Barclays Bank (ATMP) 20-F 2010 FY Annual report (foreign)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

¨ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2010

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transitionperiod from                            to                            

OR

¨ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report                            

Commission file numbers	Barclays PLC	1-09246
	Barclays Bank PLC	1-10257

BARCLAYS PLC

BARCLAYS BANK PLC

(Exact Names of Registrants as Specified in their Charter[s])

ENGLAND

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

1 CHURCHILL PLACE, LONDON E14 5HP, ENGLAND

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

PATRICK GONSALVES, +44 (0)20 7116 2901, PATRICK.GONSALVES@BARCLAYS.COM

1 CHURCHILL PLACE, LONDON E14 5HP, ENGLAND

*(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Barclays PLC

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
25p ordinary shares	New York Stock Exchange*
American Depository Shares, each representing four 25p	New York Stock Exchange

ordinary shares

* Not for trading, but in connection with the registration of American Depository Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Barclays Bank PLC

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
Callable Floating Rate Notes 2035	New York Stock Exchange
Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Shares, Series 2	New York Stock Exchange*
American Depository Shares, Series 2, each representing one Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Share, Series 2	New York Stock Exchange
Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Shares, Series 3	New York Stock Exchange*
American Depository Shares, Series 3, each representing one Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Share, Series 3	New York Stock Exchange
Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Shares, Series 4	New York Stock Exchange*
American Depository Shares, Series 4, each representing one Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Share, Series 4	New York Stock Exchange
Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Shares, Series 5	New York Stock Exchange*
American Depository Shares, Series 5, each representing one Non-Cumulative Callable Dollar Preference Share, Series 5	New York Stock Exchange
5.140% Lower Tier 2 Notes due October 2020	New York Stock Exchange
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Commodity Index Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Agriculture Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Aluminum Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Cocoa Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Coffee Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Copper Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Cotton Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Energy Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Grains Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Industrial Metals Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Lead Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Livestock Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Natural Gas Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones – UBS Nickel Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Platinum Subindex Total ReturnSM	NYSE Arca

ETN
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Precious Metals Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Softs Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Sugar Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Dow Jones-UBS Tin Subindex Total ReturnSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® S&P GSCI® Total Return Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® S&P GSCI® Crude Oil Total Return Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® CBOE S&P 500 BuyWrite IndexSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® MSCI India IndexSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® EUR/USD Exchange Rate ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® GBP/USD Exchange Rate ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® JPY/USD Exchange Rate ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® S&P 500 VIX Short-Term FuturesTM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® S&P 500 VIX Mid-Term FuturesTM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Inverse S&P 500 VIX Short-Term FuturesTM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Inverse January 2021 S&P 500 VIX Short-Term FuturesTM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Enhanced S&P 500 VIX Mid-Term FuturesSM ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Extended Russell 1000® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Short Extended Russell 1000® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Extended Russell 2000® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Short Extended Russell 2000® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Enhanced MSCI EAFE® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Short Enhanced MSCI EAFE® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Enhanced MSCI Emerging Markets Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Short Enhanced MSCI Emerging Markets Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Long Extended S&P 500® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Short Extended S&P 500® TR Index ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Global Carbon ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® Optimized Currency Carry ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury Steepener ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury Flattener ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury 2-year Bull ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury 2-year Bear ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury 10-year Bull ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury 10-year Bear ETN	NYSE Arca

iPath® US Treasury Long Bond Bull ETN	NYSE Arca
iPath® US Treasury Long Bond Bear ETN	NYSE Arca
Barclays GEMS IndexTM ETN	NYSE Arca
Barclays GEMS Asia 8 ETN	NYSE Arca
Barclays Asian and Gulf Currency Revaluation ETN	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN+ S&P 500® Dynamic VEQTOR™ ETN	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN + Short C Leveraged Exchange Traded Notes Linked to the Inverse Performance of the S&P 500® Total Return IndexSM	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN + Short D Leveraged Exchange Traded Notes Linked to the Inverse Performance of the S&P 500® Total Return IndexSM	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN + Long B Leveraged Exchange Traded Notes Linked to the S&P 500® Total Return IndexSM	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN + Short B Leveraged Exchange Traded Notes Linked to the Inverse Performance of the S&P 500® Total Return IndexSM	NYSE Arca
Barclays ETN + Long C Leveraged Exchange Traded Notes Linked to the S&P 500® Total Return IndexSM	NYSE Arca

* Not for trading, but in connection with the registration of American Depository Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuers’ classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Barclays PLC	25p ordinary shares	12,181,940,871
Barclays Bank PLC	£1 ordinary shares	2,342,558,515
	£1 preference shares	1,000
	£100 preference shares	75,000
	€100 preference shares	240,000
	$0.25 preference shares	237,000,000
	$100 preference shares	100,000

Indicate by check mark if each registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yesþ    No¨

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrants are not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act 1934.

Yes¨    Noþ

Note—Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants: (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yesþ    No¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants have submitted electronically and posted on their corporate Web sites, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405

of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).*

Yes¨    No¨

*This requirement does not apply to the registrants until their fiscal year ending December 31, 2011.

Indicate by check mark whether each registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Barclays PLC

Large Accelerated Filerþ Accelerated Filer¨ Non-Accelerated Filer¨

Barclays Bank PLC

Large Accelerated Filer¨ Accelerated Filer¨ Non-Accelerated Filerþ

*Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP¨

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board  þ

Other¨

*If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17¨

Item 18¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes¨    Noþ

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS.)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

Yes¨    No¨

Certain non-IFRS measures

In this document certain non-IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) measures are reported. Barclays management believes that these non-IFRS measures provide valuable information to readers of its financial statements because they enable the reader to focus more directly on the underlying day-to-day performance of its businesses and provide more detail concerning the elements of performance which the managers of these businesses are most directly able to influence. They also reflect an important aspect of the way in which operating targets are defined and performance is monitored by Barclays management. However, any non-IFRS measures in this document are not a substitute for IFRS measures and readers should consider the IFRS measures as well.

Market and other data

This document contains information, including statistical data, about certain of Barclays markets and its competitive position. Except as otherwise indicated, this information is taken or derived from Datastream and other external sources. Barclays cannot guarantee the accuracy of information taken from external sources, or that, in respect of internal estimates, a third party using different methods would obtain the same estimates as Barclays.

Forward-looking statements

This document contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with respect to certain Group’s plans and its current goals and expectations relating to its future financial conditions and performance. Barclays cautions readers that no forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance and that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate to only to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements sometimes use words such as “may”, “will”, “seek”, “continue”, “aim”, “anticipate”, “target”, “expect”, “estimate”, “intend”, “plan”, “goal”, “believe” or other words of similar meaning. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements regarding Group’s future financial position, income growth, assets, impairments, charges, business strategy, capital ratios, leverage, payment of dividends, projected levels of growth in the banking and finance markets, projected costs, estimates of capital expenditure, and plans and objectives for future operations and other statements that are not historical by fact. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to future events and circumstances, including, but not limited to, UK domestic and global economic and business conditions, the effect of continued volatility in credit markets, market related risks such as changes in interest rates and exchange rates, effects of changes in valuation of credit market exposures, changed in valuation of issued notes, the policies and actions of governmental and regulatory authorities, including capital requirements and changes in legislation, the further development of standards and interpretations under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) applicable to past, current and future periods, evolving practices with regard to the interpretation and application of standards under IFRS, the outcome of pending and future litigation, the success of future acquisitions and other strategic transactions and the impact of completion – a number of such factors being beyond the Group’s control. As a result, the Group’s actual results may differ materially from plans, goals, and expectations set forth in the Group’s forward-looking statement.

Any forward-looking statements made herein speak only as of the date they are made. Except as required by the U.K. Financial Services Authority (FSA), the London Stock Exchange or applicable laws, Barclays expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect any change in Barclays’ expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstance on which any such statement is based. The reader should, however, consult any additional disclosures that Barclays has made or may make in documents it has filed or may file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Certain terms

The term ‘Barclays PLC Group’ means Barclays PLC together with its subsidiaries and the term ‘Barclays Bank PLC Group’ means Barclays Bank PLC together with its subsidiaries. ‘Barclays’ and ‘Group’ are terms which are used to refer to either of the preceding groups when the subject matter is identical. The term ‘Company’, ‘Parent Company’ or ‘Parent’ refers to Barclays PLC, and the term ‘Bank’ refers to Barclays Bank PLC. The term ‘Absa Group Limited’ is used to refer to Absa Group Limited and its subsidiaries, and the term ‘Absa’ is used to refer to the component of the Global Retail Banking segment represented by this business. In this report, the abbreviations ‘£m’ and ‘£bn’ represent millions and thousands of millions of pounds sterling, respectively; the abbreviations ‘US$m’ and ‘US$bn’ represent millions and thousands of millions of US dollars, respectively, and ‘€m’ and ‘€bn’ represent millions and thousands of millions of euros, respectively.

Unless otherwise stated, the income statement analyses compare the twelve months to 31st December 2010 to the corresponding twelve months of 2009 or the twelve months of 2009 to the corresponding twelve months of 2008, as applicable, and balance sheet comparisons relate to the corresponding position at 31st December 2009. Unless otherwise stated, all disclosed figures relate to continuing operations. Relevant terms that are used in this document but are not defined under applicable regulatory guidance or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are explained in the glossary on pages 300 to 306.

SEC Form 20-F Cross reference information

Form 20-F item number		Page and caption references in this document*
1	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	Not applicable
2	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	Not applicable
3	Key Information
	A.      Selected financial data	7, 15, 287-289
	B.      Capitalization and indebtedness	Not applicable
	C.      Reason for the offer and use of proceeds	Not applicable
	D.     Risk factors	164-166
4	Information on the Company
	A.      History and development of the company	127, 184, 234 (Note 32) - 237 (Note 35), 269 (Note 46), 271, 297
	B.      Business overview	i, 6, 115-119, 212-215 (Note 14), 227 (Note 27), 263-267 (Note 43)
	C.      Organizational structure	234-235 (Note 32)
	D.     Property, plants and equipment	219 (Note 20), 239 (Note 37)
4A	Unresolved staff comments	Not applicable
5	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
	A.      Operating results	6-38, 100, 115-119, 193-204 (Note 1), 212-215 (Note 14), 227 (Note 27), 267-269 (Note 45)
	B.      Liquidity and capital resources	18, 86-87, 102-112, 192, 212-215 (Note 14), 221-224 (Note 23), 225-226 (Note 25), 233 (Note 29), 238 (Note 36)
	C.      Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.	Not applicable
	D.     Trend information	–
	E.      Off-balance sheet arrangements	240-241 (Note 38)
	F.      Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations	168
	G.     Safe harbor	i (Forward-looking statements)
6	Directors, Senior Management and Employees
	A.      Directors and senior management	120-123
	B.      Compensation	147-163, 227-232 (Note 28), 246-248 (Note 40)
	C.      Board practices	120-146, 157-158
	D.     Employees	12, 41
	E.      Share ownership	147-163, 246-248 (Note 40)
7	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
	A.      Major shareholders	125, 271
	B.      Related party transactions C.      Interests of experts and counsel	183, 246-248 (Note 40), 284 (Note p) Not applicable
8	Financial Information
	A.      Consolidated statements and other financial information	124, 185-285, 287-291
	B.      Significant changes	127, 269 (Note 46)
9	The Offer and Listing
	A.      Offer and listing details	287
	B.      Plan of distribution	Not applicable
	C.      Markets	287-288
	D.     Selling shareholders	Not applicable
	E.      Dilution	Not applicable
	F.      Expenses of the issue	Not applicable
10	Additional Information
	A.      Share capital	Not applicable
	B.      Memorandum and Articles of Association	290-292
	C.      Material contracts	127, 157, 159, 233 (Note 29)
	D.     Exchange controls	295
	E.      Taxation	293-294
	F.      Dividends and paying assets	Not applicable
	G.     Statement by experts	Not applicable
	H.     Documents on display	295
	I.       Subsidiary information	234-235 (Note 32)
11	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	42-114
12	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
	A.      Debt Securities	Not applicable

Form 20-F item number		Page and caption references in this document*
	B.      Warrants and Rights	Not applicable
	C.     ��Other Securities	Not applicable
	D.     American Depositary Shares	296
13	Defaults, Dividends Arrearages and Delinquencies	Not applicable
14	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	Not applicable
15	Controls and Procedures
	A.      Disclosure controls and procedures	129
	B.      Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting	128-129
	C.      Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm	185
	D.     Changes in internal control over financial reporting	129
16A	Audit Committee Financial Expert	141
16B	Code of Ethics	146
16C	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	127, 143 (External auditor objectivity and independence: Non-Audit Services), 207 (Note 8)
16D	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	Not applicable
16E	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	233 (Share Repurchase)
16F	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	Not applicable
16G	Corporate Governance	131, 146
17	Financial Statements	Not applicable (See Item 8)
18	Financial Statements	Not applicable (See Item 8)
19	Exhibits	Exhibit Index

* Captions have been included only in respect of pages with multiple sections on the same page in order to identify the relevant caption on that page covered by the corresponding Form 20-F item number.

Contents

	Business Review
2	Key performance indicators
7	Financial review
39	Citizenship
	Risk management and governance
42	Risk management
124	Directors’ report
130	Corporate governance report
147	Remuneration report
	Additional financial information
164	Risk factors
167	Additional financial disclosure
	Financial statements
184	Presentation of information
185	Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report for Barclays PLC
186	Consolidated Financial Statements Barclays PLC
270	Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report for Barclays Bank PLC
271	Barclays Bank PLC data
	Shareholder information
287	Shareholder information
297	Shareholder enquiries
298	Index
300	Glossary of terms

02         

Key performance indicators

Capital KPIs
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Core Tier 1 ratio
Capital requirements are part of the regulatory framework governing how banks and depository institutions are managed. Capital ratios express a bank’s capital as a percentage of its risk weighted assets. Both Core Tier 1 and Tier 1 capital resources are defined by the UK FSA. Core Tier 1 is broadly tangible shareholders’ funds less certain capital deductions from Tier 1.	The Group’s capital management activities seek to maximise shareholders’ value by prudently optimising the level and mix of its capital resources. The Group’s capital management objectives are to maintain sufficient capital resources to: ensure the financial holding company is well capitalised relative to the minimum regulatory capital requirements set by the UK FSA and US Federal Reserve; ensure locally regulated subsidiaries can meet their minimum regulatory capital requirements; support the Group’s risk appetite and economic capital requirements; and support the Group’s credit rating.	10 – 10.8% 09 – 10.0% 08 – 5.6%
	During 2010, the Group’s Core Tier 1 ratio improved 0.8% to 10.8%, largely through £3.6bn of attributable profits, demonstrating the Group’s ability to generate capital organically.
Adjusted gross leverage
Adjusted gross leverage is defined as the multiple of adjusted total tangible assets over total qualifying Tier 1 capital. Adjusted total tangible assets are total assets less derivative counterparty netting, assets under management on the balance sheet, settlement balances, goodwill and intangible assets. Tier 1 capital is defined by the UK FSA.	Barclays believes that there will be more capital and less leverage in the banking system and that lower levels of leverage are regarded as a key measure of stability going forward. This is consistent with the views of our regulators and investors.	10 – 20x 09 – 20x 08 – 28x
Adjusted gross leverage is a non-IFRS measure. More information on the ratio of total assets to total shareholders information is provided on page 104. The ratio of total assets to total shareholders equity as at 31st December 2010, 2009 and 2008 was 24x, 24x and 43x, respectively.	In 2010, adjusted gross leverage remained stable at 20 times principally as a result of a £3.9 billion increase in Tier 1 Capital to £53.5 billion offset by the impact of a £84.6 billion increase in adjusted total tangible assets.
Returns KPIs
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Return on average shareholders’ equity (RoE) is calculated as profit after tax attributable to equity holders of the parent divided by the average shareholders’ equity for the year. Shareholders’ equity is made up of share capital, retained earnings and other reserves.	These measures indicate the returns generated by the management of business based on the allocation of shareholders’ equity to each component business. Achieving target returns demonstrates the organisation’s ability to execute its strategy and align interests of management and shareholders. We allocate capital to business units based on an assumed Core Tier 1 ratio of 9% and we retain excess capital at Group Centre as a buffer.	RoE 10 – 7.2% 09 – 6.7% 08 – 14.3%
Return on average tangible equity (RoTE) is calculated as profit after tax attributable to equity holders of the parent divided by average shareholders’ equity for the year, excluding non-controlling interests, goodwill and intangible assets.	Returns lie at the heart of our capital allocation. All of our businesses except Western Europe Retail Banking and Barclays Corporate had returns on tangible equity in excess of the 2010 cost of equity of 12.5%.	RoTE 10 – 8.7% 09 – 9.0% 08 – 21.3%

03

Returns KPIscontinued
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Profit before tax
Profit before tax is the primary profitability measure used to assess performance. Profit before tax represents total income less impairment charges and operating expenses.	Profit before tax is a key indicator of financial performance to many of our stakeholders.	Profit before tax 10 – £6,065m 09 – £4,585m 08 – £5,136m
Cost: income ratio
Group cost: income ratio is defined as operating expenses compared to total income net of insurance claims.	This is a measure management uses to assess the productivity of the business operations. Restructuring the cost base is a key execution priority for management and includes a review of all categories of discretionary spending and an analysis of how we can run the business to ensure that costs increase at a slower rate than income.	10 – 64% 09 – 57% 08 – 63%
Loan loss rate
The loan loss rate represents the impairment charge on loans and advances as a proportion of the period end balances.	The granting of credit is one of Barclays major sources of income and its most significant risk. The loan loss rate is an indicator of the cost of granting credit. During 2010 impairment continued to improve across all our businesses with one exception, the corporate portfolio in Spain, resulting in a loan loss rate of 118bps compared to 156bps reported in 2009.	10 – 118 bps 09 – 156 bps 08 – 95 bps
Dividend
It is the Group’s policy to declare and pay dividends on a quarterly basis. In a normal year there will be three equal payments in June, September and December and a final variable payment in March.	The ability to pay dividends demonstrates the financial strength of the Group. Whilst recoginising the market’s desire for us to maintain strong capital ratios, in light of the regulatory and economic uncertainty, we have taken a prudent approach of prioritising capital retention and significantly reducing the distribution through dividends from historical levels of 50% whilst seeking to ensure that pay-outs also increase progressively from their low point in 2009.	10 – 5.5p 09 – 2.5p 08 – 11.5p

04         

Key performance indicators

continued

Income growth KPIs
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Total income
Defined as total income net of insurance claims.	Total income is a key indicator of financial performance to many of our stakeholders and income growth a key execution priority for Barclays management. Group total income increased 8% to £31.4 billion.	10 – £31,440m 09 – £29,123m 08 – £21,199m
Income by geography
Defined as total income net of insurance claims generated in distinct geographic segments. Geographic segmental analysis is based on customer location and the definition of the countries within each region are provided in the glossary.	The goal of increasing the international diversification of our income helps to reduce risk by providing exposure to different economic cycles and is demonstrated by our ratio of non-UK to UK business income.

Geographic split of income
	2010 %	2009 %	2008 %
UK & Ireland	40	45	57
European Region	15	15	19
Americas	25	22	0
Africa	15	14	17
Asia	5	4	7

Citizenship KPIs
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Gross new lending to UK households and businesses
Defined as lending to UK households and those businesses with UK-based activities.	We have remained ‘open for business’ during the economic downturn, and are focused on lending responsibly to our customers and clients around the world. In 2009, we committed to make an additional £11 billion of credit available to the UK economy, and by the end of 2009, we had lent an additional £35 billion to UK households and businesses. Supporting customers in difficulty has never been more critical, but providing access to credit must be based on the ability to repay. We increased our lending across the UK to £43 billion in 2010, including £7.5 billion arising from the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. We see this as an important performance metric and have formally measured UK gross lending since 2009.	10 – £43bn 09 – £35bn 08 – n/a
Global investment in our communities
Defined as Barclays total contribution to supporting the communities where we operate.	The success and competitiveness of a business and the extent to which it contributes to and is integrated in the communities in which it operates are closely related. We are committed to maintaining investment in our communities for the long-term both in good times and in bad. This performance metric demonstrates the consistency of our commitment over time.	10 – £55.3m 09 – £54.9m 08 – £52.2m
Colleagues involved in volunteering, regular giving and fundraising initiatives
Defined as the total number of Barclays employees taking part in volunteering, giving or fundraising activities.	Barclays community investment programme aims to engage and support colleagues around the world to get involved with our main partnerships, as well as the local causes they care about. Harnessing their energy, time and skills delivers real benefit to local communities, to their own personal development and to their engagement with Barclays.	10 –62,000 09 –58,000 08  –57,000

05

Citizenship KPIscontinued
Definition	Why it’s important to the business and management
Group Employee Opinion Survey (EOS) – Proud to be Barclays
Employee opinions surveys are used across the organisation to understand our employees’ views and prioritise management actions in order to meet employee needs. This KPI is a calibration of different survey scores across Barclays for a question measuring sense of pride in being associated with or working for Barclays. The average scores for each year are given.	Understanding levels of employee engagement and sense of commitment to Barclays is important as there is a strong correlation between these factors and our employees’ commitment to serving the needs of our customers and clients.	10 – 83% 09 – 81% 08 – 81%
Percentage of senior managers who are female
The number of female colleagues who are working across all Barclays businesses at the senior management level as a percentage of the total senior manager population.	Diversity is important to Barclays as we believe that only through access to the most diverse pool of talent will we recruit and retain the most talented individuals to serve our customers and clients.	10 – 24% 09 – 24% 08 – 25%
	The number of females at the senior management level has remained flat demonstrating that there is still work to be done to increase the number of women reaching and retaining roles at this level of management.

06         

About Barclays

We are a major global financial services provider engaged in retail banking, credit cards, corporate and investment banking, and wealth management with an extensive international presence.

Group total income

£31,440m

Listed in London and New York, Barclays is a major global and financial service provider engaged in retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management presence in Europe, United States, Africa and Asia. The following section analyses the Group’s performance by business. For management reporting purposes during 2010, Barclays was organised into the following business groupings.

UK Retail Banking– £4,518m total income

UK Retail Banking is a leading UK high street bank providing current account and savings products and Woolwich branded mortgages. UK Retail Banking also provides unsecured loans, protection products and general insurance as well as banking and money transmission services to small and medium enterprises.

Barclaycard– £4,024m total income

Barclaycard is an international payments business which manages about £200bn in annual payment value and offers a broad range of payment solutions to consumer and business customers in 22 countries throughout the world.

Western Europe Retail Banking– £1,164m total income

Western Europe Retail Banking provides retail banking and credit card services in Spain, Italy, Portugal and France. The business is building a differentiated proposition providing banking services to retail and mass affluent customers through a variety of distribution channels.

Barclays Africa– £801m total income

Barclays Africa provides retail, corporate and credit card services across Africa and the Indian Ocean. It provides tailored banking (including mobile banking and Sharia-compliant products) to over 2.7m customers and has a top 3 position in 8 of the 10 countries in which we operate.

Absa– £2,899m total income

Absa provides a full range of retail banking services and insurance products through a variety of distribution channels. It also offers customised business solutions for commercial and large corporate customers. It is part of one of South Africa’s largest financial services organisations.

Barclays Capital– £13,600m total income

Barclays Capital is the investment banking division of Barclays. It provides large corporate, government and institutional clients with a full spectrum of solutions to meet their strategic advisory, financing and risk management needs. These include the following products and services: Fixed income, currency and commodities, which includes interest rate, foreign exchange, commodities, emerging markets, money markets, and credit; Equities, which include cash and equity derivatives and prime services; Investment Banking, which includes financial advisory, equity and debt underwriting; and Principal Investments. Barclays Capital has a global presence providing advisory services and distribution power to meet the needs of issuers and investors worldwide.

Barclays Corporate– £2,974m total income

Barclays Corporate provides integrated banking solutions to large corporates, financial institutions and multinationals in the UK & Ireland, Continental Europe and New Markets.

Barclays Wealth– £1,560m total income

Barclays Wealth is the wealth management division of Barclays. It focuses on private and intermediary clients worldwide, providing international and private banking, investment management, fiduciary services and brokerage. It has offices in Europe, North America, Asia and Africa.

Investment Management– £78m total income

Investment Management manages the Group’s 19.9% economic interest in BlackRock, Inc. and the residual elements relating to Barclays Global Investors, which was sold on 1st December 2009.

Head Office and Other Operations– £178m total loss

Head Office Functions and Other Operations comprise head office and central support functions, businesses in transition and consolidation adjustments. Head office and central support functions include the following areas: Executive Management, Finance, Property, Treasury, Corporate Secretariat and Corporate Development, Tax, Investor Relations, Risk, Human Resources, Legal Corporate Affairs.

07

Financial review

Consolidated summary income statement

For the year ended 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m			2007 £m			2006 £m
Continuing operations
Net interest income		12,523			11,918			11,469			9,598			9,133
Non-interest income		19,681			18,036			9,967			11,938			11,372
Net claims and benefits incurred on insurance contracts		(764	)		(831	)		(237	)		(492	)		(575	)
Total income net of insurance claims		31,440			29,123			21,199			21,044			19,930
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(5,672	)		(8,071	)		(5,419	)		(2,795	)		(2,154	)
Operating expenses		(19,971	)		(16,715	)		(13,391	)		(12,096	)		(11,723	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		58			34			14			42			46
Profit on disposals and gain on acquisitions		210			214			2,733			28			323
Profit before tax		6,065			4,585			5,136			6,223			6,422
Tax		(1,516	)		(1,074	)		(453	)		(1,699	)		(1,611	)
Profit after tax from continuing operations		4,549			3,511			4,683			4,524			4,811
Profit for the year from discontinued operations, including gain on disposal		–			6,777			604			571			384
Net profit for the year		4,549			10,288			5,287			5,095			5,195
Profit attributable to equity holders of the Parent		3,564			9,393			4,382			4,417			4,571
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests		985			895			905			678			624
		4,549			10,288			5,287			5,095			5,195
Selected financial statistics
Basic earnings per share		30.4p			86.2p			59.3p			68.9p			71.9p
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations		30.4p			24.1p			51.4p			60.6p			66.6p
Diluted earnings per share		28.5p			81.6p			57.5p			66.9p			69.8p
Dividends per ordinary share		5.5p			2.5p			11.5p			34.0p			31.0p
Dividend payout ratio		18.1%			2.9%			19.4%			49.3%			43.1%
Profit attributable to the equity holders of the Parent as a percentage of:
– average shareholders’ equity		7.2%			23.8%			16.5%			20.3%			24.7%
– average total assets		0.2%			0.5%			0.2%			0.3%			0.4%
Average United States Dollar exchange ratea		1.55			1.57			1.86			2.00			1.84
Average Euro exchange ratea		1.17			1.12			1.26			1.46			1.47
Average Rand exchange ratea		11.31			13.14			15.17			14.11			12.47

The financial information above is extracted from the published accounts. This information should be read together with the information included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Note

a The average rates are derived from daily spot rates during the year used to convert foreign

currency transactions into Sterling for accounting purposes.

08         

Financial review

Income statement commentary

2010

Barclays delivered profit before tax of £6,065m in 2010, an increase of 32% (2009: £4,585m). Excluding movements on own credit, gains on debt buy-backs and gains on acquisitions and disposals, Group profit before tax increased 11% to £5,464m (2009: £4,942m).

Total income net of insurance claims increased 8% to £31,440m (2009: £29,123m). Barclays Capital reported a 17% increase in total income to £13,600m (2009: £11,625m). This reflected a substantial reduction in losses taken through income relating to credit market exposures which fell to £124m (2009: £4,417m) and a gain relating to own credit of £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). Top-line income^a at Barclays Capital, which excludes these items, declined 25% to £13,333m relative to the exceptionally strong levels seen in 2009. There was good growth in UK Retail Banking and Barclays Africa, with income flat in Barclaycard, and a decline in Western Europe Retail Banking. Income was up 14% in Absa. Barclays Corporate reported a decrease in income of 7% and income was up 18% in Barclays Wealth.

Impairment charges and other credit provisions improved 30% to £5,672m (2009: £8,071m). This was after an increase of £630m in impairment on the Spanish loan book in Barclays Corporate – Continental Europe and impairment of £532m relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital. All businesses other than Barclays Corporate reported improvements in impairment charges. Overall impairment charges as a proportion of Group loans and advances as at 31st December 2010 was 118bps, compared to 156bps for 2009.

As a result, net operating income for the Group after impairment charges increased 22% to £25,768m (2009: £21,052m).

Operating expenses increased £3,256m to £19,971m, a 19% rise compared to the 22% growth in net operating income. Costs at Barclays Capital increased £1,703m, largely reflecting investment in the business across sales, origination, trading and research functions, investment in technology and infrastructure and increased charges relating to prior year deferrals. Across the Group, restructuring charges totalled £330m (2009: £87m) particularly in Barclays Corporate (£119m) and Barclays Capital (£90m) focusing on delivering future cost and business efficiencies. Goodwill of £243m was written off in Barclays Corporate – New Markets to reflect impairment to the carrying value of Barclays Bank Russia business as our activities there are refocused. As a result, the Group’s cost: income ratio increased to 64% (2009: 57%). The cost: net income ratio improved from 79% to 78%, reflecting the reduced impairment charges compared with 2009.

Staff costs increased 20% to £11.9bn (2009: £9.9bn), of which performance costs amounted to £3.5bn (2009: £2.8bn). Within this total, 2010 charges relating to prior year deferrals increased by £0.7bn relative to 2009. The Group 2010 performance awards (which exclude charges relating to prior year deferrals but include current year awards vesting in future years) were down 7% on 2009 at £3.4bn. Within this, the Barclays Capital 2010 performance awards were down 12% at £2.6bn, compared to an increase in headcount of 7%.

2009

Barclays delivered profit before tax of £4,585m in 2009 (2008: £5,136m), a decrease of 11% on 2008, after absorbing £6,086m in write downs on credit market exposures (including impairment of £1,669m), other Group impairment of £6,402m and a charge of £1,820m relating to the tightening of own credit spreads. Profit also included £1,249m of gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishment.

Total income net of insurance claims grew 37% to £29,123m, with particularly strong growth in Barclays Capital. Barclaycard and Western Europe Retail Banking also reported good income growth. The aggregate revenue performance of the Global Retail Banking businesses (which comprises our UK Retail Banking, Barclaycard, Western Europe Retail Banking and Barclays Africa businesses) was, however, affected by the impact of margin compression on deposit income as a result of the very low absolute levels of interest rates. Barclays Capital income was up 122% compared to 2008. Top-line income^a rose by £8,004m reflecting the successful integration of the acquired Lehman Brothers North American businesses, buoyant market conditions observed across most financial markets in the first half of 2009 and a good relative performance in the second half of 2009 despite weaker markets. Income in Barclays Capital was impacted by write downs of £4,417m (2008: £6,290m) relating to credit market exposures held in its trading books and by a charge of £1,820m (2008: gain of £1,663m) relating to own credit.

Impairment charges against loans and advances, available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements increased 49% to £8,071m, reflecting deteriorating economic conditions in 2009, portfolio maturation and currency movements. The impairment charge against credit market exposures included within this total reduced 5% to £1,669m. Impairment charges as a percentage of Group loans and advances as at 31st December 2009 increased to 156bps from 95bps, or 135bps on constant 2008 year end balance sheet amounts and average foreign exchange rates.

Total operating expenses increased 25% to £16,715m, but by 12% less than the rate of increase in Group total income. Operating expenses in Barclays Capital increased by £2,818m to £6,592m reflecting the inclusion of the acquired Lehman Brothers North American business. The Group total cost:income ratio improved from 63% to 57%. At Barclays Capital the compensation:income ratio improved from 44% to 38%.

Note

a Top-line income is a non-IFRS measure that represents income before own credit gain/losses and credit market losses/income. This measure has been presented as it provides a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. Credit market losses included within income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £124m (2009: £4,417m; 2008: £6,290m), and own credit gain for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m; 2008: gain of £1,663m). Total income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 was £13,600m (2009: £11,625m; 2008: £5,231m). For a reconciliation of top-line income to total income for Barclays Capital, see the “Analysis of Total income” table on page 32. For more information on credit market losses see page 88 and for more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

09

Financial review

Income statement commentary continued

Net interest income

2010

Group net interest income increased £605m to £12,523m (2009: £11,918m) and includes the impact of the acquisitions of Standard Life Bank and the Portuguese and Italian credit card businesses of Citigroup in Western Europe Retail Banking, and currency translation gains in Absa. These impacts have been partly off-set by the continued effects of liability margin compression being felt across the Group.

Group net interest income includes the impact of economic equity structural hedges used to manage the volatility in earnings on the Group’s equity. The impact is allocated to the businesses as part of the share of the interest income benefit on Group equity through net interest income. Equity structural hedges generated a gain of £1,788m in 2010 (2009: gain £1,162m) including net gains on disposal of gilts of approximately £500m.

2009

Group net interest income increased £449m to £11,918m (2008: £11,469m) reflecting growth in average customer balances primarily in Barclaycard and Western Europe Retail Banking, and net funding costs and hedging recognised in Head Office Functions and Other Operations.

Group net interest income includes the impact of structural hedges which function to reduce the impact of the volatility of short-term interest rate movements on equity and customer balances that do not re-price with market rates. In total, equity structural hedges generated a gain of £1,162m (2008: £21m gain).

Further discussion of margins is included in the analysis of results by business.

Net interest income	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Cash and balances with central banks		271			131			174
Available for sale investments		1,483			1,937			2,355
Loans and advances to banks		440			513			1,267
Loans and advances to customers		17,677			18,456			23,754
Other interest income		164			199			460
Interest income		20,035			21,236			28,010
Deposits from banks		(370	)		(634	)		(2,189	)
Customer accounts		(1,410	)		(2,716	)		(6,697	)
Debt securities in issue		(3,632	)		(3,889	)		(5,910	)
Subordinated liabilities		(1,778	)		(1,718	)		(1,349	)
Other interest expense		(322	)		(361	)		(396	)
Interest expense		(7,512	)		(9,318	)		(16,541	)
Net interest income		12,523			11,918			11,469

Non-interest income

2010

Net fee and commission income increased £453m to £8,871m (2009: £8,418m). Banking and credit related fees and commissions increased £485m to £10,063m (2009: £9,578m), primarily due to Barclays Capital performance across Investment Banking and Equities.

Net trading income increased £1,077m to £8,078m (2009: £7,001m). The majority of the Group’s trading income arises in Barclays Capital. Trading income decreased 14% to £7,017m (2009: £8,139m) reflecting a more challenging market environment compared with the very strong prior year performance. The impact from difficult trading conditions was more than offset by a £4,293m reduction in credit market fair value losses to £124m (2009: £4,417m) and a gain on own credit of £391m (2009: £1,820m loss).

Net investment income increased £1,421m to £1,477m (2009: £56m) driven by the disposal of Gilts held as part of the economic structural hedge portfolio together with realised gains on principal investments, the disposal of available for sale assets and a reduction in fair value losses held at fair value within Barclays Capital.

Net premiums from insurance contracts remained stable at £1,137m (2009: £1,172m).

Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments were £nil (2009: £1,249m).

Non-interest income	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Net fee and commission income		8,871			8,418			6,491
Net trading income		8,078			7,001			1,339
Net investment income		1,477			56			680
Net premiums from insurance contracts		1,137			1,172			1,090
Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments		–			1,249			24
Other income		118			140			343
Non-interest income		19,681			18,036			9,967
Net fee and commission income	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Banking and credit related fees and commissions		10,063			9,578			7,208
Brokerage fees		77			88			56
Investment management fees		79			133			120
Foreign exchange commission		149			147			189
Fee and commission income		10,368			9,946			7,573
Fee and commission expense		(1,497	)		(1,528	)		(1,082	)
Net fee and commission income		8,871			8,418			6,491

10         

2009

Net fee and commission income increased £1,927m to £8,418m (2008: £6,491m). Banking and credit related fees and commissions increased £2,370m to £9,578m (2008: £7,208m), primarily due to Barclays Capital strong performance in Equities and Investment Banking.

Net trading income increased £5,662m to £7,001m (2008: £1,339m). The majority of the Group’s trading income arises in Barclays Capital. Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities drove the very strong increase in trading income as the expansion of the business and client flows more than absorbed gross credit market losses of £4,417m (2008: £6,290m) and losses relating to own credit of £1,820m (2008: £1,663m gain).

Net investment income decreased £624m to £56m (2008: £680m) driven by realised losses in commercial real estate equity investments and losses in the principal investments business, partially offset by gains on disposal of available for sale investments within Barclays Capital.

Net premiums from insurance contracts increased £82m to £1,172m (2008: £1,090m) primarily reflecting expansion in Western Europe Retail Banking and Absa, partially offset by the impact of the sale of the closed life assurance business in the second half of 2008.

Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments includes £1,170m gains relating to Upper Tier 2 perpetual debt and its corresponding hedge and £85m (2008: £24m) from the repurchase of securitised debt issued by Barclays Corporate.

Net Trading Income	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Trading income/(loss)		7,017		8,139			(1,596	)
Gain on foreign exchange dealings		670		682			1,272
Own Credit gain/(charge)		391		(1,820	)		1,663
Net trading income		8,078		7,001			1,339
Net investment income	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Net gain from disposal of available for sale assets		1,027		349			212
Dividend income		116		6			196
Net gain/(loss) from financial instruments designated at fair value		274		(208	)		33
Other net investment income/ (losses)		60		(91	)		239
Net investment income		1,477		56			680

Impairment charges and other credit provisions

2010

Impairment charges on loans and advances fell 24% to £5,625m (2009: £7,358m), reflecting improving credit conditions in the main sectors and geographies in which Barclays lends, which led to lower charges across the majority of businesses. The largest reduction was in the wholesale portfolios, due to lower charges against credit market exposures and fewer large single name charges. This reduction was partially offset by the impact of deteriorating credit conditions in the Spanish property and construction sectors which resulted in an increase of £630m in impairment against the Barclays Corporate loan book in Spain, and £532m impairment relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital. In the retail portfolios, impairment performance improved as delinquency rates fell across Barclays businesses, most notably the UK, US, Spanish, Indian and African portfolios.

As a result of this fall in impairment and the 1% rise in loans and advances, the loan loss rate decreased to 118bps (2009: 156bps).

The impairment charges against available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements fell by 93% to £47m (2009: £713m), principally driven by lower impairment against credit market exposures.

2009

Impairment charges on loans and advances and other credit provisions increased £2,445m to £7,358m (2008: £4,913m). The increase was primarily due to economic deterioration and portfolio maturation, currency movements and methodology enhancements, partially offset by a contraction in loan balances.

Impairment charges and other credit provisions	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Impairment charges on loans and advances
– New and increased impairment allowances		6,939			8,111			5,116
– Releases		(1,189	)		(631	)		(358	)
– Recoveries		(201	)		(150	)		(174	)
Impairment charges on loans and advances		5,549			7,330			4,584
Charge in respect of provision for undrawn contractually committed facilities and guarantees provided		76			28			329
Impairment charges on loans and advances and other credit provisions		5,625			7,358			4,913
Impairment charges/(writebacks) on reverse repurchase agreements		(4	)		43			124
Impairment charges on available for sale assets		51			670			382
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		5,672			8,071			5,419

11

Financial review

Income statement commentary continued

As a result of this increase in impairment and the fall in loans and advances, the impairment charges as a percentage of period end Group total loans and advances increased to 156bps (2008: 95bps).

The impairment charges against available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements increased £207m to £713m (2008: £506m), driven by impairment against credit market exposures.

Operating expenses

2010

Operating expenses increased 19% to £19,971m (2009: £16,715m) driven by increases in staff costs, administration and general expenses and impairment of goodwill.

The impairment of goodwill reflects the write off of the goodwill relating to Barclays Bank Russia of £243m as our activities there are refocused.

2009

Operating expenses increased 25% to £16,715m (2008: £13,391m). The increase was driven by a 38% increase in staff costs to £9,948m (2008: £7,204m).

Amortisation of intangibles increased £171m to £447m (2008: £276m) primarily related to the intangible assets arising from the acquisition of the Lehman Brothers North American businesses.

Operating expenses	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Staff costs		11,916		9,948		7,204
Administration and general expenses		6,585		5,560		5,193
Depreciation		790		759		606
Amortisation of intangible assets		437		447		276
Impairment of goodwill		243		1		112
Operating expenses		19,971		16,715		13,391

Staff costs

2010

Staff costs increased 20% to £11,916m (2009: £9,948m). This was driven by a 13% increase in salaries and accrued performance costs and a £574m increase in share based payments. These increases are primarily due to increased charges relating to prior year awards, the continued build-out in Equities and Investment Banking at Barclays Capital and strategic growth initiatives at Barclays Wealth.

The UK Government applied a bank payroll tax of 50% to all discretionary bonuses over £25,000 awarded to UK bank employees between 9th December 2009 and 5th April 2010. The total bank payroll tax paid was £437m, of which £225m was recognised in 2009 in respect of 2009 cash awards and certain prior year deferrals distributed during the taxable period. For 2010 a charge of £96m has been recognised in relation to prior year deferrals, with the remaining £116m recognised over the period 2011 to 2013.

The defined benefit post retirement charge increased by £246m reflecting the non-recurrence of the benefit of the £371m one-off credit arising on closure of the final salary scheme in 2009 offset by the credit of £250m resulting from amendments to the treatment of minimum defined benefits and £54m relating to the Group’s recognition of a surplus in Absa, as well as favourable investment returns over the period.

Staff costs	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Salaries and accrued performance costs		8,809		7,795			5,562
Share based payments		860		286			225
Social security costs		719		606			444
Bank payroll tax		96		225			–
Post-retirement benefits
– defined contribution plans		297		224			221
– defined benefit plans		213		(33	)		89
– other post-retirement benefits		18		16			1
Other		904		829			662
Staff costs		11,916		9,948			7,204

12        

2009

Staff costs increased 38% to £9,948m (2008: £7,204m) driven by a 40% increase in salaries and accrued performance costs, primarily in Barclays Capital, reflecting the inclusion of the acquired Lehman Brothers North American businesses and associated net increase of 7,000 employees in September 2008.

For 2009, £190m of bank payroll tax costs were included within Other Staff Costs in respect of 2009 cash awards. A further provision of £35m was also included in Other Staff Costs in respect of certain prior year awards being distributed during the tax window.

Defined benefit plan pension costs decreased £122m to £33m credit (2008: cost of £89m) primarily due to the UK Retirement Fund whose charges decreased as a result of a one-off credit of £371m from the closure of the final salary scheme to existing members.

Staff numbers

2010

Total Group permanent and fixed term contract staff comprised 58,100 (2009: 55,700) in the UK and 89,400 (2009: 88,500) internationally.

Staff numbers have increased by 1,900 to 67,900 (2009: 66,000) for Global Retail Banking largely due to the acquisition of Standard Life Bank, the build-out of Barclays Shared Services in India, the insourcing of operations and the further international development of technology infrastructure.

Staff numbers (full time equivalent) As at 31st December	2010		2009		2008
UK Retail Banking		34,700		31,900		33,800
Barclaycard		9,900		10,100		10,300
Western Europe Retail Banking		9,400		9,600		9,300
Barclays Africa		13,900		14,400		16,500
Barclays Capital		24,800		23,200		23,100
Barclays Corporate		11,900		12,900		14,800
Barclays Wealth		7,700		7,400		7,900
Absa		33,700		33,200		35,700
Head Office Functions and Other Operations		1,500		1,500		1,400
Total Group permanent and fixed-term contract staff worldwidea		147,500		144,200		152,800

Note

a Excludes 2,400 employees (2009: 2,500; 2008: Nil) of consolidated entities engaged in activities that are not closely related to our principal businesses.

Barclays Capital staff numbers increased 1,600 to 24,800 (2009: 23,200) as a result of investment in sales, origination, trading and research activities. Barclays Corporate staff numbers decreased 1,000 to 11,900 (2009: 12,900) primarily reflecting restructuring in New Markets.

2009

Total Group permanent and fixed-term contract staff comprised 55,700 (2008: 59,600) in the UK and 88,500 (2008: 93,200) internationally.

Global Retail Banking number of employees decreased by 3,900 to 66,000 (2008: 69,900), reflecting active cost management and restructuring in Spain and Africa, partially offset by increases in Portugal and Italy to support the expansion of the network in these countries. Absa number of employees decreased 2,500 to 33,200 (2008: 35,700), reflecting restructuring and a freeze on recruitment.

Barclays Capital number of employees increased 100 to 23,200 (2008: 23,100) as a net reduction in the first half of the year was offset by strategic growth in the business and the annual graduate intake. Barclays Corporate number of employees decreased 1,900 to 12,900 (2008: 14,800) reflecting tightly managed costs, partly offset by the expansion of risk and offshore support operations. Barclays Wealth number of employees decreased 500 to 7,400 (2008: 7,900) reflecting active cost management, including efficiency savings in non-client facing areas.

13

Financial review

Income statement commentary continued

Administration and general expenses

2010

Administration and general expenses increased £1,025m to £6,585m (2009: £5,560m). The increase is principally due to greater regulatory-related costs across the Group (including a settlement in resolution of the investigation into Barclays compliance with US economic sanctions), investment in technology and infrastructure, the acquisitions of Standard Life Bank within UK Retail Banking and the Portuguese and Italian credit card businesses of Citigroup within Western Europe Retail Banking and adverse impacts of foreign currency movements. Impairment charges on property, equipment and intangible assets of £125m (2009: £61m) were principally driven by restructuring in Barclays Corporate – New Markets and Barclays Capital.

In June 2010, the UK Government announced its intention to introduce a bank levy, which will apply to elements of the Group’s consolidated liabilities and equity held as at 31st December 2011. The draft legislation is expected to be enacted by the UK Parliament later this year. Based on the 31st December 2010 balance sheet position and the draft requirements, we estimate that the bank levy would result in an annual charge to the income statement of approximately £400m from 2011 onwards.

2009

Administration and general expenses grew £367m to £5,560m (2008: £5,193m) reflecting the impact of acquisitions made during 2008, the costs of servicing an expanded distribution network across Global Retail Banking, and expenses relating to the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. There were also decreases of £119m in gains from sale of property (included in other administration and general expenses) as the Group wound down its sale and leaseback programme.

Administration and general expenses	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Property and equipment		1,813		1,641		1,356
Outsourcing and professional services		1,705		1,496		1,472
Operating lease rentals		637		639		520
Marketing, advertising and sponsorship		631		492		591
Subscriptions, publications and stationery		584		519		458
Travel and accommodation		358		273		275
Other administration and general expenses		732		439		491
Impairment of property, equipment and intangible assets		125		61		30
Administration and general expenses		6,585		5,560		5,193

Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures

2010

The share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures increased £24m to £58m (2009: £34m), reflecting a £24m increase in results from joint ventures largely from Barclaycard and Absa. Results from associates remained constant at £19m (2009: £19m) since the prior year.

2009

The share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures increased £20m to £34m (2008: £14m), reflecting a £23m increase in results from joint ventures largely from Barclaycard and Barclays Capital, and a £3m decrease in results from associates, mainly due to reduced contributions from private equity instruments.

Profit on disposals and gain on acquisitions

2010

The profit on disposal of £81m (2009: £188m) is largely attributable to the £77m profit arising from sale of Barclays Africa custody business to Standard Chartered Bank.

On 1st January 2010, the Group acquired 100% ownership of Standard Life Bank PLC realising a gain on acquisition of £100m. On 31st March 2010, the Group acquired 100% of the Italian credit card business of Citibank International PLC realising a gain on acquisition of £29m. On 26th July 2010 the Group acquired 86% of Tricorona recognising goodwill of £13m.

2009

The profit on disposal of £188m (2008: £327m) is largely attributable to the sale of 50% of Barclays Vida y Pensiones Compañía de Seguros (£157m), and the 7% sale of Barclays Africa Botswana business (£24m).

Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Profit from associates			19		19		22
Profit/(loss) from joint ventures			39		15		(8	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures			58		34		14
Profit on disposals and gain on acquisitions		2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures			81		188		327
Gain on acquisitions	��		129		26		2,406

14        

Gains of £26m for the year relate to the acquisition of the Portuguese credit card business of Citibank International PLC in December 2009. A gain on acquisition of the North American businesses of Lehman Brothers of £2,262m was recorded in 2008. Details of current litigation relating to the acquisition are disclosed on page 227.

Tax

2010

The tax charge for continuing operations for 2010 was £1,516m (2009: £1,074m) representing an effective tax rate of 25% (2009: 23.4%). The effective tax rate differs from the UK tax rate of 28% (2009: 28%) because of non-taxable gains and income, different tax rates that are applied to the profits and losses outside of the UK, and deferred tax assets previously not recognised.

2009

The effective tax rate for 2009, based on profit before tax on continuing operations, was 23.4% (2008: 8.8%). The effective tax rate differs from the UK tax rate of 28% (2008: 28.5%) because of non-taxable gains and income, different tax rates applied to taxable profits and losses outside the UK, disallowable expenditure and adjustments in respect of prior years. The low effective tax rate of 8.8% on continuing operations in 2008 mainly resulted from the Lehman Brothers North American businesses acquisition.

Profit for the year from discontinued operations

2010

There were no discontinued operations in 2010.

2009

The profit after tax from discontinued operations increased £6,173m to £6,777m, reflecting the gain on sale of Barclays Global Investors (BGI) of £6,331m (2008: £nil) and other profit before tax from BGI of £726m (2008: £941m). The results for 2009 included 11 months of operations compared to 12 months for 2008.

15

Financial review

Consolidated summary balance sheet

As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Assets
Cash, balances at central banks and items in the course of collection		99,014		83,076		31,714		7,637		9,753
Trading portfolio assets		168,867		151,344		185,637		193,691		177,867
Financial assets designated at fair value		41,485		42,568		121,199		147,480		114,597
Derivative financial instruments		420,319		416,815		984,802		248,088		138,353
Loans and advances to banks		37,799		41,135		47,707		40,120		30,926
Loans and advances to customers		427,942		420,224		461,815		345,398		282,300
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		205,772		143,431		130,354		183,075		174,090
Available for sale financial investments		65,110		56,483		64,976		43,072		51,703
Other assets		23,337		23,853		24,776		18,800		17,198
Total assets		1,489,645		1,378,929		2,052,980		1,227,361		996,787
Liabilities
Deposits and items in the course of collection due to banks		79,296		77,912		116,545		92,338		81,783
Customer accounts		345,788		322,429		335,505		294,987		256,754
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		225,534		198,781		182,285		169,429		136,956
Trading portfolio liabilities		72,693		51,252		59,474		65,402		71,874
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		97,729		87,881		146,075		167,128		138,624
Derivative financial instruments		405,516		403,416		968,072		248,288		140,697
Debt securities in issue		156,623		135,902		149,567		120,228		111,137
Subordinated liabilities		28,499		25,816		29,842		18,150		13,786
Other liabilities		15,705		17,062		18,204		18,935		17,786
Total liabilities		1,427,383		1,320,451		2,005,569		1,194,885		969,397
Shareholders’ equity
Shareholders’ equity excluding non-controlling interests		50,858		47,277		36,618		23,291		19,799
Non-controlling interests		11,404		11,201		10,793		9,185		7,591
Total shareholders’ equity		62,262		58,478		47,411		32,476		27,390
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		1,489,645		1,378,929		2,052,980		1,227,361		996,787
Risk weighted assets and capital ratiosa
Risk weighted assets		398,031		382,653		433,302		353,878		297,833
Core Tier 1 ratio		10.8%		10.0%		5.6%		4.7%		n/a
Tier 1 ratio		13.5%		13.0%		8.6%		7.6%		7.7%
Risk asset ratio		16.9%		16.6%		13.6%		11.2%		11.7%
Selected financial statistics
Net asset value per ordinary share		417p		414p		437p		353p		303p
Number of ordinary shares of Barclays PLC (in millions)		12,182		11,412		8,372		6,601		6,535
Year-end United States Dollar exchange rate		1.55		1.62		1.46		2.00		1.96
Year-end Euro exchange rate		1.16		1.12		1.04		1.36		1.49
Year-end Rand exchange rate		10.26		11.97		13.74		13.64		13.71

The financial information above is extracted from the published accounts. This information should be read together with the information included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Note

a Risk weighted assets and capital ratios for 2006 are calculated on a Basel I basis.

Risk weighted assets and capital ratios for 2010, 2009, 2008 and 2007 are calculated on a Basel II basis.

16        

Financial review

Balance sheet commentary

Total assets

Total assets increased £111bn to £1,490bn.

