1 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	2
United States | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,495	4,898
United States | Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,934	2,870
United States | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1,438	2,005
United States | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	22	23
United States | Level 2 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	101	0
United States | Level 2 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	6	7
United States | Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	6	7
United States | NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,379	5,007
United States | NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	98	289
United States | NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,443	3,799
United States | NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	707	919
United States | NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	131	0
United States | NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
United States | NAV | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8,473	12,195	12,009
International | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	78	110
International | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3,422	4,944
International | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	111	209
International | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	11	17
International | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,963	4,436
International | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	146	188
International | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	21	26
International | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	263	369
International | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	448	597
International | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	157	225
International | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	69	90
International | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	780	982
International | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	2
International | Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	943	1,387
International | Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	57	82
International | Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	375	531
International | Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	52	137
International | Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	177	240
International | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8	9
International | Level 1 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	10	15
International | Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	263	369
International | Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	3
International | Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 1 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	6,333	9,293
International | Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	8	10
International | Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,957	4,292
International | Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	2,656	4,025
International | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	9	8
International | Level 2 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	7	8
International | Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	448	591
International | Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	157	223
International | Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	69	90
International | Level 2 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	18	44
International | Level 2 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	3	1
International | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	761	937	935
International | Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | Level 3 | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	761	937	935
International | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0	$ 0
International | NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	436	578
International | NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	13	18
International | NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	90	121
International | NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	59	72
International | NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	10	16
International | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	130	171
International | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	129	171
International | NAV | Other fixed income obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	4	3
International | NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	3
International | NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	2
International | NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	0	0
International | NAV | Insurance contracts
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	1	1
International | NAV | Other
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets	$ 0	$ 0

Pension and Other Postretirem_8

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Changes in Fair Value of Company's Level 3 Pension Plan Assets (Details) - Pension Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	$ 943
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	765	$ 943
United States
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	13,067	12,672
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	9,094	13,067
United States | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	8
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	8
United States | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	6	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(3)	(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	2	7
Purchases and sales, net	(1)	(3)
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	6
United States | Level 3 | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Relating to assets sold during the year	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Real Estate
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Relating to assets sold during the year	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
United States | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	6	7
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(3)	(5)
Relating to assets sold during the year	2	7
Purchases and sales, net	(1)	(3)
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	6
International
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	12,195	12,009
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	8,473	12,195
International | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	982
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	780	982
International | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	2
Actual return on plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets December 31	4	2
International | Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	937	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)	(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)	(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10	78
Fair value of plan assets December 31	761	937
International | Level 3 | Insurance Contracts
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	937	935
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	(147)	(34)
Purchases and sales, net	(39)	(42)
Transfers into Level 3	10	78
Fair value of plan assets December 31	761	937
International | Level 3 | Real Estate
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Purchases and sales, net	0	0
Transfers into Level 3	0	0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	0	0
International | Level 3 | Other
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Fair Value of Plan Assets [Roll Forward]
Fair value of plan assets January 1	0	0
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at December 31	0	0
Purchases and sales, net		0
Transfers into Level 3		0
Fair value of plan assets December 31	$ 0	$ 0

Pension and Other Postretirem_9

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Fair Values of Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets (Details) - Other Postretirement Benefits - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	$ 947	$ 1,292	$ 1,221
Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	10	39
Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	279	402
Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	74	92
Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	1	1
Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	14	0
Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	206	290
Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	212	275
Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	137	191
Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	2
Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	12	0
Level 1
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	231	326
Level 1 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	11
Level 1 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	22	24
Level 1 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	1	1
Level 1 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	206	290
Level 1 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 1 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	363	468
Level 2 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 2 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	212	275
Level 2 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	137	191
Level 2 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	2	2
Level 2 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	12	0
Level 3
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
Level 3 | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	353	498
NAV | Cash and cash equivalents
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	8	28
NAV | Developed markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	257	378
NAV | Emerging markets equities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	74	92
NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Real estate
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	14	0
NAV | Developed markets
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Government and agency obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Corporate obligations
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Mortgage and asset-backed securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	0	0
NAV | Derivatives
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Plan assets at fair value	$ 0	$ 0

Pension and Other Postretire_10

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Expected Benefit Payments (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	$ 84
2024	86
2025	87
2026	89
2027	90
2028 — 2032	474
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	627
2024	634
2025	650
2026	676
2027	694
2028 — 2032	3,948
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	271
2024	257
2025	262
2026	283
2027	297
2028 — 2032	$ 1,704