Cash, balances at central banks and items in the course of collection have increased £15.9bn contributing to the increase in the Group liquidity pool. Trading portfolio assets increased £17.5bn and reverse repurchase and other similar secured lending increased £62.3bn reflecting business growth. Financial assets designated at fair value have decreased by £1.1bn primarily due to a decrease in debt securities.

Derivative financial assets increased £3.5bn reflecting increases in the mark to market positions in interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives due to movements in forward interest rate curves and volatility in the foreign exchange market. This was partially offset by decreases in credit, equity and commodities derivatives due to reduced volatility.

Loans and advances to banks and customers increased £4.4bn due to an increase in lending to retail customers, including the effect of the acquisition of Standard Life Bank, offset by a reduction in borrowings by wholesale customers and banks.

Available for sale financial investments increased £8.6bn primarily driven by purchase of government bonds increasing the Group’s liquid assets and the transfer from loans and advances to available for sale assets of the receivables arising as part of the acquisition of the North American business of Lehman Brothers. This was partially offset by a £0.8bn reduction in the fair value of the Group’s investment in BlackRock, Inc.

Total liabilities

Total liabilities increased £107bn to £1,427bn.

Deposits and items in the course of collection from banks and customer accounts increased £24.7bn reflecting the acquisition of Standard Life Bank and customer deposit growth across the Group. Financial liabilities designated at fair value increased £9.8bn primarily due to increased debt securities and debt issuances strengthening the Group’s liquidity position. Debt securities in issue increased £20.7bn primarily due to increases in bonds, medium term notes, certificates of deposit and commercial paper. This growth was primarily to fund the increased liquidity pool and business growth.

Trading portfolio liabilities increased £21.4bn and repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing increased £26.8bn reflecting business growth. Derivative financial liabilities increased £2.1bn broadly in line with the increase in gross derivative assets.

Subordinated liabilities increased £2.7bn primarily reflecting issuances and acquisitions partially offset by redemptions. Other liabilities decreased £1.4bn reflecting reduced retirement benefit liabilities, current tax liabilities and other creditors.

17

Financial review

Balance sheet commentary continued

Shareholders’ equity

Total shareholders’ equity increased £3.8bn to £62.3bn (2009: £58.5bn), with share capital and share premium increasing £1.5bn to £12.3bn as a result of the issue of new ordinary shares. Retained earnings increased £2.9bn to £36.8bn (2009: £33.8bn). Profit attributable to the equity holders of the Parent of £3.6bn were partially offset by dividends paid to shareholders of £0.5bn.

Significant movements in other reserves comprise: available for sale reserve movement of £1.2bn, primarily due to the decrease in the fair value of the Group’s investment in BlackRock Inc. of £0.8bn and a decrease of £0.3bn of hedged foreign exchange movements related to this investment that have been transferred to the income statement. Currency translation reserve movement of £0.7bn is largely due to the appreciation in the Rand and US Dollar, offset by the depreciation in the Euro.

Non-controlling interests increased £0.2bn to £11.4bn (2009: £11.2bn). The increase primarily reflects profit for the year attributable to non-controlling interests of £1.0bn and currency translation differences of £0.4bn, offset by distributions of £0.8bn and the redemption of £0.5bn reserve capital instruments.

Adjusted gross leverage

Barclays continues to operate within limits and targets for balance sheet usage as part of its balance sheet management activities.

Adjusted gross leverage is a non-IFRS measure representing the multiple of adjusted total tangible assets over total qualifying Tier 1 capital. Adjusted total tangible assets are total assets adjusted to allow for derivative counterparty netting where the Group has a legally enforceable master netting agreement, assets under management on the balance sheet, settlement balances and cash collateral on derivative liabilities, goodwill and intangible assets. This measure has been presented as it provides for a metric used by management in assessing balance sheet leverage. Barclays management believes that this measure provides useful information to readers of Barclays financial statements as a key measure of stability, which is consistent with the views of regulators and investors. However, this measure is not a substitute for IFRS measures and readers should consider IFRS measures as well, such as the ratio of total assets to total shareholders equity as disclosed on page 104.

The adjusted gross leverage was 20x as at 31st December 2010 (2009: 20x) principally as a result of a £3.9bn increase in Tier 1 Capital to £53.5bn offset by the impact of a £84.6bn increase in adjusted total tangible assets. At month ends during 2010 the ratio moved in a range from 20x to 24x, with fluctuations arising as a result of normal trading activities, primarily due to increases in reverse repurchase trading and changes in holdings of trading portfolio assets.

The ratio of total assets to total shareholders equity was 24x as at 31st December 2010 (2009: 24x). The ratio moved within a month end range of 24x to 29x, driven by trading activity fluctuations noted above, as well as changes in gross interest rate derivatives and settlement balances.

The Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors (BCBS) issued final guidelines for ‘Basel III: a global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems’ in December 2010. The guidelines include a proposed leverage metric, to be implemented by national supervisors in parallel run from 1st January 2013 (migrating to a Pillar 1 measure by 2018). The metric is the ratio of exposure to Tier 1 capital calculated on a Basel III basis, with exposure representing total assets and certain off balance sheet items, the potential future exposure on derivative contracts, less netting permitted under applicable UK regulatory rules and those assets deducted from Tier 1 capital. The final implementation of Basel III may result in the future calculation of this ratio being on a different basis. Based on our interpretation of the current BCBS proposals the Group’s Basel III leverage ratio as at 31st December 2010 would be within the proposed limit of 33x.

Further details on leverage and the reasons for monthly fluctuations are provided on page 104.

18        

Capital management

At 31st December 2010, on a Basel II basis, the Group’s Core Tier 1 ratio was 10.8% (2009: 10.0%) and the Tier 1 ratio was 13.5% (2009: 13.0%), representing a strengthening of our capital ratios ahead of the effects of expected regulatory capital changes.

Risk weighted assets increased 4% from £383bn to £398bn in 2010. Year on year there was a £22bn reduction in underlying risk weighted assets (predominantly in Barclays Capital) as a result of capital management efficiencies and reduced levels of risk and inventory. This was offset by both methodology and model changes, which increased risk weighted assets by approximately £28bn. Foreign exchange and other movements accounted for a further increase of £9bn.

Retained profit contributed approximately 70bps increase to Core Tier 1 ratio from 10.0% to 10.8%. Other movements in Core Tier 1 included the exercise of warrants in February and October 2010, which generated shareholders’ equity of £1.5bn, contributing approximately 40bps to the Core Tier 1 ratio. The movement in the fair value of the Group’s holding in BlackRock, Inc. resulted in an adverse impact of approximately 20bps on the Core Tier 1 ratio over the year.

The Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors issued final Basel III guidelines in December 2010 and January 2011. The new standards include changes to risk weights applied to our assets and to the definition of capital resources and are applicable from 1st January 2013 with some transitional rules to 2018. The Basel III guidelines have yet to be implemented into European and UK law and therefore remain subject to refinement and change. Recognising the new rules are not complete, based on our current assessment of the guidelines, we expect that we will continue to have a strong capital position post implementation.

Liquidity and Funding

The liquidity pool held by the Group increased £27bn to £154bn at 31st December 2010 (2009: £127bn), of which £140bn was in FSA-eligible pool assets.

The Basel III guidelines propose two new liquidity metrics: the Liquidity Coverage Ratio, which measures short-term liquidity stress and is broadly consistent with the FSA framework, and the Net Stable Funding Ratio, which measures the stability of long-term structural funding. Applying the metrics to the Group balance sheet as at 31st December 2010, the Liquidity Coverage Ratio was estimated at 80% and the Net Stable Funding Ratio was estimated at 94%. For details of the definition of Net Stable Funding Ratio and Liquidity Coverage Ratio see the glossary on page 300.

The Group continues to attract deposits in unsecured money markets and to raise additional secured and unsecured term funding in a variety of markets. As at 31st December 2009, the Group had £15bn of publicly issued term debt maturing during 2010. The corresponding figure for 2011 is £25bn. During 2010 the Group issued approximately £35bn of term funding, which refinanced the 2010 requirement, comprising both maturities and early repayments, as well as pre-financed some of the 2011 and 2012 maturities. Additional term funding raised in 2011 will support balance sheet growth, further extension of liability maturities and strengthening of our liquidity position.

In addition to monitoring and managing key metrics related to the financial strength of Barclays, we also subscribe to independent credit rating agency reviews by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Fitch and DBRS. These ratings assess the credit worthiness of Barclays and are based on reviews of a broad range of business and financial attributes including; risk management processes and procedures; capital strength, earnings, funding, liquidity, accounting, and governance.

As at 31.12.10	Barclays PLC	Barclays Bank PLC
Standard & Poor’s
Long Term	A+	AA-
Short Term	A- 1	A- 1+
Moody’s
Long Term	A1	Aa3
Short Term	P-1	P-1
BFSR	n/a	C(Stable)
Fitch
Long Term	AA-	AA-
Short Term	F1+	F1+
DBRS
Long Term		AA (High)
Short Term		R-1 (High)

For further information on liquidity and funding see “Risk Management—Liquidity Risk Management”.

19

Financial review

Analysis of results by business

Business performance

UK Retail Banking

UK Retail Banking (UKRB) profit before tax increased 39% to £989m (2009: £710m), including a £100m gain on the acquisition of Standard Life Bank, with good income growth and lower impairment charges more than offsetting an increase in operating expenses. Income increased 6% to £4,518m (2009: £4,276m). Impairment charges decreased 21% to £819m (2009: £1,031m), reflecting good risk management and improving economic conditions. As a result, net operating income grew 14% to £3,699m (2009: £3,245m). Operating expenses increased 11% to £2,809m (2009: £2,538m), reflecting higher pension costs, the impact of the acquisition of Standard Life Bank and increased regulatory-related costs. Excluding these items, operating expenses were in line with prior year.

Analysis of results by business	UK Retail Banking £m			Barclaycard £m			Western Europe Retail Banking £m			Barclays Africa £m			Absa £m			Barclays Capital £m			Barclays Corporate £m			Barclays Wealth £m			Investment Manage- ment £m			Head Office Functions and Other Operations £m
As at 31st December 2010
Total income net of insurance claims		4,518			4,024			1,164			801			2,899			13,600			2,974			1,560			78			(178	)
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(819	)		(1,688	)		(314	)		(82	)		(480	)		(543	)		(1,696	)		(48	)		–			(2	)
Net operating income		3,699			2,336			850			719			2,419			13,057			1,278			1,512			78			(180	)
Operating expenses		(2,809	)		(1,570	)		(1,033	)		(608	)		(1,810	)		(8,295	)		(1,907	)		(1,349	)		(11	)		(579	)
Share of post–tax results of associates and joint ventures		(1	)		25			15			–			3			18			(2	)		–			–			–
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			–			–			77			4			–			–			–			–			–
Gain on acquisitions		100			–			29			–			–			–			–			–			–			–
Profit /(loss) before tax from continuing operations		989			791			(139	)		188			616			4,780			(631	)		163			67			(759	)
Total assets (£bn)		121.6			30.3			53.6			7.9			52.4			1,094.8			85.7			17.8			4.6			20.9
Risk Weighted Assets (£bn)		35.3			31.9			17.3			8.0			30.4			191.3			70.8			12.4			0.1			0.6
As at 31st December 2009
Total income net of insurance claims		4,276			4,041			1,318			739			2,553			11,625			3,181			1,322			40			28
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(1,031	)		(1,798	)		(338	)		(121	)		(567	)		(2,591	)		(1,558	)		(51	)		–			(16	)
Net operating income		3,245			2,243			980			618			1,986			9,034			1,623			1,271			40			12
Operating expenses		(2,538	)		(1,527	)		(887	)		(538	)		(1,451	)		(6,592	)		(1,466	)		(1,129	)		(17	)		(570	)
Share of post–tax results of associates and joint ventures		3			8			4			–			(4	)		22			–			–			–			1
Profit/(loss) on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			3			157			24			(3	)		–			–			1			(1	)		7
Gain on acquisitions		–			–			26			–			–			–			–			–			–			–
Profit/(loss) before tax from continuing operations		710			727			280			104			528			2,464			157			143			22			(550	)
Total assets (£bn)		109.3			30.3			51.0			7.9			45.8			1,019.1			88.8			14.9			5.4			6.4
Risk Weighted Assets (£bn)		35.9			30.6			16.8			7.6			21.4			181.1			76.9			11.4			0.1			0.9

20         

Barclaycard

Barclaycard profit before tax increased 9% to £791m (2009: £727m) largely as a result of lower impairment charges. Income was £4,024m (2009: £4,041 m) with the impact of regulation offset by business growth. Impairment charges reduced 6% to £1,688m (2009: £1,798m) as a result of focused risk management and improving economic conditions. Delinquency trends were lower in all major areas of the Barclaycard business. Operating expenses increased 3% to £1,570m (2009: £1,527m).

Western Europe Retail Banking

Western Europe Retail Banking incurred a loss before tax of £139m (2009: profit of £280m). The deterioration was driven by the challenging economic environment, continued investment in the franchise and £157m of profit on disposal recognised in 2009. Income fell 12% to £1,164m (2009: £1,318m) principally due to margin compression and the decline in the average value of the Euro against Sterling, partially offset by higher fees and commissions and the growth in credit cards. Impairment charges improved by 7% to £314m (2009: £338m). Operating expenses increased 16% to £1,033m (2009: £887m) mainly due to continued investment in developing the franchise in Portugal and Italy, notably the expansion of the credit card businesses in these countries.

Barclays Africa

Barclays Africa profit before tax increased 81% to £188m (2009: £104m). 2010 included a one-off gain of £77m from the sale of the custody business to Standard Chartered Bank which was partially offset by £40m of restructuring costs. 2009 included a one-off gain of £24m from the sale of shares in Barclays Bank of Botswana Limited. Income grew 8% to £801m (2009: £739m) as a result of improved net interest margins and income from treasury management. Impairment charges decreased 32% to £82m (2009: £121m) as a result of a better economic environment and improved collections. Operating expenses increased 13% to £608m (2009: £538m) reflecting £40m of restructuring costs, investment in infrastructure and an increase in staff-related costs.

Absa

Absa Group Limited reported profit before tax of R11,851m (2009: R9,842m), an increase of 20%. In Barclays segmental reporting, the results of the Absa credit card business are included in Barclaycard, the investment banking operations in Barclays Capital and wealth operations in Barclays Wealth. The other operations of Absa Group Limited are reported in the Absa segment. Absa profit before tax increased 17% to £616m (2009: £528m), driven by the appreciation in the average value of the Rand against Sterling. The impact of exchange rate movements also impacted income, which increased 14%, operating expenses, which increased 25%, and impairment charges, which decreased 15%. Impairment charges in Rand terms improved 26% reflecting an improvement in economic conditions.

Barclays Capital

Barclays Capital profit before tax increased to £4,780m (2009: £2,464m). Excluding own credit, profit before tax grew 2% to £4,389m (2009: £4,284m). Total income increased 17% to £13,600m (2009: £11,625m). This reflected a significant reduction in losses taken through income relating to credit market exposures which fell to £124m (2009: £4,417m) and a gain relating to own credit of £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). Top-line income^a, which excludes these items, was £13,333m, down 25% on the very strong prior year performance. Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities (FICC) top-line income^a of £8,811m declined 35%, reflecting lower contributions from Rates and Commodities. Equities and Prime Services top-line income^a of £2,040m declined 6%, as growth in cash equities and equity financing was more than offset by subdued market activity in European equity derivatives. Investment Banking top-line income^a of £2,243m increased 3%.

Impairment charges, including impairment of £532m relating to the Protium loan which follows a reassessment of the expected realisation period, improved significantly to £543m (2009: £2,591m), resulting in a 45% increase in net operating income to £13,057m. Operating expenses increased 26% which largely reflected the continuing investment in our sales, origination, trading and research activities, increased charges relating to prior year deferrals and restructuring costs. The cost: net income ratio was 64% (2009: 73%) and compensation costs represented 42% of income (2009: 38%). Excluding the impact of own credit, the cost: net income ratio was 65% (2009: 61%) and compensation costs represented 43% of income (2009: 33%)^b.

Barclays Corporate

Barclays Corporate recorded a loss before tax of £631m (2009: profit of £157m). An improvement in the results of the profitable UK & Ireland business was more than offset by increased losses in New Markets and Continental Europe, notably Spain. Total income decreased 7% to £2,974m (2009: £3,181), reflecting lower treasury management income and reduced risk appetite outside the UK. Impairment charges increased £138m to £1,696m, with significant improvements in UK & Ireland and New Markets more than offset by an increase of £630m in Spain to £898m due to depressed market conditions in the property and construction sector. Operating expenses increased to £1,907m, principally reflecting the write down of the £243m of goodwill relating to Barclays Bank Russia and associated restructuring costs of £25m, as well as previously announced restructuring costs of £94m in other geographies within New Markets (predominantly relating to Indonesia).

Barclays Wealth

Barclays Wealth profit before tax increased 14% to £163m (2009: £143m) as very strong growth in income was partially offset by costs of the strategic investment in growing the business. Income increased 18% to £1,560m principally from strong growth in the High Net Worth businesses and higher attributable net interest income from the revised internal funds pricing mechanism. Impairment charges reduced slightly to £48m (2009: £51m). Operating expenses increased 19% to £1,349m (2009: £1,129m), principally due to the start of Barclays Wealth’s strategic investment programme which accounted for £112m of additional costs, as well as the impact of growth in High Net Worth business revenues on staff and infrastructure costs.

Investment Management

Investment Management profit before tax of £67m (2009: £22m) principally reflected dividend income from the 19.9% holding in BlackRock, Inc. Total assets decreased to £4.6bn (2009: £5.4bn) reflecting the fair value of the 37.567m shares held in BlackRock, Inc.

Head Office Functions and Other Operations

Head Office Functions and Other Operations loss before tax increased by £209m to £759m (2009: loss of £550m). The results for 2009 reflected a net gain on debt buy-backs of £1,164m, while 2010 benefited from a significant decrease in the costs of the central funding activity as money market dislocations eased and a reclassification of profit from the currency translation reserve to the income statement.

Note
a	Top-line income is a non-IFRS measure that represents income before own credit gain/losses and credit market losses/income. This measure has been presented as it provides a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. Credit market losses included within income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £124m (2009: £4,417m), and own credit gain for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). Total income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 was £13,600m (2009: £11,625m). For a reconciliation of top-line income to total income for Barclays Capital, see the “Analysis of Total income” table on page 32. For more information on credit market losses see page 88 and for more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.
b	Cost: net income ratio (excluding own credit) and compensation: income ratio (excluding own credit) are non-IFRS measures as they exclude own credit. Own credit gain for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). These measures have been presented as they provide a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. For more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

21

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

UK Retail Banking

UK Retail Banking is a leading UK high street bank providing current account and savings products and Woolwich branded mortgages. UK Retail Banking also provides unsecured loans, protection products and general insurance as well as banking and money transmission services to small and medium enterprises.

Performance

2010

UK Retail Banking profit before tax increased 39% to £989m (2009: £710m), driven by good income growth and lower impairment charges, more than offsetting an increase in operating expenses. The 2010 results also reflected a gain of £100m on the acquisition of Standard Life Bank.

Income increased 6% to £4,518m (2009: £4,276m) reflecting strong balance sheet growth.

Net interest income increased 11% to £3,165m (2009: £2,842m) reflecting business growth. The net interest margin for UK Retail Banking remained stable. Total average customer deposit balances increased 12% to £104.5bn (2009: £93.6bn), reflecting good growth in personal customer balances and the impact of Standard Life Bank. The liability margin increased reflecting the impact of the revised internal funds pricing mechanism. Total customer account balances increased to £108.4bn (2009: £96.8bn).

Total average customer asset balances increased 11% to £113.7bn (2009: £102.0bn), reflecting good growth in Home Finance mortgage balances and the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. The average asset margin decreased reflecting the impact of the revised internal funds pricing mechanism. Total loans and advances to customers increased to £115.6bn (2009: £103.0bn).

Average mortgage balances grew 16%, reflecting strongly positive net lending and the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. As at 31st December 2010 mortgage balances were £101.2bn (2009: £87.9bn), a share by value of 8% (2009: 7%). Gross new mortgage lending increased to £16.9bn (2009: £14.2bn), a share by value of 13% (2009: 10%). Mortgage redemptions increased to £11.0bn (2009: £8.5bn), resulting in net new mortgage lending of £5.9bn (2009: £5.7bn). The average loan to value ratio of the mortgage portfolio (including buy-to-let) on a current valuation basis was 43% (2009: 43%). The average loan to value ratio of new mortgage lending was 52% (2009: 48%).

Barclays Business had good income growth driven by an increase in net interest income with customer numbers increasing to 760,000 (2009: 742,000).

Net fee and commission income decreased 3% to £1,255m (2009: £1,299m) reflecting reduced income from Current Accounts and Barclays Financial Planning.

Total impairment charges represented 70bps (2009: 98bps) of total gross loans and advances to customers and banks. This translates to a reduction in impairment charges of 21% to £819m (2009: £1,031m), reflecting focused risk management and improved economic conditions. Impairment charges within Consumer Lending and Current Accounts decreased 29% to £418m (2009: £592m), and 27% to £134m (2009: £183m) respectively. Home Finance impairment charges remained low at £29m (2009: £26m). As a percentage of the portfolio, three-month arrears rates for the UK loans improved to 2.6% (2009: 3.8%).

Operating expenses increased 11% to £2,809m (2009: £2,538m), reflecting higher pension costs, increased regulatory-related costs and the impact of the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. Excluding these items operating expenses were in line with prior year.

Total assets increased 11% to £121.6bn (2009: £109.3bn) driven by growth in Home Finance. Risk weighted assets remained broadly flat at £35.3bn (2009: £35.9bn) with growth in Home Finance offset by a decline in Consumer Lending balances and improvements in operational risk weighted assets.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		3,165			2,842			3,245
Net fee and commission income		1,255			1,299			1,384
Net trading (loss)		(2	)		–			–
Net premiums from insurance contracts		130			198			205
Other income		1			5			21
Total income		4,549			4,344			4,855
Net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts		(31	)		(68	)		(35	)
Total income net of insurance claims		4,518			4,276			4,820
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(819	)		(1,031	)		(642	)
Net operating income		3,699			3,245			4,178
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(2,779	)		(2,496	)		(2,606	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(30	)		(42	)		(22	)
Operating expenses		(2,809	)		(2,538	)		(2,628	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		(1	)		3			8
Gains on acquisition		100			–			–
Profit before tax		989			710			1,558
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost a		£115.6bn			£103.0bn			£98.8bn
Customer accounts a		£108.4bn			£96.8bn			£93.8bn
Total assets		£121.6bn			£109.3bn			£105.9bn
Risk weighted assets		£35.3bn			£35.9bn			£34.3bn

Note

a In 2010 the acquisition of Standard Life Bank contributed £5.9bn loans and advances and £5.2bn customer accounts.

22         

2009

In the challenging economic environment of 2009, UK Retail Banking profit before tax decreased 54% to £710m (2008: £1,558m), impacted by low interest rates resulting in margin compression on the deposit book and increased impairment charges which together more than offset well-controlled costs and an improved assets margin.

Income decreased 11% to £4,276m (2008: £4,820m) reflecting the impact of margin compression, which more than offset good income growth in Home Finance.

Net interest income decreased 12% to £2,842m (2008: £3,245m) driven by margin compression on liabilities, partially offset by increases in asset driven net interest income. Total average customer deposit balances increased 3% to £93.6bn (2008: £90.5bn), reflecting good growth in Personal Customer Current Account balances. The average liabilities margin declined reflecting reductions in UK base rates.

Average mortgage balances grew 10%, reflecting strongly positive net lending. Mortgage balances were £87.9bn at the end of the period (31st December 2008: £82.3bn), a share by value of 7% (2008: 7%). Gross advances reduced to £14.2bn (2008: £22.9bn) reflecting a continued conservative approach to lending, with redemptions of £8.5bn (2008: £10.4bn). Net new mortgage lending was £5.7bn (2008: £12.5bn). The average loan to value ratio of the mortgage book (including buy-to-let) on a current valuation basis was 43% (2008: 40%). The average loan to value ratio of new mortgage lending was 48% (2008: 47%) and the assets margin increased reflecting increased returns from mortgages and consumer loans.

Net fee and commission income decreased 6% to £1,299m (2008: £1,384m) reflecting changing customer usage together with lower mortgage application and redemption fees. Overall sales productivity resulted in fee income growth in investments.

Total impairment charges represented 0.98% of total gross loans and advances to customers and banks. Impairment charges increased 61% to £1,031m (2008: £642m), reflecting lower expectations for recoveries in line with the economic environment in 2009. Impairment charges within Consumer Lending increased 56% to £592m (2008: £380m) with impairment charges increasing 75% to £183m (2008: £105m) in retail current accounts. Home finance impairment charges remained low at £26m (2008: £24m).

Operating expenses remained well-controlled and decreased 3% to £2,538m (2008: £2,628m). This reflected the receipt of a one-off credit of £189m resulting from the closure of the UK final salary pension scheme to existing members, offset by a year on year increase in pension costs of £105m and the non-recurrence of gains of £75m from the sale of property.

Total assets increased 3% to £109.3bn (31st December 2008: £105.9bn) driven by growth in mortgage balances. Risk weighted assets increased 5% to £35.9bn (31st December 2008: £34.3bn), a significant contributor being the growth in the mortgage book.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		70		98		n/a
3 month arrears rates – UK loans		2.6%		3.8%		n/a
Cost: income ratio		62%		59%		55%
Cost: net income ratio		76%		78%		63%

23

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Barclaycard

Barclaycard is an international payments business which manages about £200bn in annual payment value and offers a broad range of payment solutions to consumer and business customers in 22 countries throughout the world.

Performance

2010

Barclaycard profit before tax increased 9% to £791m (2009: £727m).

Barclaycard’s international businesses reported strong growth in profit before tax, particularly in Absa Card and the US. Absa Card increased 85% to £176m (2009: £95m) primarily through lower underlying impairment. The US business was profitable following adoption of the requirements of the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act in the US (US Credit Card Act).

Income was £4,024m (2009: £4,041m) with the impact of the US Credit Card Act broadly offset by balanced growth across the business. Over 20% of income was generated from products other than consumer credit cards. Barclaycard’s UK businesses reported income at £2,453m (2009: £2,493m) reflecting the continued run-off of the FirstPlus secured lending portfolio and lower insurance-related income. International income increased 1% to £1,571m (2009: £1,548m) despite the impact of the US Credit Card Act.

Net interest income increased 3% to £2,814m (2009: £2,723m) reflecting growth in UK consumer card extended credit balances, up 4% to £8.8bn (2009: £8.5bn), and the appreciation of the average value of the Rand against Sterling, partially offset by lower net interest income due to the impact of the US Credit Card Act and the continued run-off of the FirstPlus

portfolio. Both the asset margin and the net interest margin improved during the year.

Net fee and commission income decreased 11% to £1,136m (2009: £1,271m) primarily due to the impact of the US Credit Card Act.

Investment income of £39m included a gain of £38m from the sale of Visa shares and MasterCard shares (2009: £20m).

Impairment charges reduced 6% to £1,688m (2009: £1,798m) reflecting focused risk management and improving economic conditions. As a result, loan loss rates improved to 570bps (2009: 604bps). In addition, the 30-day delinquency rates for consumer card portfolios in the UK of 3.4% (2009: 4.2%), in the US of 4.6% (2009: 6.1%) and in Absa of 4.9% (2009: 6.7%) all reduced compared to 2009.

Operating expenses increased 3% to £1,570m (2009: £1,527m). Excluding increased pension costs and the appreciation of the average value of the Rand against Sterling, operating expenses decreased compared to the prior year.

Total assets were flat at £30.3bn (2009: £30.3bn) reflecting the appreciation of the US Dollar and the Rand against Sterling offset by the continued run-off of the First Plus portfolio.

Risk weighted assets increased 4% to £31.9bn (2009: £30.6bn), reflecting securitisation redemptions and the appreciation of the US Dollar and the Rand against Sterling.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		2,814			2,723			1,786
Net fee and commission income		1,136			1,271			1,299
Net trading (loss)/income		(8	)		(1	)		2
Net investment income		39			23			80
Net premiums from insurance contracts		50			44			44
Other income		1			1			21
Total income		4,032			4,061			3,232
Net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts		(8	)		(20	)		(11	)
Total income net of insurance claims		4,024			4,041			3,221
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(1,688	)		(1,798	)		(1,097	)
Net operating income		2,336			2,243			2,124
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(1,481	)		(1,445	)		(1,386	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(89	)		(82	)		(61	)
Operating expenses		(1,570	)		(1,527	)		(1,447	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		25			8			(3	)
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			3			–
Gain on acquisition		–			–			92
Profit before tax		791			727			766
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost	£	26.6bn		£	26.5bn		£	27.4bn
Total assets	£	30.3bn		£	30.3bn		£	31.0bn
Risk weighted assets	£	31.9bn		£	30.6bn		£	27.3bn

24         

2009

Barclaycard profit before tax decreased 5% to £727m (2008: £766m). Strong income growth across the portfolio driven by increased lending, improved margins and foreign exchange gains, was offset by higher impairment charges, driven by the deterioration in the global economy in 2009.

International businesses’ profit before tax decreased 59% to £107m (2008: £261m) driven by the US business. Strong income growth driven by higher average extended credit balances was more than offset by impairment growth, especially in the US and South African businesses, and increased operating expenses. In the UK our businesses benefited from an improvement in margins and growth in average extended balances leading to income increasing 18% to £2,493m (2008: £2,114m). Income growth was partially offset by the growth in impairment as worsening economic conditions impacted delinquencies.

Income increased 25% to £4,041m (2008: £3,221m) reflecting strong growth across the portfolio, especially in the international businesses through higher extended credit balances, lower funding rates and the appreciation of the average values of the US Dollar and the Euro against Sterling.

Net interest income increased 52% to £2,723m (2008: £1,786m) driven by strong growth in international average extended credit card balances, up 52% to £7.9bn (2008: £5.2bn), and lower funding rates as margins improved.

Net fee and commission income decreased 2% to £1,271m (2008: £1,299m) through lower volumes in FirstPlus due to the decision taken to stop writing new business in 2008 and lower volumes in the UK card portfolios partially offset by growth in the international businesses.

Investment income of £23m (2008: £80m) included a £20m gain from the sale of MasterCard shares (2008: £16m). Investment income in 2008 included a £64m gain from the Visa IPO.

Other income in 2008 included an £18m gain on the sale of a portfolio in the US.

Impairment charges increased 64% to £1,798m (2008: £1,097m). The rate of growth in the second half of 2009 was lower than that in the first half. Impairment charges in the international businesses increased £444m, driven by higher delinquencies due to deteriorating economic conditions growth in average receivables and the appreciation of the average values of the US Dollar and the Euro against Sterling. UK portfolio charges were higher as a result of rising delinquencies due to the economic deterioration, especially in the loan portfolios, and the inclusion of Goldfish in UK Cards.

Operating expenses increased 6% to £1,527m (2008: £1,447m), due to the appreciation in the average value of the US Dollar and the Euro against Sterling and growth in the portfolios including the acquisitions made in the UK, US and South Africa in 2008.

The purchase of Goldfish resulted in a gain on acquisition of £92m in 2008.

Total assets decreased 2% to £30.3bn (31st December 2008: £31.0bn) reflecting the depreciation in the US Dollar and Euro against Sterling, the decision to stop writing new business in FirstPlus and tighter lending criteria. Risk weighted assets increased 12% to £30.6bn (31st December 2008: £27.3bn) due to higher volumes and the impact of moving toward an advanced risk measurement methodology offset by favourable foreign exchange and lower secured lending balances in FirstPlus.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		570		604		n/a
1 month arrears rates – UK cards		3.4%		4.2%		n/a
1 month arrears rates – US cards		4.6%		6.1%		n/a
1 month arrears rates – Absa cards		4.9%		6.7%		n/a
Cost: income ratio		39%		38%		45%
Cost: net income ratio		67%		68%		68%

25

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Western Europe Retail Banking

Western Europe Retail Banking provides retail banking and credit card services in Spain, Italy, Portugal and France. The business is building a differentiated proposition providing banking services to retail and mass affluent customers through a variety of distribution channels.

Performance

2010

Western Europe Retail Banking incurred a loss before tax of £139m (2009: profit of £280m). The deterioration in performance was largely driven by the challenging economic environment and continued investment in the franchise. In addition, the 2009 result benefited notably from a £157m gain on the sale of 50% of Barclays Iberian life insurance and pensions business.

Income fell 12% to £1,164m (2009: £1,318m), due to lower net interest income and the 3% decline in the average value of the Euro against Sterling, partially offset by higher net fee and commission income.

Net interest income fell 22% to £679m (2009: £868m), mainly reflecting a decline in treasury interest income and continued underlying liability margin compression due to the highly competitive market, partially offset by the benefit from growth in credit cards resulting in a reduction in the net interest margin.

Net fee and commission income increased 20% to £421m (2009: £352m). The growth reflects the investment in the network in previous years and the growth in the credit card business.

Net premiums from insurance contracts decreased 12% to £479m (2009: £544m) and net claims and benefits fell correspondingly 11% to £511m (2009: £572m).

Despite the challenging economic conditions, impairment charges improved 7% to £314m (2009: £338m) reflecting focused credit risk management. Delinquency trends improved with the overall 30-day delinquency rate falling to 1.8% (2009: 2.1%).

Operating expenses increased 16% to £1,033m (2009: £887m) due to investment in developing the franchise, in Portugal and Italy in particular, with a net increase of 101 distribution points in 2010, and costs associated with the expansion of the credit card businesses in these countries.

The £29m gain on acquisition was generated on the purchase of Citigroup’s Italian card business in March 2010. This resulted in the addition of approximately 200,000 customers and loans and advances to customers of £0.2bn. The £26m gain in 2009 arose on the acquisition of Citigroup’s Portuguese card business.

Loans and advances to customers increased 6% to £43.4bn (2009: £41.1bn) and customer accounts increased 7% to £18.9bn (2009: £17.6bn) due to continued growth in the businesses more than offsetting the negative impact of the value of the Euro against Sterling. Risk weighted assets increased 3% to £17.3bn (2009: £16.8bn) in line with the growth in loans and advances to customers.

Customer numbers increased 13% to 2.7 million (2009: 2.4 million) reflecting the growth in the underlying business and the benefit of the purchase of Citigroup’s Italian cards business.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		679			868			642
Net fee and commission income		421			352			327
Net trading income		20			14			4
Net investment income		67			118			161
Net premiums from insurance contracts		479			544			352
Other income/(loss)		9			(6	)		38
Total income		1,675			1,890			1,524
Net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts		(511	)		(572	)		(365	)
Total income net of insurance claims		1,164			1,318			1,159
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(314	)		(338	)		(172	)
Net operating income		850			980			987
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(1,001	)		(865	)		(794	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(32	)		(22	)		(13	)
Operating expenses		(1,033	)		(887	)		(807	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		15			4			–
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			157			–
Gains on acquisition		29			26			52
(Loss)/profit before tax		(139	)		280			232
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost	£	43.4bn		£	41.1bn		£	42.1bn
Customer accounts	£	18.9bn		£	17.6bn		£	13.2bn
Total assets	£	53.6bn		£	51.0bn		£	52.0bn
Risk weighted assets	£	17.3bn		£	16.8bn		£	19.3bn

26         

2009

Western Europe Retail Banking profit before tax increased 21% to £280m (2008: £232m) despite a very challenging macroeconomic environment across all geographies, particularly Spain. The results included a gain of £157m on the sale of 50% of Barclays Vida y Pensiones Compañía de Seguros, Barclays Iberian life insurance and pensions business and a restructuring charge of £24m largely concentrated in Spain. All businesses traded profitably. Profit before tax was favourably impacted by the 13% appreciation in the average value of the Euro against Sterling.

Income increased across all countries, improving 14% to £1,318m (2008: £1,159m) driven by the appreciation of the Euro and the significant expansion in the distribution network in 2007 and 2008. The number of distribution points increased to 1,262 (31st December 2008: 1,140) reflecting further selected organic growth and development of the franchise.

Net interest income increased 35% to £868m (2008: £642m). The increase was principally driven by strong growth in customer deposits of 33% to £17.6bn (2008: £13.2bn), an improvement in the customer assets margin and an increase in treasury interest income. This was partially offset by competitive pressures on liability margin compression.

Net fee and commission income increased 8% to £352m (2008: £327m), generated from asset management and insurance product lines.

Net Investment income fell 27% to £118m (2008: £161m), mainly due to the non-recurrence of the gains from both the Visa IPO (2008: £65m) and the sale of shares in MasterCard (2008: £17m), partially offset by profit on the sale of Government backed bonds.

Net premiums from insurance contracts increased to £544m (2008: £352m) reflecting growth in the life assurance business. Net claims and benefits incurred increased correspondingly to £572m (2008: £365m).

Impairment charges increased to £338m (2008: £172m), principally due to higher impairment in Spain.

Operating expenses increased 10% to £887m (2008: £807m) due to the continued expansion of the Italian and Portuguese networks and restructuring charges of £24m. Underlying costs were tightly controlled.

In September 2009, Barclays established a long-term life insurance joint venture in Spain, Portugal and Italy with CNP Assurances SA (CNP). As part of this transaction Barclays sold a 50% stake in Barclays Vida y Pensiones Compañía de Seguros to CNP. The transaction gave rise to a gain of £157 m. Barclays share of the results of the joint venture with CNP are reported within share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures.

Barclays acquired the Citigroup cards business in Portugal in December 2009. This resulted in the acquisition of approximately 400,000 customers and loans and advances to customers of £550m. The transaction generated a gain on acquisition of £26m.

Total assets remained stable at £51.0bn (2008: £52.0bn), as underlying asset growth was offset by depreciation in the period end value of the Euro against Sterling. Risk weighted assets decreased 13% to £16.8bn (2008: £19.3bn) driven by active management and the migration of certain retail portfolios onto the advanced credit risk approach.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		71		80		n/a
Cost: income ratio		89%		67%		70%
Cost: net income ratio		122%		91%		82%

27

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Barclays Africa

Barclays Africa provides retail, corporate and credit card services across Africa and the Indian Ocean. It provides tailored banking (including mobile banking and Sharia- compliant products) to over 2.7m customers.

Performance

2010

Barclays Africa profit before tax increased 81% to £188m (2009: £104m). 2010 included a gain of £77m from the sale of the custody business to Standard Chartered Bank which was partially offset by £40m of restructuring costs. Prior year results included a gain of £24m from the sale of shares in Barclays Bank of Botswana Limited. Excluding these 2010 and 2009 gains, profit before tax increased 89% to £151m (2009: £80m).

Income increased 8% to £801m (2009: £739m) as a result of improvement across major income categories.

Net interest income increased 7% to £533m (2009: £498m) with an increase in the net interest margin. The asset margin improved primarily driven by a reduction in

funding costs and changes in business mix. The liability margin decreased due to margin compression.

Net fee and commission income increased 10% to £195m (2009: £178m) primarily driven by growth in retail fee income.

Net trading income increased 24% to £67m (2009: £54m) driven by treasury securities sales in Ghana, Kenya and Zambia.

Impairment charges decreased 32% to £82m (2009: £121m) with impairment charges on the retail portfolio decreasing 39% to £54m (2009: £88m) as a result of a better economic environment and improved collections. The retail portfolio 30-day delinquency rate decreased to 2.2% (2009: 2.7%).

Operating expenses increased 13% to £608m (2009: £538m) reflecting £40m of restructuring costs to facilitate the consolidation of operations and infrastructure, and an increase in staff-related costs.

Customer deposits increased 9% to £7.0bn (2009: £6.4bn). Total assets remained flat at £7.9bn (2009: £7.9bn) and risk weighted assets increased 5% to £8.0bn (2009: £7.6bn) reflecting changes in the business mix.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		533			498			405
Net fee and commission income		195			178			162
Net trading income		67			54			70
Net investment (loss)/income		(1	)		7			87
Other income		7			2			2
Total income		801			739			726
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(82	)		(121	)		(71	)
Net operating income		719			618			655
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(600	)		(533	)		(472	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(8	)		(5	)		(3	)
Operating expenses		(608	)		(538	)		(475	)
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		77			24			–
Profit before tax		188			104			180
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost	£	3.6bn		£	3.9bn		£	5.0bn
Customer accounts	£	7.0bn		£	6.4bn		£	7.3bn
Total assets	£	7.9bn		£	7.9bn		£	8.5bn
Risk weighted assets	£	8.0bn		£	7.6bn		£	8.7bn

28         

2009

Profit before tax for Barclays Africa decreased 42% to £104m (2008: £180m) primarily due to the allocation of gains from the Visa IPO and sale of shares in MasterCard during 2008.

Income increased 2% to £739m (2008: £726m). After adjusting for one-off gain of £65m from the Visa IPO and sale of shares in MasterCard during 2008, underlying income increased 12% due to strong business growth in Egypt, Botswana and Zambia.

Net interest income increased 23% to £498m (2008: £405m) driven by the increase in interest margins. The assets margin increased mainly due to lower funding costs. The liabilities margin increased mainly driven by customer pricing.

Net fee and commission income increased 10% to £178m (2008: £162m) primarily driven by growth in retail fee income.

Net Investment income decreased £80m to £7m (2008: £87m). 2008 included a gain of £65m from the sale of shares in MasterCard and Visa.

Impairment charges increased to £121m (2008: £71m) reflecting the impact of the economic recession across the business with continued pressure on default rates.

Operating expenses increased 13% to £538m (2008: £475m) reflecting continued investment in infrastructure across markets.

Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures of £24m represented the sale of a 7% stake in the Barclays Africa Botswana business. The residual holding of Barclays in Barclays Bank of Botswana Limited following the sale is 68%.

Total assets decreased 7% to £7.9bn (2008: £8.5bn), and risk weighted assets decreased 13% to £7.6bn (2008: £8.7bn) due to the business pro-actively managing down portfolio exposures driven by a realignment of lending strategy in light of the economic downturn and the impact of exchange rate movements.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		186		252		n/a
Cost: income ratio		76%		73%		65%
Cost: net income ratio		85%		87%		73%

29

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Absa

Absa provides a full range of retail banking services and insurance products through a variety of distribution channels. It also offers customised business solutions for commercial and large corporate customers. It is part of one of South Africa’s largest financial services organisations.

Performance

2010

Absa profit before tax increased 17% to £616m (2009: £528m) mainly as a result of the 16% appreciation in the average value of the Rand against Sterling. In Rand terms, income declined 1% with 10% cost growth, offset by 26% lower impairments.

Income increased 14% to £2,899m (2009: £2,553m) primarily reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements.

Net interest income improved 15% to £1,500m (2009: £1,300m) reflecting the appreciation in the average value of the Rand against Sterling. Average customer assets increased 15% to £37.4bn (2009: £32.5bn) driven by the

appreciation of the Rand. In Rand terms, retail loans and commercial mortgages remained stable as personal loans increased while cheque, instalment finance and commercial property finance balances showed a decline as a result of a slower take up of new loans by customers. The asset margin increased as a result of the pricing of new loans and a change in the product mix as higher margin products grew faster than low margin products. Average customer liabilities increased 21% to £21.1bn (2009: £17.4bn), primarily driven by the appreciation of the Rand. In Rand terms, retail and commercial deposits increased by 4.1% and 7.4% respectively. The liability margin decreased as a result of significant competition for deposits. Absa’s hedging programme partly offset the impact of lower interest rates.

Net fee and commission income increased 19% to £1,123m (2009: £943m), mainly reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements and volume growth.

Net investment income decreased to £59m (2009: £128m) reflecting prior year gains of £17m from the sale of shares in MasterCard and an adverse impact of the mark to market adjustment on Visa of £12m (2009: gain of £19m). Net premiums from insurance contracts increased 36% to £399m (2009: £294m) reflecting good growth in new business in life and short-term insurance in addition to the impact of exchange rate movements. Other income decreased to £47m (2009: £64m) reflecting lower profits on the sale of repossessed properties and lower mark to market adjustments on investment property portfolios.

Impairment charges decreased by 15% to £480m (2009: £567m) mainly as a result of the 26% lower impairments in Rand terms, particularly in retail, due to an improving economy.

Operating expenses increased 25% to £1,810m (2009: £1,451m) due to exchange rate movements and continued investment in growth initiatives, partially offset by a one-off credit of £54m relating to the Group’s recognition of a pension fund surplus. The cost: income ratio deteriorated to 62% from 57%.

Total assets increased 14% to £52.4bn (2009: £45.8bn) mostly due to the impact of exchange rate movements. Risk weighted assets increased 42%

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		1,500			1,300			1,104
Net fee and commission income		1,123			943			762
Net trading (loss)/income		(14	)		(5	)		6
Net investment income		59			128			105
Net premiums from insurance contracts		399			294			234
Other income		47			64			102
Total income		3,114			2,724			2,313
Net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts		(215	)		(171	)		(126	)
Total income net of insurance claims		2,899			2,553			2,187
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(480	)		(567	)		(347	)
Net operating income		2,419			1,986			1,840
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(1,753	)		(1,400	)		(1,233	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(57	)		(51	)		(50	)
Operating expenses		(1,810	)		(1,451	)		(1,283	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		3			(4	)		5
Profit/(loss) on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		4			(3	)		1
Profit before tax		616			528			563
Balance Sheet Information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost		£41.8bn			£36.4bn			£32.7bn
Customer accounts		£24.3bn			£19.7bn			£17.0bn
Total assets		£52.4bn			£45.8bn			£40.3bn
Risk weighted assets		£30.4bn			£21.4bn			£18.8bn

30         

to £30.4bn (2009: £21.4bn), due to the impact of exchange rate movements, enhancements to the retail model and wholesale credit remediation plan.

2009

Profit before tax decreased 6% to £528m (2008: £563m) owing to challenging market conditions. Modest Rand income growth and tight cost control were offset by increased impairment.

Income increased 17% to £2,553m (2008: £2,187m) predominantly reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements.

Net interest income improved 18% to £1,300m (2008: £1,104m) reflecting the appreciation in the average value of the Rand against Sterling and modest balance sheet growth. Average customer assets increased 17% to £32.5bn (2008: £27.7bn) driven by appreciation of the Rand against

Sterling and modest growth in loans and advances. Retail and commercial mortgages remained relatively flat in 2009 while instalment finance showed a slight decline with the run-off outweighing new sales. The assets margin decreased as a result of the higher cost of wholesale funding and significant reductions in interest recognised on delinquent accounts. Average customer deposits increased 29% to £17.4bn (2008: £13.5bn), primarily driven by the appreciation of the Rand and the increase in the number of customers. Retail and commercial deposits increased 3.9% and 4.6% respectively. The liabilities margin was down reflecting stronger growth in lower margin retail deposits, pricing pressure from competitors and the impact of margin compression due to the decrease in interest rates.

Net fee and commission increased 24% to £943m (2008: £762m), reflecting pricing increases, volume growth and the impact of exchange rate movements.

Net investment income increased to £128m (2008: £105m) reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements and gains of £17m from the sale of shares in MasterCard, slightly offset by lower gains on economic hedges. Net premiums from insurance contracts increased 26% to £294m (2008: £234m) reflecting volume growth in short-term insurance contracts and the impact of exchange rate movements. Other income decreased to £64m (2008: £102m) reflecting the non-recurrence of the gain of £46m recorded on the Visa IPO in 2008.

Impairment charges increased to £567m (2008: £347m) due to high delinquency levels in the retail portfolios as a result of continued consumer indebtedness, despite the decline in interest and inflation rates during the first half of the year.

Operating expenses increased 13% to £1,451m (2008: £1,283m) reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements. Costs were tightly controlled in Rand.

Total assets increased 14% to £45.8bn (2008: £40.3bn) and risk weighted assets increased 14% to £21.4bn (2008: £18.8bn), reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		112		152		n/a
Cost: income ratio		62%		57%		59%
Cost: net income ratio		75%		73%		70%

31

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Barclays Capital

Barclays Capital is the investment banking division of Barclays. It provides large corporate, government and institutional clients with a full spectrum of solutions to meet their strategic advisory, financing and risk management needs. Barclays Capital has a global presence providing advisory services and distribution power to meet the needs of issuers and investors worldwide.

Performance

2010

Barclays Capital profit before tax increased to £4,780m (2009: £2,464m). Excluding an own credit gain of £391m (2009: Loss of £1,820m), profit before tax, profit before tax increased 2% to £4,389m (2009: £4,284m). Top-line income^a of £13,333m (2009: £17,862m) was down 25% on the very strong prior year performance, reflecting a more challenging market environment. Net operating income for 2010, excluding own credit, increased 17% to £12,666m (2009: £10,854m). There was a significant reduction both in credit market losses taken through income to £124m (2009: £4,417m) and in impairment charges to £543m (2009: £2,591m).

Income increased 17% to £13,600m (2009: £11,625m). The impact on top-line income^a of difficult trading conditions from the second quarter onwards was more than offset by the significant reduction of credit market losses in income and the impact of the gain in own credit in 2010. Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities top-line income^a declined 35% to £8,811m (2009: £13,652m), reflecting lower contributions particularly from Rates and Commodities. Higher funding costs also led to a reduction in net

interest income. Equities and Prime Services decreased 6% to £2,040m (2009: £2,165m) due to the subdued market activity in European equity derivatives, partially offset by improved client flow in cash equities and equity financing, as the benefits of the build-out of the cash equities business started to come through. Investment Banking, which comprises advisory businesses and equity and debt underwriting, increased 3% to £2,243m (2009: £2,188m) as a result of continued growth in banking activities. Fee and commission income increased 12% to £3,347m (2009: £3,001m) across Investment Banking and Equities with a higher contribution from Asia. Principal Investments generated income of £239m (2009: loss of £143m) which contributed to the increase in net investment income to £752m (2009: loss of £164m) in addition to an increase in income from the disposal of available for sale assets and a reduction in fair value losses on assets held at fair value.

Impairment charges of £543m (2009: £2,591m) included credit market impairment of £621m (2009: £1,669m) primarily relating to the difference between the carrying value of the Protium loan and the fair value of the underlying assets supporting the loan which follows a reassessment of the expected realisation period. Non-credit market related impairment was a release of £78m (2009: charge of £922m).

Operating expenses increased 26% to £8,295m (2009: £6,592m) which largely reflected investment in our sales, origination, trading and research activities, increased charges relating to prior year compensation deferrals and restructuring costs. Excluding the impact of own credit, the cost: net income ratio was 65% (2009: 61%) and compensation costs represented 43% of income (2009: 33%).

Total assets increased 7% to £1,095bn (2009: £1,019bn). The increase reflected the net depreciation in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies in which our assets are denominated, growth in reverse repurchase trading and an increase in the liquidity pool to £154bn (2009: £127bn). Risk weighted assets increased 6% to £191bn (2009: £181bn) due to changes in methodology and the impact of foreign exchange rate movements, offset by reductions resulting from capital

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		1,121			1,598			1,724
Net fee and commission income		3,347			3,001			1,429
Net trading income		8,377			7,185			1,506
Net investment income/(loss)		752			(164	)		559
Other income		3			5			13
Total income		13,600			11,625			5,231
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(543	)		(2,591	)		(2,423	)
Net operating income		13,057			9,034			2,808
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(8,151	)		(6,406	)		(3,682	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(144	)		(186	)		(92	)
Operating expenses		(8,295	)		(6,592	)		(3,774	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		18			22			6
Gains on acquisitions		–			–			2,262
Profit before tax		4,780			2,464			1,302
Profit/(loss) before tax (excluding own credit)		4,389			4,284			(361	)
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to banks and customers at amortised cost		£149.7bn			£162.6bn			£206.8bn
Total assets		£1,094.8bn			£1,019.1bn			£1,629.1bn
Assets contributing to adjusted gross leverageb		£668.1bn			£618.2bn			£681.0bn
Risk weighted assets		£191.3bn			£181.1bn			£227.4bn
Liquidity pool		£154bn			£127bn			£43bn

Note

a Top-line income is a non-IFRS measure that represents income before own credit gain/losses and credit market losses/income. This measure has been presented as it provides a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. For a reconciliation of top-line income to total income for Barclays Capital, see the “Analysis of Total income” table on the following page 32. For more information on credit market losses see page 88 and for more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

b 31st December 2010 uses a revised definition.

32         

management efficiencies. Average DVaR decreased to £53m (2009: £77m), due to lower client activity. Spot DVaR at 31st December 2010 reduced to £48m (2009: £55m).

2009

Barclays Capital profit before tax increased 89% to £2,464m (2008: £1,302m). The substantial increase in income and profit reflected very strong performances in the UK and Europe, and a transformation in the scale and service offering in the US through the integration of the Lehman Brothers North American businesses acquired in September 2008. Profit before tax was struck after credit market write downs of £6,086m (2008: £8,053m), including £4,417m credit market losses (2008: £6,290m) and £1,669m of impairment (2008: £1,763m). The loss on own credit was £1,820m (2008: £1,663m gain).

Income of £11,625m was up 122% (2008: £5,231m), reflecting excellent growth across the client franchise. Top-line income^a increased 81% to £17,862m (2008: £9,858m). Top-line income^a in Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities increased 75% and drove the strong increase in trading income following the expansion of the business and the associated increase in client flows. Top-line income^a in Equities and Prime Services increased 202% driven by the acquisition of the Lehman Brothers North American businesses with particularly strong performances in cash equities and equity derivatives. Investment Banking more than doubled to £2,188m (2008: £1,053m) driven by origination and advisory activity. The cash equity business, along with Investment Banking, drove a significant rise in fee and commission income. Losses in Principal Investments of £143m (2008: income of £299m) contributed to the overall net investment loss of £164m (2008: income of £559m).

Impairment charges of £2,591m (2008: £2,423m) included credit market impairment of £1,669m (2008: £1,763m). Non-credit market related impairment of £922m (2008: £660m) principally related to charges in the portfolio management, global loans and principal investment businesses. Impairment charges declined significantly in the second half of 2009.

Operating expenses increased 75% to £6,592m (2008: £3,774m), reflecting the inclusion of the acquired Lehman business. Compensation costs represented 38% of income, a reduction of 6 percentage points compared to 2008.

Total assets reduced 37% to £1,019.1bn (2008: £1,629.1bn) primarily as a result of derivative balances. There were further reductions in the trading portfolio and lending as well as depreciation in the value of other currencies relative to Sterling. Risk weighted assets reduced 20% to £181.1bn (2008: £227.4bn) following the reductions in the balance sheet, reclassification of certain securitisation assets to capital deductions and depreciation on the value of other currencies against Sterling, partially offset by a deterioration in credit conditions which increased probabilities of default.

Analysis of Total Income	Year ended 31st December
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities		8,811			13,652			7,789
Equities and Prime Services		2,040			2,165			717
Investment Banking		2,243			2,188			1,053
Principal Investments		239			(143	)		299
Top-line income		13,333			17,862			9,858
Credit market losses in income		(124	)		(4,417	)		(6,290	)
Total income (excluding own credit)		13,209			13,445			3,568
Own credit		391			(1,820	)		1,663
Total Income		13,600			11,625			5,231

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		42		115		n/a
Cost: income ratio		61%		57%		72%
Cost: net income ratio		64%		73%		134%
Cost: net income ratio (excluding own credit)b		65%		61%		n/a
Compensation: income ratio (excluding own credit)b		43%		33%		44%
Other Financial Measures
Average DVaR (95%)		£53m		£77m		£53m

Note

a Top-line income is a non-IFRS measure that represents income before own credit gain/losses and credit market losses/income. This measure has been presented as it provides a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. For a reconciliation of top-line income to total income for Barclays Capital, see the “Analysis of Total income” table on this page. For more information on credit market losses see page 88 and for more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

b Cost: net income ratio (excluding own credit) and compensation: income ratio (excluding own credit) are non-IFRS measures as they exclude own credit. Own credit gain for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). These measures have been presented as they provide a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. For more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

33

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Barclays Corporate

Barclays Corporate provides integrated banking solutions to large corporates, financial institutions and multinationals in the UK & Ireland, Continental Europe and New Markets.

Performance

2010

Barclays Corporate recorded a loss before tax of £631m (2009: profit of £157m). An improvement in the result of the profitable UK & Ireland business was more than offset by increased losses in Continental Europe, notably Spain, and New Markets.

Profit before tax in the UK & Ireland increased 16% to £851m. Performance was primarily driven by significantly reduced impairment. Loss before tax in Continental Europe increased £728m to a loss of £870m mainly due to impairments on property and construction exposures in Spain. New Markets recorded a loss before tax of £612m (2009: £433m loss) reflecting the write down of the £243m goodwill relating to Barclays Bank Russia and restructuring costs totalling £119m, including £25m relating to restructuring of the Russian business. These were partially offset by a substantial reduction in impairment charges and tight control of operating expenses.

Total income decreased 7% to £2,974m mainly as a result of lower treasury management income and reduced risk appetite outside the UK. Excluding the 2009 gains on buy-backs of securitised debt of £85m and fair value adjustments in 2010, UK income remained resilient.

Net interest income fell 4% to £2,004m (2009: £2,083m) reflecting lower treasury management income and higher funding charges in Continental Europe and reduced average asset balances in New Markets. UK & Ireland net interest income increased 3% (£36m), with higher deposit income reflecting strong growth in balances, offset by reduced demand for lending and higher funding costs. This resulted in the net interest margin for Barclays Corporate decreasing.

Non-interest related income decreased 12% to £970m. Net fees and commissions fell 9% to £910m (2009: £1,002m) driven by lower debt fees and treasury income.

Net trading income increased to £80m (2009: £18m) mainly as a result of loan fair value adjustments in the UK. Net investment loss decreased to £32m (2009: £46m) reflecting reduced write downs in venture capital investments.

Other income decreased to £12m (2009: £39m) due to lower operating lease income.

Impairment charges increased to £1,696m (2009: £1,558m), primarily in Spain where a £630m increase to £898m was driven by depressed market conditions in the property and construction sector, including some significant single name cases. This was partly offset by an improvement of £302m in UK & Ireland reflecting lower default rates and fewer insolvencies; and an improvement in New Markets of £206m, including £130m in the retail book. Loan loss rates increased to 226bps (2009: 211bps).

Operating expenses grew 30% to £1,907m (2009: £1,466m), reflecting the write down of the £243m of goodwill relating to Barclays Bank Russia and associated restructuring costs of £25m, as well as previously announced restructuring costs of £94m in other geographies within New Markets (predominantly relating to Indonesia), higher pension costs in the UK, and increased investment spend as Barclays Corporate continues to invest in its infrastructure to deliver leading product and superior client service capabilities.

Total average lending fell 8% to £69.8bn (2009: £75.7bn). In the UK, this was due to reduced utilisation of overdraft facilities and reduced demand in asset based lending. There was strong growth in total average customer accounts which grew 21% to £60.9bn, mostly within the UK & Ireland, as a result of significant increases in current account balances and deposits benefiting from product innovation. As a result, the balance between loans and deposits, including banks, in the UK & Ireland moved by £8bn to surplus deposits of £2.4bn.

Risk weighted assets fell 8% to £70.8bn (2009: £76.9bn) reflecting lower levels of customer assets across the business and improvements in the credit quality of the UK portfolio.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Income statement information
Net interest income		2,004			2,083			1,934
Net fee and commission income		910			1,002			904
Net trading income		80			18			11
Net investment income/(loss)		(32	)		(46	)		23
Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments		–			85			–
Other income		12			39			120
Total income		2,974			3,181			2,992
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(1,696	)		(1,558	)		(593	)
Net operating income		1,278			1,623			2,399
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets and goodwill impairment		(1,616	)		(1,430	)		(1,310	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(48	)		(36	)		(19	)
Goodwill impairment		(243	)		–			–
Operating expenses		(1,907	)		(1,466	)		(1,329	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		(2	)		–			(2	)
(Loss)/profit before tax		(631	)		157			1,068
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers at amortised cost		£65.7bn			£70.7bn			£79.8bn
Loans and advances to customers at fair value		£14.4bn			£13.1bn			£13.0bn
Customer accounts		£71.0bn			£66.3bn			£60.9bn
Total assets		£85.7bn			£88.8bn			£98.5bn
Risk weighted assets		£70.8bn			£76.9bn			£82.8bn

34         

2009

Barclays Corporate recorded a profit before tax of £157m (2008: £1,068m). Profits in the UK & Ireland were partially offset by losses within Continental Europe and New Markets.

Profit before tax in the UK & Ireland decreased by 31% to £732m. Performance was primarily driven by significantly increased impairment charges. Profit before tax in Continental Europe decreased by £195m to a loss of £142m driven by impairment on property exposures in Spain partially offset by strong income growth across all countries. New Markets recorded a loss before tax of £433m (2008: £49m loss) reflecting significantly increased impairment charges and continued investment across the business.

Total income increased 6% to £3,181m reflecting strong performance from net fees and commissions offsetting lower net investment income in the UK. In Continental Europe and New Markets income increased significantly due to exceptionally strong growth in net interest income.

Net interest income increased 8% to £2,083m (2008: £1,934m) reflecting an improvement in asset margins. Deposit margin fell reflecting the fall in UK base rate and margin compression in Continental Europe. UK & Ireland net interest income was steady, with the benefit of increased average lending balances and higher deposit volumes offset by margin compression in the deposit book of £171m. Continental Europe net interest income increased 25% while New Markets increased by 26%.

Non-interest related income increased 4% to £1,098m. Net fees and commissions increased 11% to £1,002m (2008: £904m) driven by debt fees, trade guarantees and other fee income.

Net trading income increased to £18m (2008: £11m) and net investment income decreased to a loss of £46m (2008: profit of £23m) as a result of investment write downs and fewer opportunities for equity realisation within the current market environment.

Other income grew 3% to £124m (2008: £120m) reflecting increased income from the repurchase of securitised debt issued of £85m (2008: £24m), partially offset by lower rental income from operating leases of £21m (2008: £29m). 2008 income included a £39m gain from the restructuring of Barclays interest in a third-party finance operation.

Impairment charges increased to £1,558m (2008: £593m) reflecting worsening economic conditions across all areas. UK impairment significantly deteriorated reflecting the impact of the economic recession, continued pressure on corporate liquidity, rising default rates and lower asset values. Continental Europe impairment is primarily driven by an increased charge in Spain reflecting depressed market conditions in the property and construction sector. New Markets impairment was mainly driven by India and UAE reflecting challenging economic conditions.

Operating expenses grew 10% to £1,466m (2008: £1,329m), reflecting continued investment in New Markets and business expansion in Continental Europe. UK costs fell 4% driven by tightly managed discretionary costs and a £94m one-off credit for the closure of the UK final salary pensions scheme partially offset by an increase in pension costs of £65m and the non-recurrence of property credits.

Total average lending grew 6% to £75.7bn (2008: £71.5bn) reflecting our continuing commitment to lend to viable business in the UK, along with business expansion outside the UK. Total average customer deposits grew 9% to £50.5bn (2008: £46.5bn) benefiting from ongoing product initiatives.

Total assets fell 10% to £88.8bn (2008: £98.5bn) mostly driven by reduced overdraft borrowings and lower volumes in the Asset and Sales Finance business in the UK. Risk weighted assets fell by 7% to £76.9bn (2008: £82.8bn) reflecting reduced levels of balance sheet commitments in the UK foreign exchange rate impact and balance sheet reduction in Continental Europe and New Markets.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		226		211		n/a
Cost: income ratio		64%		46%		44%
Cost: net income ratio		149%		90%		55%

Income Statement Information				2010												2009a
Year Ended 31st December	UK & Ireland £m			Continental Europe £m			New Markets £m			Total £m			UK & Ireland £m			Continental Europe £m			New Markets £m			Total £m
Income		2,313			394			267			2,974			2,380			466			335			3,181
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(468	)		(1,063	)		(165	)		(1,696	)		(770	)		(417	)		(371	)		(1,558	)
Operating expenses		(992	)		(201	)		(714	)		(1,907	)		(878	)		(191	)		(397	)		(1,466	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		(2	)		–			–			(2	)		–			–			–			–
Profit/(loss) before tax		851			(870	)		(612	)		(631	)		732			(142	)		(433	)		157

Note
a	2009 figures have been revised to reflect the transfer from UK & Ireland to Continental Europe of the Italian business, IVECO (representing £59m loss before tax)

35

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Barclays Wealth

Barclays Wealth is the wealth management division of Barclays. It focuses on private and intermediary clients worldwide, providing international and private banking, investment management, fiduciary services and brokerage. It has offices in Europe, North America, Asia and Africa.

Performance

2010

Barclays Wealth profit before tax increased 14% to £163m (2009: £143m).

Income increased 18% to £1,560m (2009: £1,322m) principally from growth in the High Net Worth businesses and higher attributable net interest income from the revised internal funds pricing mechanism.

Net interest income increased 35% to £678m (2009: £503m), mostly due to changes in internal funds pricing which gives credit for the behaviourally long-term deposits held by Barclays Wealth. The net interest margin increased reflecting an increase in the liabilities margin offset by a reduction in the liabilities margin asset margin. Customer accounts grew 17% to £44.8bn (2009: £38.4bn) and loans and advances to customers grew 24% to £16.1bn (2009: £13.0bn).

Net fee and commission income increased 10% to £869m (2009: £792m) primarily driven by higher transactional activity with High Net Worth clients.

Impairment charges reduced to £48m (2009: £51m).

Operating expenses increased 19% to £1,349m (2009: £1,129m). This was principally due to the impact of the growth in High Net Worth business revenues on staff and infrastructure costs and the start of Barclays Wealth’s strategic investment programme. Expenditure in this programme was £33m in the first half of 2010 and £79m for the second half. This programme is focused on hiring client-facing staff to build productive capacity and investment in the facilities and technology required to develop our delivery to clients.

Total client assets, comprising customer deposits and client investments, were £163.9bn (2009: £151.2bn) with net new asset inflows of £6bn. Risk weighted assets increased 9% to £12.4bn (2009: £11.4bn) reflecting growth in loans and advances, impact of exchange rate movements and collateral management.

2009

Barclays Wealth profit before tax reduced 79% to £143m (2008: £671m). The reduction in profit was principally due to the sale of the closed life assurance business in 2008 (2008: profit before tax of £104m and profit on disposal of £326m). Results were also affected by the integration of Lehman Brothers North American businesses (Barclays Wealth Americas), which made a loss of £39m.

Total income increased 1% to £1,322m (2008: £1,312m).

	2010			2009			2008
	£m			£m			£m
Income statement information
Net interest income		678			503			485
Net fee and commission income		869			792			709
Net trading income/(loss)		11			7			(11	)
Net investment income/(loss)		2			13			(333	)
Net premiums from insurance contracts		–			–			136
Other income		–			7			26
Total income		1,560			1,322			1,012
Net claims and benefits incurred on insurance contracts		–			–			300
Total income net of insurance claims		1,560			1,322			1,312
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(48	)		(51	)		(44	)
Net operating income		1,512			1,271			1,268
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		(1,320	)		(1,105	)		(907	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		(29	)		(24	)		(16	)
Operating expenses		(1,349	)		(1,129	)		(923	)
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			1			326
Profit before tax		163			143			671
Balance sheet information
Loans and advances to customers		£16.1bn			£13.0bn			£11.4bn
Customer accounts		£44.8bn			£38.4bn			£42.3bn
Total assets		£17.8bn			£14.9bn			£13.2bn
Risk weighted assets		£12.4bn			£11.4bn			£10.3bn

36         

Net interest income increased 4% to £503m (2008: £485m) reflecting growth in customer lending. Average lending grew 26% to £12.3bn (2008: £9.7bn). Average 2009 deposits were in line with the prior year (2008: £37.2bn) with a stable liabilities margin.

Net fee and commission income increased by 12% to £792m (2008: £709m) driven by Barclays Wealth Americas.

The movements in net trading income, net investment income, net premiums from insurance contracts and net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts were due to the sale of the closed life assurance business in October 2008.

Impairment charges increased 16% to £51m (2008: £44m). This increase reflected the impact of the economic environment in 2009 on client liquidity and collateral values and the substantial increase in the loan book over the period from 2008 to 2009.

Operating expenses increased 22% to £1,129m (2008: £923m) principally reflecting the impact of the acquisition of Barclays Wealth Americas partially offset by the impact of the disposal of the closed life business in 2008.

Total client assets, comprising customer accounts and client investments were £151.2bn (31st December 2008: £145.0bn) with net new asset inflows of £3bn.

	2010		2009		2008
Performance Measures
Loan loss rate (bps)		29		38		n/a
Cost: income ratio		86%		85%		70%

37

Financial review

Analysis of results by business continued

Investment Management

Investment Management manages the Group’s 19.9% economic interest in BlackRock, Inc. and the residual elements relating to Barclays Global Investors, which was sold on 1st December 2009.

Performance

2010

Investment Management profit before tax of £67m (2009: £22m) principally reflected dividend income from the 19.9% holding in BlackRock, Inc., which was acquired as part of the consideration for the sale of Barclays Global Investors on 1st December 2009.

Total assets as at 31st December 2010 of £4.6bn (2009: £5.4bn) reflected the fair value of the Group’s investment in 37.567 million BlackRock, Inc. shares.

The available for sale reserve impact of £1.1bn relating to this investment as at 31st December 2010 resulted in an adverse impact of approximately 20bps in the Core Tier 1 ratio over the year. The offsetting appreciation in the shares’ US Dollar value against Sterling of £0.3bn was hedged by foreign exchange instruments.

The holding was assessed for impairment by the Group as at 31st December 2010. This analysis identified that the reduction in fair value from the original acquisition value was not significant or prolonged in the light of an increase in share price through the second half of the year and ongoing price volatility and, as such, no impairment was recognised.

2009

Investment Management’s 2009 results reflect the continuing operations of BGI. These consist of residual obligations under the cash support arrangements and associated liquidity support charges. Profit before tax on continuing operations for 2009 increased by £368m to £22m (2008: £346m loss) primarily due to lower liquidity support charges.

Total assets as at 31st December 2009 of £5.4bn reflected the fair value of the Group’s investment in 37.567 million of BlackRock, Inc. shares.

	2010			2009			2008
	£m			£m			£m
Income statement information
Net interest (expense)/income		(6	)		10			(38	)
Net fee and commission income/(expense)		4			(2	)		1
Net trading (loss)/income		(19	)		20			(4	)
Net investment income/(loss)		100			11			(29	)
Other (loss)/income		(1	)		1			(2	)
Total income		78			40			(72	)
Operating expenses		(11	)		(17	)		(274	)
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			(1	)		–
Profit before tax		67			22			(346	)
Balance Sheet Information
Total assets		£4.6bn			£5.4bn			n/a
Risk weighted assets		£0.1bn			£0.1bn			n/a

38         

Head Office Functions and Other Operations

Head Office Functions and Other Operations comprise head office and central support functions, businesses in transition and consolidation adjustments.

Performance

2010

Head Office Functions and Other Operations loss before tax increased £209m to a loss of £759m (2009: loss of £550m). The results for 2009 reflected a net gain on debt buy-backs of £1,164m, while 2010 benefited notably from a significant decrease in the costs of the central funding activity and a reclassification of profit from the currency translation reserve.

Group segmental reporting is consistent with internal reporting to the Executive Committee and the Board, with inter-segment transactions being recorded in each segment as if undertaken on an arm’s length basis. Adjustments necessary to eliminate inter-segment transactions are included in Head Office Functions and Other Operations.

Gilts held as part of the structural hedge portfolio were disposed of during the year realising net gains of approximately £500m, which were distributed out to the businesses through net interest income as part of the allocation of the share of the benefit of Group equity. In Head Office Functions and Other Operations these gains were recognised in net investment income.

Income decreased to a loss of £178m (2009: income of £28m). Net interest income improved to £35m (2009: £507m expense) with a significant decrease in the costs of the central funding activity as the money market dislocations eased. In addition, an increase of £336m from the reclassification consolidation adjustment on hedging derivatives from net trading loss was more than offset by the allocation to the businesses of the profit on disposal of gilts. Net fee and commission expense improved to £389m (2009: £418m) reflecting increases in fees for structured capital market activities to £239m (2009: £191m) partially offset by a reduction in fees paid to Barclays Capital for debt and equity raising and risk management advice to £73m (2009: £174m). Net trading loss increased

to £434m (2009: £291m) due to the reclassification to net interest income partially offset by the repatriation of capital from overseas leading to a reclassification of £265m of profit from the currency translation reserve to the income statement. Net investment income increased to £491m (2009: loss of £34m) predominantly due to the gains on disposal of gilts.

Operating expenses increased to £579m (2009: £570m) principally due to payment of a £194m settlement to US regulators in resolution of the investigation into Barclays compliance with US economic sanctions (see page 228), partially offset by a reduction in the bank payroll tax charge to £96m (2009: £225m) and a reduction of £59m in Financial Services Compensation Scheme charges.

Total assets increased to £20.9bn (2009: £6.4bn), largely due to a £7.4bn net increase in gilts held for the equity structural hedge and £6.8bn of covered bonds and other notes.

2009

Head Office Functions and Other Operations loss before tax reduced to £550m (2008: loss of £858m).

Total income increased to £28m (2008: loss of £377m). Net interest income decreased to a loss of £507m (2008: income of £182m) primarily due to an increase in costs in central funding activity. Net fees and commission expense decreased to £418m (2008: £486m) reflecting adjustments to eliminate inter-segmental transactions, offset by increases in fees for structured capital market activities to £191m (2008: £141m) and in fees paid to Barclays Capital for debt and equity raising and risk management advice to £174m (2008: £151m). Other income increased £1,160m to £1,186m (2008: £26m), primarily reflecting gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments.

Operating expenses increased to £570m (2008: £451m) reflecting a UK bank payroll tax charge of £190m (2008: £nil), partially offset by a reduction of £55m in the costs relating to an internal review of Barclays compliance with US economic sanctions to £33m (2008: £88m).

Total assets increased to £6.4bn (2008: £3.1bn).

	2010			2009			2008
	£m			£m			£m
Income statement information
Net interest income/(expense)		35			(507	)		182
Net fee and commission expense		(389	)		(418	)		(486	)
Net trading loss		(434	)		(291	)		(245	)
Net investment income/(loss)		491			(34	)		27
Net premiums from insurance contracts		79			92			119
Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments		–			1,164			–
Other income		39			22			26
Total (loss)/income		(179	)		28			(377	)
Net claims and benefits incurred under insurance contracts		1			–			–
Total (loss)/income net of insurance claims		(178	)		28			(377	)
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(2	)		(16	)		(30	)
Net (loss)/income		(180	)		12			(407	)
Operating expenses		(579	)		(570	)		(451	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		–			1			–
Profit on disposal of associates and joint ventures		–			7			–
Loss before tax		(759	)		(550	)		(858	)
Balance sheet information
Total assets		£20.9bn			£6.4bn			£3.1bn
Risk weighted assets		£0.6bn			£0.9bn			£0.4bn

39

Citizenship

“Our role is to help improve the lives of our customers. We must provide mortgages, allow businesses to invest and create jobs, protect savings, pay tax, be a good neighbour in the community while also generating positive economic returns for our investors”

Bob Diamond, Chief Executive

Our key areas of focus are contributing to growth and supporting our communities. Underpinning these is a foundation of sound business principles and practice that ensures integrity in the way we do business.

Our Group Executive Committee is responsible for our overall citizenship strategy, and supports the Chief Executive in its implementation. This Committee, along with the Board, uses a robust reporting framework to review progress.

Contributing to growth

We employ nearly 150,000 people around the world. In 2010, 2,000 new jobs were created and 1,200 graduates were hired in the UK, bringing the total employed in the UK to 65,000. Our global tax contributions amounted to £6.1bn, including £2.8bn paid on behalf of our employees. In addition, we paid more than £8.7bn to suppliers in 37 countries.

In 2010, Barclays provided £43bn of gross new lending in the UK including £7.5bn from the acquisition of Standard Life Bank and assisted more than 106,000 business start-ups, an increase of 12% over 2009. In South Africa, Absa’s Enterprise Development Centres helped almost 5,000 new businesses to start up in 2010.

In the last five years, Barclays employees have volunteered over one million hours in their local communities and raised more than £75m through our matched fundraising scheme

Barclays Climate Action Programme 2011-2015 is our direct response to issues concerning the environment and climate change. We are focusing on the areas where we have the greatest potential to make a difference, including:

– Managing our carbon footprint – including a commitment to reduce absolute carbon emissions by 4% by 2013 and creating an African Carbon Fund to supply seed capital to carbon mitigation projects in Africa

– Developing products and services to help enable the transition to a low-carbon economy – including financing and risk-management solutions to enable capital to flow to lower carbon opportunities

– Managing climate change risks – including collaborating with other stakeholders to manage the risks of climate change to our operations, our clients and to society at large.

In 2010, four out of five Barclays UK business lending application were approved

We’re helping our customers, clients and other stakeholders invest in ways that contribute to growth tomorrow. We are providing financing solutions to private and public sector clients, facilitating investment in infrastructure, development and the low carbon economy.

Supporting our communities

In 2010, we committed over £55m to community programmes across 37 countries. Our programmes are driven by the passion and energy of 62,118 colleagues around the world, who volunteered their time or took part in fundraising and regular giving. These efforts benefitted 1.5 million people and supported more than 8,000 organisations.

Citizenship
Contributing to growth	Supporting our communities
– Direct contribution,    employment and economic    value added – Supporting growth today:    customers and clients – Investing in tomorrow	– Supporting social    infrastructure – Increasing access to financial    services – Investing in the community – Building a diverse workforce – Managing our environmental    footprint
The way we do business

40         

– £43bn gross new lending to UK households and businesses

– 106,000 business start-ups supported in the UK

Supporting UK SMEs

Barclays Business Support Team identifies and works with customers who are experiencing financial difficulty.

In 2010, 80% of the small and medium sized business customers with whom we agreed turnaround strategies were successfully restored to financial health.

The Business Support Team engages with a number of businesses at the earliest signs of difficulty, facilitating financial and operational advice and creating lending arrangements more suited to the long term needs of the business involved. The credit team undertakes proactive identification of financially stressed customers, with reactive engagement carried out by the Business Support Team working alongside the customer’s relationship manager. This maintains close links and consistency throughout the relationship.

– £55.3m invested in our communities in 2010

– 62,000 colleagues engaged in our community programme

Investing in our communities

Barclays Spaces for Sports is a global programme that recognises the power of sport to deliver social change.

Since 2004, Barclays has committed £37m towards bringing sustainable sports sites and projects to disadvantaged communities. After launching 200 community sports sites in the UK, the programme was extended globally in 2008.

In 2010, we offered young people excluded from mainstream education across England the chance to join FairPlay, a rugby-based education programme in partnership with the children’s charity Wooden Spoon, the Rugby Football Union and the Education Enterprise Trust. The initiative provides training schemes for more than 2,400 young people in pupil referral units. The scheme also includes classroom sessions where young people are taught how to manage their finances through the Barclays Money Skills programme.

– Involved in £7bn worth of total transactions in the clean energy and cleantech sector in 2010

– 5.37bn tonnes of carbon traded to date, with a notional value of £72bn

Financing a low carbon economy

Barclays assists renewable energy firms to access finance from the capital markets and offers advisory services across the sector.

The transition to a low carbon economy requires a range of solutions, including new clean forms of generating energy, clean technologies and infrastructure improvements. Barclays published the Carbon Capital report to provide analysis of this opportunity over the next ten years.

In Ireland, Barclays has supported the expansion of the onshore wind sector and played a strategic financing role in vital energy infrastructure projects. An example of this is our central role in financing EirGrid’s East West Interconnector project. This will allow Ireland to integrate more closely with Western European energy markets and release pressure on the domestic grid while still growing its low carbon generation base.

41

Citizenship

continued

Our People

Global minimum standards

To maintain balance between overall control and effective local decision making we have established global governance frameworks and minimum standards to regulate how we manage and treat our employees around the world. The key areas covered are summarised below.

Performance management and compensation

The performance and development process provides employees with the opportunity to have regular discussions with their line managers about their performance and to receive coaching for their personal development. This is typically assessed twice a year and a performance rating agreed. We believe in pay for performance based on the performance of individuals and their businesses.

Diversity and inclusion

Barclays operates across the globe and engages with employees across a wealth of diverse and rich cultures. Our mission is to create a truly inclusive environment through ensuring that we treat people fairly and value diversity.

Health and safety

Our commitment is to ensure the health, safety and welfare of our employees and to provide and maintain safe working conditions. Good working climates will help our employees to better serve our customers and create value for all our stakeholders.

Training

Developing both existing and new employees is key to our future prosperity. We undertake this through formal classroom-based training and informal on-the-job training, education and coaching. Minimum mandatory training is provided to all employees on policies and regulatory responsibilities.

Total tax contribution

Barclays role as a corporate citizen remained a key priority in 2010 and an important aspect of this was the tax contribution made to governments in the countries in which we operate.

In 2010 we made global tax payments of £6,149m, made up of £3,138m of taxes borne by Barclays and £3,011m of taxes collected from others on behalf of governments, principally being employee income taxes which arise through Barclays economic activity. Barclays paid corporate income tax of £1,458m in 2010.

The total tax paid to the UK Exchequer in 2010 was £2,827m, made up of £1,381m of taxes borne by Barclays and £1,446m of taxes collected on behalf of governments which includes £1,347m of tax payments made on behalf of staff.

Note

a Taxes collected on behalf of governments, including income
tax and social security payments for employees (of which £1,347m
relates to UK employees).

42         

Risk management

Barclays risk management strategy

Barclays has clear risk management objectives and a well-established strategy to deliver them, through core risk management processes.   At a strategic level, our risk management objectives are:   –    To identify the Group’s significant risks.   –    To formulate the Group’s Risk Appetite and ensure that business profile and plans are consistent with it.   –    To optimise risk/return decisions by taking them as closely as possible to the business, while establishing strong and independent review and challenge structures.   –    To ensure that business growth plans are properly supported by effective risk infrastructure.   –    To manage risk profile to ensure that specific financial deliverables remain possible under a range of adverse business conditions.   –    To help executives improve the control and co-ordination of risk taking across the business.   The Group’s approach is to provide direction on: understanding the principal risks to achieving Group strategy; establishing Risk Appetite; and establishing and communicating the risk management framework. The process is then broken down into five steps: identify, assess, control, report, and manage/challenge. Each of these steps is broken down further, to establish end to end activities within the risk management process and the infrastructure needed to support it (see panel below). The Group’s risk management strategy is broadly unchanged from 2009. Assigning responsibilities   Responsibility for risk management resides at all levels within the Group, from the Board and the Executive Committee down through the organisation to each business manager and risk specialist. Barclays distributes these responsibilities so that risk/return decisions are taken at the most appropriate level; as close as possible to the business, and subject to robust and effective review and challenge. The responsibilities for effective review and challenges reside with senior managers, risk oversight committees, Barclays Internal Audit, the independent Group Risk function, the Board Risk Committee and, ultimately, the Board.   TheBoard is responsible for approving Risk Appetite (see page 45), which is the level of risk the Group chooses to take in pursuit of its business objectives. The Chief Risk Officer regularly presents a report to the Board summarising developments in the risk environment and performance trends in the key portfolios. The Board is also responsible for the Internal Control and Assurance Framework (Group Control Framework). It oversees the management of the most significant risks through the regular review of risk exposures and related key controls. Executive management responsibilities relating to this are set via the Group’s Principal Risks Policy.   TheBoard Risk Committee (BRC) monitors the Group’s risk profile against the agreed appetite. Where actual performance differs from expectations, the actions being taken by management are reviewed to ensure that the BRC is comfortable with them. After each meeting, the Chair of the BRC prepares a report for the next meeting of the Board. Barclays first established a separate Board Risk Committee in 1999 and all members are non-executive directors. The Finance Director and the Chief Risk Officer attend each meeting as a matter of course and the Chief Risk Officer has a dotted reporting line to the Chair. The BRC receives regular and comprehensive reports on risk methodologies and the Group’s risk profile including the key issues affecting each business portfolio and forward risk trends. The Committee also commissions in-depth analyses of significant risk topics, which are presented by the Chief Risk Officer or senior risk managers in the businesses. The Chair of the Committee prepares a statement each year on its activities (see pages 144 and 145).

Steps	Activity
Identify	–	Establish the process for identifying and understanding business-level risks.
Assess	–	Agree and implement measurement and reporting standards and methodologies.
Control	–	Establish key control processes and practices, including limit structures,
		impairment allowance criteria and reporting requirements.
	–	Monitor the operation of the controls and adherence to risk direction and limits.
	–	Provide early warning of control or appetite breaches.
	–	Ensure that risk management practices and conditions are appropriate for the business environment.
Report	–	Interpret and report on risk exposures, concentrations and risk-taking outcomes.
	–	Interpret and report on sensitivities and Key Risk Indicators.
	–	Communicate with external parties.
Manage and	–	Review and challenge all aspects of the Group’s risk profile.
Challenge	–	Assess new risk-return opportunities.
	–	Advise on optimising the Group’s risk profile.
	–	Review and challenge risk management practices.

43

TheBoard Audit Committeereceives quarterly reports on control issues of significance and a half-yearly review of the adequacy of impairment allowances, which it reviews relative to the risk inherent in the portfolios, the business environment, the Group’s policies and methodologies and the performance trends of peer banks. The Chair of the Board Audit Committee also sits on the Board Risk Committee. See pages 141 to 143 for additional details on the membership and activities of the Board Audit Committee.

TheBoard Remuneration Committee receives advice from the Board Risk Committee on the management of remuneration risk, including advice on the setting of performance objectives in the context of incentive packages.

Summaries of the relevant business, professional and risk management experience of the Directors of the Board are given on pages 120 to 122. The terms of reference for each of the principal Board Committees are available from the Corporate Governance section at:www.aboutbarclays.com.

The Chief Risk Officer is a member of theExecutive Committee and has overall day to day accountability for risk management under delegated authority from the Finance Director. The Finance Director must consult the Chairman of the Board Risk Committee in respect of the Chief Risk Officer’s performance appraisal and compensation as well as all appointments to or departures from the role.

44         

Risk management

Barclays risk management strategy continued

The Chief Risk Officer manages the independent Group Risk function and chairs theGroup Risk Oversight Committee, which monitors the Group’s risk profile relative to established risk appetite. Reporting to the Chief Risk Officer, and working in the Group Risk function, are risk-type heads for: retail credit risk, wholesale credit risk, market risk, operational risk, financial crime risk and capital demand. Along with their teams, the risk-type heads are responsible for establishing a Group wide framework for risk control framework and oversight. These risk-type teams liaise with each business as part of the monitoring and management processes.

In addition, each business unit has an embedded risk management function, headed by a business risk director. Business risk directors and their teams are responsible for assisting business heads in the

identification and management of their business risk profiles and for implementing appropriate controls. These teams also assist Group Risk in the formulation of Group policies and their implementation across the businesses. The business risk directors report jointly to their respective business heads and to the Chief Risk Officer.

The risk type heads within the central Group Risk function and the business risk directors within the business units report to the Chief Risk Officer and are members of the Group Risk Oversight Committee.

For further details on the management of each of the principal risks see pages 50 to 57.

Note

a Reporting lines effective from January 2011, previously reported to the Group Finance Director.

45

Internal Audit is responsible for the independent review of risk management and the control environment. Its objective is to provide reliable, valued and timely assurance to the Board and Executive Management over the effectiveness of controls, mitigating current and evolving high risks and in so doing enhancing the controls culture within the Group. The Board Audit Committee reviews and approves Internal Audit’s plans and resources, and evaluates the effectiveness of Internal Audit.

An assessment by external advisers is also carried out periodically. In addition to the Committees shown in the chart, there is a Brand and Reputation Committee reviewing emerging issues with potentially significant reputational impact.

Risk management responsibilities are laid out in thePrincipal Risks Policy, which covers the categories of risk in which the Group has its most significant actual or potential risk exposures.

The Principal Risks Framework:

– creates clear ownership and accountability;

– ensures the Group’s most significant risk exposures are understood and managed in accordance with agreed risk appetite (for financial risks) and risk tolerances (for non-financial risks); and

– ensures regular reporting of both risk exposures and the operating effectiveness of controls.

Each of the Principal Risks, which are set out on pages 50 to 57, is owned by a senior individual within Barclays, known as the Group Principal Risk Owner (GPRO). The GPRO is required to document, communicate and maintain a risk control framework which makes clear the mandated control requirements in managing exposures to that Principal Risk, for every business across the firm.

These control requirements are given further specification, according to the business unit or risk type, to provide a complete and appropriate system of internal control.

Business unit and Group centre function heads are responsible for obtaining ongoing assurance that the controls they have put in place to manage the risks to their business objectives are operating effectively. Six-monthly reviews support the regulatory requirement for the Group to make a statement about its system of internal controls (the ‘Turnbull’ statement), in the Annual Report and Accounts.

GPROs report their assessments of the risk exposure and control effectiveness to Group-level oversight committees. Their assessments form the basis of the reports that go to the Board Risk Committee.

Risk Appetite

Risk Appetite is defined as the level of risk that Barclays is prepared to sustain whilst pursuing its business strategy, recognising a range of possible outcomes as business plans are implemented. Barclays framework combines a top-down view of its capacity to take risk with a bottom-up view of the business risk profile associated with each business area’s medium term plans. The appetite is ultimately approved by the Board.

The Risk Appetite framework consists of two elements: ‘Financial Volatility’ and ‘Mandate & Scale’.

Taken as a whole, the Risk Appetite framework provides a basis for the allocation of risk capacity across Barclays Group.

Financial Volatility

Financial Volatility is defined as the level of potential deviation from expected financial performance that Barclays is prepared to sustain at relevant points on the risk profile.

The Board sets the Group’s financial volatility risk appetite in terms of broad financial objectives (ie ‘top down’) on through the cycle, 1 in 7 and 1 in 25 severity levels. The Group’s risk profile is assessed via a ‘bottom-up’ analysis of the Group’s business plans to establish the financial volatility. If the projections entail too high a level of risk (i.e breach the top-down financial objectives at the through the cycle, 1 in 7 or 1 in 25 level), management will challenge each area to rebalance the risk profile to bring the bottom-up risk appetite back within top-down appetite. Performance against Risk Appetite usage is measured and reported to the Executive Committee and the Board regularly throughout the year.

To measure the risk entailed by the business plans, management estimates the potential earnings volatility from different businesses under various scenarios, represented by severity levels:

– expected loss: the average losses based on measurements over many years

– 1 in 7 (moderate) loss: the worst level of losses out of a random sample of 7 years

– 1 in 25 (severe) loss: the worst level of losses out of a random sample of 25 years

46         

Risk management

Barclays risk management strategy continued

These potentially larger but increasingly less likely levels of loss are illustrated in the Risk Appetite concepts chart above. Since the level of loss at any given probability is dependent on the portfolio of exposures in each business, the statistical measurement for each key risk category gives the Group clearer sight and better control of risk-taking throughout the enterprise. Specifically, Barclays believes that this framework enables it to:

– Improve management confidence and debate regarding the Group’s risk profile

– Re-balance the risk profile of the medium-term plan where breaches are indicated, thereby achieving a superior risk-return profile

– Identify unused risk capacity, and thus highlight the need to identify further profitable opportunities

– Improve executive management control and co-ordination of risk-taking across businesses

Mandate & Scale

The second element to the setting of risk appetite in Barclays is an extensive system of Mandate & Scale limits, which is a risk management approach that seeks to formally review and control business activities to ensure that they are within Barclays mandate (i.e. aligned to the expectations of external stakeholders), and are of an appropriate scale (relative to the risk and reward of the underlying activities). Barclays achieves this by using limits and triggers to avoid concentrations which would be out of line with external expectations, and which may lead to unexpected losses of a scale that would be detrimental to the stability of the relevant business line or of the Group. These limits are set by the independent Risk function, formally monitored each month and subject to Board-level oversight.

For example, in our commercial property finance portfolios, a comprehensive series of limits are in place to control exposure within each business and geographic sector. To ensure that limits are aligned to the underlying risk characteristics, the Mandate & Scale limits differentiate between types of exposure. There are, for example, individual limits for property investment and property development and for senior and subordinated lending. Since the onset of the global economic downturn, these limits have been reduced significantly and the frequency of review has been increased. The Group’s exposure to Ireland has been restricted through the recent reduction in Mandate & Scale limits.

Barclays uses the Mandate & Scale framework to:

– Limit concentration risk

– Keep business activities within Group and individual business mandate

– Ensure activities remain of an appropriate scale relative to the underlying risk and reward

– Ensure risk-taking is supported by appropriate expertise and capabilities

As well as Group-level Mandate & Scale limits, further limits are set by risk managers within each business unit, covering particular portfolios.

Risk Appetite and Stress Testing

Stress testing occurs throughout the Bank and it helps to ensure that our medium term plan has sufficient flexibility to remain appropriate over a multi-year time horizon during times of stress.

Stress testing allows us to analyse a specific potential economic scenario or event using defined macro and market based parameters. The results of a stress test, whether at a Group or business level, will produce an output which could be compared to a point in the curve of our Financial Volatility based statistical outcomes, although stress tests are scenario based and as such are not calibrated to a specific confidence level.

Given that the stress testing, Risk Appetite, and medium term planning timelines are all aligned, the outputs of stresses are used by risk functions throughout the Group to inform Risk Appetite (particularly at a business level). The outputs of stresses also feed into the setting of Mandate & Scale limits. For example, via the use of primary and secondary stresses in Market Risk, we identify and limit the scale of risks that DVaR would not automatically capture.

Reverse stress testing also supports our Risk Appetite framework. Reverse stress testing starts with defining a worst case set of metrics and deduces a scenario that could theoretically cause that situation to occur. This will help to ensure that we understand the tail risks across our books and explain what would have to happen to generate a change in strategy. Group reverse stress testing also identifies risks that in one business alone would not have been sufficient to be a critical event, thereby complementing the Financial Volatility and Mandate & Scale processes.

For further information on stress testing see page 48.

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Modelling of risk

Barclays makes extensive use of quantitative estimates of the risks it takes in the course of its business. Risk models are used in a wide range of decisions, from credit grading, pricing and approval to portfolio management, risk appetite setting, economic capital allocation and regulatory capital calculations. The types of risks that are covered by such models include credit, market and operational risks.

The Group has a wide range of models in use, covering estimations of Probability of Default (PD), Exposure at Default (EAD) and Loss Given Default, (LGD) as well as many other types of risk besides credit risk. The models are developed and owned by each business unit. To minimise the risk of loss through model failure, the Group Model Risk Policy (GMRP) was developed. It is managed by the independent Group Risk function and is reviewed annually.

The GMRP helps reduce the potential for model failure by setting Group wide minimum standards for the model development and implementation process. The GMRP also sets the governance processes for models across the Group, which allows model performance and risk to be monitored, and seeks to identify and escalate any potential problems at an early stage.

To ensure that the governance process is effective, and that management time is focused on the more material models, each model is provided with a materiality rating. The GMRP defines the materiality ranges for all model types, based on an assessment of the impact to the Group in the event of a model error. The final level of model sign-off is based on materiality, with all of a business unit’s models initially being approved in business unit committees. The more material models are also approved at the Group Material Models Technical Committee, and the most material models require further approval by the Executive Models Committee, a subcommittee of Group Executive Committee. This process ensures that the most significant models are subject to the most rigorous review, and that senior management has a good understanding of the most material models in the Group. Although the final level of model sign-off will vary, depending on model materiality, the standards required by the GMRP do not change with the materiality level.

The GMRP also sets detailed standards that a model must meet during development and subsequent use. For new models, documentation must be sufficiently detailed to allow an expert to understand all aspects of model development such that they could reproduce the model. It must include a description of the data used for model development, the methodology used (and the rationale for choosing such a methodology), a description of any assumptions made, and details of the strengths and weaknesses of the model.

All new models are subject to validation and independent review before they can be signed off for implementation. The model validation exercise must demonstrate that the model is fit for purpose and provides accurate estimates. The independent review ensures that the model development has followed a robust process and that the standards of the GMRP have been met, as well as ensuring that the model satisfies business and regulatory requirements. In addition, the most material models are subject to independent review by Group Risk. Once implemented, all models are subject to post-implementation review. This confirms that the model has been implemented correctly and behaves as predicted.

The GMRP also sets the requirements for ongoing performance monitoring and the annual review process. Once implemented, all models within the Group are subject to ongoing performance monitoring to ensure that any deficiencies are identified early, and that remedial action can be taken before the decision-making process is affected. As part of this process, model owners set performance triggers and define appropriate actions for their models in the event that a trigger level is breached.

In addition to regular monitoring, models are subject to an annual validation process to ensure that they will continue to perform as expected, and that assumptions used in model development are still appropriate. In line with initial sign-off requirements, annual validations are also formally reviewed at the appropriate technical committee.

Within Barclays Capital, where models are used to value positions within the trading book, the positions are subject to regular independent price testing which covers all trading positions. Prices are compared with direct external market data where possible. When this is not possible, more analytic techniques are used, such as industry consensus pricing services.

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Barclays risk management strategy continued

These services enable peer banks to compare structured products and model input parameters on an anonymous basis. The conclusions and any exceptions to this exercise are communicated to senior levels of business management.

Externally developed models are subject to the same governance standards as internal models, and must be approved for use following the validation and independent review process. External models are also subject to the same standards for ongoing monitoring and annual validation requirements.

Stress testing

A fundamental duty of risk management is to ensure that organisations do not neglect to prepare for the worst event as they plan for success. Stress testing helps Barclays to understand how its portfolios would react if business conditions became significantly more challenging. We generate specific forward-looking scenarios and analyse how well our profitability would be maintained, whether our levels of capital would be adequate and what managers could do in advance to mitigate the risk.

Barclays uses stress testing techniques at Group, portfolio and product level and across a range of risk types. For example, portfolio management in the US cards business employs stressed assumptions of unemployment to determine profitability hurdles for new accounts. In the UK mortgage business, affordability thresholds incorporate stressed estimates of interest rates.

In the Investment Banking division, global scenario testing is used to gauge potential losses that could arise in conditions of extreme market stress. Stress testing is also conducted on positions in particular asset classes, including interest rates, commodities, equities, credit and foreign exchange.

At the Group level, stress tests capture a wide range of macroeconomic variables that are relevant to the current environment, such as:

– GDP;

– unemployment;

– asset prices; and

– interest rates.

Note

a On 7th February 2011 CEBS was renamed the European Banking Authority

The Board Risk Committee agrees the range of scenarios to be tested and the independent Group Risk function co-ordinates the process, using bottom-up analysis performed by the businesses. The results of the stress tests are presented to the Executive Committee, the Board Risk Committee, the Board and the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA).

In 2010, the range of stress scenarios included the stress test set out by the FSA as part of its assessment of the Group’s resilience to stressed credit risk, market risk and economic conditions over a five-year period. This stress scenario analysis took into account a wide range of factors, including:

– The Group’s revenue generation potential given stressed macroeconomic variables such as GDP and interest rates;

– The effect of the scenario on the probability of default and possible losses given default within its loan book; and

– Possible declines in the market value of assets held in the trading books caused by the stress.

Following this work and discussion with the FSA, the Group was able to confirm that its capital resources, after exposure to the stress, were expected to continue to meet the FSA’s capital requirements.

In addition, Barclays, along with 90 other banks, was included in the Committee of European Banking Supervisors’ (CEBS)^a stress test performed in July 2010. The stress test was designed to assess the resilience of the EU banking sector and each of the selected banks’ ability to absorb possible shocks on credit and market risks, including sovereign risks. Under the scenario considered, results indicated that Barclays would be well-placed to withstand the stress.

In 2010, Barclays integrated ‘reverse’ stress testing into the Group wide stress testing process. Reverse stress testing aims to identify the conditions that would result in the business model no longer being viable, such as extreme macroeconomic downturn scenarios or specific idiosyncratic events. This is being used to help support the on-going risk management of the Group, for example reverse stress testing has been integrated into the Risk Appetite framework. This also supports the Group in meeting new regulatory requirements in regards to reverse stress testing.

Information on the Group’s stress testing specifically relating to liquidity risk is set out on page 107.

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Risk factors

Risk Factors

The following information describes the risk factors which the Group believes could cause its future results to differ materially from expectations. However, other factors could also adversely affect the Group’s results and so the factors discussed in this report should not be considered to be a complete set of all potential risks and uncertainties.

The Group’s approach to identifying, assessing, managing and reporting risks is formalised in its Principal Risks framework and supporting processes. A description of the Principal Risks framework is provided on page 45 and definitions of the 13 Principal Risks are provided in the table below. The risk categories relevant to operational risk disclosed on pages 113 and 114 are : People, Legal, Regulatory, Operations, Financial Crime, Technology, Financial Reporting and Taxation. This summary also includes discussions of the impact of business conditions and the general economy and regulatory changes which can impact risk factors and so influence the Group’s results. The Principal Risks described below can potentially impact the Group’s reputation and brand.

Business conditions and the general economy

Barclays operates a universal banking business model and its services range from current accounts for personal customers to inflation-risk hedging for governments and institutions. The Group also has significant activities in a large number of countries. Consequently there are many ways in which changes in business conditions and the general economy can adversely impact profitability, whether at the level of the Group, the individual business units or specific countries of operation.

The Group’s stress testing framework helps it to understand the impact of changes in business conditions and the general economy, as well as the sensitivity of its business goals to such changes and the scope of management actions to mitigate their impact.

The general recovery in the global economy resulted in an improvement in credit conditions in our main markets during 2010. In the UK, the economy recovered slightly during 2010 reflecting the lower than expected growth in unemployment rates, the sustained low interest rate environment and moderate GDP growth. However a slowdown in growth was evident in the fourth quarter which is likely to lead to uncertainty in the near term. In addition, persistent unemployment and inflation, fiscal tightening, the possibility of weakening house prices, and possible rising oil prices may have an adverse impact on the strength of the recovery which could increase the risk that a higher proportion of the Group’s customers and counterparties may be unable to meet their obligations. Economic credit conditions have also continued to show signs of improvement in many other key geographies, although in Spain the housing sector remains depressed which led to significantly increased impairment in our Spain wholesale portfolios in 2010. Unemployment rates remain high in the US.

The business conditions facing the Group in 2011 are subject to significant uncertainties, most notably:

– the extent and sustainability of economic recovery particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa;

– the dynamics of unemployment particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa and the impact on delinquency and charge-off rates;

– the speed and extent of possible rises in interest rates in the UK, US, South Africa and the Eurozone;

– the possibility of any further falls in residential property prices in the UK, South Africa and Western Europe;

– the impact of potentially deteriorating sovereign credit quality;

– the potential for single name losses in different sectors and geographies where credit positions are sensitive to economic downturn;

– the potential impact of increasing inflation on economic growth and corporate profitability;

– possible deterioration in our remaining credit market exposures, including commercial real estate, leveraged finance and a loan to Protium Finance LP (Protium);

– changes in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies, which could increase risk weighted assets and therefore raise the capital requirements of the Group;

– continued turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa region could result in loss of business in the affected countries, increased oil prices, increased volatility and risk aversion to this region; and

– the liquidity and volatility of capital markets and investors’ appetite for risk, which could lead to a decline in the income that the Group receives from fees and commissions.

Regulatory changes

As noted in the section on Supervision and Regulation (pages 115 to 119), 2010 has seen significant regulatory change. This has been, and remains, the subject of close management attention. Where regulatory change has strategic implications this will tend to affect more than one Principal Risk factor. Such issues are dealt with on a Group wide basis by cross-disciplinary teams working under an accountable executive reporting to senior management. Issues dealt with in this manner in 2010 included:

– The Independent Commission on Banking (ICB): The ICB has been charged by the UK Government with reviewing the UK banking system. Its findings are expected by September 2011. Although the ICB has yet to make recommendations, and it is not possible to predict what the Government’s response to any recommendations that are made will be, there is a possibility that the ICB could recommend change to the structure of UK banks which may require Barclays to make major changes to its structure and business.

– Recovery and Resolution Plans: there has been a strong regulatory focus on resolvability in 2010, both from UK and international regulators. TheGroup has been engaged, and continues to be engaged, with the authorities on taking forward recovery planning and identifying information that would be required in the event of a resolution.

– The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (DFA): the DFA will have an impact on the Group and its business. The full scale of this impact remains unclear as many of the provisions of the Act require rules to be made to give them effect and this process is still under way. Barclays has taken a centralised approach to monitoring this process and to ensuring compliance with the rules that are developed as a result.