Pension and Other Postretire_11

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Components of Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	$ 0	$ 156	$ 199
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	0	0	0
Total	0	156	199
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	(43)	(42)	(18)
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(57)	(63)	(73)
Settlements and curtailments	(1)	(29)	(4)
Total	(101)	(134)	(95)
United States | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	(42)	813	(472)
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	0	0	0
Total	(42)	813	(472)
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	128	298	303
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(32)	(38)	(49)
Settlements and curtailments	251	232	23
Total	347	492	277
International | Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	116	772	(424)
Prior service (cost) credit arising during the period	(4)	(4)	64
Total	112	768	(360)
Net loss (gain) amortization included in benefit cost	96	142	127
Prior service credit amortization included in benefit cost	(14)	(16)	(18)
Settlements and curtailments	1	(18)	15
Total	$ 83	$ 108	$ 124

Pension and Other Postretire_12

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used in Determining Pension Plan and U.S. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
United States
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	3%	2.70%	3.40%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.70%	6.70%	7.30%
Salary growth rate	4.60%	4.60%	4.20%
Interest crediting rate	5%	4.70%	4.90%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	5.50%	3%	2.70%
Salary growth rate	4.60%	4.60%	4.60%
Interest crediting rate	5.30%	5%	4.70%
International | Pension Benefits
Net periodic benefit cost
Discount rate	1.50%	1.10%	1.50%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	3.70%	3.80%	4.40%
Salary growth rate	2.90%	2.80%	2.80%
Interest crediting rate	3%	3%	2.80%
Benefit obligation
Discount rate	3.90%	1.50%	1.10%
Salary growth rate	3.20%	2.90%	2.80%
Interest crediting rate	3.30%	3%	3%

Pension and Other Postretire_13

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans - Summary of Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumptions for Other Postretirement Benefit Plans (Details) - Other Postretirement Benefits	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.80%	6.40%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline	4.50%	4.50%

Other (Income) Expense, Net - S

Other (Income) Expense, Net - Schedule of Other (Income) Expense, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items]
Interest income		$ (157)	$ (36)	$ (59)
Interest expense		962	806	831
Exchange losses		237	297	145
Loss (income) from investments in equity securities, net		1,419	(1,940)	(1,338)
Net periodic defined benefit plan (credit) cost other than service cost		(279)	(212)	(339)
Other, net		(681)	(256)	(130)
Other (income) expense, net		1,501	(1,341)	$ (890)
Unrealized gains		$ (462)	$ (232)
Forecast | Subsequent Event
Component of Other Income / Expense of Nonoperating [Line Items]
Unrealized gains	$ 140

Other (Income) Expense, Net - N

Other (Income) Expense, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Interest paid	$ 937	$ 779	$ 822

Taxes on Income - Reconciliatio

Taxes on Income - Reconciliation Between Effective Tax Rate and US Statutory Rate (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Amount
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	$ 3,453	$ 2,915	$ 1,231
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(1,835)	(1,446)	(965)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	462	(75)	349
State taxes	(110)	2	57
R&D tax credit	(81)	(81)	(108)
Tax settlements	(10)	(275)	(13)
Valuation allowances	108	102	37
Restructuring	11	61	105
Acquisition of VelosBio	0	(9)	559
Acquisition of Pandion	0	356	0
Acquisition of OncoImmune	0	0	97
Other	(80)	(29)	(9)
Taxes on income	$ 1,918	$ 1,521	$ 1,340
Tax Rate
U.S. statutory rate applied to income from continuing operations before taxes	21%	21%	21%
Differential arising from:
Foreign earnings	(11.10%)	(10.40%)	(16.50%)
GILTI and the foreign-derived intangible income deduction	2.80%	(0.50%)	6%
State taxes	(0.70%)	0%	1%
R&D tax credit	(0.50%)	(0.60%)	(1.80%)
Tax settlements	(0.10%)	(2.00%)	(0.20%)
Valuation allowances	0.70%	0.70%	0.60%
Restructuring	0.10%	0.40%	1.80%
Acquisition of VelosBio	0%	(0.10%)	9.50%
Acquisition of Pandion	0%	2.60%	0%
Acquisition of OncoImmune	0%	0%	1.70%
Other	(0.50%)	(0.10%)	(0.20%)
Total, Tax Rate	11.70%	11%	22.90%

Taxes on Income - Narrative (De

Taxes on Income - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax for accumulated foreign earnings, liability	$ 2,200
Deferred tax assets on NOL carryforwards relating to foreign jurisdictions	349
Deferred tax assets relating to various U.S. tax credit carryforwards and NOL carryforwards	563
Income taxes paid	3,239	$ 2,412	$ 2,740
Tax benefits relating to stock option exercises	45	21	12
Unrecognized tax benefits	1,835	1,529	1,537	$ 1,225
Favorable net impact to income tax provision if unrecognized tax benefits were recognized	1,800
Reasonably possible amount that liability for unrecognized tax benefits could decline up to in next 12 months (up to)	31
Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions, expense (benefit)	54	(37)	16
Liabilities for accrued interest and penalties	256	192
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	6	46	70
Income Taxes Payable
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax liability, current	732
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Transition tax liability, noncurrent	1,500
Foreign Jurisdiction
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Valuation allowance on foreign NOL carryforwards	345
Income taxes paid	1,348	1,201	1,763
Federal
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Valuation allowance on foreign NOL carryforwards	247
Income taxes paid	1,891	$ 1,211	$ 977
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	190
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	236
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Continuing Operations
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	172
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	207
Federal | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) | Discontinued Operations
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	18
Unrecognized tax benefits from adjustments related to examination	$ 29

Taxes on Income - Income Before

Taxes on Income - Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ 1,011	$ 1,854	$ (3,814)
Foreign	15,433	12,025	9,677
Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes	$ 16,444	$ 13,879	$ 5,863

Taxes on Income - Taxes on Inco

Taxes on Income - Taxes on Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current provision
Federal	$ 2,265	$ 74	$ 893
Foreign	1,164	1,273	969
State	57	(13)	44
Total current provision	3,486	1,334	1,906
Deferred provision
Federal	(1,510)	240	(605)
Foreign	71	(77)	64
State	(129)	24	(25)
Total deferred provision	(1,568)	187	(566)
Taxes on income	$ 1,918	$ 1,521	$ 1,340

Taxes on Income - Deferred Inco

Taxes on Income - Deferred Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax [Line Items]
Product intangibles and licenses, Assets	$ 0	$ 0
R&D capitalization, Assets	1,341	274
Inventory related, Assets	43	119
Accelerated depreciation, Assets	0	0
Equity Method Investments, Assets	0	0
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, Assets	372	487
Compensation related, Assets	335	301
Unrecognized tax benefits, Assets	91	75
Net operating losses and other tax credit carryforwards, Assets	912	867
Other, Assets	511	434
Subtotal, Assets	3,605	2,557
Valuation allowance, Assets	(599)	(287)
Total deferred taxes	3,006	2,270
Product intangibles and licenses, Liabilities	2,575	3,207
Inventory related, Liabilities	423	370
Accelerated depreciation, Liabilities	657	589
Equity method investments, Liabilities	92	335
Pensions and other postretirement benefits, Liabilities	284	338
Other, Liabilities	267	180
Subtotal, Liabilities	4,298	5,019
Deferred income taxes, Liabilities	1,292	2,749
Deferred Income Taxes	1,795	3,441
Other Assets
Income Tax [Line Items]
Total deferred taxes	$ 503	$ 692

Taxes on Income - Income Tax Au

Taxes on Income - Income Tax Authority (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	$ 3,239	$ 2,412	$ 2,740
Federal
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	1,891	1,211	977
Foreign Jurisdiction
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Income taxes paid	$ 1,348	$ 1,201	$ 1,763

Taxes on Income - Unrecognized

Taxes on Income - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward]
Balance January 1	$ 1,529	$ 1,537	$ 1,225
Additions related to current year positions	344	306	298
Additions related to prior year positions	48	63	110
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(40)	(230)	(4)
Settlements	(6)	(46)	(70)
Lapse of statute of limitations	(40)	(58)	(22)
Spin-off of Organon	0	(43)	0
Balance December 31	$ 1,835	$ 1,529	$ 1,537