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Risk factors continued

A summary of the Group’s 13 principal risks is as follows

Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
1. Wholesale Credit Risk and 2. Retail Credit Risk
Credit Risk is the risk of the Group suffering financial loss if any of its customers, clients or market counterparties fails to fulfil their contractual obligations to the Group. This can also arise when an entity’s credit rating is downgraded, leading to a fall in the value of Barclays investment in its issued financial instruments.	The Board and management have established a number of key committees to review credit risk management, approve overall Group credit policy and resolve all significant credit policy issues. These comprise: the Board Risk Committee, the Risk Oversight Committee, the Wholesale Credit Risk Management Committee and the Retail Credit Risk Management Committee. Barclays constantly reviews its concentration in a number of areas including, for example, portfolio segments, geography, maturity, industry and investment grade. Diversification is achieved through setting maximum exposure guidelines to individual counterparties sectors and countries, with excesses reported to the Risk Oversight Committee and the Board Risk Committee. For further information see pages 64 to 70.	Specific areas and scenarios where credit risk could lead to higher impairment charges in future years include: Credit Market Exposures Barclays Capital holds certain exposures to credit markets that became illiquid during 2007. These exposures primarily relate to commercial real estate, leveraged finance and a loan to Protium. The Group actively managed down some of these exposures in 2010. For further information see pages 88 to 92. Sovereign Risk EU deficits approached very high levels during 2010, leading to a loss of market confidence in certain countries to which the Group is exposed. The Group has put certain countries on watch list status with detailed monthly reporting to the Wholesale Credit Risk Management Committee. For further information see page 93. Economic Uncertainty Conditions have continued to show signs of improvement in many key markets, although the UK has experienced a slowdown in growth in the fourth quarter, US unemployment rates remain high and the Spanish housing sector continues to be depressed, impacting our wholesale and retail credit risk exposures. In particular, in Spain, the Group has experienced elevated impairment across its operations, following a marked reduction in construction activity and shrinking consumer spending. The Group has reduced its credit risk appetite to the most severely affected segments of the economy. In particular, new lending to the property and construction sector ceased and workout team resources have been increased significantly. For further information see pages 75 to 80.

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Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
3. Market Risk
Market Risk is the risk that the Group’s earnings or capital, or its ability to meet business objectives, will be adversely affected by changes in the level or volatility of market rates or prices such as interest rates, credit spreads, commodity prices, equity prices and foreign exchange rates. The Group is exposed to market risk through traded market risk, non-traded interest rate risk and the pension fund.	The Board approves market risk appetite for trading and non-trading activities, with limits set within this context by the Group Market Risk Director. The head of each business market risk team is responsible for implementing the Barclays Market Risk Control Framework which sets out how market risk should be identified, measured, controlled, reported and reviewed. Oversight and challenge is provided by business committees, Group committees and the central Group market risk team. Non-traded interest rate risk is hedged with the external market by a business treasury operation or Group Treasury. For further information see pages 94 to 101.	Traded Market Risk Exposures While the Group is exposed to continued market volatility, Barclays Capital’s trading activities are principally a consequence of supporting customer activity. Primary stress testing applies stress moves to each of the major asset classes. Most asset class stress limits were, at some point during 2010, near to their limit. There was one instance of an excess to limit in relation to equity risk in March 2010. This was appropriately escalated and remediated promptly. Barclays Capital’s 2010 market risk exposure, as measured by average total DVaR decreased to £53m (2009: £77m). For further information see pages 95 and 96.
		Non-traded Interest Rate Risk
		The Group is exposed to three main types of non-traded interest rate risk:
		–	fixed rate loans and deposits that are not hedged or matched;
		–	structural risk due to variability of earnings on structural product and equity balances which have no contractual maturity and an interest rate which does not move in line with the base rate; and
		–	margin compression.
		Fixed rate loan risk is mitigated by hedging the risk with the external market either via Group Treasury, or a business treasury operation. Structural risk and margin compression are hedged by equity and structural hedges managed by Group Treasury. The maturities of these hedges were extended during 2010. Due to economic concerns in the third quarter, gilts purchased as part of the equity structural hedge extension were sold. The duration extension process was resumed towards the end of 2010 and is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. For further information see pages 97 to 99. Pension Fund Risk Barclays could be required or might choose to make extra contributions to the pension fund. Financial details of the pension fund are in Note 28.

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Risk factors continued

Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
4. Capital Risk
Capital Risk is the risk that the Group has insufficient capital resources to: ensure the financial holding company is well capitalised relative to the minimum regulatory capital requirements set out by the UK FSA and US Federal Reserve; ensure locally regulated subsidiaries can meet their minimum regulatory requirements; support the Group’s Risk Appetite and economic capital requirements; and support the Group’s credit rating.	Primary responsibility for managing Capital Risk rests with the Group Treasury Committee, which has defined and implemented a Capital Risk governance framework. The Committee monitors the Group’s actual and forecast capital positions on both a pre and post stress basis. Stress testing considers the impact to capital resources and requirements as a result of macroeconomic stresses. The Committee also considers major risks to the capital forecast such as changes to the regulatory requirements. The Group has a number of regulated legal entities within the UK and overseas. Local management has primary responsibility for ensuring these entities comply with their local capital requirements. Where necessary, injections of capital may be made. Such injections are approved by Group Treasury Committee. For further information see pages 102 to 106.	Increasing Capital Requirements There have been a number of recent developments in regulatory capital requirements which are likely to have a significant impact on the Group. Most significantly, during 2010, the Capital Requirement Directives 2 and 3 and the guidelines from the Basel Committee for strengthening capital requirements (Basel III) have been finalised. Aligned to this, markets and credit rating agencies now expect equity capital levels significantly in excess of the current regulatory minimum. As a result, and in anticipation of the future regulatory changes, the Group continues to build its capital base and actively manage its risk weighted assets. As at 31st December 2010, the Group’s Core Tier 1 Capital ratio was 10.8% (2009: 10.0%). For further information see pages 103, 104 and 118.
5. Liquidity Risk
Liquidity Risk is the risk that the Group is unable to meet its obligations as they fall due resulting in: an inability to support normal business activity; failing to meet liquidity regulatory requirements; or rating agency concerns.	The Group maintains a substantial liquidity buffer comprised of deposits with central banks and investments in highly liquid securities or deposits. Stress reporting for a number of liquidity scenarios is run on a daily basis. These tests measure the survival periods under Barclays defined stress scenarios. Similar stresses are run for key entities within the Group as well as at the Group level. Since June 2010, the Group has also reported its liquidity position against backstop Individual Liquidity Guidance provided by the FSA. Calibration of the Group’s liquidity framework anticipated final FSA rules and is therefore broadly consistent with current FSA standards. Daily reporting monitors a number of indicators of stress as well as daily cash activity.	Inability To Meet Obligations As They Fall Due, At Reasonable Cost As a result of sudden, large and potentially protracted increases in cash outflows, the cash resources of the Group could be severely depleted. These outflows could be principally through customer withdrawals, wholesale counterparties removing financing, ratings downgrades or loan drawdowns. This could result in:
		–	limited ability to support client lending, trading activities and investments;
		–	forced reduction in balance sheet and sales of assets;
		–	inability to fulfil lending obligations; and
		–	regulatory breaches under the liquidity standards introduced by the FSA on 1st December 2009.
		These outflows could be the result of general market dislocations or specific concerns about Barclays. For further information see pages 107 to 112.

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Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
6. People Risk
People risk arises from failures of the Group to manage its key risks as an employer, including lack of appropriate people resource, failure to manage performance and reward, unauthorised or inappropriate employee activity and failure to comply with employment related requirements.	People Risk is mitigated through the operation of the People Risk Framework (PRF). The PRF consists of Group wide policies which mandate the minimum controls that all businesses globally need to operate to mitigate their people risks and covers the following areas: –    Recruitment –    Pre-employment screening –    Employment agreements –    Performance management –    Reward –    Discipline, Capability and Grievance –    Health and Safety –    Exit management –    Employee feedback –    Hiring former employees of the statutory auditor Conformance with the policies is monitored by the HR Risk Committee through regular conformance reviews and quarterly key indicators. Further oversight of the management of People Risk is provided by the Board Remuneration Committee and the Group Operating Committee. For further information see pages 147 to 163.	Compensation and People Retention Risk During 2010, external regulatory developments in relation to remuneration continued to impact the People Principal Risk. On 17th December 2010, the FSA published its final Remuneration code following the July 2010 Consultation Paper. The code was updated in order to implement the remuneration rules required by the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD 3) and the Financial Service Act 2010. The code applies to remuneration paid from 1st January 2011, including remuneration in respect of 2010 performance. Barclays remuneration approach has been reviewed in detail and enhancements made as appropriate to ensure continued compliance with the FSA Code. During 2010, Barclays developed a Group wide policy formalising the role of risk functions in remuneration activities and ensuring regulatory requirements are fulfilled. An independent review of Barclays approach was conducted on behalf of the Board Risk Committee by a third party. The review concluded Barclays approach is market leading and satisfies regulatory requirements.
7. Legal Risk
The Group is subject to a comprehensive range of legal obligations in all countries in which it operates. As a result, the Group is exposed to many forms of legal risk, which may arise in a number of ways: –     Business may not be conducted in accordance with applicable laws around the world. –     Contractual obligations may either not be enforceable as intended or may be enforced in an adverse way. –     Intellectual property may not be adequately protected. –     Liability for damages may be incurred to third parties harmed by the conduct of its business.	Legal Risk is owned and managed by the Legal Function both at a Group level and by the business unit legal teams. The General Counsel for each business unit is responsible for management and reporting of Legal Risk. The adequacy and effectiveness of the controls operated in the business units is overseen by the Group Legal Executive Committee. Specific risks relating to Legal Risk are reported on a quarterly basis to the Executive Committee and the Board.	Key Legal Risks to which the Group was exposed during 2010 have included: –     Litigation in relation to Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. –     Litigation in relation to American Depositary Shares –     Developments in relation to Payment Protection Insurance (see Regulatory Risk) –     Compliance with US economic sanctions (see Regulatory Risk) Further details of these matters and other Legal Risks are set out in the Legal Proceedings Note (see page 226) and the Competition and Regulatory Matters Note (see page 227).

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Risk factors continued

Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
8. Regulatory Risk
Regulatory Risk arises from a failure or inability to comply fully with the laws, regulations or codes applicable specifically to the financial services industry. Non-compliance could lead to fines, public reprimands, damage to reputation, increased prudential requirements, enforced suspension of operations or, in extreme cases, withdrawal of authorisations to operate.	Regulatory Risk is owned and managed by the Compliance Function. Business Unit compliance functions monitor and control compliance risks, applying a range of Compliance policies under the co-ordination and oversight of Group Compliance. The primary focus is on adherence to the regulatory framework currently in place. Specific reports on regulatory compliance are prepared on a regular basis for the Group Operating Committee, the Group Governance and Control Committee and the Board Audit Committee. Compliance risk and control issues are also included in quarterly reporting by the Legal and Compliance functions to the Executive Committee and the Board. Not all risks that might be considered to be regulatory in origin fall under the Regulatory Principal Risk. Most notably, prudential regulatory risks are managed and mitigated in the manner outlined in the sections on Wholesale and Retail Credit Risk, Market Risk, Operations Risk, Capital Risk and Liquidity Risk.	Regulatory Change The regulatory response to the financial crisis has led to very substantial regulatory change in the UK, EU and US and in the other countries in which the Group operates. It has also led to a change in the style of supervision in a number of territories, with a more assertive approach being demonstrated by the authorities. Anti-bribery and Corruption Among other things, the Bribery Act 2010, which applies to UK companies worldwide, has created an offence of failure by a commercial organisation to prevent a bribe being paid on its behalf. However, it will be a defence if the organisation has adequate procedures in place to prevent bribery. In anticipation of the entry into force of the Bribery Act later in 2011, the Group has been enhancing its framework of controls to comply with the provisions of the Act. Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) PPI has been under scrutiny by the UK competition authorities and financial services regulators. The UK Competition Commission (CC) has undertaken an in-depth enquiry into the PPI market which has resulted in the CC introducing a number of remedies including a prohibition on sale of PPI at the point of sale. In addition a judicial review has been launched regarding the treatment of PPI complaints by the FSA and Financial Ombudsman Services. US Economic Sanctions As announced on 18th August 2010, Barclays reached settlements with US Authorities in relation to the investigation by those agencies into compliance with US sanctions and US dollar payment practices. In addition, an Order to Cease and Desist has been issued upon consent by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the New York State Banking Department. Barclays has taken significant steps to enhance further its compliance programmes including: the further development and implementation of its Sanctions Policy; substantial investment in advanced payment and customer screening technology; and the delivery of mandatory sanctions training for more than 100,000 staff around the world. For further information, see pages 115 to 119 and 227.

9. Operations Risk
Operations Risk has a broad scope and, for that reason, it is defined at a more granular level. The risks are: –     Transaction operations –     New product development –     Premises and security –     External suppliers –     Payments process –     Information, data quality and records management	These risks are managed by Business Units in accordance with control requirements articulated via mandated Group Policies and/or Risk Control Frameworks. The adequacy and effectiveness of the controls operated in the Business Units is overseen by the Group Principal Risk Owner teams in the Group Centre via regular management information, conformance reviews and quarterly Risk Review for meetings (attended by Business Unit representatives). The Group Operating Committee is responsible for oversight of these risks.	During 2010 there were enhancements to the management of external suppliers and transaction operations risks.

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Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
10. Financial Crime Risk
Financial Crime Risk is the risk that the Group suffers losses as a result of internal and external fraud or intentional damage, loss or harm to people, premises or moveable assets.	The Group Financial Crime Team, Fraud Oversight Committee and Security Risk Management Committee provide oversight of the implementation of the Fraud Risk Control Framework and the Group Security Risk Control Framework. Oversight is achieved via conformance reviews and other review activity undertaken by Group Financial Crime and within business units.	As a major financial institution, Barclays is a target for financial crime. The Group has frameworks and systems in place to enable it to respond to threats to both the organisation and its customers as they emerge.
	Monthly reports on fraud losses across the Group are produced for the Fraud Oversight Committee which monitors these events and considers the actions to be taken on a case by case basis. Where relevant, the Fraud Oversight Committee takes actions to drive remediation of the root cause of such events.
	Quarterly Financial Crime reports are submitted to the Group Risk Oversight Committee and Board Risk Committee.
11. Technology Risk
Technology Risk includes the non-availability of IT systems, inadequate design and testing of new and changed IT solutions and inadequate IT system security. Data privacy issues are covered under Regulatory Risk and external supplier issues relating to technology are covered under Operations Risk.	Technology is a key business enabler and requires an appropriate level of control to ensure that the most significant technology risks are effectively managed. Technology Risk is managed through a formal risk governance framework. A set of Key Risk Indicators (KRIs), consistent across Business Units, is periodically collated and reviewed by management. Each KRI has a specific target state, defining the Group’s attitude to risk. Any areas falling short of this standard are highlighted to management for action.	Similar to many large organisations, Barclays is exposed to the risk that systems may not be continually available. This risk is monitored closely and enhancements to certain key systems are being undertaken.
	Regular technology risk reporting is provided to the Group Operating Committee, the Governance and Control Committee and the Board Audit Committee.

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Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
12. Financial Reporting Risk
Financial Reporting Risk arises from a failure or inability to comply fully with the laws, regulations or codes in relation to the disclosure of financial information. Non-compliance could lead to fines, public reprimands, damage to reputation, enforced suspension of operations or, in extreme cases, withdrawal of authorisations to operate.	Group wide requirements and any material external requirements are set out in the Financial Reporting Risk Control Framework. During 2010 a review of the Financial Reporting Risk was undertaken, resulting in a broadening of its scope. The Group monitoring process was also strengthened to provide the Group Financial Controller with a more effective oversight. All business units and Group centre functions are required to comply with the Risk Control Framework requirements and retain evidence to support this accordingly. Compliance with the Financial Reporting Risk policies is reported at Group level through core key indicators on at least a quarterly basis. Group oversight is undertaken via conformance review, other ongoing monitoring activities and quarterly review meetings are held between the Group Financial Controller and business unit Finance Directors to review and challenge the business unit Financial Reporting Risk status and assessment. Quarterly Financial Reporting Risk reports are submitted to the Group Operating Committee for oversight and monitoring. Additionally, specific reports are submitted to the Group Governance & Control Committee and to the Board Audit Committee around the Group compliance with Sarbanes Oxley requirements.	Changes in accounting standards As set out in Future Accounting Developments on page 204, the International Accounting Standards Board is undertaking a significant programme of revision to IFRS which it aims to complete by 30th June 2011. The final form of IFRS requirements, the time period over which new requirements will need to be applied and the impact on the results and financial position is not yet known. The Group is taking steps to ensure that it is able to appropriately respond to the changes as they emerge, however, the situation is evolving rapidly. Increased scrutiny Following the financial crisis, the financial reporting of banks has been subject to greater scrutiny by regulators. This has included consideration of accounting policies, accounting for particular transactions and financial statement disclosures. For Barclays, this has included the accounting treatment of Protium Finance LP. Further details are provided on pages 91 and 92. The Group continues to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting and to enhance its disclosures in response to feedback received and the British Bankers Association (BBA) Disclosure Code. Further details on internal control over financial reporting can be found on page 128 and on the BBA code and improvements to Annual Report disclosures on page 184.

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Principal Risk Factor	Principal Risk Management	Key Specific Risks and Mitigation
13. Taxation Risk
Tax Risk is the risk that the Group suffers losses associated with changes in tax law or in the interpretation of tax law. It also includes the risk of failure to comply with procedures required by tax authorities. Failure to manage tax risks could lead to an additional tax charge. It could also lead to reputational damage or a financial penalty for failure to comply with required tax procedures or other aspects of tax law.	The Group’s strategy is to maximise returns for shareholders whilst complying with relevant tax laws, disclosure requirements and regulations under an appropriate risk control framework. The Group takes a responsible and transparent approach to the management and control of its tax affairs and related tax risk, specifically tax risks are assessed as part of the Group’s formal governance processes and are reviewed by the Executive Committee, Group Finance Director and the Board Risk Committee. The tax charge is reviewed by the Board Audit Committee. Barclays has adopted the Code of Practice for Taxation of Banks (The Code) and has confirmed to HMRC that it will have regard to the spirit of the law and the intent of Parliament in managing its tax affairs. The Group employs high-quality tax professionals and takes appropriate advice from reputable professional firms. Effective, well-documented and controlled processes are in place to ensure compliance with tax disclosure and filing obligations. Where disputes arise with tax authorities with regard to the interpretation and application of tax law, the Group is committed to addressing the matter promptly and resolving the matter with the tax authority in an open and constructive manner.	During 2010 the Group settled open issues in a number of jurisdictions, principally the UK and South Africa, including agreement of the UK bank payroll tax liability with HMRC. Governance and controls have been put in place to ensure compliance with the UK government’s Code of Practice for Taxation of Banks. The profit forecasts that support the Group’s deferred tax assets, principally in the UK, US and Spain, have been subject to close scrutiny by management. The Group continues to monitor the potential impact of proposed taxes aimed at banks such as the UK bank levy (see also page 206).

58         

Risk management

Credit risk management

All disclosures in this section (pages 58-93) are unaudited unless otherwise stated

Overview of Barclays Group Credit Risk Exposures

Credit risk is the risk of suffering financial loss should any of the Group’s customers, clients or market counterparties fail to fulfil their contractual obligations to the Group.

The credit risk that the Group faces arises mainly from wholesale and retail loans and advances, together with the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative contracts entered into with clients. Other sources of credit risk arise from trading activities, including debt securities, settlement balances with market counterparties, available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements.

Losses arising from exposures held for trading (derivatives, debt securities) are accounted for as trading losses, rather than impairment charges, even though the fall in value causing the loss may be attributable to credit deterioration.

Analysis of the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk before collateral held or other credit enhancements

The following tables present the maximum exposure at 31st December 2010 and 2009 to credit risk of balance sheet and off-balance sheet financial instruments, before taking account of any collateral held or other credit enhancements and after allowance for impairment and netting where appropriate.

For financial assets recognised on the balance sheet, the exposure to credit risk equals their carrying amount. For financial guarantees granted, the maximum exposure to credit risk is the maximum amount that Barclays would have to pay if the guarantees were to be called upon. For loan commitments and other credit related commitments that are irrevocable over the life of the respective facilities, the maximum exposure to credit risk is the full amount of the committed facilities.

This analysis and all subsequent analyses of credit risk include only financial assets subject to credit risk. They exclude other financial assets, mainly equity securities held in the trading portfolio or as available for sale assets, as well as non-financial assets. The nominal value of off-balance sheet credit related instruments is also shown, where appropriate.

Financial assets designated at fair value in respect of linked liabilities to customers under investment contracts have not been included as the Group is not exposed to credit risk on these assets. Credit losses in these portfolios, if any, would lead to a reduction in the linked liabilities and result in no direct loss to the Group.

Whilst the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk is the carrying value of the assets or, in the case of off-balance sheet items, the amount guaranteed, committed, accepted or endorsed, in most cases the likely exposure is far less due to collateral, credit enhancements and other actions taken to mitigate the Group’s exposure.

59

Maximum exposure to credit risk (audited) Asset class        

As at 31st December 2010

Loans  and advancesa £m

Debt securities and other billsb £m

Derivativesc £m

Reverse repurchase agreementsd £m

Other £m

Total assets £m

On-balance sheet:

Cash and balances at central banks

–

–

–

–

97,630

97,630

Items in the course of collection from other banks

–

–

–

–

1,384

1,384

Trading portfolio assets:

Debt securities

–

139,240

–

–

–

139,240

Traded loans

2,170

–

–

–

–

2,170

Total trading portfolio assets

2,170

139,240

–

–

–

141,410

Financial assets designated at fair value:

Loans and advances

22,352

–

–

–

–

22,352

Debt securities

–

1,918

–

–

–

1,918

Other financial assets

–

–

–

7,559

2,542

10,101

Total financial assets designated at fair value

22,352

1,918

–

7,559

2,542

34,371

Derivative financial instruments

–

–

420,319

–

–

420,319

Loans and advances to banks

37,799

–

–

–

–

37,799

Loans and advances to customers:

Home loans

168,055

–

–

–

–

168,055

Credit card receivables

22,658

–

–

–

–

22,658

Other personal lending

26,608

–

–

–

–

26,608

Wholesale and corporate

200,618

–

–

–

–

200,618

Finance lease receivables

10,003

–

–

–

–

10,003

Total loans and advances to customers

427,942

–

–

–

–

427,942

Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending

–

–

–

205,772

–

205,772

Available for sale debt securities

–

59,629

–

–

–

59,629

Other assets

–

–

–

–

2,824

2,824

Total on-balance sheet

490,263

200,787

420,319

213,331

104,380

1,429,080

Off-balance sheet:

Securities lending arrangements

27,672

Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security

13,783

Acceptances and endorsements

331

Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions

1,194

Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments

222,963

Total off-balance sheet

265,943

Total maximum exposure to credit risk

1,695,023

Notes

a Further analysis of loans and advances is on pages 71 to 84.

b Further analysis of debt securities and other bills is on page 85.

c Further analysis of derivatives is on page 86.

d Further analysis of reverse repurchase agreements is on page 87.

60         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Maximum exposure to credit risk (audited) Asset class

As at 31st December 2009	Loans and advances £m	Debt securities and other bills £m	Derivatives £m	Reverse repurchase agreements £m	Other £m	Total assets £m
On-balance sheet:
Cash and balances at central banks	–	–	–	–	81,483		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks	–	–	–	–	1,593		1,593
Trading portfolio assets:
Debt securities	–	126,520	–	–	–		126,520
Traded loans	2,962	–	–	–	–		2,962
Total trading portfolio assets	2,962	126,520	–	–	–		129,482
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances	22,390	–	–	–	–		22,390
Debt securities	–	4,007	–	–	–		4,007
Other financial assets	557	–	–	7,757	344		8,658
Total financial assets designated at fair value	22,947	4,007	–	7,757	344		35,055
Derivative financial instruments	–	–	416,815	–	–		416,815
Loans and advances to banks	41,135	–	–	–	–		41,135
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans	149,099	–	–	–	–		149,099
Credit card receivables	21,889	–	–	–	–		21,889
Other personal lending	25,435	–	–	–	–		25,435
Wholesale and corporate	212,928	–	–	–	–		212,928
Finance lease receivables	10,873	–	–	–	–		10,873
Total loans and advances to customers	420,224	–	–	–	–		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending	–	–	–	143,431	–		143,431
Available for sale debt securities	–	49,807	–	–	–		49,807
Other assets	–	–	–	–	3,476		3,476
Total on-balance sheet	487,268	180,334	416,815	151,188	86,896		1,322,501
Off-balance sheet:
Securities lending arrangements							27,406
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security							15,406
Acceptances and endorsements							375
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions							762
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments							206,513
Total off-balance sheet							250,462
Total maximum exposure to credit risk							1,572,963

61

Concentrations of Credit Risk

A concentration of credit risk exists when a number of counterparties are located in a geographical region, or are engaged in similar activities and have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. The analyses of credit risk concentrations presented below are based on the location of the counterparty or customer or the industry in which they are engaged.

Credit risk concentrations by geographical sector (audited)

	United Kingdom £m		Other European Union £m		United States £m		Africa £m		Rest of the World £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
On-balance sheet:
Cash and balances at central banks		18,535		13,558		41,288		2,293		21,956		97,630
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,169		114		–		100		1		1,384
Trading portfolio assets		16,063		30,066		66,148		1,516		27,617		141,410
Financial assets designated at fair value		14,800		3,613		9,001		2,918		4,039		34,371
Derivative financial instruments		129,183		129,497		110,467		4,234		46,938		420,319
Loans and advances to banks		5,233		10,375		12,559		1,475		8,157		37,799
Loans and advances to customers		209,995		83,269		53,297		52,938		28,443		427,942
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		50,044		45,265		77,430		23		33,010		205,772
Available for sale financial investments		25,466		14,839		6,399		7,281		5,644		59,629
Other assets		1,612		235		314		537		126		2,824
Total on-balance sheet		472,100		330,831		376,903		73,315		175,931		1,429,080
Off-balance sheet:
Securities lending arrangements		–		–		27,672		–		–		27,672
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		3,803		2,273		4,266		2,179		1,262		13,783
Acceptances and endorsements		125		4		6		29		167		331
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		476		156		143		183		236		1,194
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		94,676		29,985		64,812		24,522		8,968		222,963
Total off-balance sheet		99,080		32,418		96,899		26,913		10,633		265,943
Total		571,180		363,249		473,802		100,228		186,564		1,695,023
As at 31st December 2009
On-balance sheet:
Cash and balances at central banks		37,697		5,584		32,279		1,742		4,181		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,340		56		–		196		1		1,593
Trading portfolio assets		12,232		35,088		52,229		1,414		28,519		129,482
Financial assets designated at fair value		13,945		3,986		10,800		2,352		3,972		35,055
Derivative financial instruments		133,713		128,881		111,269		2,511		40,441		416,815
Loans and advances to banks		5,117		12,697		13,137		2,388		7,796		41,135
Loans and advances to customers		203,582		84,343		58,355		47,495		26,449		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		22,222		44,014		60,759		527		15,909		143,431
Available for sale financial investments		16,752		14,028		7,175		4,993		6,859		49,807
Other assets		1,565		417		651		661		182		3,476
Total on-balance sheet		448,165		329,094		346,654		64,279		134,309		1,322,501
Off-balance sheet:
Securities lending arrangements		–		–		27,406		–		–		27,406
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		3,337		2,783		5,443		1,795		2,048		15,406
Acceptances and endorsements		134		5		–		26		210		375
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		357		94		–		174		137		762
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		94,763		26,250		57,598		19,306		8,596		206,513
Total off-balance sheet		98,591		29,132		90,447		21,301		10,991		250,462
Total		546,756		358,226		437,101		85,580		145,300		1,572,963

62         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Credit Risk concentrations by industrial sector (audited)

	Financial insti- tutions £m		Manu- facturing £m		Const- ruction and property £m		Govern- ment £m		Energy and water £m		Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure £m		Business and other services £m		Home loans £m		Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending £m		Other £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
On-balance sheet:
Cash and balances at central banks		–		–		–		97,630		–		–		–		–		–		–		97,630
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,378		–		–		6		–		–		–		–		–		–		1,384
Trading portfolio assets		51,337		2,222		986		79,055		3,408		873		2,209		–		17		1,303		141,410
Financial assets designated at fair value		11,507		71		11,746		5,328		1,389		683		2,944		–		109		594		34,371
Derivative financial instruments		382,038		4,810		2,953		7,637		11,265		3,193		2,622		–		61		5,740		420,319
Loans and advances to banks		36,606		–		–		1,193		–		–		–		–		–		–		37,799
Loans and advances to customers		87,405		14,766		28,670		5,108		9,231		17,357		26,228		168,055		46,668		24,454		427,942
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		197,808		50		7		7,247		–		279		339		–		–		42		205,772
Available for sale financial investments		23,585		154		336		33,402		37		117		1,359		410		72		157		59,629
Other assets		1,267		4		47		436		9		9		383		4		615		50		2,824
Total on-balance sheet		792,931		22,077		44,745		237,042		25,339		22,511		36,084		168,469		47,542		32,340		1,429,080
Off-balance sheet:
Securities lending arrangements		27,672		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		27,672
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		5,213		1,445		752		358		1,256		686		2,196		439		477		961		13,783
Acceptances and endorsements		28		111		38		–		4		48		92		–		8		2		331
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		396		35		103		–		3		124		477		–		56		–		1,194
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		47,784		20,999		9,860		2,307		15,671		9,220		10,664		16,789		79,341		10,328		222,963
Total off-balance sheet		81,093		22,590		10,753		2,665		16,934		10,078		13,429		17,228		79,882		11,291		265,943
Total		874,024		44,667		55,498		239,707		42,273		32,589		49,513		185,697		127,424		43,631		1,695,023
As at 31st December 2009
On-balance sheet:
Cash and balances at central banks		–		–		–		81,483		–		–		–		–		–		–		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,586		–		–		7		–		–		–		–		–		–		1,593
Trading portfolio assets		41,482		3,899		1,063		76,454		3,136		608		1,569		–		–		1,271		129,482
Financial assets designated at fair value		13,366		78		11,929		5,435		330		775		2,569		150		4		419		35,055
Derivative financial instruments		379,901		4,230		2,416		6,119		12,081		3,472		5,627		–		69		2,900		416,815
Loans and advances to banks		36,710		–		–		4,425		–		–		–		–		–		–		41,135
Loans and advances to customers		93,113		18,197		29,175		4,801		10,723		19,156		29,603		149,099		40,575		25,782		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		136,184		87		926		5,347		–		279		608		–		–		–		143,431
Available for sale financial investments		30,398		285		269		16,320		57		82		1,896		416		–		84		49,807
Other assets		1,588		23		60		414		13		38		478		106		682		74		3,476
Total on-balance sheet		734,328		26,799		45,838		200,805		26,340		24,410		42,350		149,771		41,330		30,530		1,322,501
Off-balance sheet:
Securities lending arrangements		27,406		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		27,406
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		5,711		1,266		715		–		2,872		955		2,164		584		411		728		15,406
Acceptances and endorsements		85		108		2		–		33		45		8		–		5		89		375
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		242		33		80		–		–		171		233		–		3		–		762
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		39,564		19,530		10,567		1,687		13,502		7,949		9,243		15,356		79,052		10,063		206,513
Total off-balance sheet		73,008		20,937		11,364		1,687		16,407		9,120		11,648		15,940		79,471		10,880		250,462
Total		807,336		47,736		57,202		202,492		42,747		33,530		53,998		165,711		120,801		41,410		1,572,963

An analysis of geographical and industry concentration of Group loans and advances held at amortised cost is presented on page 72.

63

Impairment Charges (audited)

Impairment charges on loans and advances fell 24% to £5,625m (2009: £7,358m), reflecting improving credit conditions in the main sectors and geographies in which Barclays lends, which led to lower charges across the majority of businesses. The largest reduction was in the wholesale portfolios, due to lower charges against credit market exposures and fewer large single name charges. This reduction was partially offset by the impact of deteriorating credit conditions in the Spanish property and construction sectors, which resulted in an increase of £630m in impairment against the Barclays Corporate loan book in Spain, and £532m impairment relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital. In the retail portfolios, impairment performance improved as delinquency rates fell across Barclays businesses, most notably the UK, US, Spanish, Indian, and African portfolios.

As a result of this fall in impairment and the 1% rise in loans and advances, the loan loss rate decreased to 118bps (2009: 156bps).

The impairment charges against available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements fell by 93% to £47m (2009: £713m), principally driven by lower impairment against credit market exposures.

Impairment charges by business (audited)
	Loans and advancesa £m		Available for sale £m			Reverse repos £m			Total £m
Year ended 31st December 2010
UK Retail Banking		819		–			–			819
Barclaycard		1,688		–			–			1,688
Western Europe Retail Banking		314		–			–			314
Barclays Africa		82		–			–			82
Absa		480		–			–			480
Barclays Capitalb		642		(95	)		(4	)		543
Barclays Corporate		1,551		145			–			1,696
Barclays Wealth		48		–			–			48
Head Office Functions and Other Operations		1		1			–			2
Total impairment charges		5,625		51			(4	)		5,672
Year ended 31st December 2009
UK Retail Banking		1,031		–			–			1,031
Barclaycard		1,798		–			–			1,798
Western Europe Retail Banking		334		4			–			338
Barclays Africa		121		–			–			121
Absa		567		–			–			567
Barclays Capitalb		1,898		650			43			2,591
Barclays Corporate		1,544		14			–			1,558
Barclays Wealth		51		–			–			51
Head Office Functions and Other Operations		14		2			–			16
Total impairment charges		7,358		670			43			8,071
Year ended 31st December 2008
UK Retail Banking		642		–			–			642
Barclaycard		1,097		–			–			1,097
Western Europe Retail Banking		172		–			–			172
Barclays Africa		71		–			–			71
Absa		347		–			–			347
Barclays Capitalb		1,936		363			124			2,423
Barclays Corporate		593		–			–			593
Barclays Wealth		44		–			–			44
Head Office Functions and Other Operations		11		19			–			30
Total impairment charges		4,913		382			124			5,419

Notes

a Includes charges of £76m (2009: £28m; 2008: £329m) in respect of undrawn facilities

and guarantees.

b Credit market related impairment charges within Barclays Capital comprised £660m

(2009: £1,205m; 2008: £1,517m) against loans and advances, a write back of £39m

(2009: £464m charge; 2008: £192m charge) against available for sale assets and

a charge against reverse repurchase agreements of £nil (2009: £nil; 2008: £54m).

64         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Credit Risk Management Overview

A. Overview (audited)

Credit risk is the risk of suffering financial loss should any of the Group’s customers, clients or market counterparties fail to fulfil their contractual obligations to the Group.

The granting of credit is one of the Group’s major sources of income and, as the most significant risk, the Group dedicates considerable resources to its control.

The credit risk that the Group faces arises mainly from wholesale and retail loans and advances together with the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative contracts entered into with our clients. Other sources of credit risk arise from trading activities, including debt securities, settlement balances with market counterparties, available for sale assets and reverse repurchase loans.

Credit risk management objectives are to:

– establish a framework of controls to ensure credit risk-taking is based on sound credit risk management principles;

– identify, assess and measure credit risk clearly and accurately across the Group and within each separate business, from the level of individual facilities up to the total portfolio;

– control and plan credit risk-taking in line with external stakeholder expectations and avoiding undesirable concentrations;

– monitor credit risk and adherence to agreed controls; and

– ensure that risk-reward objectives are met.

In the review of Barclays credit risk management that follows, we explain how the Group meets its credit risk management objectives through its organisation, structure and governance, mitigation techniques, measurement and reporting.

B. Organisation and structure

Barclays has structured the responsibilities of credit risk management so that decisions are taken as close as possible to the business, whilst ensuring robust review and challenge of performance, risk infrastructure and strategic plans.

The credit risk management teams in each business are accountable to the business risk directors in those businesses who, in turn, report to the heads of their businesses and also to the Chief Risk Officer.

The role of the Group Risk function is to provide Group wide direction, oversight and challenge of credit risk-taking. Group Risk sets the Credit Risk Control Framework, which provides a structure within which credit risk is managed together with supporting Group Credit Risk Policies. Group Risk also provides technical support, review and validation of credit risk measurement models across the Group.

Group Credit Risk Policies currently in force include:

– Maximum Exposure Guidelines to limit the exposures to an individual customer or counterparty;

– Country risk policies to specify Risk Appetite by country and avoid excessive concentration of credit risk in individual countries;

– Aggregation policy to set out the circumstances in which counterparties should be grouped together for credit risk purposes;

– Expected loss policies to set out the approaches for the calculation of the Group’s expected loss, i.e. measure of anticipated loss for exposures;

– Repayment plans policy for setting the standards for repayment plans and restructures within retail portfolios; and

– Impairment and provisioning policies to ensure that measurement of impairment accurately reflects incurred losses and that clear governance procedures are in place for the calculation and approval of impairment allowances.

The largest credit exposures are approved at the Credit Committee which is managed by Group Risk. Group Risk also manages and approves the Mandate and Scale limits and triggers which mitigate concentration risk and define appetite in risk sensitive areas of the portfolio such as commercial property finance.

The principal committees that review credit risk management, approve overall Group credit policy and resolve all significant credit policy issues are the Board Risk Committee, the Group Risk Oversight Committee, the Wholesale Credit Risk Management Committee and the Retail Credit Risk Management Committee. Senior Group and business risk management are represented on the Group Risk Oversight Committee, the Wholesale Credit Risk Management Committee and the Retail Credit Risk Management Committee.

On a semi-annual basis, the Credit Risk Impairment Committee (CRIC) obtains assurance on behalf of the Group that all businesses are recognising impairment in their portfolios accurately, promptly and in accordance with policy, accounting standards and established governance.

CRIC is chaired by the Credit Risk Director and reviews the movements in impairment, including those already agreed at Credit Committee, as well as potential credit risk loans, loan loss rates, asset quality metrics and impairment coverage ratios.

CRIC makes twice-yearly recommendations to the Board Audit Committee on the adequacy of Group impairment allowances. Impairment allowances are reviewed relative to the risk in the portfolio, business and economic trends, current policies and methodologies, and the Group’s position relative to peer banks.

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C. Credit risk mitigation

Barclays employs a range of techniques and strategies to actively mitigate credit risks to which it is exposed. These can broadly be divided into three types:

– netting and set-off;

– collateral; and

– risk transfer.

In many jurisdictions in which Barclays operates, credit risk exposures can be reduced by applying netting and set off which uses Barclays obligations to a counterparty to produce a lower, net, credit exposure. This technique is commonly used in derivative transactions.

Barclays will often seek to take a security interest in a tangible or financial asset to provide an alternative source of repayment in the event that customers, clients or counterparties are unable to meet their obligations. Assets taken as collateral include cash, financial assets (subject to an appropriate margin or ‘haircut’ to reflect their price volatility) and physical assets, particularly property but also vehicles, aircraft, ships and physical commodities amongst many others. Assets other than cash are subject to regular revaluation to ensure they continue to achieve appropriate mitigation of risk. Customer agreements often include requirements for provision of additional collateral should valuations decline or credit exposure increase (for example due to market moves impacting a derivative exposure).

Finally, a range of instruments including guarantees, credit insurance, credit derivatives and securitisation can be used to transfer credit risk from one counterparty to another. This mitigates credit risk in two main ways:

– firstly, if the risk is transferred to a counterparty which is more creditworthy than the original counterparty, then overall credit risk will be reduced; and

– secondly, where recourse to the first counterparty remains, a default of both counterparties is required before a loss materialises. This will be less likely than the default of either counterparty individually so credit risk is reduced.

Risk transfer can also be used to reduce risk concentrations within portfolios, lowering the impact of stress events.

D. Measurement and internal ratings

The principal objective of credit risk measurement is to produce the most accurate possible quantitative assessment of the credit risk to which the Group is exposed, from the level of individual facilities up to the total portfolio. Integral to this is the calculation of internal ratings, which are used in numerous aspects of credit risk management and in the calculation of regulatory and economic capital. The key building blocks of this process are:

– Probability of default (PD);

– Exposure at default (EAD); and

– Loss given default (LGD).

For example, Barclays can assign an expected loss over the next 12 months to each customer by multiplying these three factors. We calculate probability of default (PD) by assessing the credit quality of borrowers and other counterparties. For the sake of illustration, suppose a customer has a 2% probability of defaulting over a 12-month period.

The exposure at default (EAD) is our estimate of what the outstanding balance will be if the customer does default. Supposing the current balance is £150,000, our models might predict a rise to £200,000 by then. Should customers default, some part of the exposure is usually recovered. The part that is not recovered, together with the economic costs associated with the recovery process, comprise the loss given default (LGD), which is expressed as a percentage of EAD. Supposing the LGD in this case is estimated to be 50%, the expected loss for this customer is: 2% x £200,000 x 50% or £2,000.

To calculate probability of default (PD), Barclays assesses the credit quality of borrowers and other counterparties and assigns them an internal risk rating. Multiple rating methodologies may be used to inform the overall rating decision on individual large credits, such as internal and external models, rating agency ratings and other market information. For smaller credits, a single source may suffice such as the result from an internal rating model. Barclays recognises the need for two different expressions of PD depending on the purpose for which it is used. For the purposes of calculating regulatory and economic capital, long-run average through-the-cycle (TTC) PDs are required. However, for the purposes of pricing and existing customer management, PDs should represent the best estimate of probability of default given the current position in the credit cycle. Hence, point-in-time (PIT) PDs are also required.

Barclays PD Masterscale

Default Probability

Default grade
TTC Band	>=Min	Mid	<Max
1	0.00%	0.01%	0.02%
2	0.02%	0.03%	0.03%
3	0.03%	0.04%	0.05%
4	0.05%	0.08%	0.10%
5	0.10%	0.13%	0.15%
6	0.15%	0.18%	0.20%
7	0.20%	0.23%	0.25%
8	0.25%	0.28%	0.30%
9	0.30%	0.35%	0.40%
10	0.40%	0.45%	0.50%
11	0.50%	0.55%	0.60%
12	0.60%	0.90%	1.20%
13	1.20%	1.38%	1.55%
14	1.55%	1.85%	2.15%
15	2.15%	2.60%	3.05%
16	3.05%	3.75%	4.45%
17	4.45%	5.40%	6.35%
18	6.35%	7.50%	8.65%
19	8.65%	10.00%	11.35%
20	11.35%	15.00%	18.65%
21	18.65%	30.00%	100.00%

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Credit risk management continued

Each PD model outputs an estimate of default probability that is PIT, TTC or a hybrid (e.g. a 50:50 blend). Bespoke conversion techniques, appropriate to the portfolio in question, are then applied to convert the model output to pure PIT and TTC PD estimates. In deriving the appropriate conversion, industry and location of the counterparty and an understanding of the current and long-term credit conditions are considered. Both PIT and TTC PD estimates are recorded for each client.

Within Barclays, the calculation of internal ratings differs between wholesale and retail customers. For wholesale portfolios, the rating system is constructed to ensure that a client receives the same rating regardless of the part of the business with which it is dealing. To achieve this, a model hierarchy is adopted which requires users to adopt a specific approach to rating each counterparty depending upon the nature of the business and its location. A range of methods are utilised for estimating wholesale counterparty PDs. These include bespoke grading models developed within the Group (internal models), vendor models such as MKMV Credit Edge and RiskCalc, and a conversion of external alphabet ratings from either S&P, Moody’s or Fitch. Retail models, especially those used for capital purposes, are almost exclusively built internally using Barclays data. In many cases bureau data is used to complement internal data. In addition, in some low data/low default environments, external developments may also be utilised.

A key element of the Barclays wholesale framework is the PD Masterscale (see below). This scale has been developed to distinguish meaningful differences in the probability of default risk throughout the risk range. In contrast to wholesale businesses, retail areas rarely bucket exposures into generic grades for account management purposes (although they may be used for reporting purposes). Instead, accounts are managed at a more granular and bespoke level.

Exposure at default (EAD) represents the expected level of usage of the credit facility should default occur. At the point of default, the customer exposure can vary from the current position due to the combined effects of additional drawings, repayment of principal and interest and fees. EAD parameters are all derived from internal estimates and are determined from internal historical behaviour. The lower bound of EAD for regulatory

capital purposes is the current balance at calculation of EAD. For derivative instruments, exposure in the event of default is the estimated cost of replacing contracts where counterparties have incurred obligations which they have failed to satisfy.

Should a customer default, some part of the exposure is usually recovered. The part that is not recovered, the actual loss, together with the economic costs associated with the recovery process, comprise the loss given default (LGD), which is expressed as a percentage of EAD. The Group estimates an average LGD using historical information. The level of LGD depends principally on: the type of collateral (if any); the seniority or subordination of the exposure; the industry in which the customer operates (if a business); the length of time taken for the recovery process and the timing of all associated cash flows; and the work-out expense. The outcome is also dependent on economic conditions that may determine, for example, the prices that can be realised for assets, whether a business can readily be refinanced or the availability of a repayment source for personal customers. For the purposes of regulatory capital an adjustment is made to the modelled LGD to account for the increased losses experienced under downturn conditions, giving a ‘downturn LGD’.

E. Reporting

The Group dedicates considerable resources to gaining a clear and accurate understanding of credit risk across the business and ensuring that its balance sheet correctly reflects the value of the assets in accordance with applicable accounting principles. This process can be summarised in five broad stages:

– measuring exposures and concentrations;

– monitoring weaknesses in portfolios;

– identifying potential problem loans and credit risk loans (collectively known as potential credit risk loans or PCRLs);

– raising allowances for impaired loans; and

– writing off assets when the whole or part of a debt is considered irrecoverable.

67

F. Measuring exposures and concentrations

Loans and advances to customers provide the principal source of credit risk to the Group although Barclays can also be exposed to other forms of credit risk through, for example, loans to banks, loan commitments and debt securities. Barclays risk management policies and processes are designed to identify and analyse risk, to set appropriate risk appetite, limits and controls, and to monitor the risks and adherence to limits by means of reliable and timely data. One area of particular review is concentration risk. A concentration of credit risk exists when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar activities and have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic and other conditions. As a result, Barclays constantly reviews its concentration in a number of areas including, for example, geography, maturity and industry (see previous page).

Diversification is achieved through setting maximum exposure guidelines to individual counterparties. Excesses are reported to the Group Risk Oversight Committee and the Board Risk Committee. Mandate & Scale limits are used to limit the stock of current exposures in a loan portfolio and the flow of new exposures into a loan portfolio. Limits are typically based on the nature of the lending and the amount of the portfolio meeting certain standards of underwriting criteria.

G. Monitoring weaknesses in portfolios

Whilst the basic principles for monitoring weaknesses in wholesale and retail exposures are broadly similar, they will reflect the differing nature of the assets. As a matter of policy all facilities granted to corporate or wholesale customers are subject to a review on, at least, an annual basis, even when they are performing satisfactorily.

Corporate accounts that are deemed to contain heightened levels of risk are recorded on graded early warning lists or watchlists comprising three categories graded in line with the perceived severity of the risk attached

to the lending, and its probability of default. These are updated monthly and circulated to the relevant risk control points. Once an account has been placed on watchlist (WL) or early warning list (EWL), the exposure is carefully monitored and, where appropriate, exposure reductions are effected. Should an account become impaired, it will normally have passed through each of the three categories, which reflect the need for increasing caution and control. Where an obligor’s financial health gives grounds for concern, it is immediately placed into the appropriate category. While all obligors, regardless of financial health, are subject to a full review of all facilities on, at least, an annual basis, more frequent interim reviews may be undertaken should circumstances dictate. Specialist recovery functions deal with clients in default, collection or insolvency. Their mandate is to maximise shareholder value via the orderly and timely recovery of impaired debts. Accounts can stay in Recoveries for up to two years unless a longer-term strategy has been agreed.

Within the retail portfolios, which tend to comprise homogeneous assets, statistical techniques more readily allow potential weaknesses to be monitored on a portfolio basis. The approach is consistent with the Group’s policy of raising a collective impairment allowance as soon as objective evidence of impairment is identified. Retail accounts can be classified according to specified categories of arrears status (or cycle), which reflects the level of contractual payments which are overdue on a loan.

The probability of default increases with the number of contractual payments missed, thus raising the associated impairment requirement.

Once a loan has passed through all six cycles it will enter recovery status, having been charged off. In most cases, charge-off will result in the account moving to a legal recovery function or debt sale. This will typically occur after an account has been treated by a collections function. However, in certain cases, an account may be charged off directly from a performing (up to date) status, such as in the case of insolvency or death.

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Risk management

Credit risk management continued

As a general principle, charge-off marks the point at which it becomes more economically efficient to treat an account through a recovery function or debt sale rather than a collections function. Economic efficiency includes the (discounted) expected amount recovered and operational and legal costs. Whilst charge-off is considered an irreversible state, in certain cases, it may be acceptable for mortgage and vehicle finance accounts to move back from charge-off to performing or delinquent states. This is only considered acceptable where local legislation requirements are in place, or where it is deemed that the customer has a renewed willingness to pay and there is a strong chance that they will be able to meet their contractual obligations in the foreseeable future.

For the majority of products, the standard period for charging off accounts is 180 days past due of contractual obligation. However, in the case of customer bankruptcy or insolvency, the associated accounts will be charged off within 60 days. Within UKRB Local Business, accounts that are deemed to have a heightened level of risk, or that exhibit some unsatisfactory features which could affect viability in the short to medium term, are transferred to a separate ‘caution’ stream. Accounts on the caution stream are reviewed on at least a quarterly basis, at which time consideration is given to continuing with the agreed strategy, returning the customer to a lower risk refer stream, or instigating recovery/exit action.

In the retail portfolios, forbearance programmes assist personal customers in financial difficulty through agreements to accept less than contractual amounts due where financial distress would otherwise prevent satisfactory repayment within the original terms and conditions of the contract. These agreements may be initiated by the customer, Barclays or a third party and include approved debt counselling plans, minimum due reductions, interest rate concessions and switches from capital and interest repayments to interest-only payments.

In the wholesale portfolios, Barclays will on occasion participate in debt for equity swaps, debt for asset swaps, debt standstills and debt restructuring agreements as part of the business support process. Debt restructuring agreements may include actions to improve security; such as changing an overdraft to a factoring or invoice discounting facility or moving debt to asset owning companies. Consideration is also given to the waiving or relaxing of covenants where this is the optimum strategy for the survival of our client’s businesses and therefore Barclays loans and advances.

Loans in forbearance programmes are still subject to impairment in line with normal impairment policy.

For personal customers, the Group Retail Impairment Policy outlines the methodology for impairment of assets that are categorised as under forbearance. Identified impairment is raised for such accounts, recognising the agreement between the bank and customer to pay less than the original contractual payment and is measured using a future discounted cash flow approach comparing the debt outstanding to the expected repayment on the debt. This results in appropriately higher provisions being held than for fully performing assets.

For wholesale customers, impairment is raised for any portion of restructured debt that Barclays does not expect to recover. Sufficient identified impairment will be raised to cover the difference between the loan and the present value of future cash flow discounted at the contractual interest rate.

H. Identifying potential credit risk loans

In line with disclosure requirements from the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) in the US, the Group reports potentially and actually impaired loans as Potential Credit Risk Loans (PCRLs). PCRLs comprise two categories of loans: Potential Problem Loans (PPLs) and Credit Risk Loans (CRLs).

PPLs are loans that are currently complying with repayment terms but where serious doubt exists as to the ability of the borrower to continue to comply with such terms in the near future. If the credit quality of a loan on an early warning or watch list deteriorates to the highest category (wholesale) or deteriorates to delinquency cycle 2 (retail), consideration is given to including it within the PPL category.

Should further evidence of deterioration be observed, a loan may move to the CRL category. Events that would trigger the transfer of a loan from the PPL to the CRL category include a missed payment or a breach of covenant. CRLs comprise three classes of loans:

– ‘Impaired loans’ comprise loans where an individual identified impairment allowance has been raised and also include loans which are fully collateralised or where indebtedness has already been written down to the expected realisable value. This category includes all retail loans that have been charged off to legal recovery. The impaired loan category may include loans, which, while impaired, are still performing.

– The category ‘accruing past due 90 days or more’ comprises loans that are 90 days or more past due with respect to principal or interest. An impairment allowance will be raised against these loans if the expected cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate are less than the carrying value.

– The category ‘impaired and restructured loans’ comprises loans not included above where, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, a concession has been granted to the debtor that would not otherwise be considered. Where the concession results in the expected cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate being less than the loan’s carrying value, an impairment allowance will be raised.

I. Allowances for impairment and other credit provisions

Barclays establishes, through charges against profit, impairment allowances and other credit provisions for the incurred loss inherent in the lending book. Under IFRS, impairment allowances are recognised where there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more loss events that have occurred after initial recognition, and where these events have had an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or portfolio of financial assets. Impairment of loans and receivables is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. If the carrying amount is less than the discounted cash flows, then no further allowance is necessary.

Impairment allowances are measured individually for assets that are individually significant, and collectively where a portfolio comprises homogenous assets and where appropriate statistical techniques are available. In terms of individual assessment, the principal trigger point for impairment is the missing of a contractual payment which is evidence that an account is exhibiting serious financial problems, and where any further

69

deterioration is likely to lead to failure. Details of other trigger points can be found on page 197. Two key inputs to the cash flow calculation are the valuation of all security and collateral, as well as the timing of all asset realisations, after allowing for all attendant costs. This method applies mainly in the corporate portfolios.

For collective assessment, the principal trigger point for impairment is the missing of a contractual payment which is the policy consistently adopted across all credit cards, unsecured loans, mortgages and most other retail lending. Details of other trigger points can be found on page 197. The calculation methodology relies on the historical experience of pools of similar assets; hence the impairment allowance is collective. The impairment calculation is based on a roll-rate approach, where the percentage of assets that move from the initial delinquency to default is derived from statistical probabilities based on historical experience. Recovery amounts and contractual interest rates are calculated using a weighted average for the relevant portfolio. This method applies mainly to the Group’s retail portfolios and is consistent with Barclays policy of raising an allowance as soon as impairment is identified.

The impairment allowance in the retail portfolios is mainly assessed on a collective basis and is based on the drawn balances adjusted to take into account the likelihood of the customer defaulting (PD_pit) and the amount estimated as not recoverable (LGD). The basic calculation is:

Impairment allowance = Total outstandings x Probability of Default (PD_pit) x Loss Given Default (LGD)

The PDpit increases with the number of contractual payments missed thus raising the associated impairment requirement.

Impairment in the wholesale portfolios is generally calculated by valuing each impaired asset on a case by case basis, i.e. on an individual assessment basis. A relatively small amount of wholesale impairment relates to unidentified or collective impairment; in such cases impairment is calculated using modelled PD x LGD x EAD adjusted for an emergence period.

Unidentified impairment allowances are also raised to cover losses which are judged to be incurred but not yet specifically identified in customer exposures at the balance sheet date, and which, therefore, have not been specifically reported. The incurred but not yet reported calculation is based on the asset’s probability of moving from the performing portfolio to being specifically identified as impaired within the given emergence period and then on to default within a specified period. This is calculated on the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. The emergence periods vary across businesses and are based on actual experience and are reviewed on an annual basis. This methodology ensures that the Group captures the loss incurred at the correct balance sheet date. These impairment allowances are reviewed and adjusted at least quarterly by an appropriate charge or release of the stock of impairment allowances based on statistical analysis and management judgement. Where appropriate, the accuracy of this analysis is periodically assessed against actual losses (see Modelling of Risk on page 47). As one of the controls to ensure that adequate impairment allowances are held, movements in impairment allowances to individual names with total impairment of more than £10m are presented to the Credit Committee for agreement.

Monitoring the loan loss rate (LLR) provides Barclays with one way of measuring the trends in the quality of the loan portfolio at the Group, business and product levels. At Barclays, the LLR represents the annualised impairment charges on loans and advances to customers and banks and other credit provisions as a percentage of the total, period-end loans and advances to customers and banks, gross of impairment allowances.

The impairment allowance is the aggregate of the identified and unidentified impairment balances. Impairment allowance coverage, or the coverage ratio, is reported at two levels:

– Credit risk loans coverage ratio (impairment allowances as a percentage of CRL balances); and

– Potential credit risk loans coverage ratio (impairment allowances as a percentage of total CRL and PPL balances).

Note

a Loan loss rate for the years prior to 2005 does not reflect the application of IAS 32, IAS 39 and IFRS 4.

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Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Appropriate coverage ratios will vary according to the type of product but can be broadly bracketed under three categories: secured retail home loans; credit cards, unsecured and other personal lending products; and corporate facilities. Analysis and experience has indicated that, in general, the severity rates for these types of products are typically within the following ranges:   –    Secured retail Home loans: 5%-20%;   –    Credit cards, unsecured and other personal lending products: 65%-75%; and   –    Corporate facilities: 30%-50%.   CRL coverage ratios would therefore be expected to be at or around these levels over a defined period of time. In principle, a number of factors may affect the Group’s coverage ratios, including:   –    The mix of products within total CRL balances. Coverage ratios will tend to be lower when there is a high proportion of secured retail and corporate balances within total CRLs. This is due to the fact that the recovery outlook on these types of exposures is typically higher than retail unsecured products with the result that they will have lower impairment requirements.   –    The stage in the economic cycle. Coverage ratios will tend to be lower in the earlier stages of deterioration in credit conditions. At this stage, retail delinquent balances will be predominantly in the early delinquency cycles and corporate names will have only recently moved to CRL categories. As such balances attract a lower impairment requirement, the CRL coverage ratio will be lower.   –    The balance of PPLs to CRLs. The impairment requirements for PPLs are lower than for CRLs, so the greater the proportion of PPLs, the lower the PCRL coverage ratio.   –    Write off policies. The speed with which defaulted assets are written off will affect coverage ratios. The more quickly assets are written off, the lower the ratios will be, since stock with 100% coverage will tend to roll out of PCRL categories more quickly.   J. Writing off of assets After an advance has been identified as impaired and is subject to an impairment allowance, the stage may be reached whereby it is concluded that there is no realistic prospect of further recovery. Write off will occur when, and to the extent that, the whole or part of a debt is considered irrecoverable. The timing and extent of write offs may involve some element of subjective judgement. Nevertheless, a write off will often be prompted by a specific event, such as the inception of insolvency proceedings or other formal recovery action, which makes it possible to establish that some or the entire advance is beyond realistic prospect of recovery. In any event, the position of impaired loans is reviewed at least quarterly to ensure that irrecoverable advances are being written off in a prompt and orderly manner and in compliance with any local regulations.   Such assets are only written off once all the necessary procedures have been completed and the amount of the loss has been determined. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are written back and hence decrease the amount of the reported loan impairment charge in the income statement. In 2010 total write offs of impaired financial assets increased by £930m to £4,310m (2009: £3,380m).

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Loans and Advances to Customers and Banks

Total gross loans and advances to customers and banks increased 1% to £502,695m (2009: £498,064m). Loans and advances at amortised cost were £478,173m (2009: £472,155m) and loans and advances at fair value were £24,522m (2009: £25,909m).

Loans and Advances at Amortised Cost

Gross loans and advances to customers and banks at amortised cost increased 1% (£6,018m) to £478,173m (2009: £472,155m) with a 10% rise in the retail portfolios offset by a 6% fall in wholesale. Included in this balance are settlement balances of £27,112m (2009: £25,825m) and cash collateral balances of £29,374m (2009: £29,847m). The principal drivers for this increase were:

– UK Retail Banking where loans and advances increased 12% to £117,689m (2009: £105,066m), due to increased lending in Home Finance and the acquisition of Standard Life Bank at the beginning of 2010;

– Western Europe Retail Banking where loans and advances increased 6% to £44,500m, which primarily reflected growth in Italian mortgages partially offset by the depreciation in the value of the Euro against Sterling;

– Absa where loans and advances increased 14% to £42,725m (2009: £37,365m), reflecting appreciation in the value of the Rand against Sterling; and

– Barclays Wealth where loans and advances increased 22% to £16,468m (2009: £13,467m) primarily due to growth in High Net Worth lending.

These increases were partially offset by decreases in:

– Barclays Capital where loans and advances decreased 8% to £152,711m (2009: £165,624m) due to a reduction in borrowings partially offset by a net depreciation in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies; and

– Barclays Corporate where loans and advances decreased by 6% to £68,632m (2009: £73,007m), principally due to lower customer demand in the UK & Ireland business.

Analysis of loans and advances
	Gross loans  and advances £m		Impairment allowance £m		Loans and advances net of impairment £m		Credit risk loans £m		CRLs % of gross loans and advances %		Impairment charges £m			Loan loss rates bps
As at 31st December 2010
Wholesale - customers (excluding loan to Protium)		197,431		4,969		192,462		11,716		5.9%		1,815			92
Wholesale - banks		37,847		48		37,799		35		0.1%		(18	)		(5	)
Total wholesale (excluding loan to Protium)		235,278		5,017		230,261		11,751		5.0%		1,797			76
Loan to Protium		7,560		532		7,028		7,560		100.0%		532			704
Total wholesale		242,838		5,549		237,289		19,311		8.0%		2,329			96
Retail - customers		235,335		6,883		228,452		12,571		5.3%		3,296			140
Total retail		235,335		6,883		228,452		12,571		5.3%		3,296			140
Loans and advances at amortised cost (excluding loan to Protium)		470,613		11,900		458,713		24,322		5.2%		5,093			108
Loans and advances at amortised cost		478,173		12,432		465,741		31,882		6.7%		5,625			118
Loans and advances held at fair value		24,522		n/a		24,522
Total loans and advances		502,695		12,432		490,263
As at 31st December 2009
Wholesale - customers		217,470		4,616		212,854		10,982		5.0%		3,428			158
Wholesale - banks		41,196		61		41,135		57		0.1%		11			3
Total wholesale		258,666		4,677		253,989		11,039		4.3%		3,439			133
Retail - customers		213,489		6,119		207,370		11,503		5.4%		3,919			184
Total retail		213,489		6,119		207,370		11,503		5.4%		3,919			184
Loans and advances at amortised cost		472,155		10,796		461,359		22,542		4.8%		7,358			156
Loans and advances held at fair value		25,909		n/a		25,909
Total loans and advances		498,064		10,796		487,268

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Credit risk management continued

Loans and advances at amortised cost net of impairment allowances, by industry sector and geography
	United Kingdom £m		Other European Union £m		United States £m		Africa £m		Rest of the World £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
Financial institutions		23,184		25,173		53,191		3,786		18,677		124,011
Manufacturing		6,591		4,160		704		1,193		2,118		14,766
Construction		3,607		1,258		5		739		254		5,863
Property		13,356		2,895		493		4,706		1,357		22,807
Government		533		1,159		324		2,217		2,068		6,301
Energy and water		2,181		3,090		2,092		136		1,732		9,231
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		11,441		2,444		509		1,646		1,317		17,357
Business and other services		15,185		4,358		979		2,841		2,865		26,228
Home loans		104,872		36,979		28		24,911		1,265		168,055
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		26,255		7,499		6,765		3,755		2,394		46,668
Other		8,023		4,629		766		8,483		2,553		24,454
Net loans and advances to customers and banks		215,228		93,644		65,856		54,413		36,600		465,741
As at 31st December 2009
Financial institutions		26,194		26,815		57,442		4,295		15,077		129,823
Manufacturing		8,407		5,327		773		1,398		2,292		18,197
Construction		3,503		1,380		7		850		192		5,932
Property		13,424		4,129		412		4,154		1,124		23,243
Government		913		770		360		3,072		4,111		9,226
Energy and water		2,447		3,878		2,333		156		1,909		10,723
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		12,610		2,362		720		1,690		1,774		19,156
Business and other services		16,359		4,774		1,708		3,997		2,765		29,603
Home loans		90,840		35,644		19		21,596		1,000		149,099
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		24,999		6,737		6,672		813		1,354		40,575
Other		9,003		5,224		1,046		7,862		2,647		25,782
Net loans and advances to customers and banks		208,699		97,040		71,492		49,883		34,245		461,359

Group wholesale loans and advances held at fair value by industry sector

Total loans and advances held at fair value were £24,522m (2009: £25,909m), principally relating to Barclays Corporate and Barclays Capital. Barclays Corporate loans and advances held at fair value, which comprise lending to property, government and business and other services, were £14,401m (2009: £13,074m). Movements in the fair value of these loans are substantially offset by fair value movements on hedging instruments. Barclays Capital loans and advances held at fair value were £9,987m (2009: £12,835m). Included within this balance is £4,712m relating to credit market exposures, the majority of which is made up of commercial real estate loans, £5,275m primarily comprising loans to financial institutions and business and other services.

Loans and advances held at fair value by industry sector As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m
Financial institutions		2,125		3,543
Manufacturing		347		1,561
Construction		249		237
Property		11,934		11,490
Government		5,088		5,024
Energy and water		370		241
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		800		664
Business and other services		3,246		2,793
Other		363		356
Total		24,522		25,909

73

Impairment allowances

Impairment allowances increased £1,636m to £12,432m (2009: £10,796m), reflecting increased impairment charges against delinquent assets across the majority of retail businesses as they flowed into later cycles, higher impairment charges against the Spanish property sectors, reflected in Barclays Corporate – Continental Europe, and a charge relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital. Amounts written off increased £930m to £4,310m (2009: £3,380m) with higher write offs across the majority of businesses.

Movements in allowance for impairment by asset class (audited)
	At beginning of year £m		Acquisitions and disposals £m			Unwind of discount £m			Exchange and other adjustments £m			Amounts written off £m			Recoveries £m		Amounts charged to income statement £m			Balance at 31st December £m
2010
Loans and advances to banks		61		–			–			(1	)		(11	)		17		(18	)		48
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		639		18			(54	)		63			(134	)		6		316			854
Credit card receivables		2,309		74			(100	)		50			(1,374	)		77		1,405			2,441
Other personal lending		2,908		–			(47	)		45			(1,059	)		37		1,243			3,127
Wholesale and corporate		4,558		(14	)		(6	)		148			(1,547	)		40		2,432			5,611
Finance lease receivables		321		–			(6	)		26			(185	)		24		171			351
Total loans and advances to customers		10,735		78			(213	)		332			(4,299	)		184		5,567			12,384
Total impairment allowance		10,796		78			(213	)		331			(4,310	)		201		5,549			12,432
2009
Loans and advances to banks		51		–			–			(11	)		–			10		11			61
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		321		19			(59	)		46			(82	)		3		391			639
Credit card receivables		1,445		415			(79	)		(28	)		(1,009	)		78		1,487			2,309
Other personal lending		1,869		–			(26	)		(89	)		(633	)		21		1,766			2,908
Wholesale and corporate		2,699		–			(15	)		(48	)		(1,538	)		28		3,432			4,558
Finance lease receivables		189		–			(6	)		3			(118	)		10		243			321
Total loans and advances to customers		6,523		434			(185	)		(116	)		(3,380	)		140		7,319			10,735
Total impairment allowance		6,574		434			(185	)		(127	)		(3,380	)		150		7,330			10,796

74         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Potential Credit Risk Loans

Protium

As at 31st December 2010, wholesale gross loans and advances included a £7,560m loan to Protium. Principal and interest payments have been received in accordance with contractual terms. However, following a reassessment of the expected realisation period, the loan is carried at an amount equivalent to the fair value of the underlying collateral, resulting in an impairment of £532m. Further details are provided on page 90.

Including the loan to Protium of £7,560m, the Credit Risk Loans (CRL) balance rose by 41% to £31,882m (2009: £22,542m) reflecting increases across the majority of businesses. In contrast the Group’s Potential Problem Loans (PPLs) balance fell by 24% to £2,695m (2009: £3,523m) primarily reflecting lower balances in the wholesale sector. As a consequence of the increase in CRLs and fall in PPLs, the Group Potential Credit Risk Loan (PCRL) balances increased by 33% to £34,577m (2009: £26,065m). Impairment allowances, including an allowance of £532m held against Protium, rose by 15% to £12,432m (2009: £10,796m) reflecting increases in most businesses. As a result, both the CRL and PCRL coverage ratios fell in 2010, to 39.0% (2009: 47.9%) and 36.0% (2009: 41.4%), respectively. However, these falls reflected the inclusion of the relatively lowly covered (7%) Protium loan in 2010 as, excluding Protium, coverage ratios rose in both the retail and wholesale sectors.

In light of the effect of the Protium loan and related impairment allowance on CRLs and coverage ratios, the commentary below excludes the impact of the Protium loan to allow for a more meaningful analysis of other exposures and to facilitate comparison with prior years. The tables below show figures and ratios both including and excluding the effect of Protium.

Credit Risk Loans

The Group’s Credit Risk Loans (CRLs) rose 8% to £24,322m (2009: £22,542m) reflecting increases in both the retail and wholesale sectors.

CRLs in the Wholesale portfolios increased 6% to £11,751m (2009: £11,039m) primarily due to a rise in Continental Europe reflecting the deterioration in the Spanish property sector. This was partially offset by lower balances in Barclays Capital as credit conditions led to improvements across default grades and an improvement in credit market exposures.

CRLs in the Retail portfolios rose 9% to £12,571m (2009: £11,503m) reflecting increases in Home Loans of 14% to £4,294m (2009: £3,758m) primarily due to an increase in the Sterling value of recovery balances in the Absa Home Loans portfolio as well as the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other Retail Lending increased 7% to £8,277m (2009: £7,745m) reflecting higher recovery balances as accounts rolled through to later cycles in most businesses and a weak debt sale sector.

Potential Problem Loans

The Group’s Potential Problem Loans (PPLs) balance fell by 24% to £2,695m (2009: £3,523m).

PPL balances fell 26% in Wholesale portfolios to £1,970m (2009: £2,674m) mainly reflecting a decrease in Barclays Capital as a small number of counterparties moved out of the category and some balances reduced, and decreases in Continental Europe, mainly Spain, and Absa as accounts flowed in to CRL categories.

In the Retail portfolios, PPLs fell 15% to £725m (2009: £849m) primarily due to a fall of £94m in Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other Retail Lending portfolios, driven by lower balances in Barclaycard, primarily UK Secured Loans and US Cards and Western Europe Retail Bank, primarily Spain.

Potential Credit Risk Loans

Group Potential Credit Risk Loan (PCRL) balances increased 4% to £27,017m (2009: £26,065m), reflecting an increase in CRLs partially offset by a decrease in PPLs.

Total PCRL balances in the Wholesale portfolios remained broadly unchanged at £13,721m (2009: £13,713m).

PCRL balances rose in Home Loans by 13% to £4,554m (2009: £4,048m) while PCRLs in Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other Retail Lending portfolios increased 5% to £8,742m (2009: £8,304m).

Coverage Ratios

In the Wholesale portfolios, the CRL coverage ratio increased to 42.7% (2009: 42.4%), and the PCRL coverage ratio increased to 36.6% (2009: 34.1%).

The CRL coverage ratio in Home Loans increased to 19.9% (2009: 17.0%), and the PCRL coverage ratio increased to 18.8% (2009: 15.8%). The CRL coverage ratio in Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other portfolios increased to 72.8% (2009: 70.8 %) and the PCRL coverage ratio increased to 69.0% (2009: 66.0%).

The CRL coverage ratios in Home Loans, Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other and Wholesale portfolios remain within typical severity rate ranges for these types of products. The Group’s CRL coverage ratio increased to 48.9% (2009: 47.9%). The PCRL coverage ratio also increased to 44.0% (2009: 41.4%).

Potential credit risk loans and coverage ratios	CRLs				PPLs				PCRLs
	2010		2009		2010		2009		2010		2009
As at 31st December	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Home loansa		4,294		3,758		260		290		4,554		4,048
Credit cards, unsecured and other retail lending		8,277		7,745		465		559		8,742		8,304
Retail		12,571		11,503		725		849		13,296		12,352
Wholesale (excluding loan to Protium)		11,751		11,039		1,970		2,674		13,721		13,713
Loan to Protiumb		7,560		–		–		–		7,560		–
Wholesale		19,311		11,039		1,970		2,674		21,281		13,713
Group (excluding loan to Protium)		24,322		22,542		2,695		3,523		27,017		26,065
Group		31,882		22,542		2,695		3,523		34,577		26,065

	Impairment allowance				CRL coverage				PCRL coverage
	2010		2009		2010		2009		2010		2009
As at 31st December	£m		£m		%		%		%		%
Home loansa		854		639		19.9		17.0		18.8		15.8
Credit cards, unsecured and other retail lending		6,029		5,480		72.8		70.8		69.0		66.0
Retail		6,883		6,119		54.8		53.2		51.8		49.5
Wholesale (excluding loan to Protium)		5,017		4,677		42.7		42.4		36.6		34.1
Loan to Protiumb		532		–		7.0		–		7.0		–
Wholesale		5,549		4,677		28.7		42.4		26.1		34.1
Group (excluding loan to Protium)		11,900		10,796		48.9		47.9		44.0		41.4
Group		12,432		10,796		39.0		47.9		36.0		41.4

Notes

a Comparative figures for Home Loans have been restated to align with externally disclosed arrears definitions.

b Refer to page 90 for further information on Protium.

75

Wholesale Credit Risk

Loans and advances to customers and banks in the wholesale portfolios decreased 6% to £242,838m (2009: £258,666m), including a fall of 8% in Barclays Capital to £152,711m (2009: £165,624m) due to a reduction in borrowings offset by a net depreciation in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies. Loans and advances in Barclays Corporate fell 6% to £66,961m (2009: £71,125m), due to reduced customer demand in UK & Ireland. The 21% increase in balances to £12,188m at Absa was due to the appreciation in the value of the Rand against Sterling during 2010.

Impairment allowances increased 19% to £5,549m (2009: £4,677m) principally reflecting the increase in Barclays Corporate – Continental Europe and impairment of £532m relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital. Excluding the impact of the Protium loan, the credit risk loans (CRL) coverage ratio increased to 42.7% (2009: 42.4%) and the potential credit risk loans (PCRL) coverage ratio increased to 36.6% (2009: 34.1%).

In the wholesale portfolios, the impairment charge against loans and advances fell 32% to £2,329m (2009: £3,439m) mainly due to lower charges against credit market exposures in Barclays Capital. In addition there was a release in the non-credit market related loan book. This was partially offset by an increase in the Barclays Corporate impairment charge as deteriorating credit conditions in the Spanish property and construction sector led to significantly higher charges in Continental Europe, although this was partially mitigated by lower default rates and fewer single name charges in UK & Ireland and New Markets. In addition, wholesale impairment reflected £532m relating to the Protium loan in Barclays Capital.

Wholesale loans and advances net of impairment decreased 7% to £237,289m (2009: £253,989m). This is mainly made up of Barclays Capital which decreased 8% to £149,675m (2009: £162,599m) and Barclays Corporate which decreased 7% to £64,975m (2009: £69,921m).

The loan loss rate across the Group’s wholesale portfolios for 2010 was 96bps (full year 2009: 133bps), reflecting the fall in impairment. The wholesale CRL coverage ratio was 28.7% (2009: 42.4%). Excluding Protium, the wholesale CRL coverage ratio was 42.7% (2009: 42.4%).

The principal uncertainties relating to the performance of the wholesale portfolios in 2011 include the:

– extent and sustainability of economic recovery particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa;

– potential for large single name losses and deterioration in specific sectors and geographies;

– possible deterioration in remaining credit market exposures, including commercial real estate and leveraged finance;

– impact of potentially deteriorating sovereign credit quality; and

– potential impact of increasing inflation on economic growth and corporate profitability.

Wholesale loans and advances at amortised cost
	Gross loans and advances £m		Impairment allowance £m		Loans and advances net of impairment £m		Credit risk loans £m		CRLs % of gross loans and advances %		Impairment charges £m		Loans loss rates bps
As at 31st December 2010
UK Retail Banking		3,889		77		3,812		345		8.9%		80		206
Barclaycardb		338		5		333		7		2.1%		20		592
Barclays Africa		2,456		123		2,333		242		9.9%		28		114
Absa		12,188		239		11,949		912		7.5%		95		78
Barclays Capital (excluding loan to Protium)		145,151		2,504		142,647		5,370		3.7%		110		8
Loan to Protium		7,560		532		7,028		7,560		100.0%		532		704
Barclays Capital		152,711		3,036		149,675		12,930		8.5%		642		42
Barclays Corporate		66,961		1,986		64,975		4,591		6.9%		1,436		214
Barclays Wealth		2,884		66		2,818		218		7.6%		27		94
Head office		1,411		17		1,394		66		4.7%		1		7
Total (excluding loan to Protium)		235,278		5,017		230,261		11,751		5.0%		1,797		76
Total		242,838		5,549		237,289		19,311		8.0%		2,329		96
As at 31st December 2009
UK Retail Banking		4,002		56		3,946		247		6.2%		95		238
Barclaycardb		322		4		318		10		3.1%		17		528
Barclays Africa		2,991		124		2,867		227		7.6%		33		110
Absa		10,077		195		9,882		690		6.8%		67		66
Barclays Capital		165,624		3,025		162,599		6,411		3.9%		1,898		115
Barclays Corporate		71,125		1,204		69,921		3,148		4.4%		1,298		182
Barclays Wealth		3,495		43		3,452		179		5.1%		17		49
Head office		1,030		26		1,004		127		12.4%		14		137
Total		258,666		4,677		253,989		11,039		4.3%		3,439		133

Notes

a Loans and advances to business customers in Western Europe Retail Banking are included in the Retail Loans and Advances to customers at amortised cost table on page 77.

b Barclaycard represents corporate credit and charge cards.

76         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

(i) Analysis of Barclays Capital Wholesale Loans and Advances at Amortised Cost

Barclays Capital wholesale loans and advances net of impairment decreased 8% to £149,675m (2009: £162,599m). This was driven by a reduction in corporate lending which declined 18% to £41,093m (2009: £49,849m) primarily due to a reduction in borrowings by customers partially offset by the net depreciation in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies.

Included within corporate lending and other wholesale lending portfolios are £3,787m (2009: £5,646m) of loans backed by retail mortgage collateral classified within financial institutions.

Barclays Capital wholesale loans and advances at amortised cost
	Gross loans and advances £m		Impairment allowance £m		Loans and advances net of impairment £m		Credit risk loans £m		CRLs % of gross loans and advances %		Impairment charges £m			Loan loss rates bps
As at 31st December 2010
Loans and advances to banks
Cash collateral and settlement balances		14,058		–		14,058		–		0.0%		–			–
Interbank lending		21,547		48		21,499		35		0.2%		(18	)		(8	)
Loans and advances to customers
Government lending		2,940		–		2,940		–		0.0%		–			–
ABS CDO Super Senior		3,537		1,545		1,992		3,537		100.0%		(137	)		(387	)
Corporate lending		41,891		798		41,093		1,483		3.5%		285			68
Other wholesale lending (excluding loan to Protium)		18,750		113		18,637		315		1.7%		(20	)		(11	)
Loan to Protium		7,560		532		7,028		7,560		100.0%		532			704
Other wholesale lending		26,310		645		25,665		7,875		29.9%		512			195
Cash collateral and settlement balances		42,428		–		42,428		–		0.0%		–			–
Total (excluding loan to Protium)		145,151		2,504		142,647		5,370		3.7%		110			8
Total		152,711		3,036		149,675		12,930		8.5%		642			42
As at 31st December 2009
Loans and advances to banks
Cash collateral and settlement balances		15,893		–		15,893		–		0.0%		–			–
Interbank lending		21,722		61		21,661		57		0.3%		14			6
Loans and advances to customers
Government lending		3,456		–		3,456		–		0.0%		–			–
ABS CDO Super Senior		3,541		1,610		1,931		3,541		100.0%		714			2,016
Corporate lending		50,886		1,037		49,849		2,198		4.3%		1,115			219
Other wholesale lending		30,347		317		30,030		615		2.0%		55			18
Cash collateral and settlement balances		39,779		–		39,779		–		0.0%		–			–
Total		165,624		3,025		162,599		6,411		3.9%		1,898			115

(ii) Analysis of Barclays Corporate Wholesale Loans and Advances at Amortised Cost

Barclays Corporate wholesale loans and advances net of impairment decreased 7% to £64,975m (2009: £69,921m). This was driven primarily by a reduction in borrowings across all three of the business’ main segments, alongside an increase in impairment allowances in Spain.

The UK & Ireland portfolios declined 6% to £52,659m (2009: £56,215m), primarily due to lower overdraft balances and asset based loans, reflecting depressed demand as UK businesses de-leverage. The Continental Europe portfolios declined 11% to £10,162m (2009: £11,453m) driven by increased impairment allowances in Spain, as well as lower revolving credit lines, term lending and mortgage loans.

Barclays Corporate wholesale loans and advances at amortised cost
	Gross loans and advances £m		Impairment allowance £m		Loans and advances net of impairment £m		Credit risk loans £m		CRLs % of gross loans and advances %		Impairment charges £m		Loan loss rates bps
As at 31st December 2010
UK & Ireland		53,308		649		52,659		1,699		3.2%		503		94
Continental Europe		11,385		1,223		10,162		2,739		24.1%		884		776
New Markets		2,268		114		2,154		153		6.7%		49		216
Total		66,961		1,986		64,975		4,591		6.9%		1,436		214
As at 31st December 2009
UK & Ireland		56,838		623		56,215		1,588		2.8%		864		152
Continental Europe		11,912		459		11,453		1,396		11.7%		309		259
New Markets		2,375		122		2,253		164		6.9%		125		526
Total		71,125		1,204		69,921		3,148		4.4%		1,298		182

77

Retail Credit Risk

Gross loans and advances to customers in the retail portfolios increased 10% to £235,335m (2009: £213,489m). In UK Retail Banking, the increase of 13% to £113,800m (2009: £101,064m) primarily reflected increased lending in the UK Home Finance portfolio and the acquisition of Standard Life Bank at the start of 2010. Barclays Wealth loans and advances increased 36% to £13,584m (2009: £9,972m) primarily due to growth in High Net Worth lending. Western Europe Retail Banking loans and advances to customers increased 6%, which primarily reflected growth in Italian mortgages and the acquisition of Citigroup’s credit card business in Italy, partially offset by the depreciation in the value of the Euro against Sterling. Absa balances increased 12% due to the appreciation in the value of the Rand against Sterling during 2010.

Retail impairment allowances rose 12% to £6,883m (2009: £6,119m) comprising growth of 34% in Home Loans to £854m (2009: £639m) and 10% (£549m) in Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other Retail Lending to £6,029m (2009: £5,480m) as impairment stock increased against delinquent assets flowing into later cycles.

Total retail loans and advances net of impairment were £228,452m on 31st December 2010 (2009: £207,370m), of which Home Loans were

£168,055m (2009: £149,099m), Credit Cards and Unsecured loans were £39,171m (2009: £39,012m), and Other Retail Lending were £21,226m (2009: £19,259m).

Total Home Loans net of impairment to retail customers rose by 13% to £168,055m (2009: £149,099m) principally due to an increase in the UK Home Loan portfolios within UK Retail Banking which grew 15% to £101,210m (2009: £87,943m). Home Loans represented 74% of total retail loans and advances to customers on 31st December 2010 (2009: 72%).

Credit Risk Loans

CRLs in the Retail portfolios rose 9% to £12,571m (2009: £11,503m) reflecting increases in Home Loans of 14% to £4,294m (2009: £3,758m) primarily due to an increase in recovery balances in the Sterling value of Absa Home Loans portfolio and the acquisition of Standard Life Bank. Credit Cards, Unsecured and Other Retail Lending increased 7% to £8,277m (2009: £7,745m) reflecting higher recovery balances as accounts rolled through to later delinquency cycles in most businesses and a weak debt sale market.

The CRL coverage ratios were higher at 31st December 2010 in Retail Home Loans at 19.9% (2009: 17.0%) and in Retail Credit Cards Unsecured and Other Retail Lending at 72.8%, (2009: 70.8%) but remained within typical severity rate ranges for these types of products.

Retail loans and advances at amortised cost
			Gross loans and advances £m		Impairment allowance £m		Loans and advances net of impairment £m		Credit risk loans £m		CRLs % of gross loans and advances %		Impairment charges £m		Loan loss rates bps
As at 31st December 2010
UK Retail Banking				113,800		1,737		112,063		3,166		2.8%		739		65
Barclaycard				29,281		2,981		26,300		3,678		12.6%		1,668		570
WE Retail Bankinga				44,500		833		43,667		1,729		3.9%		314		71
Barclays Africa				1,962		160		1,802		177		9.0%		54		275
Absa				30,537		842		29,695		3,190		10.4%		385		126
Barclays Corporateb				1,671		255		1,416		301		18.0%		115		688
Barclays Wealth				13,584		75		13,509		330		2.4%		21		15
Total				235,335		6,883		228,452		12,571		5.3%		3,296		140
As at 31st December 2009
UK Retail Banking				101,064		1,587		99,477		3,262		3.2%		936		93
Barclaycard				29,460		2,670		26,790		3,392		11.5%		1,781		605
WE Retail Bankinga				42,012		673		41,339		1,410		3.4%		334		80
Barclays Africa				1,811		138		1,673		163		9.0%		88		486
Absa				27,288		655		26,633		2,573		9.4%		500		183
Barclays Corporateb				1,882		340		1,542		397		21.1%		246		1,307
Barclays Wealth				9,972		56		9,916		306		3.1%		34		34
Total				213,489		6,119		207,370		11,503		5.4%		3,919		184
Analysis of retail loans and advances to customers at amortised cost net of impairment allowances
	Home loans				Credit cards and unsecured loans				Other retail lending				Total retail
As at 31st December		2010 £m		2009 £m		2010 £m		2009 £m		2010 £m		2009 £m		2010 £m		2009 £m
UK Retail Banking		101,210		87,943		6,500		7,329		4,353		4,205		112,063		99,477
Barclaycard		–		–		20,991		21,564		5,309		5,226		26,300		26,790
WE Retail Banking		36,395		34,506		4,756		3,511		2,516		3,322		43,667		41,339
Barclays Africa		203		142		1,598		1,520		1		11		1,802		1,673
Absa		23,988		20,492		2,447		2,282		3,260		3,859		29,695		26,633
Barclays Corporate		377		396		783		984		256		162		1,416		1,542
Barclays Wealth		5,882		5,620		2,096		1,822		5,531		2,474		13,509		9,916
Total		168,055		149,099		39,171		39,012		21,226		19,259		228,452		207,370

Notes

a Western Europe Retail Banking includes loans and advances to business customers at amortised cost.

b Barclays Corporate primarily includes retail portfolios in India, UAE and Russia.

78         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Retail Impairment

In Retail portfolios, the impairment charge against loans and advances fell 16% to £3,296m (2009: £3,919m) as a result of lower charges across all businesses. This reflected the improving economic conditions compared to 2009, particularly in the labour and housing sectors, the continuing low interest rate environment, credit actions taken and an improved collections performance. This improvement was partially offset by the impact of a fall in house prices in Spain. The largest improvement was in UK Retail Banking which decreased 21% to £739m principally due to lower charges-offs and flows into collections in unsecured loans and overdrafts. The decrease of 6% to £1,668m in Barclaycard reflected positive underlying delinquency and bankruptcy trends, most notably in the US Cards and Absa Cards portfolios.

In Barclays Corporate, the impairment of retail portfolios decreased 53% to £115m, reflecting improving delinquency performance in the Indian and UAE portfolios. In Absa, impairment fell 23% to £385m mainly as a result of improvement in the retail mortgage portfolio partially offset by the appreciation in the value of the Rand against Sterling. Impairment charges were also lower in Western Europe Retail Banking, primarily due to an improved performance in collections and lower delinquency rates in the majority of the Spanish portfolios. Impairment charges reduced in Barclays Africa as a result of an improved collections performance.

The loan loss rate across the Group’s Retail portfolios for 2010 was 140bps (2009: 184bps).

The principal uncertainties relating to the performance of the Group’s retail portfolios in 2011 include the:

– increase in unemployment due to fiscal-tightening and other measures;

– sustainability of economic recovery particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa;

– impact of rising inflation and the speed and extent of interest rate rises on affordability; and

– the possibility of any further falls in residential property prices in the UK, South Africa and Western Europe.

Home Loans

The Group’s principal Home Loan portfolios consisted of UK Retail Banking (60% of the Group total), Western Europe Retail Banking (primarily Spain and Italy) (22%) and South Africa (14%). These portfolios account for 96% of the Group’s Home Loan portfolios.

Home loans principal portfoliosa	Three month arrearsb %		Gross charge-off ratesc %		Recoveries proportion of outstanding balances %		Recoveries impairment coverage ratiod %
As at 31st December 2010
UK		0.3		0.5		0.7		8.6
South Africa		3.9		3.5		6.7		31.7
Spain		0.4		0.7		1.6		32.0
Italy		0.8		0.6		1.2		29.0
As at 31st December 2009
UK		0.3		0.9		0.8		4.8
South Africa		4.1		4.0		5.6		30.1
Spain		0.6		1.3		1.5		10.3
Italy		1.0		0.5		0.9		32.9
Home loans principal portfoliosa	Average LTV on new mortgages %		New mortgages proportion above 85% LTV %		Portfolio marked to market LTVe %		Portfolio proportion above 85% LTVe %
As at 31st December 2010
UK		52		<1		43		10
South Africa		61		30		45		27
Spainf		61		1		58		12
Italy		59		<1		45		2
As at 31st December 2009
UK		48		1		43		14
South Africa		56		25		47		36
Spainf		58		<1		54		10
Italy		51		1		45		2

Notes

a Comprising: UK: UK Retail Banking residential and buy to let mortgage portfolios; South Africa: Absa retail home loans portfolio; Spain and Italy: Retail mortgage portfolios.

b Defined as balances greater than 90 days delinquent but not charged off to recoveries, expressed as a percentage of outstanding balances excluding balances in recoveries. UK three month arrears rates for 2009 have been re-stated from 1.04% to exclude balances in recoveries.

c Defined as balances that were charged off to recoveries in the reporting period, expressed as a percentage of average outstanding balances excluding balances in recoveries.

d Defined as impairment allowance held against recoveries balances expressed as a percentage of balance in recoveries.

e Portfolio mark-to-market based on current valuations including recoveries balances.

f Spain mark-to-market methodology based on balance weighted approach as per Bank of Spain requirements.

79

In 2010 Barclays increased lending to meet customer demand, most notably in the UK, whilst maintaining a broadly stable risk appetite. Total Home Loans net of impairment to retail customers rose 13% to £168,055m (2009: £149,099m) principally due to an increase in the Home Loans portfolios within UK Retail Banking which grew 15% to £101,210m (2009: £87,943m). Home Loans represented 74% of total retail loans and advances to customers net of impairment on 31st December 2010 (2009: 72%).

Home Loans was a principal driver of retail asset growth in 2010. The growth was mainly in the UK Home Loans portfolio driven by the acquisition of Standard Life Bank and increased lending. The gross new lending in Home Loans in 2010 was £16,875m in the UK (2009: £14,180m), £1,898m in South Africa (2009: £1,583m), £1,963m in Spain (2009: £2,352m), £3,561m in Italy (2009: £2,860m).

Improvements in arrears rates during 2010 were driven by balance growth and increased customer affordability supported by the low base rate environment. The improvement in arrears rates drove lower gross charge-off rates in the majority of portfolios.

Three month arrears rates within the South African portfolio improved as debt counselling balances held in late stage delinquency cycles moved to recoveries. Recoveries as a proportion of outstanding balances increased throughout 2010 as accounts remained in recoveries for an extended period as a result of a longer time taken to realise securities due to increased debt counselling balances moving into recoveries.

The asset quality of Barclays principal Home Loan portfolios has continued to be within expectations in the current economic conditions, as a result of the moderate average LTV of the existing portfolio and the range of LTVs of new mortgage lending.

Barclays has broadly maintained its risk appetite in 2010. There has been an increase across all portfolios in the average LTV on new mortgages, offset by redemptions resulting in year end marked to market LTVs broadly remaining unchanged compared to December 2009.

The increase of average LTV for new mortgage business in the UK and Spain was driven by an increased proportion of new mortgages from house purchase as the remortgage sector contracted significantly. In South Africa, the increase was driven by targeted acquisition criteria for higher LTV lending to better quality customers with an existing banking relationship with Absa.

In the UK, buy to let mortgages comprised 6% of the total stock as at 31st December 2010.

Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans

The Group’s principal Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans portfolios are primarily comprised of UK Cards (28% of Group’s total Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans), UK Loans (14%) and US Cards (17%). These account for 59% of the Group’s Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans.

Gross new lending in 2010 for UK Cards was £2,298m (2009: £1,414m), for UK Loans was £2,212m (2009: £2,339m), and for US Cards was £4,126m (2009: £4,837m), representing the three main Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans retail portfolios in the Group. Loans and advances to customers net of impairment allowances remained broadly flat in 2010 at £39,171m (2009: £39,012m).

Three month arrears rates improved across all of Group’s largest unsecured portfolios in 2010. UK Cards arrears rates fell to 1.5% (2009: 1.8%), reflecting the impact of improving economic conditions during 2010, while UK Loans arrears rates fell to 2.6% (2009: 3.8%) and US Cards arrears rates fell to 2.5% (2009: 3.3%).

Credit cards and unsecured loans principal portfolios	One month arrearsa %		Three month arrearsa %		Gross charge-off ratesb %		Recoveries proportion of outstanding balances %		Recoveries impairment coverage ratioc %
As at 31st December 2010
UK Cards		3.4		1.5		8.4		9.1		83.9
UK Loans		4.7		2.6		7.9		18.5		82.5
US Cards		4.6		2.5		12.2		8.1		93.8
As at 31st December 2009
UK Cards		4.2		1.8		7.4		8.5		81.3
UK Loansd		6.1		3.8		8.2		16.8		80.7
US Cards		6.1		3.3		12.2		6.4		91.7

Notes

a Defined as balances greater than 30 or 90 days delinquent but not charged off to recoveries, expressed as a percentage of outstanding balances excluding balances in recovery. Percentages include accounts in forbearance programmes.

b Defined as balances that charged-off to recoveries in the reporting period, expressed as a percentage of average outstanding balances excluding balances in recoveries.

c Defined as impairment allowance held against recoveries balances, expressed as a percentage of balances in recoveries.

d UK Loans three month arrears rates for 2009 have been restated from 2.74% to align with new arrears definitions as per Group policy.

80         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

The recoveries impairment coverage ratios as at 31st December 2010 were 83.9% for UK Cards (2009: 81.3%), 82.5% for UK Loans (2009: 80.7%), and 93.8% for US Cards (2009: 91.7%).

Recoveries impairment coverage ratio against UK Cards, UK Loans and US Cards improved during 2010.

Retail Forbearance Programmes

Barclays forbearance programmes with the largest impairment allowances were in the Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans portfolios. Forbearance programme balances and impairment coverage ratios within the Group’s principal Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans portfolios as at 31st December 2010 were:

– UK Cards: Balances £875m, Impairment Coverage 35.1%

(2009: £942m, 28.1%);

– UK Loans: Balances £215m, Impairment Coverage 31.7%

(2009: £202m, 18.8%); and

– US Cards: Balances £150m, Impairment Coverage 18.4%

(2009: £198m, 20.5%).

The impairment coverage of UK Cards and Loans Forbearance Programmes improved during 2010.

The impairment coverage of US Cards Forbearance Programmes decreased as a result of an improvement in portfolio mix to lower delinquency cycles, which are impaired at lower rates.

In addition, the Group has forbearance programmes on secured portfolios, principally Home Loans in the UK and South Africa, against which appropriate impairment allowances are held in line with the Group’s impairment policy. Due to the value of the security held against these loans, impairment allowances held against our UK and South African Home Loan balances in forbearance are less significant than those held against Credit Cards and Unsecured Loans in forbearance.

Other Retail Lending

Other Retail Lending net of impairment was £21,226m (2009: £19,259m). This balance primarily consisted of the Local Business portfolio in UK Retail Banking (20%), the Barclays Partner Finance (9%) and FirstPlus (16%) portfolios in Barclaycard, Absa Vehicle and Asset Finance (15%) and other secured lending portfolios in Barclays Wealth (26%).

Impairment charges on these portfolios decreased 10% to £453m (2009: £506m). Impairment charges on the Barclays Partner Finance portfolio decreased 5% to £106m (2009: £111m) and on the UK Secured Lending portfolio (FirstPlus) 31% to £112m (2009: £163m) driven by improved economic conditions, previous credit risk actions and, in the case of FirstPlus, the run-off of the portfolio. Impairment charges on the Absa Vehicle and Asset Finance portfolio decreased 12% to £73m (2009: £83m) reflecting the impact of exchange rate movements. Impairment charges on the other secured lending in Barclays Wealth reduced by 54% to £6m (2009: £13m) due to impairment in Spain in 2009 not recurring. Impairment charges on the Local Business portfolio in UK Retail Banking increased 15% to £156m (2009: £136m).

81

Credit Quality of Loans and Advances (audited)

All loans and advances are categorised as either:

– neither past due nor individually impaired;

– past due but not individually impaired; or

– individually impaired, which includes restructured loans.

For the purposes of the disclosures:

– A loan is considered past due when the borrower has failed to make a payment when due under the terms of the loan contract.

– The impairment allowance includes allowances against financial assets that have been individually impaired and those subject to collective impairment. Loans subject to collective impairment allowances are included in either Neither past due but not impaired or Past due but not impaired.

– Credit risk loans comprise loans and advances to banks and customers 90 days overdue or more and those subject to individual impairment.

– The coverage ratio is calculated by reference to the total impairment allowance and the carrying value (before impairment) of credit risk loans.

Credit quality of loans and advances (audited)	Neither past due nor individually impaireda £m		Past due but not individually impairedb £m		Individually impaired £m		Total £m		Impairment allowance £m			Total carrying value £m		Credit risk loansc £m		Coverage ratio %
As at 31st December 2010
Trading portfolio:
Traded loans		2,170		–		–		2,170		–			2,170		–		–
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances		22,273		79		–		22,352		–			22,352		–		–
Other financial assets		–		–		–		–		–			–		–		–
Loans and advances to banks		37,149		663		35		37,847		(48	)		37,799		35		100.0
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		156,908		9,488		2,513		168,909		(854	)		168,055		4,294		19.9
Credit card receivables		20,734		1,253		3,112		25,099		(2,441	)		22,658		3,642		67.0
Other personal lending		24,363		1,975		3,397		29,735		(3,127	)		26,608		3,886		80.5
Wholesale and corporate		181,473		6,746		18,010		206,229		(5,611	)		200,618		19,331		29.0
Finance lease receivables		9,338		589		427		10,354		(351	)		10,003		694		50.6
Total		454,408		20,793		27,494		502,695		(12,432	)		490,263		31,882		39.0
As at 31st December 2009
Trading portfolio:
Traded loans		2,962		–		–		2,962		–			2,962		–		–
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances		22,210		180		–		22,390		–			22,390		–		–
Other financial assets		557		–		–		557		–			557		–		–
Loans and advances to banks		38,859		2,280		57		41,196		(61	)		41,135		57		100.0
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loansd		139,045		8,839		1,854		149,738		(639	)		149,099		3,758		17.0
Credit card receivables		20,195		1,544		2,459		24,198		(2,309	)		21,889		3,068		75.3
Other personal lending		23,796		2,175		2,372		28,343		(2,908	)		25,435		3,466		83.9
Wholesale and corporate		199,800		7,598		10,088		217,486		(4,558	)		212,928		11,497		39.6
Finance lease receivables		10,128		664		402		11,194		(321	)		10,873		696		46.1
Total		457,552		23,280		17,232		498,064		(10,796	)		487,268		22,542		47.9

Notes

a Financial assets subject to collective impairment allowance are included in this column if they are not past due.

b Financial assets subject to collective impairment allowance are included in this column if they are past due.

c Credit risk loans include the loan to Protium of £7,560m against which an impairment of £532m is held.

d Comparative figures for Home loans have been restated to align with externally disclosed arrears definitions.

82         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Credit quality of loans and advances neither past due nor individually impaired (audited)
		2010								2009
As at 31st December	Strong £m		Satisfactory £m		Higher risk £m		Total £m		Strong £m		Satisfactory £m		Higher risk £m		Total £m
Trading portfolio:
Traded loans		352		1,203		615		2,170		1,366		1,290		306		2,962
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances		17,496		2,100		2,677		22,273		15,909		3,809		2,492		22,210
Other financial assets		–		–		–		–		261		–		296		557
Loans and advances to banks		35,666		1,360		123		37,149		35,825		2,492		542		38,859
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		85,351		69,784		1,773		156,908		66,831		69,890		2,324		139,045
Credit card receivables		–		20,538		196		20,734		–		20,038		157		20,195
Other personal lending		5,555		16,130		2,678		24,363		3,417		18,108		2,271		23,796
Wholesale and corporate		115,783		59,921		5,769		181,473		119,764		70,132		9,904		199,800
Finance lease receivables		3,684		5,228		426		9,338		2,664		7,082		382		10,128
Total loans and advances		263,887		176,264		14,257		454,408		246,037		192,841		18,674		457,552

For the purposes of the analysis of credit quality, the following internal measures of credit quality have been used:

	Retail lending		Wholesale lending
Financial statements description	Probability of default	Probability of default		Default grade
Strong	0.0-0.60%		0.0-0.05%		1-3
			0.05-0.15%		4-5
			0.15-0.30%		6-8
			0.30-0.60%		9-11
Satisfactory	0.60-10.00%		0.60-2.15%		12-14
			2.15-11.35%		15-19
Higher risk	10.00%+		11.35%+		20-21

Financial statement descriptions can be summarised as follows:

Strong – there is a very high likelihood of the asset being recovered in full.

Satisfactory – whilst there is a high likelihood that the asset will be recovered and therefore, of no cause for concern to the Group, the asset may not be collateralised, or may relate to retail facilities, such as credit card balances and unsecured loans, which have been classified as satisfactory, regardless of the fact that the output of internal grading models may have indicated a higher classification. At the lower end of this grade there are customers that are being more carefully monitored,

for example, corporate customers which are indicating some evidence of some deterioration, mortgages with a high loan to value ratio, and unsecured retail loans operating outside normal product guidelines.

Higher risk – there is concern over the obligor’s ability to make payments when due. However, these have not yet converted to actual delinquency. There may also be doubts over value of collateral or security provided. However, the borrower or counterparty is continuing to make payments when due and is expected to settle all outstanding amounts of principal and interest.

83

Loans and advances that are past due but not individually impaired

An age analysis of loans and advances that are past due but not individually impaired is set out below.

For the purposes of this analysis an asset is considered past due and included below when any payment due under strict contractual terms is received late or missed. The amount included is the entire financial asset, not just the payment, of principal or interest or both, overdue. The table below provides a breakdown of total financial assets past due but not individually impaired. In general, retail and wholesale loans fall into this category for two separate reasons. Retail loans and advances to

customers may come under this category because the impairment allowance on such loans is calculated on a collective – not individual – basis. This reflects the homogenous nature of the assets, which allows statistical techniques to be used, rather than individual assessment. In contrast, some loans to Wholesale customers and banks may come under this category because of instances where a payment on a loan is past due without requiring an individual impairment allowance. For example, an individual impairment allowance will not be required when a loss is not expected due to a corporate loan being fully secured or collateralised. As a result, it is past due but not individually impaired.

Loans and advances past due but not individually impaired (audited)
	Past due up to 1 month £m		Past due 1-2 months £m		Past due 2-3 months £m		Past due 3-6 months £m		Past due 6 months and over £m		Total £m		Of which credit risk loans £m
As at 31st December 2010
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances		–		–		70		1		8		79		–
Loans and advances to banks		663		–		–		–		–		663		–
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		4,915		1,875		917		1,381		400		9,488		1,781
Credit card receivables		214		156		353		441		89		1,253		530
Other personal lending		422		672		392		362		127		1,975		489
Wholesale and corporate		4,104		788		533		620		701		6,746		1,321
Finance lease receivables		175		80		67		266		1		589		267
Total loans and advances to customers		9,830		3,571		2,262		3,070		1,318		20,051		4,388
Total financial assets past due but not individually impaired		10,493		3,571		2,332		3,071		1,326		20,793		4,388
As at 31st December 2009
Financial assets designated at fair value:
Loans and advances		170		–		1		–		9		180		–
Loans and advances to banks		2,280		–		–		–		–		2,280		–
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		4,849		1,453		633		1,403		501		8,839		1,904
Credit card receivables		501		214		220		459		150		1,544		609
Other personal lending		369		295		417		413		681		2,175		1,094
Wholesale and corporate		5,403		292		494		866		543		7,598		1,409
Finance lease receivables		186		86		98		282		12		664		294
Total loans and advances to customers		11,308		2,340		1,862		3,423		1,887		20,820		5,310
Total financial assets past due but not individually impaired		13,758		2,340		1,863		3,423		1,896		23,280		5,310

Loans and advances individually assessed as impaired (audited)	2010							2009
As at 31st December	Original carrying amount £m		Impairment allowance £m			Revised carrying amount £m		Original carrying amount £m		Impairment allowance £m			Revised carrying amount £m
Total loans and advances to banks individually impaired		35		(31	)		4		57		(49	)		8
Loans and advances to customers:
Home loans		2,513		(627	)		1,886		1,854		(317	)		1,537
Credit card receivables		3,112		(2,025	)		1,087		2,459		(1,690	)		769
Other personal lending		3,397		(2,075	)		1,322		2,372		(1,531	)		841
Wholesale and corporate		18,010		(4,986	)		13,024		10,088		(3,837	)		6,251
Finance lease receivables		427		(265	)		162		402		(233	)		169
Total loans and advances individually impaired		27,494		(10,009	)		17,485		17,232		(7,657	)		9,575
Collective impairment allowance				(2,423	)						(3,139	)
Total impairment allowance				(12,432	)						(10,796	)

84         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Renegotiated loans and advances (audited)

Loans and advances are generally renegotiated either as part of an ongoing customer relationship or in response to an adverse change in the circumstances of the borrower. In the latter case renegotiation can result in an extension of the due date of payment or repayment plans under which the Group offers a concessionary rate of interest to genuinely distressed borrowers. This will result in the asset continuing to be overdue and will be individually impaired where the renegotiated payments of interest and principal will not recover the original carrying amount of the asset. In other cases, renegotiation will lead to a new agreement, which is treated as a new loan.