Earnings Per Share - Calculatio

Earnings Per Share - Calculations of Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net Income from Continuing Operations Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc.	$ 14,519	$ 12,345	$ 4,519
Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Taxes and Amounts Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests	0	704	2,548
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., basic	14,519	13,049	7,067
Net income attributable to Merck & Co., Inc., diluted	$ 14,519	$ 13,049	$ 7,067
Average common shares outstanding (in shares)	2,532	2,530	2,530
Common shares issuable (in shares)	10	8	11
Average common shares outstanding assuming dilution (in shares)	2,542	2,538	2,541
Basic Earnings per Common Share Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	$ 5.73	$ 4.88	$ 1.79
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1.01
Net Income (in dollars per share)	5.73	5.16	2.79
Earnings per Common Share Assuming Dilution Attributable to Merck & Co., Inc. Common Shareholders
Income from Continuing Operations (in dollars per share)	5.71	4.86	1.78
Income from Discontinued Operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.28	1
Net Income (in dollars per share)	$ 5.71	$ 5.14	$ 2.78

Earnings Per Share - Narrative

Earnings Per Share - Narrative (Details) - shares shares in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Antidilutive shares (in shares)	2	9	5

Other Comprehensive Income (L_3

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 38,257	$ 25,404	$ 26,001
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	170	1,766	(949)
Tax	(150)	(526)	293
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	20	1,240	(656)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(446)	658	287
Tax	87	(142)	(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(359)	516	215
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(339)	1,756	(441)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.		5,091
Ending balance	46,058	38,257	25,404
Derivatives
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	144	(266)	31
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	684	333	(383)
Tax	(143)	(75)	84
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	541	258	(299)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	(775)	192	2
Tax	163	(40)	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(612)	152	2
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(71)	410	(297)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	0
Ending balance	73	144	(266)
Investments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	0	0	18
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	3
Tax	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	3
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	(21)
Tax	0	0	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	(21)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	0	0	(18)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	0
Ending balance	0	0	0
Employee Benefit Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(2,743)	(4,540)	(4,261)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	70	1,737	(633)
Tax	12	(332)	120
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	82	1,405	(513)
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	329	466	306
Tax	(76)	(102)	(72)
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	253	364	234
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	335	1,769	(279)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	28
Ending balance	(2,408)	(2,743)	(4,540)
Pension Plan Net Loss
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	3,100	3,600
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Net Gain
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(446)	(473)
Pension Plan Prior Service Credit
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(152)	(190)
Other Postretirement Benefit Plan Prior Service Credit
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Pension and other postretirement benefit plans, net loss and prior service (credit) included in AOCI	(135)	(181)
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(1,830)	(1,828)	(1,981)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, pretax	(584)	(304)	64
Tax	(19)	(119)	89
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	(603)	(423)	153
Reclassification adjustments, pretax	0	0	0
Tax	0	0	0
Reclassification adjustments, net of taxes	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	(603)	(423)	153
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	421
Ending balance	(2,433)	(1,830)	(1,828)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	(4,429)	(6,634)	(6,193)
Spin-off of Organon & Co.	449	449
Ending balance	$ (4,768)	$ (4,429)	$ (6,634)