Collateral and other credit enhancements held (audited)

Financial assets that are past due or individually assessed as impaired may be partially or fully collateralised or subject to other forms of credit enhancement.

Assets in these categories subject to collateralisation are mainly corporate loans, Home Loans and finance lease receivables. Credit card receivables and other personal lending are generally unsecured (although in some instances a charge over the borrower’s property or other assets may be sought).

Corporate loans (audited)

Security is usually taken in the form of a fixed charge over the borrower’s property or a floating charge over the assets of the borrower. Loan covenants may be put in place to safeguard the Group’s financial position. If the exposure is sufficiently large, either individually or at the portfolio level, credit protection in the form of guarantees, credit derivatives or insurance may be taken out. For these and other reasons collateral given is only accurately valued on origination of the loan or in the course of enforcement actions and as a result it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of the collateral held.

Home loans (audited)

Home loans are secured by a fixed charge over residential property. The estimated fair value of collateral held as at 31st December 2010 in respect of Home Loans that are past due or individually assessed as impaired was £10,057m (2009: £9,628m).

Collateral held reflects the Group’s interest in the property in the event of default. That held in the form of charges against residential property in the UK is restricted to the outstanding loan balance. In other territories, where the Group is not obliged to return any sale proceeds to the mortgagee, the full estimated fair value has been included.

Finance lease receivables (audited)

The net investment in the lease is secured through retention of legal title to the leased assets.

Collateral and other credit enhancements obtained (audited)

The carrying value of assets held by the Group as at 31st December 2010 as a result of the enforcement of collateral was as follows:

Assets received (audited)	2010		2009
As at 31st December	Carrying amount £m		Carrying amount £m
Residential property		71		71
Commercial and industrial property		14		66
Other credit enhancements		210		248
Total		295		385

Any properties repossessed are made available for sale in an orderly and timely fashion, with any proceeds realised being used to reduce or repay the outstanding loan. For business customers, in some circumstances, where excess funds are available after repayment in full of the outstanding loan, they are offered to any other, lower ranked, secured lenders. Any additional funds are returned to the customer. Barclays does not, as a rule, occupy repossessed properties for its business use.

The Group does not use assets obtained in its operations. Assets obtained are normally sold, generally at auction, or realised in an orderly manner for the maximum benefit of the Group, the borrower and the borrower’s other creditors in accordance with the relevant insolvency regulations.

85

Debt Securities

Credit Quality of Debt Securities (audited)

Trading portfolio assets, financial assets designated at fair value and available for sale assets are measured on a fair value basis. The fair value will reflect, among other things, the credit risk of the issuer.

Most listed and some unlisted securities are rated by external rating agencies. The Group mainly uses external credit ratings provided by Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s. Where such ratings are not available or are not current, the Group will use its own internal ratings for the securities.

Included in the table below are impaired available for sale debt securities with a carrying value at 31st December 2010 of £358m (2009: £265m), after a write down of £583m (2009: £692m). Collateral is not generally obtained directly from the issuers of debt securities. Certain debt securities may be collateralised by specifically identified assets that would be obtainable in the event of default.

Debt securities and other bills increased by £20.5bn, with the most significant increases relating to investment grade government securities. Securities rated as sub-investment grade increased by £2.1bn, reflecting the receivable arising as part of the acquisition of the North American business of Lehman Brothers, moving from loans and advances to available for sale assets.

Securities rated as investment grade amounted to 93.0% of the portfolio (2009: 91.8%). An analysis of the credit quality of the Group’s debt securities is set out below:

Debt securities (audited)	2010								2009
As at 31st December	AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m		AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m
Trading portfolio		130,744		6,663		1,833		139,240		119,138		5,346		2,036		126,520
Financial assets designated at fair value		942		644		332		1,918		2,200		1,791		16		4,007
Available for sale financial investments		55,107		2,022		2,500		59,629		44,233		5,055		519		49,807
Total debt securities		186,793		9,329		4,665		200,787		165,571		12,192		2,571		180,334
% of total		93.0%		4.7%		2.3%		100.0%		91.8%		6.8%		1.4%		100.0%
Debt securities										2010				2009
As at 31st December									£m		%		£m		%
Of which issued by:
Governments and other public bodies										107,922		53.7%		88,083		48.8%
US agency										30,048		15.0%		23,924		13.3%
Mortgage and asset-backed securities										13,993		7.0%		17,826		9.9%
Corporate and other issuers										47,321		23.6%		41,641		23.1%
Bank and building society certificates of deposit										1,503		0.7%		8,860		4.9%
Total										200,787		100.0%		180,334		100.0%

Debt securities include government securities held as part of the Group’s treasury management portfolio for asset and liability, liquidity and regulatory purposes and are for use on a continuing basis in the activities of the Group. The Group held the following government securities which exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity in any of the last three years. These securities are held at fair value.

Government securities	2010		2009		2008
As at 31st December	Book value £m		Book value £m		Book value £m
United States		25,553		17,356		17,165
United Kingdom		21,999		6,892		8,193
Japan		7,210		7,609		9,092
Spain		6,573		4,948		3,647
Italy		6,443		6,297		6,091
Germany		3,008		9,698		5,832

86         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Derivatives (audited)

The Group’s use of derivative contracts is outlined on page 212.

The Group is exposed to credit risk on derivative contracts, which arises as a result of counterparty credit risk and movements in the fair value of credit derivatives. The Group’s exposure to counterparty risk is affected by the nature of the trades, the credit worthiness of the counterparty, and netting and collateral arrangements. Details of credit derivatives are disclosed on page 212.

Nature of derivative trades

The Group buys and sells financial instruments that are traded or cleared on an exchange, including interest rate swaps, futures and options on futures. Holders of exchange traded instruments provide margin daily with cash or other security at the exchange, to which the holders look for ultimate settlement.

The Group also buys and sells financial instruments that are traded over the counter, rather than on a recognised exchange. These instruments range from commoditised transactions in derivative markets, to trades where the specific terms are tailored to the requirements of the Group’s customers. In many cases, industry standard documentation is used, most commonly in the form of a master agreement, with individual transaction confirmations. The existence of a signed master agreement is intended to give the Group protection in situations where a counterparty is in default.

Counterparty credit quality

The credit quality of the Group’s derivative assets according to the credit quality of the counterparty at 31st December 2010 and 2009 was as follows:

Credit quality (audited)	2010								2009
As at 31st December	AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m		AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m
Derivatives		401,242		15,598		3,479		420,319		399,534		15,565		1,716		416,815
		95.5%		3.7%		0.8%		100.0%		95.9%		3.7%		0.4%		100.0%

Netting and collateral arrangements

Credit risk from derivatives is mitigated where possible through netting agreements whereby derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty can be offset. Group policy requires all netting arrangements to be legally documented. The ISDA Master Agreement is the Group’s preferred agreement for documenting OTC derivatives. It provides the contractual framework within which dealing activities across a full range of OTC products are conducted and contractually binds both parties to apply close-out netting across all outstanding transactions covered by an agreement if either party defaults or other predetermined events occur.

Collateral is obtained against derivative assets, depending on the creditworthiness of the counterparty and/or nature of the transaction. Any collateral taken in respect of OTC trading exposures will be subject to a ‘haircut’ which is negotiated at the time of signing the collateral agreement. A haircut is the valuation percentage applicable to each type of collateral and will be largely based on liquidity and price volatility of the underlying security. The collateral obtained for derivatives is either cash, direct debt obligation government (G14+) bonds denominated in the domestic currency of the issuing country, debt issued by supranationals or letters of credit issued by an institution with a long-term unsecured debt rating of A+/A3 or better. Where the Group has ISDA master agreements, the collateral document will be the ISDA Credit Support Annex (CSA). The collateral document must give Barclays the power to realise any collateral placed with it in the event of the failure of the counterparty, and to place further collateral when requested or in the event of insolvency, administration or similar processes, as well as in the case of early termination.

Under IFRS, netting is permitted only if both of the following criteria are satisfied:

– the entity has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and

– the entity intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

This results in Gross derivative assets of £420bn (2009: £417bn).

Under US GAAP, netting is also permitted, regardless of the intention to settle on a net basis, where there is a counterparty master agreement that would be enforceable in the event of bankruptcy.

87

The tables below set out the fair values of the derivative assets together with the value of those assets subject to enforceable counterparty netting arrangements for which the Group holds offsetting liabilities and eligible collateral.

Derivative assets	Gross assets £m		Counterparty netting £m		Net exposure £m
As at 31st December 2010
Foreign exchange		60,494		49,405		11,089
Interest rate		272,386		224,124		48,262
Credit derivatives		47,017		39,786		7,231
Equity and stock index		14,586		10,523		4,063
Commodity derivatives		25,836		16,629		9,207
		420,319		340,467		79,852
Total collateral held						37,289
Net exposure less collateral						42,563
As at 31st December 2009
Foreign exchange		51,775		45,391		6,384
Interest rate		261,211		213,446		47,765
Credit derivatives		56,295		48,774		7,521
Equity and stock index		17,784		13,330		4,454
Commodity derivatives		29,750		21,687		8,063
		416,815		342,628		74,187
Total collateral held						31,471
Net exposure less collateral						42,716

Derivative asset exposures would be £378bn (2009: £374bn) lower than reported under IFRS if netting were permitted for assets and liabilities subject to enforceable counterparty netting arrangements or for which we hold cash collateral. Derivative liabilities would be £362bn (2009: £363bn) lower reflecting counterparty netting and collateral placed.

Exposure relating to derivatives, repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements, stock borrowing and loan transactions is calculated using internal FSA approved models. These are used as the basis to assess both regulatory capital and capital appetite and are managed on a daily basis. The methodology encompasses all relevant factors to enable the current value to be calculated and the future value to be estimated, for example: current market rates, market volatility and legal documentation (including collateral rights).

Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Other Financial Assets (audited)

Credit quality (audited)	2010								2009
As at 31st December	AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m		AAA to BBB- (investment grade) £m		BB+ to B £m		B- and below £m		Total £m
Financial assets designated at fair value – Other financial assets		7,285		271		3		7,559		4,749		1,955		1,053		7,757
Reverse repurchase agreements		179,625		24,801		1,346		205,772		136,366		6,674		391		143,431
Total reverse repurchase agreements		186,910		25,072		1,349		213,331		141,115		8,629		1,444		151,188
		87.6%		11.8%		0.6%		100.0%		93.3%		5.7%		1.0%		100.0%

No reverse repurchase agreements held by the Group at 31st December 2010 or 2009 were individually impaired, however during the year, the Group wrote back £4m of impairment on reverse repurchase agreements (2009: £43m charge).

Other Credit Risk Assets (audited)

Cash and balances at central banks

Cash and balances at central banks were £97,630m (2009: £81,483m). There is a reduced level of credit risk in relation to balances at central banks.

Items in the course of collection from other banks

Items in the course of collection from other banks were £1,384m (2009: £1,593m) on which there is a reduced credit risk in light of the banking industry clearing system.

Other financial assets

Other financial assets comprise £2,824m (2009: £3,476m) of other assets and £2,542m (2009: £344m) of assets held at fair value.

Off-balance sheet

The Group applies fundamentally the same risk management policies for off-balance sheet risks as it does for its on-balance sheet risks. In the case of commitments to lend, customers and counterparties will be subject to the same credit management policies as for loans and advances. Collateral may be sought depending on the strength of the counterparty and the nature of the transaction.

88         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

Risk Features in the Portfolio

Risk features in the portfolio are asset classes that are considered to be higher risk than the Group’s normal activities and are subject to a higher level of scrutiny in our management of credit risk. The main exposures at 31st December 2010 to which significant management attention is given are:

– Barclays Capital credit market exposures; and

– Exposures to selected Eurozone and other countries.

These are described in more detail below.

Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures

Barclays Capital’s credit market exposures primarily relate to commercial real estate, leveraged finance and a loan to Protium Finance LP. These include positions subject to fair value movements in the income statement and positions that are classified as loans and advances and as available for sale.

The balances and write downs presented below represent credit market exposures held at the time of the market dislocation in mid-2007. Similar assets acquired subsequent to the market dislocation are actively traded in secondary markets and are therefore excluded from this disclosure.

The balances and write downs to 31st December 2010 are set out by asset class below:

Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposuresa (audited)	As at 31st December								Year ended 31st December 2010
	2010 $m		2009 $m		2010 £m		2009 £m		Fair value (losses)/ gains £m			Impairment (charge)/ release £m			Total (losses)/ gains £m
US Residential Mortgages
ABS CDO Super Senior		3,085		3,127		1,992		1,931		–			137			137
Other US sub-prime and Alt-Ab		1,025		1,447		662		894		(43	)		(11	)		(54	)
Monoline protection on US RMBS		–		9		–		6		(1	)		–			(1	)
Commercial Mortgages
Commercial real estate loans and properties owned		11,006		12,525		7,106		7,734		(110	)		–			(110	)
Commercial mortgage-backed securitiesb		184		352		119		218		(5	)		–			(5	)
Monoline protection on CMBS		18		49		12		30		40			–			40
Other Credit Market
Leveraged Financec		7,636		8,919		4,930		5,507		–			(242	)		(242	)
SIVs, SIV-Lites and CDPCs		618		896		399		553		50			27			77
Monoline protection on CLO and other		2,541		3,443		1,641		2,126		(55	)		–			(55	)
Loan to Protium		10,884		12,727		7,028		7,859		–			(532	)		(532	)
Total		36,997		43,494		23,889		26,858		(124	)		(621	)		(745	)

During the year ended 31st December 2010, these credit market exposures decreased £2,969m to £23,889m (2009: £26,858m). The decrease reflected net sales and paydowns and other movements of £3,000m and total write downs of £745m, offset by foreign exchange rate movements of £776m, primarily relating to the appreciation of the US Dollar against Sterling.

In the year ended 31st December 2010, write downs comprised £621m (2009: £1,669m) of impairment charges and £124m (2009: £4,417m) of net fair value losses through income. Total write downs included an impairment charge of £532m (2009: £nil) relating to the Protium loan, losses of £75m (2009: £3,007m) against commercial mortgage positions and losses of £220m (2009: £997m) against other credit market positions, partially offset by a gain of £82m (2009: loss of £2,082m) against US residential mortgage positions.

A. US Residential Mortgages

A1. ABS CDO Super Senior

ABS CDO Super Senior positions at 31st December 2010 comprised five high grade liquidity facilities which were fully drawn and classified within loans and receivables. The positions increased £61m to £1,992m (2009: £1,931m). Net exposures are stated after impairment charges, of which £137m was written back in the current year (2009: charge of £714m). There was also an increase of £87m resulting from appreciation in the value of the US Dollar against Sterling, offset by amortisation of £163m in the year. These balances equated to a 50% mark after impairment and subordination (2009: 49%).

A2. Other US Sub-Prime and Alt-A

Other US sub-prime and Alt-A positions at 31st December 2010 were £662m (2009: £894m). The decrease reflects net sales and paydowns and other movement of £214m and total write downs of £54m, partially offset by appreciation of the US Dollar against Sterling of £36m.

Notes

a As the majority of exposure is held in US Dollars, the exposures above are shown in both US Dollars and Sterling.

b 31st December 2009 comparatives have been adjusted to exclude actively traded positions relating to other US sub-prime and Alt-A of £498m and commercial mortgage-backed securities of £253m.

c Includes undrawn commitments of £264m (2009: £257m).

89

B. Commercial Mortgages

B1. Commercial Real Estate and Mortgage-Backed Securities

Commercial mortgages include commercial real estate loans of £5,455m (2009: £6,534m), commercial real estate properties owned of £1,651m (2009: £1,200m) and commercial mortgage-backed securities of £119m (2009: £218m).

Commercial Real Estate Loans and Properties Owned

In the year ended 31st December 2010, commercial real estate loans and properties owned decreased by £628m to £7,106m (2009: £7,734m). The decrease was driven by net sales, paydowns and restructuring of £374m in the US, £320m in the UK and Europe, and £18m in Asia, as well as losses of £110m (2009: £2,466m), of which £47m related to the US, £13m to UK and Europe, and £50m to Asia. This was offset by the appreciation in value of other currencies against Sterling of £194m.

The geographic distribution of commercial real estate loans comprised 50% UK and Europe, 45% US and 5% Asia. One large position comprised 35% of the total US commercial real estate loan balance. The remaining 65% of the US portfolio comprised 51 positions. The UK and Europe portfolio comprised 45 positions at 31st December 2010. In Europe, protection is provided by loan covenants and periodic LTV retests, which cover 77% of the portfolio. 53% of the German portfolio related to one position secured on residential assets.

Commercial real estate loans, by region								2010				2009
As at 31st December							Amount £m		Marks %		Amount £m		Marks %
US								2,454		60		2,852		62
Germany								1,729		85		1,959		84
Sweden								210		78		201		81
France								198		75		189		70
Switzerland								162		86		141		85
Spain								70		67		72		56
Other Europe								86		66		370		57
UK								285		65		429		61
Asia								261		56		321		77
Total								5,455				6,534
Commercial real estate loans, by industry	2010												2009
As at 31st December	US £m		Germany £m		Other Europe £m		UK £m		Asia £m		Total £m		Total £m
Residential		1,139		978		–		121		111		2,349		2,439
Office		271		235		532		51		86		1,175		1,338
Hotels		534		–		5		8		–		547		846
Retail		2		376		80		–		4		462		737
Industrial		374		100		109		22		9		614		622
Leisure		–		–		–		83		–		83		140
Land		134		–		–		–		–		134		128
Mixed/others		–		40		–		–		51		91		284
Total		2,454		1,729		726		285		261		5,455		6,534
Commercial real estate properties owned, by industry											2010		2009
As at 31st December											£m		£m
Residential												82		56
Office												1,051		927
Hotels												227		126
Retail												157		–
Industrial												45		25
Leisure												36		33
Land												53		31
Mixed/others												–		2
Total												1,651		1,200

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

In the year ended 31st December 2010, commercial mortgage backed securities positions decreased £99m to £119m (2009: £218m), primarily due to net sales and paydowns of £120m.

90         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

C. Other Credit Market

C1. Leveraged Finance

Leveraged finance loans, by region
As at 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m
UK		4,238			4,530
Europe		789			1,051
Asia		172			165
US		6			35
Total lending and commitments		5,205			5,781
Impairment		(275	)		(274	)
Net lending and commitments as at 31st December		4,930			5,507

At 31st December 2010, the net exposure relating to leveraged finance loans reduced £577m to £4,930m (2009: £5,507m) reflecting net paydowns and other movements of £302m, impairment charges of £242m (2009: £396m) and the depreciation of the Euro against Sterling driving currency decreases of £33m.

C2. SIVs, SIV-Lites and CDPCs

SIV and SIV-lite positions comprise liquidity facilities and derivatives. At 31st December 2010 exposures decreased by £139m to £391m (2009: £530m).

Credit Derivative Product Companies (CDPCs) positions at 31st December 2010 reduced by £15m to £8m (2009: £23m).

C3. Monoline Protection on CLO and Other

The table below shows Collateralised Loan Obligations (CLOs) and other assets where Barclays held protection from monoline insurers as at 31st December 2010.

By rating of the monoline	Notional £m		Fair value of underlying asset £m		Fair value exposure £m		Credit valuation adjustment £m			Net exposure £m
As at 31st December 2010
AAA/AA		7,324		6,004		1,320		(88	)		1,232
Non-investment grade:
– Fair value through profit and loss		742		581		161		(105	)		56
– Loans and receivables		6,578		5,873		705		(352	)		353
Total		14,644		12,458		2,186		(545	)		1,641
As at 31st December 2009		£m		£m		£m		£m			£m
AAA/AA		7,336		5,731		1,605		(91	)		1,514
Non-investment grade:
– Fair value through profit and loss		1,052		824		228		(175	)		53
– Loans and receivables		9,116		7,994		1,122		(563	)		559
Total		17,504		14,549		2,955		(829	)		2,126

The movement in net exposure of £485m was driven by a decrease in the fair value exposure to monoline insurers of £527m and credit valuation adjustments of £55m (2009: £528m), offset by currency appreciation of £97m.

CLO assets wrapped by non-investment grade rated monolines and classified as loans and receivables declined to a fair value of £5,873m (2009: £7,994m), following the unwinding of certain protection during the year with a notional of £2,745m. As a result, there were CLO assets with a fair value of £1,969m at 31st December 2010 (2009: £nil) no longer protected by a monoline insurer. The remaining assets continue to be measured at fair value through profit and loss.

D. Loan to Protium

On 16th September 2009, Barclays Capital sold assets of £7,454m ($12,285m), including £5,087m ($8,384m) in credit market assets, to Protium Finance LP (Protium), a newly established fund. As part of the transaction Barclays extended a $12,641m 10 year loan to Protium.

The table below includes all assets held by Protium as collateral for the loan. At 31st December 2010, there were assets wrapped by a monoline insurer with a fair value of $4,806m (2009: $4,095m). Following the commutation of contracts with one monoline insurer in January 2011, there are no longer any assets wrapped by monoline insurers. Cash and cash equivalents at 31st December 2010 were $1,364m (2009: $688m) including cash realised from sales and paydowns and funds available to purchase third party assets. Other assets at 31st December 2010 were $811m (2009: $567m) including residential mortgage-backed securities purchased by Protium post inception and other asset-backed securities.

Principal and interest payments have been received in accordance with contractual terms. However, following a reassessment of the expected realisation period, the loan is carried at an amount equivalent to the fair value of the underlying collateral. This has resulted in an impairment charge of $824m (£532m).

91

The loan decreased in local currency between 31st December 2009 and 31st December 2010 primarily due to principal repayments of $993m, the impairment charge of $824m and accrued interest decreases of $26m. Interest payments of $407m were received during the year.

Protium assets	As at 31.12.10 $m		As at 31.12.09 $m		As at 16.09.09 $m		As at 31.12.10 £m		As at 31.12.09 £m		As at 16.09.09 £m
Other US sub-prime whole loans and real estate		817		1,038		1,124		528		641		682
Other US sub-prime securities		631		578		513		407		357		311
Total other US sub-prime		1,448		1,616		1,637		935		998		993
Alt-A		2,230		2,112		2,185		1,440		1,304		1,326
Monoline protection		225		3,300		4,562		145		2,038		2,768
Credit market related assets		3,903		7,028		8,384		2,520		4,340		5,087
Fair value of underlying US RMBS		519		723		655		335		447		397
Fair value of underlying CMBS		3,257		2,350		1,897		2,103		1,451		1,151
Fair value of underlying CLO and other		1,030		1,022		1,040		665		631		631
Fair value of underlying assets wrapped by monoline insurers		4,806		4,095		3,592		3,103		2,529		2,179
Cash and cash equivalents		1,364		688		250		881		425		152
Other assets		811		567		309		524		350		187
Total assets		10,884		12,378		12,535		7,028		7,644		7,605
Loan to Protium		10,884		12,727		12,641		7,028		7,859		7,669

Protium Assets

The ongoing review of Barclays financial statements by regulators includes consideration of the non-consolidation of Protium. Barclays continues to conclude that it is appropriate not to consolidate Protium within the Group financial statements. It should be noted that the Group’s results would not be materially different if Protium were to be consolidated.

Fair value disclosures equivalent to those made for Barclays own financial assets have been provided below in respect of Protium’s financial assets totalling £7,028m (2009: £7,644m), which are used to collateralise the loan from Barclays. The analysis below excludes cash and cash equivalents of £881m (2009: £425m) that are also used to collateralise the loan. The valuation techniques that would be used to measure these assets are described on pages 255 to 259. The valuations have been subject to Barclays valuation control framework, which is described on page 262.

The following table shows Protium’s financial assets measured at fair value disaggregated by valuation technique within the fair value hierarchy and by product type.

Financial assets measured at fair value	2010								2009
As at 31st December	Quoted market prices (Level 1) £m		Observable inputs (Level 2) £m		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) £m		Total £m		Quoted market prices (Level 1) £m		Observable inputs (Level 2) £m		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) £m		Total £m
Trading portfolio assets
Other US sub-prime whole loans and real estate		–		–		528		528		–		–		641		641
Other US sub-prime securities		–		35		372		407		–		51		306		357
Alt-A		–		41		1,399		1,440		–		70		1,234		1,304
Other trading portfolio assets		106		110		308		524		8		220		122		350
Fair value of underlying assets wrapped by monoline insurers		–		323		2,780		3,103		–		316		2,213		2,529
Derivative financial assets
Monoline protection		–		145		–		145		–		–		2,038		2,038
Total		106		654		5,387		6,147		8		657		6,554		7,219

92         

Risk management

Credit risk management continued

The following table shows movements in the Level 3 balances during the year.

Analysis of movements in Level 3 financial assets	Trading portfolio assets £m			Derivative financial instruments £m			Total   £m
As at 1st January 2010		4,516			2,038			6,554
Purchases		–			–			–
Sales		(14	)		–			(14)
Settlements		(415	)		(87	)		(502)
Total gains and losses in the period recognised in the income statement		1,225			(1,805	)		(580)
Transfers in/(transfers out)		75			(146	)		(71)
As at 31st December 2010		5,387			–			5,387

The significant movements in the Level 3 positions during the year ended 31st December 2010 are explained below:

– Settlements represent assets that were paid in full, amortisation of principal, and payments from monoline insurers.

– Total gains and losses represent changes in the fair value of the assets, and losses due to commutation of contracts with monoline insurers.

Sensitivity analysis of valuations using unobservable inputs	2010						2009
As at 31st December	Total assets £m		Favourable changes £m		Unfavourable changes £m		Total assets £m		Favourable changes £m		Unfavourable changes £m
Trading portfolio assets
Other US sub-prime whole loans and real estate		528		75		(43)		641		112		(92)
Other US sub-prime securities		372		53		(31)		306		54		(44)
Alt-A		1,399		198		(115)		1,234		216		(178)
Other trading portfolio assets		308		5		(4)		122		6		(3)
Fair value of underlying assets wrapped by monoline insurers		2,780		166		(162)		2,213		227		(446)
Derivative financial assets
Monoline protection		–		–		–		2,038		209		(411)
Total		5,387		497		(355)		6,554		824		(1,174)

The effect of stressing the unobservable assumptions to a range of reasonably possible alternatives would be to increase the fair values by up to £0.5bn (2009: £0.8bn) or to decrease the fair values by up to £0.4bn (2009: £1.2bn) with all the potential effect impacting profit and loss.

The stresses applied take account of the nature of valuation techniques used, as well as the availability and reliability of observable proxy and historic data.

In all cases, an assessment is made to determine the suitability of available data. The sensitivity methodologies that are used to assess the Protium assets are described on pages 260 to 262 and are consistent with that of Barclays valuation control framework.

E. Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures by asset class

Analysis of Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures by asset class

As at 31st December

Trading portfolio assets – debt securities £m

Financial assets designated at fair value – equity securities £m

Financial assets designated at fair value – debt securities £m

Financial assets designated at fair value – L&A £m

Derivative financial instruments £m

L&A to customers £m

Available for sale debt securities £m

Other assets £m

2010 Total £m

2009 Total £m

ABS CDO Super Senior

–

–

–

–

–

1,992

–

–

1,992

1,931

Other US Sub-prime and Alt-A

–

–

–

–

250

5

407

–

662

894

Monoline Protection on US RMBS

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

6

Commercial Real Estate Loans and Property

–

743

–

4,712

–

–

–

1,651

7,106

7,734

CMBS

154

–

–

–

(35

)

–

–

–

119

218

Monoline Protection on CMBS

–

–

–

–

12

–

–

–

12

30

Leveraged Financea

–

–

–

–

–

4,666

–

–

4,666

5,250

SIVs, SIV-lites and CDPCs

–

–

345

–

54

–

–

–

399

553

Monoline Protection on CLO and Other

–

–

–

–

1,641

–

–

–

1,641

2,126

Loan to Protium Finance LP

–

–

–

–

–

7,028

–

–

7,028

7,859

Total exposures

154

743

345

4,712

1,922

13,691

407

1,651

23,625

26,601

Note

a     Undrawn commitments of £264m (2009: £257m) are off-balance sheet and therefore not included in the table above.

93

Exposures to Selected Eurozone and Other Countries

The tables below show the Group’s exposures to selected countries (Spain, Italy, Portugal and Ireland), representing Eurozone countries that have a credit rating of AA or below from Standard and Poor’s and where the Group has an exposure of over £0.5bn.

The Group’s exposure to Greece, which has a sovereign credit rating of BB+, was below £0.5bn. The Group’s balance sheet exposure to Egypt was approximately £2bn, a significant proportion of which represented available for sale assets held in Treasury bills with a maturity less than one year. In addition, contingent liabilities and commitments included less than £1bn relating to Barclays Africa trade finance business in Egypt.

The balances included in the tables below represent the Group’s exposure to retail customers and wholesale customers (comprising corporates and sovereigns) in each of the respective countries.

Assets are stated gross of any trading liability positions and before any risk mitigation but net of impairment allowances and of derivative counterparty netting and collateral held.

Retail exposures	As at 31st December 2010				As at 30th June 2010
	Loans and advances at amortised cost		Contingent liabilities and commitments		Loans and advances at amortised cost		Contingent liabilities and commitments
	£m		£m		£m		£m
Spain		19,053		1,306		18,124		1,805
Italy		16,324		1,004		14,239		945
Portugal		5,813		1,384		4,978		1,162
Ireland		77		9		142		19

Retail exposures mainly related to our domestic lending in Spain, Italy and Portugal, principally residential mortgages. The credit quality of our mortgage lending in Spain and Italy reflects low LTV lending, with average mark to market LTVs at 31st December 2010 in Spain of 58% and in Italy of 45%. Credit risk loan balances in Spain and Italy increased by 22% to £832m and 15% to £553m, respectively.

Wholesale exposures	Loans and advances at amortised cost				Assets held at fair value
	Total £m		Of which Government £m		Total £m		Of which Government £m		Contingent liabilities and commitments £m
As at 31st December 2010
Spain		6,574		86		8,625		6,665		2,550
Italy		3,180		–		9,258		7,382		2,622
Portugal		2,706		7		2,495		1,207		1,739
Ireland		3,069		–		3,320		452		1,422
As at 30th June 2010
Spain		7,167		133		8,731		6,403		3,182
Italy		3,159		–		10,466		8,606		1,546
Portugal		2,405		19		2,408		1,177		1,543
Ireland		3,324		–		3,160		328		1,482

Wholesale exposures relating to Barclays Capital and Barclays Corporate activities in Spain, Italy, Portugal and Ireland cover a broad range of SME, corporate and investment banking activities, as well as Western Europe treasury operations’ holdings of sovereign and corporate bonds in those countries. Loans and advances include exposures at 31st December 2010 to the property and construction industry in Spain of £2,951m, in Portugal of £937m, in Ireland of £195m and in Italy of £71m.

Assets held at fair value primarily comprise trading portfolio assets, which are highly liquid in nature, available for sale positions in investment grade debt securities, and derivatives.

94         

Risk management

Market risk management

All disclosures in this section (pages 94 to 105) are unaudited unless otherwise stated

Market Risk is the risk that Barclays earnings or capital, or its ability to meet business objectives, will be adversely affected by changes in the level or volatility of market rates or prices such as interest rates, credit spreads, commodity prices, equity prices and foreign exchange rates.

Overview (audited)

The main sources of risk are traded market risk, non-traded interest rate risk, translational foreign exchange risk and pension risk. Traded risk resides primarily in Barclays Capital while non-traded market risk resides mainly in Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth and Group Treasury. Translational foreign exchange risk is managed by Group Treasury. Pension risk is managed centrally with the cost borne by respective businesses.

Barclays market risk objectives are to:

– understand and control market risk by robust measurement and the setting of limits;

– facilitate business growth within a controlled and transparent risk management framework;

– ensure traded market risk resides primarily in Barclays Capital; and

– minimise non-traded market risk.

Organisation and structure

The Board approves market risk appetite for trading and non-trading activities. The Group Market Risk Director is responsible for the Barclays Market Risk Control Framework and, under delegated authority from the Chief Risk Officer, sets a limit framework within the context of the approved market risk appetite. A daily market risk report summarises Barclays market risk exposures against agreed limits. This daily report is sent to the Chief Risk Officer, the Group Market Risk Director, the Group Finance Director and the appropriate Business Risk Directors.

Market Risk Committee approves, and makes recommendations concerning the market risk profile across Barclays. This includes approving Barclays Market Risk Control Framework and Group Policies; reviewing current and forward issues, limits and utilisation; and proposing risk appetite levels for the Board. The Committee is chaired by the Group Market Risk Director and attendees include the Chief Risk Officer, respective business risk managers and senior managers from Group Market Risk.

The head of each business, assisted by the business market risk management team, is accountable for all market risks associated with its activities. The head of each business market risk team is responsible for implementing the Barclays Market Risk Control Framework which sets out how market risk should be identified, measured, controlled, reported and reviewed. The Framework also outlines and references Group market risk policies.

Market risk oversight and challenge is provided by business committees, Group Committees including Market Risk Committee and the Group Market Risk team.

The chart below gives an overview of the business control structure.

95

Traded market risk (audited)

Traded market risk is predominantly the result of client facilitation in wholesale markets. This involves market making, offering hedge solutions, pre-hedging and assisting clients to execute large trades. Not all client trades are hedged completely, giving rise to market risk. In Barclays Capital, trading risk is measured for the trading book, as defined for regulatory purposes, and certain banking books. Barclays policy is to concentrate trading activities in Barclays Capital.

Risk measurement

Barclays uses a range of complementary technical approaches to measure and control traded market risk including: Daily Value at Risk (DVaR), Expected Shortfall, 3W, Primary and Secondary risk factor stress testing and Combined scenario stress testing.

DVaR is an estimate of the potential loss arising from unfavourable market movements, if the current positions were to be held unchanged for one business day. Barclays Capital uses the historical simulation methodology with a two-year equally weighted historical period, at the 95% confidence level.

The historical simulation methodology can be split into three parts:

– Calculate hypothetical daily profit or loss for each position over the most recent two years, using observed daily market moves;

– Sum all hypothetical profits or losses for day one across all positions, giving one total profit or loss. Repeat for all other days in the two-year history; and

– DVaR is the 95th percentile selected from the two-year history of daily hypothetical total profit or loss.

Market volatility in 2010 was impacted by concerns over future economic growth and the sovereign debt crisis, but remained below the high levels observed in 2008. During 2010, the high volatility observations of 2008 rolled out of the two year DVaR historical data set and were replaced in the data time series by less volatile 2010 observations.

Barclays Capital's DVaR model has been approved by the FSA to calculate regulatory capital for certain trading book portfolios. The approval covers general market risk in interest rate, foreign exchange, commodities and equity products, and issuer specific risk for the majority of single name and portfolio traded credit products. For internal management purposes DVaR is also calculated for certain banking books as well as all trading book portfolios.

The FSA categorises a DVaR model as green, amber or red. A green model is consistent with a good working DVaR model and is achieved for models that have four or less back-testing exceptions in a 12-month period. Back-testing counts the number of days when a loss (as defined by the FSA) exceeds the corresponding DVaR estimate, measured at the 99% confidence level. For Barclays Capital's DVaR model, green model status was maintained for 2010 and 2009.

The DVaR model is regularly assessed and reviewed internally by the Group Executive Models Committee and the Barclays Capital Model Committee.

When reviewing DVaR estimates, a number of considerations should be taken into account. These are:

– Historical simulation uses the most recent two years of past data to generate possible future market moves but the past may not be a good indicator of the future;

– The one-day time horizon does not fully capture the market risk of positions that cannot be closed out or hedged within one day;

– DVaR is based on positions as at close of business and consequently intra-day risk, the risk from a position bought and sold on the same day, is not captured; and

– DVaR does not indicate the potential loss beyond the 95th percentile.

In part due to the points above, and in part due to the desire to measure risk beyond DVaR, Barclays uses additional metrics. These include Expected Shortfall, 3W, Primary risk factor stress testing, Secondary risk factor stress testing and Combined scenario stress testing.

Both Expected Shortfall and 3W metrics use the same two-year historical simulation data set as used to calculate DVaR. Expected Shortfall is the average of all one day hypothetical losses beyond the 95% confidence level DVaR while 3W is the average of the three largest one day estimated losses.

Stress testing provides an estimate of potential significant future losses that might arise from extreme market moves or scenarios. Primary stress testing applies stress moves to key liquid risk factors for each of the major trading asset classes including interest rate, credit spread, commodity, equity and foreign exchange. Secondary stress testing applies stress moves to less liquid risks such as option volatility skew. Combined scenario stress testing applies simultaneous shocks to several risk factors, reflecting a defined extraordinary, but plausible scenario e.g. what is the estimated impact on profits of a fixed exchange rate becoming floating. This is assessed by applying respective changes on foreign exchange rates, interest rates, credit spreads and equities to the portfolio.

Risk control

Market Risk is controlled through the use of limits, where appropriate, on the above risk measures. Limits are set at the total Barclays Capital level, risk factor level e.g. interest rate risk, and business line level e.g. Emerging Markets. Stress limits and many book limits, such as foreign exchange and interest rate sensitivity limits, are also in place.

The total DVaR limit, risk factor DVaR limits, and 3W limit are approved by the Board Risk Committee. Primary stress limits are approved by the Chief Risk Officer and are tabled for noting by the Board Risk Committee. Compliance with limits is monitored by Barclays Capital's Market Risk team with oversight provided by Group Market Risk.

In 2010, to further improve the application of the market risk control framework, Group Market Risk initiated an ongoing programme of conformance visits to Barclays Capital business areas. These visits review both the current market risk profile and potential market risk developments, as well as verifying conformance with Barclays Market Risk Control Framework.

The oversight and governance of Barclays Capital's market risk models was also improved in 2010. This included making the model committee more granular by having two distinct committees, one specifically for model methodology and the other specifically for data integrity and infrastructure. Group Market Risk is a member of both these committees.

Risk reporting

Barclays Capital Market Risk team produce a number of detailed and summary market risk reports daily, weekly, fortnightly and monthly. These include, new for 2010, the Executive Key Risk Report (daily) and the Senior Management Significant Risk Pack (monthly). These reports summarise the positions, risks and top stresses covering interest rate, credit spread, commodity, equity and foreign exchange. Barclays Capital market risk reports are sent to Group Market Risk for review and inclusion in the Group Daily Market Risk Report.

96         

Risk management

Market risk management continued

Analysis of traded market risk exposures (audited)

The trading environment in 2010 was characterised by weak underlying economic growth as well as unclear market direction resulting in lower client activity. In this environment, Barclays Capital's market risk exposure, as measured by average total DVaR, decreased by 31% to £53m (2009: £77m). The reduction was due to a fall in exposures reflecting the lower client activity, increased diversification, and the rolling off of the 2008 highly volatile historical data points.

The two main risk factors with material DVaR were credit spread and interest rate. The average DVaR for each of these decreased by £10m (17%) and £11m (25%) respectively. Total DVaR as at 31st December 2010 was £48m (2009: £55m).

Expected Shortfall and 3W in 2010 averaged £78m and £144m respectively representing decreases of £43m (36%) and £65m (31%) compared to 2009.

As we enter 2011, the principal uncertainties which may impact Barclays market risk relate to volatility in interest rates, commodities, credit spreads, equity prices and foreign exchange rates. Price instability and higher volatility may arise as government policy targets future economic growth against a background of fiscal pressures, accommodatory monetary policy and exogenous economic events.

Analysis of trading revenue (audited)

The histogram below shows the distribution of daily trading revenue for Barclays Capital in 2010 and 2009. Trading revenue reflects top-line income^j, excluding income from Private Equity and Principal Investments.

The average daily trading revenue in 2010 was £52m. This is £19m (27%) less than recorded for 2009 (£71m). There were 236 positive days, 15 negative days and two flat days in 2010 (2009: 247 positive, 5 negative, one flat).

The daily average, maximum and minimum values of DVaR,
Expected Shortfall and 3W (audited)	Year ended 31st December 2010							Year ended 31st December 2009
DVaR (95%)	Average £m			Highi £m		Lowi £m		Average £m			Highi £m		Lowi £m
Interest rate risk		33			50		21		44			83		23
Credit Spread risk		48			62		30		58			102		35
Commodity risk		16			25		9		14			20		11
Equity risk		14			29		6		13			27		5
Foreign exchange risk		6			15		2		8			15		3
Diversification effect		(64	)		n/a		n/a		(60	)		n/a		n/a
Total DVaR		53			75		36		77			119		50
Expected Shortfall		78			147		47		121			188		88
3W		144			311		72		209			301		148

Notes

a Total DVaR peaked at £119m in March 2009.

b Before trending down due to a decrease in credit spread exposure and interest rate exposure, reaching £58m in August 2009.

c DVaR subsequently increased as markets began to recover and new traded credit positions were added to facilitate client trades.

d DVaR decreased towards 2009 year-end, driven by a reduction in equity exposure and an increase in diversification. Total DVaR as at 31st December 2009 was £55m.

e DVaR reduced to £38m, due to a reduction in credit and equity exposure assisted by an increase in diversification.

f DVaR reached the 2010 peak (£75m) as market sentiment improved. There were increased exposures for Credit Spread, Equity and Commodities.

g Total DVaR increased in August 2010 reaching £73m with increased exposure in Interest Rates, Credit Spread and Equity.

h DVaR increased towards the end of the year, mainly due to an increase in equity. Total as at 31st December 2010 was £48m.

i The high (and low) DVaR figures reported for each category did not necessarily occur on the same day as the high (and low) DVaR reported as a whole. Consequently a diversification effect number for the high (and low) DVaR figures would not be meaningful and it is therefore omitted from the above table.

j Top-line income is a non-IFRS measure that represents income before own credit gain/losses and credit market losses/income. This measure has been presented as it provides a consistent basis for comparing the business’ performance between financial periods. Credit market losses included within income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £124m (2009: £4,417m), and own credit gain for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £391m (2009: loss of £1,820m). Total income at Barclays Capital for the year ended 31st December 2010 was £13,600m (2009: £11,625m). For a reconciliation of top-line income to total income for Barclays Capital, see the “Analysis of Total income” table on page 32. For more information on credit market losses see page 88 and for more information on own credit gains / losses see Note 4 to the financial statements.

97

Non-traded interest rate risk (audited)

Non-traded interest rate risk arises from the provision of retail and wholesale (non-traded) banking products and services, when the interest rate repricing date for loans (assets) is different to the repricing date for deposits (liabilities). This includes current accounts and equity balances which do not have a defined maturity date and an interest rate that does not move in line with the base rate. The risk resides mainly in Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth and Group Treasury.

Barclays objective is to minimise non-traded interest rate risk and this is achieved by transferring interest rate risk from the business to a local treasury or Group Treasury, which in turn hedges the net exposure with the external market. Limits exist to ensure no material risk is retained within any business or product area.

Risk measurement

The risk in each business is measured and controlled using both an income metric (Annual Earnings at Risk) and a present value metric (Economic Value of Equity, Economic Capital, Daily Value at Risk, risk factor stress testing, scenario stress testing).

Annual Earnings at Risk (AEaR) measures the sensitivity of net interest income over the next 12 months. It is calculated as the difference between the estimated income using the current yield curve and the lowest estimated income following a 100 basis points increase or decrease in interest rates, subject to a minimum interest rate of 0%.

The main model assumptions are:

– The balance sheet is kept at the current level i.e. no growth is assumed

– Balances are adjusted for an assumed behavioural profile. This includes the treatment of fixed rate loans including mortgages

Economic Value of Equity (EVE) calculates the change in the present value of the banking book for a 100 basis point upward and downward rate

shock. This calculation is equivalent to that of AEaR except Economic Value of Equity is a present value sensitivity while AEaR is an income sensitivity.

Economic Capital (EC) consistent models are used to measure: recruitment risk, the risk from customers not taking up their fixed rate loan offer; and prepayment risk, the risk of a customer deciding not to carry on with their fixed rate loan. Behavioural profiles are also used when modelling the balance sheet.

Daily Value at Risk (DVaR) and risk factor stress testing methodologies are consistent with those used by Barclays Capital. DVaR and stress are used by Treasuries that operate within liquid currencies such as Sterling, US Dollar and Euros while for Treasuries that operate in less liquid currencies, stress risk is the only present value metric used.

Risk control

Market Risk is controlled through the use of limits on the above risk measures. Limits are set at the total business level and then cascaded down. The total business level limits for AEaR, EVE, EC, DVaR and stress are agreed by Market Risk Committee. In 2010, a range of formal present value limits was extended to include stress and EVE limits. Compliance with limits is monitored by the respective business market risk team with oversight provided by Group Market Risk.

Market Risk is also controlled through an ongoing programme of conformance visits by both the business market risk departments and Group Market Risk. These visits review both the current market risk profile and potential market risk developments, as well as verifying conformance with Barclays policies and standards as detailed in the Barclays Market Risk Control Framework.

The interest rate risk for balances with no defined maturity date and an interest rate that is not linked to the base rate is managed by Group Treasury. A series of continuous equity and product structural hedges is used to mitigate the interest rate risk, as described below.

Net Interest Income Sensitivity (AEaR) by currency (audited)	31st December 2010						31st December 2009
	+100 basis points £m			-100 basis points £m			+100 basis points £m			-100 basis points £m
GBP		297			(377	)		30			(360	)
USD		(12	)		(8	)		(43	)		14
EUR		(16	)		12			(34	)		–
ZAR		13			(10	)		29			(27	)
Others		–			–			(1	)		4
Total		282			(383	)		(19	)		(369	)
As percentage of net interest income		2.25%			(3.06%	)		(0.16%	)		(3.10%	)

Analysis of equity sensitivity (audited)	31st December 2010						31st December 2009
	+100 basis points £m			-100 basis points £m			+100 basis points £m			-100 basis points £m
Net Interest Income		282			(383	)		(19	)		(369	)
Taxation effects on the above		(71	)		96			4			86
Effect on profit for the year		211			(287	)		(15	)		(283	)
As percentage of net profit after tax		4.64%			(6.31%	)		(0.15%	)		(2.75%	)
Effect on profit for the year (per above)		211			(287	)		(15	)		(283	)
Available for sale reserve		(2,051	)		2,051			(527	)		527
Cash flow hedge reserve		(1,298	)		1,288			(929	)		957
Taxation effects on the above		837			(835	)		341			(347	)
Effect on equity		(2,301	)		2,217			(1,130	)		854
As percentage of equity		(3.70%	)		3.56%			(1.93%	)		1.46%

98         

Risk management

Market risk management continued

Risk reporting (audited)

Each business area is responsible for their respective market risk reports. A combination of daily and monthly risk reports are produced and used by the business. These are also sent to Group Market Risk for review and inclusion in the Group Daily Market Risk Report. A risk summary is also presented at Market Risk Committee and respective Asset and Liability Committees.

Analysis of Net Interest Income sensitivity

The table above shows the pre-tax net interest income for the non-trading financial assets and financial liabilities held at 31st December 2010 and 31st December 2009. The sensitivity has been measured using the AEaR methodology as described above. The benchmark interest rate for each currency is set as at 31st December 2010. The figures include the effect of hedging instruments but exclude banking book exposures held or issued by Barclays Capital as these are measured and managed using DVaR.

Non-traded interest rate risk, as measured by AEaR, was £383m as at 31st December 2010, an increase of £14m compared to 31st December 2009. The 2010 and 2009 AEaR estimates both reflect the reduced spread generated on retail and commercial banking liabilities associated with a low interest rate environment. If the interest rate hedges had not been in place then the AEaR for 2010 would have been £601m (2009: £704m).

DVaR is also used to control market risk in Western Europe Retail Banking and in Group Treasury. The indicative average 2010 DVaRs were £1.6m (2009: £1.4m) for Western Europe and £0.7m (2009: £1.0m) for Group Treasury.

Margins

Analysis of net interest income For year ended 31 st December	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Net interest income pre product structural hedge		9,038		8,654			8,845
Net interest income from product structural hedgea		1,403		1,364			44
Share of benefit of interest income on Group equity (including equity structural hedge)		932		799			712
Total Global Retail Banking, Absa, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth		11,373		10,817			9,601
Barclays Capital net interest incomeb		1,121		1,598			1,724
Other net interest income/ (expense)		29		(497	)		144
Group net interest income from continuing operationsc		12,523		11,918			11,469

The current low interest rate environment substantially reduces the spread generated on retail and commercial banking assets, liabilities and the Group's equity. This impact is reduced, to an extent, by the Group's structural interest rate hedges, which are designed to minimise net interest margin volatility. Product structural hedges generated a gain of £1,403m (2009: gain £1,364m) converting short term interest margin volatility on product balances (such as non-interest bearing current accounts and managed rate deposits) into a more stable medium term rate. Hedges are built on a monthly basis to achieve a targeted maturity profile, referencing term rates, which protect against margin compression where short term interest rates are lower than historical averages.

Notes

a UK Retail Banking and Barclays Corporate were allocated £878m (2009: £837m) and £265m (2009: £266m) of this amount respectively.

b Including share of the interest income on Group equity which includes the equity structural hedge benefit.

c Total GRB net interest income was £7,191m (2009: £6,931m) and the GRB net interest margin was 2.27% (2009: 2.42%).

During the first half of 2010, Barclays began to extend the maturity profile of its liability product structural hedges. This increased expected revenue contribution for the year and reduced future earnings volatility. Based on the market curve as at the end of December 2010 and the on-going hedging strategy, fixed rate returns on liability structural hedges are expected to remain broadly similar over the next 2 years. Therefore, to the extent that the current low floating rates persist, the net contribution from these hedges will remain broadly stable. Any increases in short term interest rates will reduce the benefit of the hedges, although it is expected that this would be offset by enhanced product margins. The net contribution from these hedges is included in the net interest income of individual businesses.

Additionally, equity structural hedges are in place to manage the volatility in earnings on the Group's equity with the impact allocated to the businesses as part of the share of the interest income benefit on Group equity through net interest income. Equity structural hedges generated a gain of £1,788m in 2010 (2009: gain £1,162m), including net gains on disposal of gilts of approximately £500m. Due to concerns surrounding economic conditions and outlook, gilts purchased as part of the equity hedge duration extension were sold in Q3 and Q4. The duration extension process was resumed towards the end of Q4 2010 and, to date, the hedge position has been substantially rebuilt. Re-building at higher rates has limited the loss of future hedging income from the sales to approximately £140m, which will be realised over 10 years. The sale and rebuild is therefore not expected to materially impact fixed rate returns over the next 2 years.

Within the analysis of net interest income, the amount described as Other relates to the cost of subordinated debt and net funding on non- customer assets and liabilities, together with the residual benefit of interest income on Group equity, held within Head Office Functions and Other Operations. In 2009 there were additional costs of central funding activity, relating to money market dislocations, which did not reoccur in 2010.

99

On 1st October 2009, the Group implemented a revised internal funds pricing mechanism, which prices intra-group funding and liquidity. The effect of the mechanism is to appropriately give credit to businesses with net surplus liquidity and to charge those businesses in need of wholesale funding at Barclays internal funding rate, which is driven by prevailing market rates and includes a term premium. The objective is to price internal funding for assets and liabilities in line with the cost of alternative sources of funding, which ensures there is consistency between retail and wholesale sources. The impact of the change in mechanism on net interest margins in 2010 for GRB, Absa, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth, in aggregate, was not significant, with Barclays Wealth benefiting as a result of surplus term liquidity, broadly offsetting the term asset liquidity requirement of Barclaycard.

The change in the internal funds pricing mechanism has impacted the asset and liability margins of the businesses affected. In particular, the liability margins of UK Retail Banking, Western Europe Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth (the main deposit gathering businesses affected) have benefited from the change in approach. Conversely the asset margins of those businesses and, to a more limited extent Barclaycard, have been negatively impacted by the mechanism.

Margins are also affected by hedging activity, which is executed to minimise the net interest margin volatility. As such, the hedges provide a more constant revenue stream on liabilities generated and a more constant cost of funding for fixed rate assets generated.

100         

Risk management

Market risk management continued

Foreign exchange risk (audited)

The Group is exposed to two sources of foreign exchange risk.

a) Transactional foreign currency exposure

Transactional foreign exchange exposures represent exposure on banking assets and liabilities, denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the transacting entity.

The Group’s risk management policies prevent the holding of significant open positions in foreign currencies outside the trading portfolio managed by Barclays Capital which is monitored through DVaR.

There were no material net transactional foreign currency exposures outside the trading portfolio at either 31st December 2010 or 2009. Due to the low level of non-trading exposures no reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates would have a material effect on either the Group’s profit or movements in equity for the year ended 31st December 2010 or 2009.

b) Translational foreign exchange exposure

The Group’s translational foreign currency exposure arises from both its capital resources (including investments in subsidiaries and branches, intangible assets, non-controlling interests, deductions from capital and debt capital instruments) and risk weighted assets (RWAs) being denominated in foreign currencies. Changes in foreign exchange rates result in changes in the Sterling equivalent value of foreign currency denominated capital resources and risk weighted assets. As a result, the Group’s regulatory capital ratios are sensitive to foreign exchange rate movements.

The Group’s capital ratio hedge strategy is to minimise the volatility of the capital ratios caused by foreign exchange rate movements. To achieve this, the Group aims to maintain the ratio of foreign currency Core Tier 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital resources to foreign currency RWAs the same as the Group’s capital ratios.

The Group’s investments in foreign currency subsidiaries and branches create capital resources denominated in foreign currencies. Changes in the Sterling value of the investments due to foreign currency movements are captured in the currency translation reserve, resulting in a movement in Core Tier 1 capital.

During 2010, structural currency exposures net of hedging instruments increased from £12.5bn to £15.3bn as a result of hedging decisions taken in accordance with the Group’s capital ratio management strategy for foreign exchange rate movements.

To create foreign currency Tier 1 and Total Capital resources additional to the Core Tier 1 capital resources, the Group issues, where possible, debt capital in non-Sterling currencies. This is primarily achieved by the issuance of debt capital from Barclays Bank PLC, but can also be achieved by subsidiaries issuing capital in local currencies.

The economic hedges primarily represent the US Dollar and Euro Preference Shares and Reserve Capital Instruments in issue that are treated as equity under IFRS, and do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. During the year€850m Reserves Capital Instruments were redeemed.

The impact of a change in the exchange rate between Sterling and any of the major currencies would be:

– A higher or lower Sterling equivalent value of non-Sterling denominated capital resources and risk weighted assets. This includes a higher or lower currency translation reserve within equity, representing the retranslation of non-Sterling subsidiaries, branches and associated undertakings net of the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on derivatives and borrowings designated as hedges of net investments.

– A higher or lower profit after tax, arising from changes in the exchange rates used to translate items in the consolidated income statement.

– A higher or lower value of available for sale investments denominated in foreign currencies, impacting the available for sale reserve.

Functional currency of operations (audited)
	Foreign currency net investments £m		Borrowings which hedge the net investments £m		Derivatives which hedge the net investments £m		Structural currency exposures pre economic hedges £m			Economic hedges £m		Remaining structural currency exposures £m
As at 31st December 2010
US Dollar		22,646		7,406		–		15,240			6,330		8,910
Euro		7,327		3,072		1,294		2,961			2,069		892
Rand		4,826		–		1,626		3,200			–		3,200
Japanese Yen		5,304		3,603		1,683		18			–		18
Swiss Franc		152		–		157		(5	)		–		(5	)
Other		3,139		–		824		2,315			–		2,315
Total		43,394		14,081		5,584		23,729			8,399		15,330
As at 31st December 2009
US Dollar		16,677		3,205		–		13,472			6,056		7,416
Euro		6,772		3,418		–		3,354			2,902		452
Rand		4,055		–		1,542		2,513			189		2,324
Japanese Yen		4,436		3,484		940		12			–		12
Swiss Franc		2,840		2,734		92		14			–		14
Other		2,983		–		677		2,306			–		2,306
Total		37,763		12,841		3,251		21,671			9,147		12,524

101

Other market risks

Barclays maintains a number of defined benefit pension schemes for past and current employees. The ability of the Pension Fund to meet the projected pension payments is maintained through investments and regular bank contributions.Pension risk arises because the estimated market value of the pension fund assets might decline; or their investment returns might reduce; or the estimated value of the pension liabilities might increase. In these circumstances, Barclays could be required or might choose to make extra contributions to the pension fund. Financial details of the pension fund are in Note 28.

Asset management structural risk arises where the fee and commission income earned by asset management products and businesses is affected by a change in market levels, primarily through the link between income and the value of assets under management. Asset management structural risk mainly resides in Barclays Wealth. It is Barclays policy that businesses monitor and report this risk against a defined risk appetite and regularly assess potential hedging strategies.

Disclosures about certain trading activities including non-exchange traded commodity contracts

The Group provides a fully integrated service to clients for base metals, precious metals, oil, power, natural gas, coal, freight, emission credits, structured products and other related commodities. This service offering continues to expand, as market conditions allow, through the addition of new products and markets.

The Group offers both over the counter (OTC) and exchange-traded derivatives, including swaps, options, forwards and futures and enters into physically settled contracts in base metals, power and gas, oil and related products. Physical commodity positions are held at fair value and reported in Note 12.

The fair values of physical and derivative positions are primarily determined through a combination of recognised market observable prices, exchange prices, and established inter-commodity relationships. Further information on fair value measurement of financial instruments can be found in Note 41.

Credit risk exposures relating to commodity contracts are actively managed by the Group. Refer to the Credit Risk section for more information on the Group’s approach to credit risk management and the credit quality of derivative assets.

The tables below analyse the overall fair value of the OTC commodity derivative contracts by movement over time and contractual maturity. As at 31st December 2010 the fair value of the commodity derivative contracts reflects a gross positive fair value of £22,521m (2009: £27,134m) and a gross negative value of £22,884m (2009: £26,227m).

Movement in fair value of commodity derivative positions	2010 £m			2009 £m
Fair value of contracts outstanding as at 1st January		907			(936	)
Contracts realised or otherwise settled during the period		(3,124	)		1,521
Fair value of new contracts entered into during the period		(1,068	)		(181	)
Other changes in fair values		2,922			503
Fair value of contracts outstanding as at 31st December		(363	)		907

Maturity analysis of commodity derivative fair value	2010 £m			2009 £m
Not more than one year		(1,859	)		(75	)
Over one year but not more than five years		977			620
Over five years		519			362
Total		(363	)		907

102         

Risk management

Capital risk management

All disclosures in this section (pages 102 to 106) are unaudited unless otherwise stated

Capital risk is the risk that the Group has insufficient capital resources to:

– Meet minimum regulatory requirements in the UK and in other jurisdictions such as the United States and South Africa where regulated activities are undertaken. The Group’s authority to operate as a bank is dependent upon the maintenance of adequate capital resources.

– Support its credit rating. A weaker credit rating would increase the Group’s cost of funds.

– Support its growth and strategic options.

Organisation and structure (audited)

Barclays operates a centralised capital management model, considering both regulatory and economic capital. The Group’s capital management objectives are to maintain sufficient capital resources to:

– ensure the financial holding company is well capitalised relative to the minimum regulatory capital requirements set by the UK FSA and the US Federal Reserve;

– ensure locally regulated subsidiaries can meet their minimum regulatory capital requirements;

– support the Group’s Risk Appetite and Economic Capital requirements; and

– support the Group’s credit rating.

Capital is allocated to businesses to support the Group’s strategic objectives, including optimising returns on regulatory and economic capital.

The Group Treasury Committee manages compliance with the Group’s capital management objectives. The Committee reviews actual and forecast capital demand and resources on a monthly basis. The processes in place for delivering the Group’s capital management objectives are to:

– establishment of internal targets for capital demand and ratios;

– manage capital ratio sensitivity to foreign exchange movement; and

– manage local entity regulatory capital adequacy.

In addition to the processes above, the Group Risk Oversight Committee and the Board Risk Committee annually review risk appetite and analyse the impacts of stress scenarios on the Group capital forecast (see pages 144 and 145) in order to understand and manage the Group’s projected capital adequacy.

Internal targets

To support its capital management objectives, the Group sets internal targets for its key capital ratios. Internal targets are reviewed regularly by Group Treasury Committee to take account of:

– changes in forecast demand for capital caused by accessing new business opportunities, including mergers and acquisitions;

– flexibility in debt capital issuance and securitisation plans;

– the possible impact of stress scenarios including:

– changes in forecast demand for capital from unanticipated drawdown of

committed facilities or as a result of deterioration in the credit quality of the Group’s assets;

– changes in forecast profits and other capital resources; and

– changes to capital resources and forecast demand due to foreign exchange rate movements.

Managing capital ratio sensitivity to foreign exchange rate movements

The Group has capital resources and risk weighted assets denominated in foreign currencies. Changes in foreign exchange rates result in changes in the Sterling equivalent value of foreign currency denominated capital resources and risk weighted assets. As a result, the Group’s regulatory capital ratios are sensitive to foreign currency movements.

The Group’s capital ratio hedge strategy is to minimise the volatility of the capital ratios caused by foreign exchange rate movements. To achieve this, the Group aims to maintain the ratio of foreign currency Core Tier 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital resources to foreign currency RWAs the same as the Group’s capital ratios.

The Group’s foreign currency capital resources include investments in subsidiaries and branches, intangible assets, non-controlling interest, deductions from capital and debt capital instruments.

The Group’s investments in foreign currency subsidiaries and branches create Core Tier 1 capital resources denominated in foreign currencies. Changes in the Sterling value of the investments due to foreign currency movements are captured in the currency translation reserve, resulting in a movement in Core Tier 1 capital.

To create foreign currency Tier 1 and Total Capital resources additional to the Core Tier 1 capital resources, the Group issues, where possible, debt capital in non-Sterling currencies. This is primarily achieved by the issuance of debt capital from Barclays Bank PLC, but can also be achieved by subsidiaries issuing capital in local currencies.

In some circumstances, investments in foreign currency subsidiaries and branches are hedged. In these circumstances, foreign currency capital resources are not created. Hedging decisions take into account the impact on capital ratios, the strategic nature of the investment, the cost of hedging, the availability of a suitable foreign exchange market and prevailing foreign exchange rates. Depending on the value of foreign currency net investments, it is not always possible to maintain the ratio of Core Tier 1 capital to RWAs consistent with the Group’s Core Tier 1 ratio in all currencies, leaving some capital ratio sensitivity to foreign currency movements.

The investment of proceeds from the issuance of equity accounted foreign currency preference shares also contributes to foreign currency capital resources. If a preference share issuance is redeemed, the cumulative movement from the date of issuance in the currency translation reserve will be offset by an equal and opposite movement in reserves reflecting the revaluation of the preference shares to prevailing foreign exchange rates. Issuance of a replacement Tier 1 instrument in the same currency will maintain the hedge of the Tier 1 ratio.

Local entity regulatory capital adequacy

The Group manages its capital resources to ensure that those Group entities that are subject to local capital adequacy regulation in individual jurisdictions meet their minimum capital requirements. Local management manages compliance with entities minimum regulatory capital requirements by reporting to local Asset and Liability Committees with oversight by The Treasury Committee, as required.

Injections of capital resources into Group entities are centrally controlled by the Group Treasury Committee, under authorities delegated from the Group Executive Committee. The Group’s policy is for surplus capital held in Group entities to be repatriated to Barclays Bank PLC in the form of dividends and/or capital repatriation, subject to local regulatory requirements, exchange controls and tax implications.

Other than as indicated above, the Group is not aware of any material impediments to the prompt transfer of capital resources or repayment of intra-group liabilities when due.

103

Allocating capital in the Group’s strategic medium-term plan

Capital adequacy and returns on regulatory and economic capital form a key part of the Group’s annual strategic medium-term planning process. Amongst other strategic objectives, the Group seeks to optimise returns on economic and regulatory capital through the planning process. To achieve this, executive management consider returns on risk weighted assets and economic capital when setting limits for business capital demand. Executive management will also review the forecast capital ratios to ensure internal targets continue to be met over the medium-term plan.

The Treasury Committee reviews the limits on capital demand on a monthly basis taking into account actual performance.

Capital resources

Core Tier 1 capital increased by £4.4bn during 2010. £3.6bn of this increase was a result of attributable profit. In addition £1.5bn of equity was issued following the exercise of warrants and £0.7bn additional Core Tier 1 was reflected in the currency translation reserve. These were offset by net losses on available for sale equity positions, of which BlackRock, Inc. was £0.9bn, and dividends paid of £0.5bn.

Total qualifying Tier 1 Capital increased by £3.9bn during 2010 as the increase in Core Tier 1 capital was offset by the redemption of Reserve Capital Instruments of £0.7bn.

Total net capital resources	Basel II						Basel II						Basel II
	2010						2009						2008
	Barclays PLC Group £m			Barclay Bank PLC Group £m			Barclays PLC Group £m			Barclay Bank PLC Group £m			Barclays PLC Group £m			Barclay Bank PLC Group £m
Ordinary shareholders’ funds		50,858			59,174			47,277			55,925			36,618			41,202
Regulatory adjustments:		-			-			-			-			-			-
MCNs not yet converted		-			-			-			-			(3,652	)		-
Available for sale reserve - debt		340			340			83			83			372			372
Available for sale reserve - equity		-			-			(309	)		(335	)		(122	)		(63	)
Cash flow hedging reserve		(152	)		(152	)		(252	)		(252	)		(132	)		(132	)
Defined benefit pension scheme		99			99			431			431			849			849
Adjustments for scope of regulatory consolidation		99			99			196			196			847			847
Foreign exchange on RCIs and upper Tier 2 loan stock		209			209			25			25			(231	)		(231	)
Adjustment for own credit		(621	)		(621	)		(340	)		(340	)		(1,650	)		(1,650	)
Other adjustments		(40	)		(40	)		144			144			305			304
Equity non-controlling interests		2,923			2,923			2,351			2,351			1,981			1,981
Less: Intangible assets		(8,326	)		(8,326	)		(8,345	)		(8,345	)		(9,964	)		(9,964	)
Less: Net excess of expected loss over impairment at 50%		(168	)		(168	)		(25	)		(25	)		(159	)		(159	)
Less: Securitisation positions at 50%		(2,360	)		(2,360	)		(2,799	)		(2,799	)		(704	)		(704	)
Less: Non Core Tier 1 capital issues included in shareholders’ funds		-			(7,937	)		-			(8,427	)		-			(8,421	)
Core Tier 1 Capital		42,861			43,240			38,437			38,632			24,358			24,231
Preference shares		6,317			6,317			6,256			6,256			6,191			6,191
Reserve Capital Instruments		6,098			6,098			6,724			6,724			5,743			5,721
Tier One Notesa		1,046			1,046			1,017			1,017			1,086			1,086
Tax on the net excess of expected loss over impairment		(100	)		(100	)		8			8			46			46
Less: Material holdings in financial companies at 50%		(2,676	)		(2,872	)		(2,805	)		(2,915	)		(174	)		(174	)
Total qualifying Tier 1 capital		53,546			53,729			49,637			49,722			37,250			37,101
Revaluation reserves		29			29			26			26			26			26
Available for sale reserve - equity		-			-			309			335			122			122
Collectively assessed impairment allowances		2,409			2,409			2,443			2,443			1,654			1,654
Tier 2 non-controlling interests		572			572			547			547			607			607
Qualifying subordinated liabilities		-			-			-			-			-			-
Undated loan capital		1,648			1,648			1,350			1,350			6,745			6,768
Dated loan capital		16,565			16,565			15,657			15,658			14,215			14,215
Less: Net excess of expected loss over impairment at 50%		(168	)		(168	)		(25	)		(25	)		(158	)		(158	)
Less: Securitisation positions at 50%		(2,360	)		(2,360	)		(2,799	)		(2,799	)		(704	)		(704	)
Less: Material holdings in financial companies at 50%		(2,676	)		(2,872	)		(2,805	)		(2,915	)		(174	)		(174	)
Total qualifying Tier 2 capital		16,019			15,823			14,703			14,620			22,333			22,356
Less: Other regulatory deductions		(2,250	)		(2,250	)		(880	)		(880	)		(856	)		(964	)
Total net capital resources		67,315			67,302			63,460			63,462			58,727			58,493
Capital Ratios		%			%			%			%			%			%
Core Tier 1 ratio		10.8%			10.9%			10.0%			10.1%			5.6%			5.6%
Tier 1 ratio		13.5%			13.5%			13.0%			13.0%			8.6%			8.6%
Risk asset ratio		16.9%			16.9%			16.6%			16.6%			13.6%			13.5%

a Tier 1 Notes are included in the balance sheet under subordinated liabilities.

104         

Risk management

Capital risk management continued

Total net capital resources increased by £3.9bn during 2010 reflecting the growth in Tier 1 capital and an increase in total qualifying Tier 2 capital, primarily due to the net issuance of additional subordinated debt of £0.9bn. This was offset by an increase in other regulatory deductions for investments in non-consolidated subsidiaries and associates of £1,4bn.

As at 31st December 2010, on a Basel II basis, the Group’s Core Tier 1 ratio was 10.8% (2009:10.0%) and the Tier 1 capital ratio was 13.5% (2009:13.0%).

Risk weighted assets

Risk weighted assets increased 4% to £398bn in 2010. Year on year, there was a £22bn reduction in underlying risk weighted assets (predominantly in Barclays Capital) as a result of capital management efficiencies and reduced levels of risk and inventory. This was offset in part by both methodology and model changes, which increased risk weighted assets by approximately £28bn. Foreign exchange and other movements accounted for a further increase of £9bn.

Adjusted gross leverage

Adjusted gross leverage is a non-IFRS measure representing the multiple of adjusted total tangible assets over total qualifying Tier 1 capital. Adjusted total tangible assets are total assets adjusted to allow for derivative counterparty netting where the Group has a legally enforceable master netting agreement, assets under management on the balance sheet, settlement balances and cash collateral on derivative liabilities, goodwill and intangible assets. This measure has been presented as it provides for a metric used by management in assessing balance sheet leverage. Barclays management believes that this measure provides useful information to readers of Barclays financial statements as a key measure of stability, which is consistent with the views of regulators and investors. However, this measure is not a substitute for IFRS measures and readers should consider IFRS measures as well, such as the ratio of total assets to total shareholders equity as disclosed below.

The adjusted gross leverage was 20x as at 31st December 2010 (2009: 20x) principally as a result of a £3.9bn increase in Tier 1 Capital to £53.5bn offset by the impact of a £84.6bn increase in adjusted total tangible assets. At month ends during 2010 the ratio moved in a range from 20x to 24x, with fluctuations arising as a result of normal trading activities, primarily due to increases in reverse repurchase trading and changes in holdings of trading portfolio assets. Significant fluctuations on a monthly basis comprised:

– an increase from 20x at December 2009 to 22x at January 2010 driven by an increase in reverse repurchase trading, holdings of trading portfolio assets, the acquisition of Standard Life Bank, and increased cash balances;

– a step up from 21x to 23x in April resulting from an increase in reverse repurchase trading, holdings of trading portfolio assets, and a decrease in Tier 1 capital;

– a decrease in June from 24x to 20x driven by a reduction in reverse repurchase trading and holdings of trading portfolio assets;

– a step up in July from 20x to 23x arising from an increase in reverse repurchase trading;

– a fall in September from 24x to 21x driven by an increase in Tier 1 capital and a reduction in reverse repurchase trading;

– an increase from 21x to 23x in October as a result of increases in reverse repurchase trading and holdings of trading portfolio assets; and

– a steady decrease during November and December from 23x to 20x resulting from decreases in reverse repurchase trading and holdings of trading portfolio assets and an increase in Tier 1 capital, principally reflecting the impact of increases in available for sale reserves.

The ratio of total assets to total shareholders equity was 24x as at 31st December 2010 (2009: 24x). The ratio moved within a month end range of 24x to 29x, driven by the fluctuations noted above, as well as changes in gross interest rate derivatives and settlement balances. Significant drivers of fluctuations other than those noted above comprised:

– the increase from 24x at December 2009 to 27x at January 2010 was also affected by increases in settlement balances;

– a step up in August from 27x to 29x arose from an increase in gross derivatives balances; and

– the decrease in December from 27x to 24x was affected by a decrease in gross derivatives and settlement balances in addition to those movements noted above.

Group Treasury agrees adjusted tangible asset targets at a segment level to manage the Barclays balance sheet and leverage ratio. Barclays Capital’s adjusted tangible assets are managed and reviewed monthly by the Barclays Capital Balance Sheet Steering Committee which includes members of Treasury, Finance and the businesses. The Steering Committee agrees limits with each business across Barclays Capital and monitors balance sheet usage against those limits. Businesses were required to manage the balance sheet to defined limits and were not permitted to exceed them without prior approval by nominated Steering Committee members. Barclays continues to operate within limits and targets for balance sheet usage as part of its balance sheet management activities.

The Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors (BCBS) issued final guidelines for ‘Basel III: a global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems’ in December 2010. The guidelines include a proposed leverage metric, to be implemented by national supervisors in parallel run from 1st January 2013 (migrating to a Pillar 1 measure by 2018). The metric is the ratio of exposure to Tier 1 capital calculated on a Basel III basis, with exposure representing total assets and certain off balance sheet items, the potential future exposure on derivative contracts, less netting permitted under applicable UK regulatory rules and those assets deducted from Tier 1 capital. The final implementation of Basel III may result in the future calculation of this ratio being on a different basis. Based on our interpretation of the current BCBS proposals the Group’s Basel III leverage ratio as at 31st December 2010 would be within the proposed limit of 33x.

Regulatory capital summary (audited)	Basel II
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Total qualifying Tier 1 Capital		53,546			49,637			37,250
Total qualifying Tier 2 Capital		16,019			14,703			22,333
Total Deductions		(2,250	)		(880	)		(856	)
Total net Capital resources		67,315			63,460			58,727

Risk weighted assets by risk	2010 £m			2009 £m
Credit risk		260,998			252,054
Counterparty risk		43,863			45,450
Market risk
– Modelled – VaR		9,209			10,623
– Modelled – IDRCa and Non-VaR		3,769			5,378
– Standardised		48,073			38,525
Operational risk		32,119			30,623
Total risk weighted assets		398,031			382,653
Adjusted gross leverage	2010 £m			2009 £m
Total assets		1,489,645			1,378,929
Counterparty net/collateralised derivatives5		(377,756	)		(374,099	)
Assets held in respect of linked liabilities to customers under investment contracts		(1,947	)		(1,679	)
Net settlement balances and cash collateral		(48,108	)		(25,825	)
Goodwill and intangible assets		(8,697	)		(8,795	)
Adjusted total tangible assets		1,053,137			968,531
Total qualifying Tier 1 capital		53,546			49,637
Adjusted gross leverage0		20			20
Ratio of total assets to shareholders’ equity		24			24

Notes

a IDRC - Incremental Default Risk Charge.

b Comprising counterparty netting of £340,467m (2009: £342,628m) and collateral held of £37,289m (2009: £31,471m) as disclosed on page 87.

Risk weighted assets by business	2010 £m		2009 £m
UK Retail Banking		35,274		35,876
Barclaycard		31,913		30,566
Western Europe Retail Banking		17,269		16,811
Barclays Africa		8,003		7,649
Barclays Capital		191,275		181,117
Barclays Corporate		70,796		76,928
Barclays Wealth		12,398		11,353
Investment Management		74		73
Absa		30,398		21,410
Head Office Functions and Other Operations		631		870
Total risk weighted assets		398,031		382,653

c As at 31st December 2010 the Group has amended the calculation of adjusted gross leverage to reflect the deduction of £20,996m cash collateral on derivative liability contracts. Applying this approach to 2009 would result in an adjusted gross leverage of 19x.

105

Economic capital demand

Economic capital is an internal measure of the risk profile of the bank expressed as the estimated stress loss at a 99.98% confidence level. The total amount of equity and preference capital held by the Group takes into account Economic Capital Demand and is set at an appropriate level to ensure that the Group maintains it credit rating based upon its risk profile.

Barclays assesses capital requirements by measuring the Group’s risk profile using both internally and externally developed models. The Group assigns economic capital primarily within the following risk categories: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, private equity and pension risk.

The Group regularly reviews its economic capital methodology and benchmarks outputs to external reference points. The framework uses default probabilities during average credit conditions, rather than those prevailing at the balance sheet date, thus seeking to remove cyclicality from the economic capital calculation. The economic capital framework takes into consideration time horizon, correlation of risks and risk concentrations.

Economic capital is allocated on a consistent basis across all of Barclays businesses and risk activities. A single cost of equity is applied to calculate the cost of risk.

The total average economic capital required by the Group is compared with the supply of economic capital to evaluate economic capital utilisation. The supply of economic capital is based on the available shareholders’ equity adjusted for certain items (e.g. retirement benefit liability, cash flow hedging reserve) and including preference shares.

Economic capital forms the basis of the Group’s submission for the Basel II Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP).

Notes

a Calculated using an adjusted average over the year and rounded to the nearest £50m for presentation purposes,

b Total period end economic capital requirement as at 31st December 2010 stood at £41,550m (2009: £40,750m).

c Average EC charts exclude the EC calculated for pension risk (average pension risk for 2010 is £3,750m compared with £2,500m in 2009).

d Includes Transition Businesses and capital for central function risks.

e Includes credit risk loans.

f Includes investments in associates, private equity risk, insurance risk, residual value and business risk. Also includes BGI related exposures post-disposal, mainly the Group’s investment in BlackRock, Inc.

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Capital risk management continued

Economic capital supply

The capital resources to support economic capital comprise adjusted shareholders’ equity including preference shares but excluding other non-controlling interests. Shareholders’ equity is adjusted for:

– Net retirement benefits liability – representing a non-cash reduction in shareholders equity;

– Cash flow hedging reserve – representing amounts that will be offset against the gains or losses on the hedged item when it is recognised in the income statement;

– Available for sale reserve – representing unrealised gains and losses on available for sale securities;

– Cumulative gains on own credit – representing cumulative gains arising on the fair value of changes in own credit; and

– Preference shares – are included in funds to support economic capital as preference shares have been issued to optimise the long term capital base of the group.

The average supply of capital to support the economic capital frameworka	Average 2010 £m			Average 2009 £m
Shareholders’ equity excluding non-controlling interests less goodwillb		41,400			28,000
Retirement benefits liability		450			800
Cash flow hedging reserve		(700	)		(300	)
Available for sale reserve		150			600
Cumulative gains on own credit		(450	)		(1,150	)
Average shareholders’ equity for economic purposes excluding goodwill		40,850			27,950
Average historical goodwill and intangible assets’		10,200			11,000
Average shareholders’ equity for economic purposes including goodwill		51,050			38,950
Preference shares		5,850			5,850
Available funds for economic capitalc		56,900			44,800

Notes

a Calculated using an adjusted average over the year and rounded to the nearest £50m for presentation purposes.

b Average goodwill relates to purchased goodwill and intangible assets from business acquisitions.

c Available funds for economic capital as at 31st December stood at £58,950m (2009: £54,600m).

107

Risk management

Liquidity risk management

All disclosures in this section (pages 107 to 112) are unaudited unless otherwise stated

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group is unable to meet its obligations when they fall due as a result of a sudden, and potentially protracted, increase in net cash outflows. Such outflows would deplete available cash resources for client lending, trading activities, investments and deposits. In extreme circumstances lack of liquidity could result in reductions in balance sheet and sales of assets, or potentially an inability to fulfil lending commitments. The risk that it will be unable to do so is inherent in all banking operations and can be affected by a range of institution-specific and market-wide events.

Organisation and structure (audited)

Barclays Treasury operates a centralised governance and control process that covers all of the Group’s liquidity risk management activities. Businesses assist Barclays Treasury in policy formation and limit setting by providing relevant and expert input for their local markets and customers. Execution of the Group’s liquidity risk management strategy is carried out at country level within agreed policies, controls and limits, with the Country Treasurer providing reports directly to Barclays Treasury to evidence conformance with the agreed risk profile. Liquidity risk is a standing agenda item at Country and Cluster Asset and Liability Committees and on a consolidated basis is reported to the Group’s Treasury Committee.

The objective of the Group’s liquidity risk management strategy is to ensure that the funding profile of individual businesses and the Group as a whole is appropriate to underlying market conditions and the profile of our business in each given country. Liquidity risk limits and controls are flexed to achieve that profile and are based on regular qualitative and quantitative assessments of conditions under both normal and stressed conditions. Businesses are only allowed to have funding exposure to wholesale markets where they can demonstrate that their market is sufficiently deep and liquid and then only relative to the size and complexity of their business.

Liquidity limits reflect both local regulatory requirements as well as the behavioural characteristics of their balance sheets. Breaches of limits are reported to Treasury Committee together with details of the requirements to return to compliance.

Liquidity risk framework (audited)

Barclays has a comprehensive Liquidity Risk Management Framework (the Liquidity Framework) for managing the Group’s liquidity risk. The objective of the Liquidity Framework is for the Group to have sufficient liquidity to continue to operate for at least the minimum period specified by the FSA in the event that the wholesale funding markets are neither open to Barclays nor to the market as a whole. Stress tests applied under the Liquidity Framework consider a range of possible wholesale and retail factors leading to loss of financing including:

– Maturing of wholesale liabilities;

– Loss of secured financing and widened haircuts on remaining book;

– Retail and commercial outflows from savings and deposit accounts;

– Drawdown of loans and commitments;

– Potential impact of a 2 notch ratings downgrade; and

– Withdrawal of initial margin amounts by counterparties.

These stressed scenarios are used to assess the appropriate level for the Group’s liquidity pool, which comprises unencumbered assets and central bank deposits. Barclays regularly uses these assets to access secured funding markets, thereby testing the liquidity assumptions underlying pool composition. The Group does not presume the availability of central bank borrowing facilities to monetise the liquidity pool in any of the stress scenarios under the Liquidity Framework.

Liquidity pool (audited)

The Group liquidity pool as at 31st December 2010 was £154bn gross (2009: £127bn) and comprised the following cash and unencumbered assets (of which £140bn are FSA eligible). The Group maintains additional liquid assets to support ongoing business requirements such as payment services. The cost of the Group liquidity pool for 2010 has been allocated on the basis of the projected stress outflows arising in each relevant business.

Composition of the Group liquidity pool (audited)	Cash and deposits with central banks £bn		Governments guaranteed bonds £bn		Governments and supranational bonds £bn		Other available liquidity £bn		Total £bn
As at 31st December 2010		96		1		46		11		154
As at 31st December 2009		81		3		31		12		127

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Risk management

Liquidity risk management continued

Liquidity regulation

Since June 2010, the Group has reported its liquidity position against backstop Individual Liquidity Guidance (ILG) provided by the FSA. Calibration of the Group’s Liquidity Framework anticipated final FSA rules and is therefore broadly consistent with current FSA standards.

The Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors (BCBS) issued its final guidelines for liquidity risk management, standards and monitoring in December 2010. These guidelines include a short term liquidity stress metric (the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)) and a longer term liquidity metric (the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)). The BCBS guidelines have yet to be implemented into European and UK law and therefore remain subject to refinement and change.

However, the Group monitors compliance against these BCBS metrics and the FSA is expected to bring its ILG metrics into line with the Basel LCR over time. Applying the expected BCBS guidelines to the Group’s liquidity position as at 31st December 2010, the relevant ratios were estimated at 80% of the LCR requirement and 94% of the NSFR requirement.

Term financing (audited)

The Group continues to attract deposits in unsecured money markets and to raise additional secured and unsecured term funding in a variety of markets. As at 31st December 2009, the Group had £15bn of publicly issued term debt maturing during 2010. The corresponding figure for 2011 is £25bn. During 2010, the Group issued approximately £35bn of term funding, comprising:

– £8bn equivalent of public senior term funding;

– £4bn equivalent of public covered bonds/ABS;

– £2bn equivalent of public subordinated debt; and

– £21bn equivalent of structured notes.

This £35bn of term funding refinanced the 2010 requirement, both maturities and early repayments, as well as pre-financed some of the 2011 and 2012 maturities. Additional term funding raised in 2011 will support balance sheet growth, further extension of liability maturities and strengthening of our liquidity position.

The Group liquidity pool is sufficient to cover more than one year of wholesale maturities.

Funding structure (audited)

Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth and Head Office Functions are structured to be self-funded through customer deposits, Barclays equity and other long term funding. Barclays Capital and, in part, Absa are funded through the wholesale secured and unsecured funding markets.

The loan to deposit and long term funding ratio improved to 77% at 31st December 2010 (2009: 81%). The loan to deposit ratio also improved to 124% at 31st December 2010 (2009:130%).

Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth

and Head Office functions (audited)

An important source of structural liquidity is provided by our core retail deposits in the UK, Europe and Africa; mainly current accounts and savings accounts. Although, contractually, current accounts are repayable on demand and savings accounts at short notice, the Group’s broad base of customers – numerically and by depositor type – helps to protect against unexpected fluctuations. Such accounts form a stable funding base for the Group’s operations and liquidity needs.

The Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth businesses, together with Head Office functions, do not rely on short term wholesale funding. Rather, these businesses are funded through a combination of customer deposits and long term debt and equity.

In order to assess the funding requirement for these businesses, the balance sheet is modelled to reflect behavioural experience in both assets and liabilities. The maturity profile, excluding Absa, resulting from this behavioural modelling is set out below. As at 31st December 2010, behavioural modelling showed that expected repayments on assets are larger than the roll off of liabilities resulting in cash inflows for each of the first five years. Maturities of net liabilities are, therefore, behaviourally expected to occur after 5 years.

Included within the ‘Not More Than 1 yr’ time bucket in the below analysis are £18.9bn of Group liquidity pool assets. These assets have a contractual maturity of greater than 1 year. However, they could be used to generate short-term cash flows, either through the sale or secured funding and so the balance has been classified as generating cash flow inflows within 1 year.

109

Barclays Capital (audited)

Barclays Capital manages its liquidity to be primarily funded through wholesale markets, generating sufficient liquidity to ensure that potential cash outflows in a stressed environment are covered. Much of the short term funding is invested in highly liquid assets and central bank cash and therefore contributes towards the Group liquidity pool.

Barclays Capital undertakes secured funding in the repo markets based on liquidity characteristics. 66% (2009: 73%) of the inventory is funded on a secured basis. Limits are in place for each security asset class reflecting liquidity in the cash and financing markets for these assets. The percentage of secured funding using each asset class as collateral is set out below.

Unsecured wholesale funding for the Group (excluding Absa) is managed by Barclays Capital within specific term limits. Excluding short term deposits that are placed within the Group liquidity pool, the term of unsecured liabilities has been extended, with average life improving from at least 26 months at 31st December 2009 to at least 30 months at 31st December 2010.

Absa (audited)

Absa operates in a market with structural dependence on wholesale funding sources. This dependence is a function of customer behaviours in relation to savings in South Africa as a whole, where there is a higher concentration of cash in investment funds than in bank savings. This structural shortfall relating to bank savings is transparent and carefully monitored.

Behavioural maturity profile of assets and liabilities (audited)	Cash inflow/(outflow)
	Funding surplus £bn		Not more than  1yra £bn			Over 1yr but not more than 2yrs £bn		Over 2yrs but not more than 3yrs £bn		Over 3yrs but not more than 4yrs £bn		Over 4yrs but not more than 5yrs £bn		Over 5yrs £bn
As at 31st December 2010		89.9		4.7			17.7		30.1		10.4		2.2		(155.0	)
As at 31st December 2009		94.5		(10.2	)		17.8		21.2		7.8		1.8		(132.9	)
Secured funding by asset class (audited)	Govt %		Agency %			MBS %		ABS %		Corporate %		Equity %		Other %
As at 31st December 2010		64		7			9		3		7		7		3
As at 31st December 2009		59		7			7		6		10		8		3

Note

a Includes £18.9bn of Group liquidity pool assets that have a contractual maturity of greater than one year but can be used to generate short-term cash flows either through sale or secured lending.

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Risk management

Liquidity risk management continued

Contractual maturity of financial assets and liabilities (audited)

Details of contractual maturities for assets and liabilities form an important source of information for the management of liquidity risk. Such information is used (amongst other things) as the basis for modelling a behavioural balance sheet, for input into the liquidity framework, as discussed above.

The table below provides detail on the contractual maturity of all financial instruments and other assets and liabilities. Derivatives (other than those designated in a hedging relationship) and trading portfolio assets and liabilities are included in the on demand column at their fair value. Liquidity risk on these items is not managed on the basis of contractual

maturity since they are not held for settlement according to such maturity and will frequently be settled before contractual maturity at fair value. Derivatives designated in a hedging relationship are included according to their contractual maturity.

Financial assets designated at fair value in respect of linked liabilities to customers under investment contracts have been included in other assets and other liabilities as the Group is not exposed to liquidity risk arising from them; any request for funds from creditors would be met by simultaneously liquidating or transferring the related investment.

Contractual maturity of financial assets and liabilities (audited)
At 31st December 2010	On demand £m		Not more than three months £m			Over three months but not more than six months £m			Over six months but not more than one year £m			Over one year but not more than three years £m			Over three years but not more than five years £m			Over five years but not more than ten years £m			Over ten years £m		Total £m
Assets
Cash and balances at centralbanks		96,842		788			–			–			–			–			–			–		97,630
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,168		216			–			–			–			–			–			–		1,384
Trading portfolio assets		168,867		–			–			–			–			–			–			–		168,867
Financial assets designated at fair value		789		5,678			1,110			2,773			7,411			3,745			2,461			16,089		40,056
Derivative financial instruments		418,587		114			20			96			488			444			396			174		420,319
Loans and advances to banks		5,698		26,462			1,858			946			2,260			5			111			459		37,799
Loans and advances to customers		48,222		60,908			9,553			16,079			53,374			44,324			65,809			129,673		427,942
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		114		192,423			7,366			5,089			390			124			238			28		205,772
Available for sale financial investments		297		7,589			2,979			5,851			15,053			9,677			12,127			11,537		65,110
Other financial assets		–		2,040			–			–			784			–			–			–		2,824
Total financial assets		740,584		296,218			22,886			30,834			79,760			58,319			81,142			157,960		1,467,703
Other assets																								21,942
Total assets																								1,489,645
Liabilities
Deposits from banks		5,754		65,755			2,161			2,247			739			790			249			280		77,975
Items in the course of collection due to other banks		1,312		9			–			–			–			–			–			–		1,321
Customer accounts		230,880		77,607			13,959			11,423			5,211			3,539			2,263			906		345,788
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		907		216,454			4,358			2,755			739			256			59			6		225,534
Trading portfolio liabilities		72,693		–			–			–			–			–			–			–		72,693
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		1,237		17,866			6,191			6,963			21,453			18,446			13,553			10,073		95,782
Derivative financial instruments		403,163		303			72			101			390			927			286			274		405,516
Debt securities in issue		17		50,735			17,982			33,172			23,130			13,032			12,028			6,527		156,623
Subordinated liabilities		–		835			–			218			2,094			475			9,499			15,378		28,499
Other financial liabilities		–		4,295			–			–			990			–			–			–		5,285
Total financial liabilities		715,963		433,859			44,723			56,879			54,746			37,465			37,937			33,444		1,415,016
Other liabilities																								12,367
Total liabilities																								1,427,383
Cumulative liquidity gap		24,621		(113,020	)		(134,857	)		(160,902	)		(135,888	)		(115,034	)		(71,829	)		52,687		62,262

111

Contractual maturity of financial assets and liabilities (audited)
At 31st December 2009	On demand £m		Not more than three months £m			Over three months but not more than six months £m			Over six months but not more than one year £m			Over one year but not more than three years £m			Over three years but not more than five years £m			Over five years but not more than ten years £m			Over ten years £m		Total £m
Assets
Cash and balances at central banks		80,592		891			–			–			–			–			–			–		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks		1,243		350			–			–			–			–			–			–		1,593
Trading portfolio assets		151,344		–			–			–			–			–			–			–		151,344
Financial assets designated at fair value		679		10,795			1,679			2,456			5,514			3,998			2,293			13,897		41,311
Derivative financial instruments		415,638		216			115			89			236			101			334			86		416,815
Loans and advances to banks		5,114		30,385			314			1,787			2,396			544			98			497		41,135
Loans and advances to customers		44,826		68,876			8,987			17,848			51,886			38,357			63,180			126,264		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		248		129,095			3,558			5,604			4,680			31			210			5		143,431
Available for sale financial investments		1,157		6,999			8,356			3,434			20,530			5,871			6,802			3,334		56,483
Other financial assets		–		2,816			–			–			660			–			–			–		3,476
Total financial assets		700,841		250,423			23,009			31,218			85,902			48,902			72,917			144,083		1,357,295
Other assets																								21,634
Total assets																								1,378,929
Liabilities
Deposits from banks		3,861		50,020			4,850			15,558			1,325			200			420			212		76,446
Items in the course of collection due to other banks		1,373		93			–			–			–			–			–			–		1,466
Customer accounts		205,868		86,481			8,226			11,940			2,954			3,049			2,864			1,047		322,429
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		502		189,843			5,446			2,525			326			108			29			2		198,781
Trading portfolio liabilities		51,252		–			–			–			–			–			–			–		51,252
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		1,219		17,599			5,755			7,145			18,780			14,701			14,647			6,356		86,202
Derivative financial instruments		402,019		186			68			37			111			433			394			168		403,416
Debt securities in issue		64		43,390	��		17,761			19,408			29,904			11,607			7,838			5,930		135,902
Subordinated liabilities		–		173			1			27			1,234			1,375			9,871			13,135		25,816
Other financial liabilities		–		4,959			–			–			1,135			–			–			–		6,094
Total financial liabilities		666,158		392,744			42,107			56,640			55,769			31,473			36,063			26,850		1,307,804
Other liabilities																								12,647
Total liabilities																								1,320,451
Cumulative liquidity gap		34,683		(107,638	)		(126,736	)		(152,158	)		(122,025	)		(104,596	)		(67,742	)		49,491		58,478

Expected maturity dates do not differ significantly from the contract dates, except for:

– trading portfolio assets and liabilities and derivative financial instruments, which may not be held to maturity as part of the Group’s trading strategies. For these instruments, which are mostly held by Barclays Capital, liquidity and repricing risk is managed through the Daily Value at Risk (DVaR) methodology;

– retail deposits, which are included within customer accounts, are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis. In practice, these instruments form a stable base for the Group’s operations and liquidity needs because of the broad base of customers – both numerically and by depositor type; and

– financial assets designated at fair value held in respect of linked liabilities, which are managed with the associated liabilities.

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Risk management

Liquidity risk management continued

Contractual maturity of financial liabilities on an undiscounted basis (audited)

The table below presents the cash flows payable by the Group under financial liabilities by remaining contractual maturities at the balance sheet date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows of all financial liabilities (i.e. nominal values); whereas the Group manages the inherent liquidity risk based on discounted expected cash inflows.

The balances in the below table do not agree directly to the balances in the consolidated balance sheet as the table incorporates all cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, related to both principal as well as those associated with all future coupon payments.

Derivative financial instruments held for trading and trading portfolio liabilities are included in the on demand column at their fair value.

Financial liabilities designated at fair value in respect of linked liabilities under investment contracts have been excluded from this analysis as the Group is not exposed to liquidity risk arising from them.

Contractual maturity of financial liabilities – undiscounted (audited)	On  demand £m		Within one year £m		Over  one but not more than five years £m		Over  five years £m		Total £m
At 31st December 2010
Deposits from banks		5,754		70,197		1,636		613		78,200
Items in the course of collection due to other banks		1,312		9		–		–		1,321
Customer accounts		230,880		103,119		9,169		3,446		346,614
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		907		223,589		1,099		71		225,666
Trading portfolio liabilities		72,693		–		–		–		72,693
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		1,237		32,408		45,573		34,745		113,963
Derivative financial instruments		403,163		509		1,478		1,131		406,281
Debt securities in issue		17		103,437		39,519		26,304		169,277
Subordinated liabilities		–		1,934		5,645		26,785		34,364
Other financial liabilities		–		4,295		990		–		5,285
Total financial liabilities		715,963		539,497		105,109		93,095		1,453,664
Off-balance sheet items
Loan commitments		188,958		17,755		5,912		10,416		223,041
Other commitments		227		806		183		–		1,216
Total off-balance sheet items		189,185		18,561		6,095		10,416		224,257
Total financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items		905,148		558,058		111,204		103,511		1,677,921
At 31st December 2009
Deposits from banks		3,861		70,645		1,607		773		76,886
Items in the course of collection due to other banks		1,373		93		–		–		1,466
Customer accounts		205,868		106,991		6,898		5,488		325,245
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		502		197,864		450		37		198,853
Trading portfolio liabilities		51,252		–		–		–		51,252
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		1,219		31,030		35,733		34,206		102,188
Derivative financial instruments		402,019		311		627		998		403,955
Debt securities in issue		64		82,215		46,055		22,243		150,577
Subordinated liabilities		–		2,101		6,295		26,842		35,238
Other financial liabilities		–		4,959		1,135		–		6,094
Total financial liabilities		666,158		496,209		98,800		90,587		1,351,754
Off-balance sheet items
Loan commitments		127,540		74,111		4,181		861		206,693
Other commitments		386		384		19		–		789
Total off-balance sheet items		127,926		74,495		4,200		861		207,482
Total financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items		794,084		570,704		103,000		91,448		1,559,236

113

Risk management

Operational risk management

All disclosures in this section (pages 137 and 138) are unaudited

Operational Risk is defined as the risk of direct or indirect impacts resulting from human factors, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems or external events. Operational risks are inherent in the Group’s business activities and are typical of any large enterprise. It is not cost effective to attempt to eliminate all operational risks and in any event it would not be possible to do so. Losses from operational risks of small significance are expected to occur and are accepted as part of the normal course of business. Those of material significance are rare and the Group seeks to reduce the likelihood of these in accordance with its Risk Appetite.

Overview

The management of Operational Risk has two key objectives:

– To minimise the impact of losses suffered in the normal course of business (expected losses) and to avoid or reduce the likelihood of suffering a large extreme (or unexpected) loss.

– To improve the effective management of the Barclays Group and strengthen its brand and external reputation.

Barclays is committed to the management and measurement of operational risk and was granted a waiver to operate an Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) for Operational Risk under Basel II, which commenced in January 2008. The majority of the Group calculates regulatory capital using AMA, however in specific areas we apply the Standardised approach or Basic Indicator approach. In certain joint ventures and associates, Barclays may not be able to apply the AMA.

Areas where the roll-out of AMA is still continuing and the Standardised approach is currently applied are Barclays Bank Mozambique, National Bank of Commerce (Tanzania), and the portfolio of assets purchased from Woolworths Financial Services in South Africa, Citi Cards and Standard Life Bank, while these are integrated into our infrastructure.

Areas where the Group is working towards the rollout of AMA and the Basic Indicator approach is applied are Barclays Bank PLC Pakistan, Barclays Bank LLC Russia, Barclays Investment and Loans India Limited, the ABSA Africa businesses and the ‘new-to-bank’ business activities acquired from Lehman Brothers.

Barclays works to benchmark its internal operational risk practices with peer banks and to drive the development of advanced operational risk techniques across the industry.

Structure and governance

The Operational Risk framework comprises a number of elements which allow Barclays to manage and measure its Operational Risk profile and to calculate the amount of Operational Risk capital that Barclays needs to hold to absorb potential losses. The minimum, mandatory requirements for each of these elements are set out in the Group Operational Risk policies. This framework is implemented: vertically, through the organisational structure with all Business Units required to implement and operate an operational risk framework that meets, as a minimum, the requirements detailed in these operational risk policies; and laterally, with Group Principal Risk Owners required to ensure that the Group Operational Risk policies are reflected in the Control Framework for their Principal Risk.

Barclays operates within a robust system of internal control that enables business to be transacted and risk taken without exposure to unacceptable potential losses or reputational damage. To this end, Barclays has implemented the Group Internal Control and Assurance Framework (GICAF) which is aligned with the internationally recognised Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission Framework (COSO).

The prime responsibility for the management of operational risk and the compliance with control requirements rests with the business and functional units where the risk arises. Front line risk managers are widely distributed throughout the Group. They service and support these areas, assisting line managers in managing their risks.

The Operational Risk Director (or equivalent) for each Business Unit is responsible for ensuring the implementation of and compliance with Group Operational Risk policies.

The Group Operational Risk Director is responsible for establishing, owning and maintaining an appropriate Group wide Operational Risk Framework and for overseeing the portfolio of Operational Risk across the Group.

The Group Operational Risk Executive Committee (GOREC) assists with the oversight of Operational Risk. GOREC is a sub-committee of the Group Risk Oversight Committee (GROC), which presents to the Board Risk Committee (BRC).

In addition, Governance and Control Committees (G&CCs) in each business monitor control effectiveness. The Group G&CC receives reports from these committees and considers Group-significant control issues and their remediation. The Group G&CC presents to the Board Audit Committee (BAC).

Business units are required to report their Operational Risks on both a regular and an event-driven basis. The reports include a profile of the material risks to their business objectives and the effectiveness of key controls, control issues of Group-level significance, operational risk events and a review of scenarios and capital. Specific reports are prepared on a regular basis for GOREC, GROC, BRC and BAC.

The Internal Audit function provides further independent review and challenge of the Group’s operational risk management controls, processes and systems and reports to the Board and senior management.

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Operational risk management

The Barclays Operational Risk Framework is a key component of GICAF and has been designed to meet a number of external governance requirements, including Basel II and Turnbull. It also supports the Sarbanes-Oxley requirements.

The Operational Risk framework includes the following elements.

Risk Assessments

Barclays identifies and assesses all material risks within each business unit and evaluates the key controls in place to mitigate those risks.

Managers in the business units use self-assessment techniques to identify risks, evaluate the effectiveness of controls in place and assess whether the risks are effectively managed to within business risk appetite. The businesses are then able to make decisions on what, if any, action is required to reduce the level of risk to Barclays. These risk assessments are monitored on a regular basis to ensure that each business continually understands the risks it faces.

Risk Events

An operational risk event is any circumstance where, through the lack or failure of a control, Barclays has actually, or could have, made a loss. The definition includes situations in which Barclays could have made a loss, but in fact made a gain, as well as incidents resulting in reputational damage or regulatory impact only.

A standard threshold is used across the Group for reporting risk events and as part of our analysis we seek to identify where improvements are needed to processes or controls, to reduce the recurrence and/or magnitude of risk events.

Barclays also uses a database of external risk events which are publicly available and is a member of the Operational Risk data exchange (ORX), a not-for-profit association of international banks formed to share anonymous loss data information. Barclays uses this external loss information to support and inform risk identification, assessment and measurement.

Key indicators

Key Indicators (KIs) are metrics which allow Barclays to monitor its operational risk profile. KIs include measurable thresholds that reflect the risk appetite of the business. KIs are monitored to alert management when risk levels exceed acceptable ranges or risk appetite levels and drive timely decision making and actions.

Key Risk Scenarios

By combining data from risk events, risk assessments and key indicators with that from audit findings, expert management judgement and other internal data sources, Barclays is able to generate Key Risk Scenarios (KRSs). These scenarios identify the most significant operational risks

across the Group. The KRSs are validated at business unit and Group level to ensure that they appropriately reflect the level of operational risk the business faces.

Insurance

As part of its risk management approach, the Group also uses insurance to mitigate the impact of some operational risks.

Reporting

The ongoing monitoring and reporting of Operational Risk is a key component of an effective Operational Risk Framework. Reports are used by the Operational Risk function and by business management to understand, monitor, manage and control operational risks and losses.

Operational risk measurement

The Operational Risk capital model uses the outputs of the risk management tools to measure Barclays operational risk exposure. KRSs are the main input to the model, which also uses the frequency and severity of operational risk losses to provide a distribution of potential losses over a year for Barclays as a whole. This process takes into account the possibility of correlations i.e. the likelihood of two key risks occurring within the same year. The model generates a regulatory capital requirement, which is determined to a level of 99.9% confidence. Once the overall level of regulatory capital for the Group has been established it is allocated, on a risk sensitive basis, to business units. This provides an incentive for the business to manage its risks within appetite levels.