Segment Reporting - Narrative (

Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	2

Segment Reporting - Sales of Co

Segment Reporting - Sales of Company's Products (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
Increase (decrease) in revenue hedging activities	810	(203)	(19)
Revenue related to the sale of the marketing rights	165	218	54
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	57,555	48,322	41,336
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	52,005	42,754	36,610
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	20,937	17,186	14,380
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,116	989	725
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	876	704	580
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	166	17	0
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	6,897	5,673	3,938
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,241	2,135	1,878
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	783	807	797
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	602	893	1,087
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	173	179	170
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,685	1,532	1,198
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	428	370	281
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	263	175	110
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	239	259	251
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	259	329
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	189	202	211
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	174	212	213
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	169	(1)	130
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	341	342	281
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	252	220
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	5,684	952	0
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	633	769	857
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	258	318	327
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	706	825	838
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	207	299	330
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,813	3,324	3,306
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,700	1,964	1,971
Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,249	2,118	2,202
Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	5,550	5,568	4,703
Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	3,300	3,295	2,939
Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,250	2,273	1,764
Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	23
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,728	382	182
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	27,206	22,425	19,588
United States | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	26,811	22,159	19,517
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	24,989	20,401	18,010
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	12,686	9,765	8,352
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	584	515	417
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	579	417	359
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	123	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,065	1,881	1,755
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,724	1,629	1,378
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	508	473	486
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	346	547	727
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	95	100	103
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	922	762	583
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	188	153	119
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	241	166	102
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1	2	2
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	51	60	42
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4	(5)	9
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	6	4	7
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	89	4	74
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	329	312	259
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,523	632	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	274	294	326
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	79	78	81
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,248	1,404	1,470
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	355	367	477
United States | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	969	841	882
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,822	1,758	1,484
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	710	667	612
United States | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,112	1,091	872
United States | Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	23
United States | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	395	266	71
Int’l
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	32,077	26,279	21,930
Int’l | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	30,744	26,163	21,819
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	27,016	22,353	18,600
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Keytruda
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	8,251	7,421	6,028
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lynparza
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	532	473	308
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Lenvima
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	297	287	220
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Reblozyl
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	43	17	0
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Gardasil/Gardasil 9
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4,832	3,792	2,184
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | ProQuad/M-M-R II/Varivax
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	518	506	500
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | RotaTeq
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	275	334	311
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Pneumovax 23
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	256	346	359
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Vaqta
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	78	79	67
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Bridion
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	762	770	615
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Prevymis
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	240	218	162
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Dificid
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	22	10	7
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Primaxin
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	258	248
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Noxafil
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	187	199	287
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Invanz
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	185	207	202
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Cancidas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	168	208	207
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Zerbaxa
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	79	(5)	56
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Alliance revenue - Adempas/Verquvo
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	12	30	22
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Adempas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	238	252	220
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Lagevrio
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	4,161	320	0
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Isentress/Isentress HD
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	359	474	531
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Belsomra
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	179	241	247
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Simponi
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	706	825	838
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Remicade
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	207	299	330
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Januvia
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,565	1,920	1,836
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Janumet
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,344	1,597	1,494
Int’l | Operating Segments | Pharmaceutical segment | Other pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,282	1,275	1,321
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	3,728	3,810	3,219
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Livestock
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	2,590	2,628	2,327
Int’l | Operating Segments | Animal Health | Companion Animals
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	1,138	1,182	892
Int’l | Operating Segments | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0
Int’l | Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,333	$ 116	$ 111

Segment Reporting - Consolidate

Segment Reporting - Consolidated Revenues by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	$ 59,283	$ 48,704	$ 41,518
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	27,206	22,425	19,588
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	14,493	13,341	11,547
China
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	5,191	4,378	2,751
Japan
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	3,629	2,726	2,602
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	3,614	2,407	2,113
Latin America
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	2,582	2,206	1,890
Other
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,568	$ 1,221	$ 1,027

Segment Reporting - Reconciliat

Segment Reporting - Reconciliation of Segment Profits to Income Before Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 157	$ 36	$ 59
Interest expense	(962)	(806)	(831)
Amortization	(2,085)	(1,636)	(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,824)	(1,578)	(1,669)
Research and development	(13,548)	(12,245)	(13,397)
Restructuring costs	(337)	(661)	(575)
Income before taxes	16,444	13,879	5,863
Total segment profits
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	38,815	32,927	27,776
Total segment profits | Pharmaceutical segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	36,852	30,977	26,106
Total segment profits | Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	1,963	1,950	1,669
Total segment profits | Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	0	0	1
Other profits
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Income before taxes	1,160	156	75
Unallocated
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	157	36	59
Interest expense	(962)	(806)	(831)
Amortization	(2,085)	(1,636)	(1,817)
Depreciation	(1,642)	(1,414)	(1,519)
Research and development	(13,011)	(11,692)	(12,911)
Restructuring costs	(337)	(661)	(575)
Other unallocated, net	$ (5,651)	$ (3,031)	$ (4,394)

Segment Reporting - Equity Loss

Segment Reporting - Equity Loss from Affiliates and Depreciation Included in Segment Profits (Details) - Operating Segments - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	$ 39	$ 11	$ (6)
Depreciation	182	164	150
Pharmaceutical
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	39	11	(6)
Depreciation	5	6	6
Animal Health
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	0	0	0
Depreciation	177	158	143
Other segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Equity income (loss) from affiliates	0	0	0
Depreciation	$ 0	$ 0	$ 1

Segment Reporting - Property, P

Segment Reporting - Property, Plant and Equipment, Net by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 21,422	$ 19,279	$ 17,000
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	12,891	11,759	10,394
Europe, Middle East and Africa
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	6,993	6,081	5,314
Asia Pacific (other than China and Japan)
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	966	857	737
Latin America
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	225	199	169
China
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	207	220	216
Japan
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	135	159	166
Other
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, net	$ 5	$ 4	$ 4