Operational risk profile

A high proportion of Barclays operational risk events have a low associated financial cost and a very small proportion of operational risk events have a material impact. In 2010, 75.0% of operational losses had a value of £50,000 or less (2009: 73.3%) but accounted for 3.7% of the overall impact (2009: 3.4%). In contrast, 2.5% of the operational risk events had a value of £1 m or greater (2009: 3.9%) but accounted for 86.5% of the overall impact (2009: 87.1%).

The Group monitors trends in operational risk events by size, business unit and internal risk categories (including Principal Risk). For comparative purposes, the analysis below presents Barclays operational risk events by Basel II category. In 2010, the highest frequency of events occurred in External Fraud (42.7%) and Execution, Delivery and Process Management (39.2%). Clients, Products and Business Practices accounted for the highest proportion of losses by value, with 67.9% (2009: 8.5%). The growth in impact for this category was driven by the settlement reached with US authorities as a result of their investigation into compliance with US sanctions and US dollar payment practices. The impact of Execution, Delivery and Process Management (21.6%) and External Fraud (6.1%) reduced this year, due to one off events occurring in 2009 which were not repeated in 2010. The impact of External Fraud also reduced due to improvements made to fraud controls.

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Supervision and regulation

All disclosures in this section (pages 115 to 119) are unaudited

The Group’s operations, including its overseas offices, subsidiaries and associates, are subject to a significant body of rules and regulations that are a condition for authorisation to conduct banking and financial services business, constrain business operations and affect financial returns. These include reserve and reporting requirements and conduct of business regulations. These requirements are imposed by the relevant central banks and regulatory authorities that supervise the Group in the jurisdictions in which it operates. The requirements reflect global standards developed by, among others, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Organisation of Securities Commissions. They also reflect requirements derived from EU directives.

In the UK, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) remains, pending the reorganisation of the UK regulatory regime (see below), the independent body responsible for the regulation and supervision of deposit taking, life insurance, home mortgages, general insurance and investment business. Barclays Bank PLC is authorised by the FSA under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to carry on a range of regulated activities within the UK and is subject to consolidated supervision by the FSA. In its role as supervisor, the FSA seeks to maintain the safety and soundness of financial institutions with the aim of strengthening, but not guaranteeing, the protection of customers and the financial system. The FSA’s continuing supervision of financial institutions is conducted through a variety of regulatory tools, including the collection of information from statistical and prudential returns, reports obtained from skilled persons, visits to firms and regular meetings with management to discuss issues such as performance, risk management and strategy.

The FSA adopts a risk-based approach to supervision. The starting point for supervision of all financial institutions is a systematic analysis of the risk profile for each authorised firm. The FSA has adopted a homogeneous risk, processes and resourcing model in its approach to its supervisory responsibilities (known as the ARROW model) and the results of the risk assessment are used by the FSA to develop a risk mitigation programme for a firm. This is supplemented with a rolling programme of continuous engagement on prudential and conduct matters with high impact firms, such as Barclays. The FSA also promulgates requirements that banks and other financial institutions are required to meet on matters such as capital adequacy, limits on large exposures to individual entities and groups of closely connected entities, liquidity and rules of business conduct.

The Banking Act 2009 (the Banking Act) provides a permanent regime to allow the FSA, the UK Treasury and the Bank of England to resolve failing banks in the UK. Under the Banking Act, these authorities are given powers, including (a) the power to issue share transfer orders pursuant to which all or some of the securities issued by a bank may be transferred to a commercial purchaser or Bank of England entity; and (b) the power to transfer all or some of the property, rights and liabilities of the UK bank to a purchaser or Bank of England entity. A share transfer order can extend to a wide range of securities including shares and bonds issued by a UK bank (including Barclays Bank PLC) or

its holding company (Barclays PLC) and warrants for such shares and bonds. The Banking Act powers apply regardless of any contractual restrictions and compensation may be payable in the context of both share transfer orders and property appropriation.

The Banking Act also gives the Bank of England the power to override, vary or impose contractual obligations between a UK bank or its holding company and its former group undertakings for reasonable consideration, in order to enable any transferee or successor bank of the UK bank to operate effectively. There is also power for the Treasury to amend the law (excluding provisions made by or under the Banking Act) for the purpose of enabling it to use the regime powers effectively, potentially with retrospective effect. In addition, the Banking Act gives the Bank of England statutory responsibility for financial stability in the UK and for the oversight of payment systems.

The Financial Services Act 2010, among other things, requires the FSA to make rules about remuneration and to require regulated firms to have a remuneration policy that is consistent with both effective risk management and the standards issued by the Financial Stability Board. The FSA is mandated to make rules that require authorised firms (or a sub-set of authorised firms) to draw up recovery and resolution plans and to consult with the Treasury and the Bank of England on the adequacy of firms’ plans. This Act also allows the FSA to make rules requiring firms to operate a collective consumer redress scheme to deal with cases of widespread failure by regulated firms to meet regulatory requirements that may have created consumer detriment.

Banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions in the UK are subject to a single financial services compensation scheme (the Financial Services Compensation Scheme – FSCS) where an authorised firm is unable or is likely to be unable to meet claims made against it because of its financial circumstances. Most deposits made with branches of Barclays Bank PLC within the European Economic Area (EEA) which are denominated in Sterling or other EEA currencies (including the Euro) are covered by the FSCS. Most claims made in respect of investment business will also be protected claims if the business was carried on from the UK or from a branch of the bank or investment firm in another EEA member state. The FSCS is funded by levies on authorised UK firms such as Barclays Bank PLC. In the event that the FSCS raises those funds more frequently or significantly increases the levies to be paid by firms, the associated costs to the Group may have a material impact on the Group’s results. Further details can be found in Note 25 (Contingent liabilities and commitments) on page 225.

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Outside the UK, the Group has operations (and main regulators) located in continental Europe, in particular France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal and Italy (local central banks and other regulatory authorities); Asia Pacific (various regulatory authorities including the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the Financial Services Agency of Japan, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the Reserve Bank of India); Africa and the Middle East (various regulatory authorities including the South African Reserve Bank and the Financial Services Board and the regulatory authorities of the United Arab Emirates) and the United States of America (including the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)).

The UK regulatory agenda is considerably shaped and influenced by the directives emanating from the EU. These form part of the European Single Market programme, an important feature of which is the framework for the regulation of authorised firms. This framework is designed to enable a credit institution or investment firm authorised in one EU member state to conduct banking or investment business through the establishment of branches or by the provision of services on a cross-border basis in other member states without the need for local authorisation. Barclays operations in Europe are authorised and regulated by a combination of both home (the FSA) and host regulators.

Barclays operations in South Africa, including Absa Group Limited, are supervised and regulated by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and the Financial Services Board (FSB). SARB oversees the banking industry and follows a risk-based approach to supervision whilst the FSB oversees the non-banking financial services industry and focuses on enhancing consumer protection and regulating market conduct.

In the United States, Barclays PLC, Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays US banking subsidiaries are subject to a comprehensive regulatory structure involving numerous statutes, rules and regulations. Barclays Bank PLC’s branches in New York and Florida are licensed by, and subject to regulation and examination by, their respective licensing authorities, the New York State Banking Department and the Florida Office of Financial Regulation. Barclays Bank PLC also operates a federal agency in California that is licensed by and subject to regulation and examination by the OCC. Barclays Bank Delaware is a Delaware-chartered commercial bank subject to regulation and examination by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Delaware State Banking Commissioner. In addition, the FRB is the primary US federal regulator for the New York and Florida branches and also exercises umbrella regulatory authority over Barclays other US operations. The regulation of Barclays and its US banking subsidiaries imposes restrictions on the activities of Barclays, including its US banking subsidiaries and Barclays Bank PLC’s US branches and agency, as well as prudential restrictions, such as limits on extensions of credit by Barclays Bank PLC’s US branches and agency and the US banking subsidiaries to a single borrower and to Barclays subsidiaries and affiliates.

The licensing authority of each US branch has the authority, in certain circumstances, to take possession of the business and property of Barclays Bank PLC located in the state of the office it licenses. Such circumstances generally include violations of law, unsafe business practices and insolvency. As long as Barclays Bank PLC maintains one or more federal branches or agencies, the OCC also has the authority to take possession of the US operations of Barclays Bank PLC under similar circumstances, and this federal power may pre-empt the state insolvency regimes that would otherwise be applicable to Barclays Bank PLC’s state licensed branches. As a result, if the OCC exercised its authority over the US agency of Barclays Bank PLC pursuant to federal law in the event of a Barclays Bank PLC insolvency, all of Barclays Bank PLC’s US assets would most likely be applied first to satisfy creditors of its US branches and agencies as a group, and then made available for application pursuant to any UK insolvency proceeding.

In addition to the direct regulation of Barclays US banking offices, Barclays US operations subject Barclays to regulation by the FRB under various laws, including the International Banking Act of 1978 and the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (BHC Act). Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC are bank holding companies registered with the FRB. Following the transfer of ownership of Barclays Bank Delaware from Barclays Group US Inc. to Barclays Delaware Holdings, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Barclays Bank PLC, Barclays Group US Inc. is no longer a bank holding company. Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC have each elected to be treated as a financial holding company under the BHC Act. Financial holding companies may engage in a broader range of financial and related activities than are permitted to registered bank holding companies that do not maintain financial holding company status, including underwriting and dealing in all types of securities. To maintain financial holding company status, each of Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC is required to meet or exceed certain capital ratios and to be deemed to be ‘well managed’ , and Barclays Bank Delaware must meet certain capital requirements, be deemed to be ‘well managed’ and must have at least a ‘satisfactory’ rating under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977.

Barclays is required to obtain the prior approval of the FRB before acquiring, directly or indirectly, the ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting securities of any US bank or bank holding company. Under current FRB policy, Barclays is required to act as a source of financial strength for Barclays Bank Delaware. This policy could, among other things, require Barclays to inject capital into Barclays Bank Delaware if it becomes undercapitalised.

A major focus of US governmental policy relating to financial institutions in recent years has been combating money laundering and terrorist financing and enforcing compliance with US economic sanctions. Regulations applicable to US

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operations of Barclays Bank PLC and its subsidiaries impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to ensure compliance with US economic sanctions against designated foreign countries, nationals and others. Failure of a financial institution to maintain and implement adequate programmes to combat money laundering and terrorist financing or to ensure economic sanction compliance could have serious legal and reputational consequences for the institution. See Note 27 to the financial statements for further discussion of regulatory matters.

Barclays investment banking operations are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales methods, trade practices among broker-dealers, use and safekeeping of customers’ funds and securities, capital structure, record-keeping, the financing of customers’ purchases, procedures for compliance with US securities law, and the conduct of directors, officers and employees.

Barclays Capital Inc. and the other subsidiaries that conduct these operations are regulated by a number of different government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Depending upon the specific nature of a broker-dealer’s business, it may also be regulated by some or all of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the US Department of the Treasury, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and other exchanges of which it may be a member. In addition, the US states, provinces and territories have local securities commissions that regulate and monitor activities in the interest of investor protection. These regulators have available a variety of sanctions, including the authority to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion of the entity or its directors, officers or employees.

Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays Capital Energy, Inc. are authorised by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to sell wholesale physical power at market-based rates. As FERC authorised power marketers and as buyers and sellers of natural gas, Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays Capital Energy, Inc. are subject to regulation under the U.S. Federal Power Act, the U.S. Natural Gas Act and the U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 and applicable FERC orders, rules and regulations thereunder.

The credit card-related activities of the Group in the US are subject to the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (Credit CARD Act) which was enacted by Congress in May 2009 to prohibit certain credit card pricing and marketing practices for consumer credit card accounts. Among the numerous provisions, which came into effect at various times through August 2010, are those that prohibit increasing rates on existing balances and over limit fees in most instances, restrict increasing fees and rates prospectively, restrict what penalty fees can be assessed, regulate how payments are to be allocated to different balances and how the billing process is to work, and revises all communications to cardholders.

Regulatory Developments

In the wake of the financial crisis there has been regulatory change that, when fully implemented, will have a substantial impact on all financial institutions, including the Group. Regulatory change is being pursued at a number of levels, globally notably through the G20, Financial Stability Board (FSB) and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, regionally through the European Union and nationally, especially in the UK and US. It is of importance to the Group and to the banking industry generally that the various bodies work harmoniously and that a globally consistent approach is taken to banking regulation.

Global

While some of the uncertainty surrounding the nature of the future regulation of banks has been resolved, the full extent of the impact of regulatory change is not yet fully clear. Nevertheless, the programme of reform of the global regulatory framework that was agreed by G20 Heads of Government in April 2009 has advanced substantially during 2010, notably through the issue of final guidelines on Basel III capital and liquidity standards in December 2010. The requirements of Basel III will be applicable from 1st January 2013 with a number of transitional provisions that run to the end of 2018. An initial assessment of the likely impact of the Basel III capital and liquidity requirements can be found on page 108 and of the leverage requirements on page 104.

The FSB has been designated by the G20 as the body responsible for co-ordinating the delivery of the global reform programme. It is continuing to work on developing additional regulation as well as guidelines for the supervision of systemically significant institutions. A key element of the global reform programme is that systemic institutions, including globally systemic financial institutions (G-SIFIs) should be capable of being resolved without recourse to taxpayer support. The details of the future regime for systemic banks remains one of the areas of uncertainty, although the FSB has made it clear that systemically significant institutions will be required to maintain loss absorbency that is greater than the standards that are implied by Basel III. This additional loss absorbency may take the form of some combination of capital surcharge, requirements to hold contingent capital instruments and bail-in debt. Systemically significant banks will be subject to enhanced supervision and a comprehensive crisis management framework within supervisory colleges. The concept of bail-in debt may, if pursued, affect the rights of senior unsecured creditors subject to any bail-in in the event of a resolution of a failing bank. Further proposals including the identification of G-SIFIs will be developed during the first half of 2011. Barclays is likely to be considered a systemically significant institution.

The FSB is also working on approaches to the resolution of systemically significant institutions that will include the preparation of Recovery and Resolution Plans, sometimes called ‘living wills’. Further detail is awaited from the FSB and

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from national regulatory bodies including the FSA, although the FSA has undertaken a pilot project with a group of large UK banks including Barclays.

While the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has largely completed the process of setting new standards for capital and liquidity, a number of workstreams remain active that will affect the Group. These include a fundamental review of the trading book in addition to the enhanced capital requirements for trading book exposures that were implemented on 1st January 2011. The Basel Committee is also understood to be examining a regime for large exposures.

European Union

The Basel Committee’s proposals will be implemented in the EU by amendment to the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD). Formal proposals to amend the CRD are expected in the summer of 2011 which will help address some of the remaining uncertainties. In addition, other amendments are being made to the EU framework of directives, including to the Directive on Deposit Guarantee Schemes. This may affect the amounts to which the Group may be liable to fund the compensation of depositors of failed banks. The proposal also envisages that national schemes should be pre-funded. This would be a significant change for UK banks where levies are currently raised as needed after failure. The financial impact on the Group is not yet clear.

Further amendments to EU regulatory requirements are likely as the EU develops its response to the financial crisis, including the structure of the regulatory system in the EU. On 1st January 2011, a number of new bodies came into being, including a European Systemic Risk Board to monitor the financial system and advise on macroprudential actions and a European Banking Authority charged with the development of a single rulebook for banks in the EU and with enhancing co-operation between national supervisory authorities, especially in the context of the supervision of banks that operate across borders within the EU. The European Banking Authority will have the power to mediate between and override national authorities under certain circumstances. National authorities, however, remain responsible for the day-to-day supervision of financial institutions.

Other EU developments include consideration of European arrangements in respect of crisis management and the resolution of financial institutions. The European Commission issued a discussion paper in January 2011, and proposals for legislation are expected in 2011. These are likely to have an impact on the rights of shareholders and creditors of failing institutions. Proposals are also expected in relation to corporate governance, and to amend the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive which will affect many of the investment markets in which the Group operates and the instruments in which it trades.

United Kingdom

The Government is reforming the structure of regulation to replace the FSA and the tripartite system that also involved the Bank of England and HM Treasury. It proposes that a Financial Policy Committee should be established in the Bank of England with responsibility for the monitoring and control of systemic risk, including the deployment of macro-prudential tools of supervision. Responsibility for prudential regulation will pass to a Prudential Regulation Authority to be established as a subsidiary of the Bank of England, while a Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) will be responsible for issues of business and market conduct and market regulation. The FCA will also be the UK listing authority. These reforms will require primary legislation to be passed by Parliament. This process is not expected to be complete before late 2012. In anticipation of the new regulatory structure, an interim Financial Policy Committee has been created and the FSA will reorganise itself into separate Prudential and Consumer and Markets business units on 4th April 2011. The Government is also considering the creation of an Economic Crime Agency to deal with serious financial crime.

On 16th June 2010, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced the creation of the Independent Commission on Banking (ICB). The ICB has been asked to consider structural and related non-structural reforms to the UK banking sector to promote financial stability and competition, and to make recommendations to the Government by the end of September 2011. The ICB intends to publish an interim report in April, to be followed by a further round of consultation. Although the ICB has yet to make recommendations, and it is not possible to predict what the Government’s disposition to any recommendations that are made will be, there is a possibility that the Commission could recommend change to the structure of UK banks.

The FSA continues to develop its more intrusive and assertive approach to supervision and its policy of credible deterrence in relation to enforcement that has seen significant growth in the size of regulatory fines. In anticipation of international agreement, the FSA has established and implemented capital and liquidity requirements that are substantially increased from pre-crisis levels. The Retail Distribution Review and the Mortgage Market Review will affect the economics of investment advice and home finance provision respectively. The FSA has also launched a consultation on its intention to adopt a more interventionist approach to the design of financial products and to the governance processes around the design of new products. The Government has stated that these increasingly interventionist regulatory and supervisory policies will be carried through into the FCA when it is established.

United States

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (DFA) was signed into law in July 2010. The Act provides for a new Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), governmental resolution authority for failing non-depository financial institutions (including bank holding companies) under the aegis of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, reorganisation of several of the bank supervisory agencies, a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CPFB) and a federal Insurance Office. It also imposes harsher capital, liquidity and leverage requirements, as well as

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wide-ranging new requirements including for derivatives, hedge funds, private equity funds, credit rating agencies, debit card interchange fees and corporate governance. The full scale of the DFA’s impact on the Group remains unclear because the rules required to implement many of the provisions of DFA have, in most cases, not been implemented and, in several important areas, have yet to be proposed by the responsible agencies. Nonetheless, certain provisions of the DFA are particularly likely to have an effect on the Group. These include:

— The ability of the FSOC to make recommendations to the Federal Reserve regarding the establishment of heightened supervisory requirements and prudential standards applicable to “systematically important” entities and activities and work with all primary financial regulatory agencies to establish regulations, as necessary, to address financial stability concerns. It is not yet clear what regard the FSOC or the other agencies will have to the home country prudential regulators of non-US organisations such as the FSA, in the case of the Group;

— The so-called “Volcker Rule,” which will, once effective, significantly restrict the ability of US bank holding companies and their affiliates, and the US branches of foreign banks, to conduct proprietary trading in securities and derivatives as well as certain activities related to hedge funds and private equity funds. The Volcker Rule is likely to have a significant impact on some of the Group’s US operations. The DFA states that the Rule does not affect activities conducted “solely” outside the United States by non-US organisations, but the Federal Reserve has not indicated how it intends to interpret this exclusion in practice;

— Significant changes to the trading and regulation of derivatives and participants in the derivatives markets. Among the changes mandated by the DFA are that many types of derivatives now traded in the over-the-counter markets be traded on an exchange or swap execution facility and centrally cleared. In addition, many participants in these markets will be required to register with the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as “swap dealers” or “major swap participants” and/or with the US SEC as “securities swap dealers or ”major securities swap dealers” and be subject to CFTC and SEC regulation and oversight. Barclays Bank PLC and one or more of its US subsidiaries may be subjected to these requirements;

— In addition to the ability of the FSOC to recommend heightened prudential standards for specific institutions the DFA, separate and apart from Basel III, also imposes higher capital, liquidity and leverage requirements on US banks and bank holding companies generally; and

— The ability of the CPFB to regulate the credit card industry, including the terms of credit card agreements with consumers, disclosures, and fees. Actions by the CPFB in this area are likely to impact the Group’s US credit card business.

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Board and executive committee

	Marcus Agius (64) Group Chairman	Bob Diamond (59) Chief Executive, Executive Director	Sir Richard Broadbent (57) Deputy Chairman and Senior Independent Director	David Booth (56) Non-executive Director
Biography	Marcus’ extensive background in banking began at Lazard where he worked from 1972 to 2006, latterly as Chairman of Lazard in London and Deputy Chairman of Lazard LLC. He is currently Chairman of the British Bankers’ Association, Senior Independent Director of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Chairman of the Trustees of The Royal Botanic Gardens. Marcus is also a Business Ambassador for UK Trade and Investment, a member of the Advisory Council of TheCityUK, and a member of the Takeover Panel. He was formerly Chairman of BAA plc, a position he held from 2002 until 2006.	Bob became Chief Executive on 1st January 2011. Previously, he was President of Barclays PLC and Chief Executive of Corporate & Investment Banking and Wealth Management, comprising Barclays Capital, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth. Before joining Barclays, Bob was Vice Chairman and Head of Global Fixed Income and Foreign Exchange at CS First Boston, where he was also a member of the Executive Board and Operating Committee. Prior to this, he was Managing Director and Head of Fixed Income Trading at Morgan Stanley International, spending 13 years with the firm. Bob is a non-executive Director of BlackRock, Inc.	Sir Richard has experience of both the private and public sector having worked in high-level banking roles and the Civil Service. He was the Executive Chairman of HM Customs and Excise from 2000 to 2003. Formerly he was a member of the Group Executive Committee of Schroders PLC and a non-executive Director of the Securities Institute. He was Chairman of Arriva PLC until August 2010.	David manages his own venture capital investments, having retired from the Management Committee of Morgan Stanley in 1997. David was employed by Morgan Stanley from 1982 to 1992, and again from 1995 to 1997 where he held various key positions, including Head of Government Bond Trading, Head of Mortgage Trading, Sales and Finance and Head of Global Operations and Technology.
Term of office	Marcus joined the Board in September 2006 as a non-executive Director and was appointed Chairman on 1st January 2007. Marcus was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.	Bob was appointed President and became an executive Director in June 2005. He has been a member of the Barclays Executive Committee since September 1997. Bob was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2009.	Sir Richard joined the Board in September 2003. Appointed Senior Independent Director on 1st September 2004 and Deputy Chairman on 16 July 2009. Sir Richard was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.	David joined the Board in May 2007. David was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.
Independent a	On appointment	No	Yes	Yes
External appointments	Chairman of the British Bankers’ Association since 2010. Senior Independent Director of the BBC since 2006. Member of the Executive Committee of the Institut International D’Etudes Bancaires. Business Ambassador for UK Trade and Investment. Member of the Advisory Council of TheCityUK. Member of the Takeover Panel. Chairman of the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Chairman of The Foundation and Friends of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Chairman of Lazard in London and Deputy Chairman of Lazard LLC until 2006. Chairman of BAA plc until 2006.	Non-executive Director of BlackRock, Inc. Chairman, Board of Trustees of Colby College, Waterville, Maine. Chairman, Old Vic Productions,Plc. Trustee, The Mayor’s Fund for London. Member of the Advisory Board, Judge Business School at Cambridge University. Board Member, The Diamond Family Foundation. Member of International Advisory Board, British-American Business Council. Life Member of The Council on Foreign Relations. Member of The International Advisory Board, The Atlantic Council.	Chairman of Arriva PLC until 2010. Trustee of Relate since 2011. Executive Chairman of HM Customs and Excise until 2003. Former Group Executive Committee member of Schroders PLC. Non-executive Director of the Securities Institute until 1995.	Director of East Ferry Investors, Inc. Various positions at Morgan Stanley & Co. until 1997. Director of the Discount Corporation of New York until 1993.
Committee membership	Chairman of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee since January 2007. Member of the Board Remuneration Committee since January 2007.		Chairman of the Board Remuneration Committee since January 2007 (member since April 2004). Member of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee since September 2004. Former member of the Board Risk Committee (April 2004 until September 2010), which he chaired between January 2006 and December 2009.	Chairman of the Board Risk Committee since January 2010 (member since January 2008). Member of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee since January 2010.

Note

a     For a description of how the Board determines independence, see page 135

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Board and executive committee continued

	Alison Carnwath(58) Non-executive Director	Fulvio Conti(63) Non-executive Director	Simon Fraser(51) Non-executive Director	Reuben Jeffery III(57) Non-executive Director
Biography	Alison worked in investment banking and corporate finance for 20 years from 1980 to 2000, before pursuing a portfolio career. During her career, Alison became a director of J. Henry Schroder Wagg & Co, where she worked for 10 years. Alison also held the positions of a senior partner of Phoenix Securities and Managing Director, New York at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette. Alison has wide board level experience and is currently non-executive Chairman of Land Securities Group PLC, Senior Independent Director at Man Group plc, non-executive Director of Paccar Inc, and non-executive Chairman of ISIS EP LLP.	Fulvio is currently Chief Executive Officer and General Manager of Enel SpA, the Italian energy group, where he was previously Chief Financial Officer from 1999-2005. Fulvio has held a number of high-level financial roles, including Chief Financial Officer and General Manager of Telecom Italia and General Manager and Chief Financial Officer of Ferrovie dello Stato. He was also head of the accounting, finance, and control department of Montecatini and was in charge of finance at Montedison-Compart. He has held positions in finance and operations in various affiliates of Mobil Oil Corporation in Italy and Europe.	Simon has extensive experience of the institutional fund management industry, having worked at Fidelity International from 1981 to 2008, latterly as President of the Investment Solutions Group and President of the Retirement Institute. Simon held a number of positions during his career at Fidelity International, including President, European & UK Institutional Business, Global Chief Investment Officer, Chief Investment Officer for Asia Pacific and Chief Investment Officer of the European Investment Group. Simon remains a director of Fidelity European Values PLC and Fidelity Japanese Values PLC. He was appointed as the Chairman of Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust PLC and Chairman of The Merchants Trust in May 2010.	Reuben is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Rockefeller & Co., Inc., a member of the Advisory Board of TASC Inc and of TowerBrook Capital Partners LP and Senior Adviser at the Center for Strategic & International Studies in Washington, D.C.. He previously served in the US government as Under Secretary of State for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs (2007-2009). Prior to joining the Department of State, Reuben was the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. He spent eighteen years at Goldman, Sachs & Co. between 1983-2001 where he was managing partner of Goldman Sachs in Paris and led the firm’s European Financial Institutions Group in London.
Term of office	Alison joined the Board on 1st August 2010.	Fulvio joined the Board in April 2006. Fulvio was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2009.	Simon joined the Board in March 2009. Simon was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2009.	Reuben joined the Board in July 2009. Reuben was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.
Independent	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
External appointments	Non-executive Director of CforC Ltd. Non-executive Chairman of Land Securities Group PLC since November 2008. Senior Independent Director at Man Group plc. Non-executive Director of Paccar Inc. Non-executive Chairman of ISIS EP LLP.	Chief Executive of Enel SpA since 2005. Director of ENDESA SA since June 2009. Director of AON Corporation since January 2008. Chief Financial Officer and General Manager of Telecom Italia until 1999. General Manager and Chief Financial Officer of Ferrovie dello Stato until 1998.	Director of Fidelity European Values PLC since July 2002. Director of Fidelity Japanese Values PLC since May 2000. Chairman of The Merchants Trust PLC since May 2010. Chairman of Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust PLC since May 2010.	Chief Executive Officer of Rockefeller & Co., Inc. since September 2010. Senior Adviser at the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington D.C.. Member of the Advisory Board of TASC Inc. Member of the Advisory Board of TowerBrook Capital Partners LP. Director of Transatlantic Holdings Inc since May 2010.
Committee membership	Member of the Board Audit Committee since October 2010. Member of the Board Remuneration Committee since October 2010.	Member of the Board Audit Committee since September 2006.	Member of the Board Audit Committee since May 2009. Member of the Board Remuneration Committee since May 2009.	Member of Board Risk Committee since January 2010.

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Sir Andrew Likierman(67) Non-executive Director	Chris Lucas (50) Group Finance Director, Executive Director	Dambisa Moyo(42) Non-executive Director	Sir Michael Rake(63) Non-executive Director	Sir John Sunderland(65) Non-executive Director
Sir Andrew is the Chairman of the National Audit Office, having held a number of public roles in the financial services sector, including Managing Director, Financial Management, Reporting and Audit and Head of the Government Accountancy Service at HM Treasury and non-executive Director of the Bank of England. Sir Andrew is also Dean of the London Business School. He has been at the London Business School from 1974-1976, 1979-1993 and since 2004.	Chris has worked across financial services for most of his career, including three years in New York as Head of the US Banking Audit Practice of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Chris joined Barclays from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, where he was UK Head of Financial Services and Global Head of Banking and Capital Markets. He was Global Relationship Partner for Barclays for the 1999–2004 financial years and subsequently held similar roles for other global financial services organisations.	Dambisa is an international economist who writes on the macroeconomy and global affairs. Dambisa worked for the World Bank from 1993 to 1995. After completing a PhD in Economics, she worked for Goldman Sachs for eight years until November 2008 in the debt capital markets, hedge funds coverage and global macroeconomics teams. Dambisa currently serves as a non-executive Director on the Boards of SABMiller plc and Lundin Petroleum AB (publ).	Sir Michael is currently Chairman of BT Group PLC and Chairman of easyJet plc. Sir Michael previously worked at KPMG from 1974-2007 where he spent a number of years in Continental Europe and the Middle East. He was Senior Partner of the UK firm from 1998-2000 and Chairman of KPMG International from 2002-2007.	Sir John is Chairman of Merlin Entertainments Group. Until July 2008 he was Chairman of Cadbury Schweppes PLC, having worked at Cadbury’s in various roles, including that of Chief Executive and then Chairman, since 1968. He is a Director of the Financial Reporting Council, an Adviser to CVC Capital Partners, an Association Member of BUPA and a Governor of both Reading and Aston University Councils.
Sir Andrew joined the Board in September 2004. Sir Andrew was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.	Chris was appointed Group Finance Director and became a member of the Executive Committee in April 2007. Chris was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.	Dambisa joined the Board on 1st May 2010.	Sir Michael joined the Board in January 2008. Sir Michael was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2010.	Sir John joined the Board in June 2005. Sir John was last re-elected by shareholders at the AGM in 2009.
Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dean of the London Business School since January 2009. Chairman of the National Audit Office since December 2008. Trustee of the Institute for Government since September 2008. Chairman of Applied Intellectual Capital Inc. until 2008. Non-executive Director of the Bank of England until 2008. Non-executive Director and Vice-Chairman of the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust until 2008. Non-executive Director and Chairman of the MORI Group until 2005.	UK Head of Financial Services and Global Head of Banking and Capital Markets of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP until 2006.	Non-executive Director of SABMiller plc since 2009. Non-executive Director of Lundin Petroleum AB (publ) since 2009.	Chairman of BT Group PLC since 2007. Chairman of easyJet Plc since January 2010 (Deputy Chairman June 2009 – December 2009). Director of the Financial Reporting Council since 2007. Director of the McGraw-Hill Companies since 2007. Chairman of the UK Commission for Employment and Skills until 2010. Chairman of KPMG International until 2007. Chairman of Business in the Community from 2004 until 2007.	Chairman of Merlin Entertainments Group since December 2009. Director of the Financial Reporting Council since 2004. Adviser to CVC Capital Partners. Deputy President of the Chartered Management Institute until 2009 (President 2007-2008). Chairman of Cadbury Schweppes PLC until July 2008. Deputy President of the CBI until June 2008 (former member and President). Non-executive Director of the Rank Group PLC until 2006.
Member of the Board Audit Committee since September 2004. Member of the Board Risk Committee since September 2004.		Member of the Board Risk Committee since October 2010.	Chairman of the Board Audit Committee since March 2009 (member since January 2008). Member of the Board Risk Committee since May 2009. Member of Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee since May 2009.	Member of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee since September 2006. Member of the Board Remuneration Committee since July 2005.

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Bob Diamond(59) Chief Executive, Executive Director	Robert Le Blanc Chief Risk Officer	Mark Harding Group General Counsel	Antony Jenkins Chief Executive of Global Retail Banking	Thomas L Kalaris Chief Executive of Barclays Wealth
Chris Lucas (50) Group Finance Director, Executive Director See pages 120 and 122 for full biographies.	Robert has been the Chief Risk Officer for Barclays Group since 2004. He first joined Barclays in 2002 as Head of Risk Management at Barclays Capital. Robert is a non-executive Director of Absa, which is majority owned by Barclays. Before joining Barclays, Robert spent most of his career at JP Morgan in the capital markets, fixed income, emerging market and credit areas in New York and London.	Mark joined Barclays as Group General Counsel in 2003. Included within his area of responsibility are legal and regulatory compliance issues throughout the bank. He chairs the Group Operating Committee and Group Governance and Control Committee. Previously, Mark was a partner in the international law firm, Clifford Chance, where his practice spanned bank finance, capital markets and financial services regulation. He spent four years at UBS as General Counsel of its investment bank. Mark is past Chairman of the General Counsel 100 Group and of the Board of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA). He is a Governor of the College of Law.	Antony was appointed Chief Executive of Global Retail Banking and joined the Barclays Executive Committee in November 2009. Prior to that he had been Chief Executive of Barclaycard since January 2006. Antony is a Barclays appointed non-executive Director of Absa, which is majority owned by Barclays. Since October 2008, Antony has been on the Board of Visa Europe Ltd.	Tom joined Barclays in September 1996 after 18 years at JP Morgan where he held a number of roles, including Head of Fixed Income Sales, Trading and Research, and was responsible for all activities with investors in the United States. He has served on the US Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee and is a former Chair of the US Bond Market Association, a predecessor organisation to SIFMA (Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association).
Jerry del Missier Co-Chief Executive of Barclays Capital and Co-Chief Executive of Corporate and Investment Banking	Maria Ramos Group Chief Executive of Absa	Rich Ricci Co-Chief Executive of Barclays Capital and Co-Chief Executive of Corporate and Investment Banking	Cathy Turner Barclays Human Resources Director
Jerry joined Barclays Capital in June 1997 from Bankers Trust in London where he had been a Senior Managing Director of Derivatives Products, responsible for the European business. Prior to this, he was based in Toronto, Canada, where he was responsible for the Canadian Dollar interest rate derivatives business. Before Bankers Trust, he worked for the Bank of Nova Scotia. Jerry currently serves on the Boards of Room to Read, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA), the Markets Management Group (MMG) of the International Institute of Finance (IIF), and the Advisory Board of the Queen’s University School of Business in Kingston, Ontario.	Maria is the Group Chief Executive of Absa Group Ltd, which is majority owned by Barclays. Prior to joining Absa on 1st March 2009, she was the Group Chief Executive of Transnet Limited, the state-owned South African freight transport and logistics service provider. This was after a successful term as Director- General of the National Treasury (formerly the Department of Finance). She currently serves on the executive committees of the International Business Council, the World Bank Chief Economist Advisory Panel, Business Leadership South Africa and the Banking Association of South Africa.	Rich joined Barclays Capital in 1994 and assumed responsibility for several of its support areas. He became Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Barclays Global Investors (BGI) and a member of the BGI Executive Committee in December 2002. In January 2005, Rich was appointed COO of Barclays Investment Banking and Investment Management businesses comprising Barclays Capital, Barclays Wealth and BGI. Prior to joining Barclays Capital, Rich held senior front-office, finance and technology positions at the Bank of Boston and the Bank of New England.	Cathy was appointed as Group Human Resources Director in April 2005 prior to which she held the position as Investor Relations Director for four years. In July 2008 her remit was extended to include Strategy, Corporate Affairs and Brand and Marketing. Prior to Barclays, Cathy was a Practice Leader at Ernst and Young and has previously held roles at Deloitte, Watson Wyatt, Percom and Volex Plc. Cathy is a Council Member of the Royal College of Art and a Board Member of the IFS School of Finance. Cathy has announced her departure from Barclays and will be leaving on 31st March 2011.

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Profit Attributable

The profit attributable to equity shareholders of Barclays PLC for the year amounted to £3,564m, compared with £2,628m from continuing operations and £6,765m from discontinued operations in 2009.

Dividends

The final dividend for the year ended 31st December 2010 of 2.5p per ordinary share of 25p each has been agreed by the Directors. The final dividend was announced on 15th February 2011 for payment on 18th March 2011 in respect of the ordinary shares registered at the close of business on 25th February 2011. With the interim dividends totalling 3.0p per ordinary share, paid in June, September and December 2010, the total distribution for 2010 is 5.5p (2009: 2.5p) per ordinary share. The interim and final dividends for 2010 amounted to £653m (2009: £289m).

Share Capital

The Company has ordinary shares in issue. The Company’s Articles of Association provide for Sterling, Dollar, Euro and Yen preference shares (preference shares). No preference shares have been issued as at 4th March 2011 (the latest practicable date for inclusion in this report).

The Company did not repurchase any ordinary shares of 25p each during 2010 (2009: None). As at 4th March 2011, the Company had an unexpired authority to repurchase ordinary shares up to a maximum of 1,203,988,028 ordinary shares.

The issued ordinary share capital was increased by 770 million ordinary shares during 2010. In addition to those issued in connection with the Sharepurchase, Sharesave and executive share option schemes during the year, 627 million ordinary shares were issued on 17th February 2010 and 131 million ordinary shares were issued on 11th October 2010 following the exercise of warrants to subscribe for ordinary shares.

As at 31st December 2010, the issued ordinary share capital totalled 12,181,940,871 shares. Ordinary shares represent 100% of the total issued share capital as at 31st December 2010. Since 31st December 2010 1.49 million ordinary shares have been issued in connection with the Sharepurchase, Sharesave and executive share option schemes. As at 4th March 2011, issued ordinary share capital was 12,183,435,348.

The Company’s Articles of Association, a summary of which can be found in the Shareholder Information section on pages 290 to 292, contain the following details, which are incorporated into this report by reference:

– The structure of the Company’s capital, including the rights and obligations attaching to each class of shares;

– Restrictions on the transfer of securities in the Company, including limitations on the holding of securities and requirements to obtain approvals for a transfer of securities;

– Restrictions on voting rights;

– The powers of the Directors, including in relation to issuing or buying back shares in accordance with the Companies Act 2006. It will be proposed at the 2011 AGM that the Directors be granted new authorities to allot and buy-back shares under the Companies Act 2006; and

– Rules that the Company has about the appointment and removal of Directors or amendments to the Company’s Articles of Association.

Employee Benefit Trusts (EBTs) operate in connection with certain of the Group’s Employee Share Plans (Plans). The trustees of the EBTs may exercise all rights attached to the shares in accordance with their fiduciary duties other than as specifically restricted in the relevant Plan governing documents. The trustees of the EBTs have informed the Company that their normal policy is to abstain from voting in respect of the Barclays shares held in trust. The trustees of the Global and UK Sharepurchase EBTs may vote in respect of Barclays shares held in the Sharepurchase EBT, but only as instructed in those Plans in respect of their Partnership shares and (when vested) Matching and Dividend shares. The trustees will not otherwise vote in respect of shares held in the Sharepurchase EBT.

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continued

Warrants

On 31st October 2008, Barclays PLC issued, in conjunction with a simultaneous issue of Reserve Capital Instruments issued by Barclays Bank PLC, warrants to subscribe for up to 1,516.9 million new ordinary shares at a price of £1.97775 to Qatar Holding LLC and HH Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. As at 31st December 2010 there were unexercised warrants to subscribe for 379.2 million ordinary shares. These warrants may be exercised at any time up to close of business on 31st October 2013.

If there is a change of control of Barclays PLC following a takeover bid, Barclays PLC must (so far as legally possible) use all reasonable endeavours to cause the corporation which then controls Barclays PLC to execute a deed poll providing that the holders of the warrants shall have the right (during the period in which the warrants are exercisable) to exercise the warrants into the class and amount of shares and other securities and property receivable upon such a takeover by the holders of the number of ordinary shares as would have been issued on exercise of the warrants had such warrants been exercised immediately prior to the completion of such takeover.

The warrants contain provisions for the adjustment of the gross number of ordinary shares in the event of the occurrence of certain dilutive events including, amongst others, extraordinary dividends, bonus issues, alterations to the nominal value of ordinary shares and rights issues.

Substantial Shareholdings

Substantial shareholders do not have different voting rights from those of other shareholders. As at 4th March 2011, the Company had been notified under Rule 5 of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules of the FSA of the following holdings of voting rights in its shares:

2010

Holder	Number of Barclays Shares		% of total voting rights attaching to issued share capital		Number of warrants		% of total voting rights attaching to issued share capital a
BlackRock, Inc. b		805,969,166		7.06		–		–
Qatar Holding LLC		813,964,552		6.76		379,218,809		3.15
Nexus Capital Investing Ltd		758,437,618		6.30		–		–
Legal & General Group Plc		480,805,132		3.99		–		–

As at 5^th March 2010, the Company had been notified under Rule 5 of the Disclosure and Transparency Rules of the FSA of the following holdings of voting rights in its shares:

2009

Holder	Number of Barclays Shares		% of total voting rights attaching to issued share capital		Number of warrants		% of total voting rights attaching to issued share capital a
BlackRock, Inc.b		805,969,166		7.06		–		–
Qatar Holding LLC		813,964,552		6.76		379,218,809		3.15
Nexus Capital Investing Ltd		626,835,443		5.49		131,602,175		1.15
Legal & General Group Plc		483,625,057		4.01		–		–
Appleby Trust (Jersey) Limited c		353,373,992		3.1		–		–

Board Membership

The membership of the Boards of Directors of Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC is identical and biographical details of the Board members are set out on pages 120 to 122. Dambisa Moyo and Alison Carnwath were appointed as non-executive Directors with effect from 1st May 2010 and 1st August 2010 respectively. Leigh Clifford and John Varley left the Board on 30th September 2010 and 31st December 2010 respectively.

Notes

a The percentages of voting rights detailed above have been calculated without including the new shares to be issued when the warrants are exercised. This results in the percentage figures being artificially high.

b The number of Barclays shares includes 8,003,236 contracts for difference to which voting rights are attached.

c The number of Barclays shares includes 192,860,970 Total Return Swap shares to which voting rights are attached.

Retirement and Re-election of Directors

In accordance with its Articles of Association, one-third (rounded down) of the Directors of Barclays PLC are required to retire by rotation at each Annual General Meeting (AGM), together with Directors appointed by the Board since the last AGM. The retiring Directors are eligible to stand for re-election. In addition, the UK Corporate Governance Code (the Code), recommends that all Directors of FTSE 350 companies should be subject to annual re-election.

At the 2010 AGM, the Group Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Chairmen of each principal Board Committee stood for re-election, together with those Directors required to retire by rotation. Going forward, all members of the Board will offer themselves for annual re-election, in accordance with the Code, unless the Board determines that there may be a conflict of interest between the long-term interests of Barclays and the short-term uncertainty of voting.

Directors’ Interests

Directors’ interests in the shares of the Group on 31st December 2010 are shown on pages 157 and 158.

Directors’ Emoluments

Information on emoluments of Directors of Barclays PLC, in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and the Listing Rules of the United Kingdom Listing Authority, is given in the Remuneration report on pages 147 to 163 and in Note 40 to the accounts.

Directors’ Indemnities

The Board believes that it is in the best interests of the Group to attract and retain the services of the most able and experienced Directors by offering competitive terms of engagement, including the granting of indemnities on terms consistent with the applicable statutory provisions. Qualifying third party indemnity provisions (as defined by section 234 of the Companies Act 2006) were accordingly in force during the course of the financial year ended 31st December 2010 for the benefit of the then Directors and, at the date of this report, are in force for the benefit of the Directors in relation to certain losses and liabilities which they may incur (or have incurred) in connection with their duties, powers or office.

Activities and likely Future Developments

The Group is a major global financial services provider engaged in retail banking, credit cards, corporate and investment banking and wealth management. The Group operates through branches, offices and subsidiaries in the UK and overseas.

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Community Involvement

Barclays has an extensive community investment programme covering many countries around the world. The Group provides funding and support to over 8,000 charities and voluntary organisations, ranging from small, local charities like The Passage, supporting homeless people in London, to international organisations like Unicef. We also have a very successful employee programme which in 2010 saw more than 62,000 employees and pensioners worldwide taking part in Barclays-supported volunteering, giving and fundraising activities. Further information on our community involvement is given on pages 39 to 41. The total commitment for 2010 was £55.3m (2009: £54.9m). The Group committed £28.6m in support of the community in the UK (2009: £27.4m) and £26.7m was committed in international support (2009: £27.5m). The UK commitment includes £22.9m of charitable donations (2009: £19.3m).

Political Donations

The Group did not give any money for political purposes in the UK or the rest of the EU nor did it make any political donations to political parties or other political organisations, or to any independent election candidates, or incur any political expenditure during the year. Absa Group Limited, in which the Group acquired a majority stake in 2005, made donations totalling £123,295 in 2010 (2009: £213,982) in accordance with its policy of making political donations to the major South African political parties as part of their Democracy Support Programme. Donations are made to parties with more than three seats in the National Parliament as confirmed by the Independent Electoral Commission. Support for the deepening of democracy in South Africa remains paramount for the government. The Group made no other political donations in 2010.

At the AGM in 2010, shareholders gave a limited authority for Barclays PLC and its subsidiaries to make political donations and incur political expenditure, within an agreed limit, as a precautionary measure in light of the wide definitions in the Companies Act 2006. This was similar to an authority given by shareholders in 2009. This authority, which has not been used, expires at the conclusion of the AGM held this year, or, if earlier, 30th June 2011. The risk of inadvertently breaching the Companies Act 2006 remains and the Directors consider it prudent to seek a similar authority from shareholders. A resolution to authorise Barclays PLC and its subsidiaries to make EU political donations and incur EU political expenditure up to a maximum aggregate sum of £125,000 is therefore being proposed at the Barclays PLC 2011 AGM.

Employee Involvement

Barclays is committed to ensuring that employees share in the success of the Group. Staff are encouraged to participate in share option and share purchase schemes and have a substantial sum invested in Barclays shares. Employees are kept informed of matters of concern to them in a variety of ways, including business unit news magazines, intranets, briefings and mobile phone SMS messaging. These communications help achieve a common awareness among employees of the financial and economic factors affecting the performance of Barclays. Barclays is also committed to providing employees with opportunities to share their views and provide feedback on issues that are important to them. Employee Opinion Surveys are undertaken periodically across the Group with results being reported to the Board, all employees and to our European Works Council, Africa Forum, Unite (Amicus section), our recognised union in the UK and other recognised unions worldwide. Roadshows and employee forums also take place. In addition, Barclays undertakes regular and formal consultations with our recognised trade unions and work councils internationally.

Diversity and Inclusion

The diversity agenda at Barclays seeks to include customers, colleagues and suppliers. Our objective is to recruit and retain the best people, regardless of (but not limited to) race, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation or disability. We strive to ensure our workforce reflects the communities in which we operate and the international nature of the organisation. We recognise that diversity is a key part of responsible business strategy in support of our increasingly global business. In the UK, Barclays is committed to providing additional support to employees with disabilities and making it easier for them to inform us of their specific requirements, including the introduction of a dedicated intranet site and disability helpline. Through our UK Reasonable Adjustments Scheme, appropriate assistance can be given, including physical workplace adjustments, and relevant training and access to trained mentors is also provided for disabled employees. A wide range of recruitment initiatives have been taken to increase the number of people with disabilities working in Barclays.

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continued

Health and Safety

We are committed to ensuring the health, safety and welfare of our employees and to providing and maintaining safe working conditions. Barclays regards legislative compliance as a minimum and, where appropriate, we seek to implement higher standards. Barclays also recognises its responsibilities towards all persons on its premises, such as contractors, visitors and members of the public, and ensures, so far as is reasonably practicable, that they are not exposed to significant risks to their health and safety. Barclays regularly reviews its Statement of Health and Safety Commitment, issued with the authority of the Board and which applies to all business areas in which Barclays has operational control. In this statement Barclays commits to:

– demonstrate personal leadership that is consistent with this commitment;

– provide the appropriate resources to fulfil this commitment;

– carry out risk assessments and take appropriate actions to mitigate the risks identified;

– consult with our employees on matters affecting their health and safety;

– ensure that appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision are provided;

– appoint competent persons to provide specialist advice; and

– review Barclays Health and Safety Group Process and the Statement of Commitment, at regular intervals.

Barclays monitors its health and safety performance using a variety of measurements on a monthly basis and the Board Remuneration Committee receives annual reports on health and safety performance from Barclays Human Resources Director. In 2010, a Health and Safety Steering Committee was established to ensure decisions are taken relating to the Health and Safety Global Standard and to oversee the operation of a coordinated Health and Safety control framework. The Committee meets on a quarterly basis and produces a quarterly report for the HR Risk Committee. As part of its Partnership Agreement with Unite (Amicus section), Barclays currently funds full time Health and Safety Representatives.

Creditors’ Payment Policy

Barclays values its suppliers and acknowledges the importance of paying invoices, especially those of small businesses, in a timely manner. Barclays policy follows the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills’ Prompt Payment Code, copies of which can be obtained from the Prompt Payment Code website at www.promptpaymentcode.org.uk.

The trade creditor payment days for Barclays Bank PLC for 2010 were 27 days (2009: 27 days). This is an arithmetical calculation based on the Companies Act regulations and does not necessarily reflect our practice, which is described above, nor the experience of any individual creditor.

Essential Business Contracts

There are no persons with whom the Group has contractual or other arrangements that are considered essential to the business of the Group.

Contracts of Significance

Under the terms of a stock purchase agreement dated 16th June 2009 which was entered into by and among Barclays Bank PLC, Barclays PLC and BlackRock, Inc. (BlackRock), Barclays agreed to sell Barclays Global Investors (BGI) to BlackRock. The sale completed on 1st December 2009 following the receipt of all necessary shareholder and regulatory approvals and satisfaction of other closing conditions. The consideration at completion was US$15.2bn (£9.5bn), including 37.567 million new BlackRock shares, giving Barclays an economic interest of 19.9% of the enlarged BlackRock group. Barclays has provided BlackRock with customary warranties and indemnities in connection with the sale. Barclays will also continue to provide support in respect of certain BGI cash funds until December 2013 and indemnities in respect of certain of BGI’s fully collateralised securities lending activities until 30th November 2012.

Research and development

In the ordinary course of business the Group develops new products and services in each of its business units.

Financial Instruments

The Group’s financial risk management objectives and policies, including the policy for hedging each major type of forecasted transaction for which hedge accounting is used, and the exposure to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk are set out on pages 42 to 112 under the headings, ‘Barclays risk management strategy’, ‘Credit risk management’, ‘Market risk management’ and ‘Liquidity risk management’.

Events after the Balance Sheet Date

Events after the balance sheet date are noted on page 269.

The Auditors

The Board Audit Committee reviews the appointment of the external auditors, as well as their relationship with the Group, including monitoring the Group’s use of the auditors for non-audit services and the balance of audit and non-audit fees paid to the auditors. More details on this can be found on page 207.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP have been the Company’s auditors for many years. Having reviewed the independence and effectiveness of the external auditors, the Committee has not considered it necessary to date to require them to tender for the audit work but will keep this issue under review. The external auditors are required to rotate the audit partners responsible for the Group and subsidiary audits every five years. Our previous lead audit partner, who had been in place for five years, was replaced for the 2010 year end. There are no contractual obligations restricting the Company’s choice of external auditor. The Committee has recommended to the Board that the existing auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, be reappointed.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP have signified their willingness to continue in office and ordinary resolutions reappointing them as auditors and authorising the Directors to set their remuneration will be proposed at the 2011 AGM. So far as each of the Directors are aware, there is no relevant audit information of which the Company’s auditors are unaware. Each of

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the Directors has taken all the steps that he or she ought to have taken as a Director in order to make himself or herself aware of any relevant audit information and to establish that the Company’s auditors are aware of that information. For these purposes, ‘relevant audit information’ means information needed by the Company’s auditors in connection with preparing their report.

The Annual General Meeting

The Barclays PLC AGM will be held at the Royal Festival Hall on Wednesday 27th April 2011. The Notice of Annual General Meeting is included in a separate document sent to shareholders with this report. A summary of the resolutions being proposed at the 2011 AGM is set out below.

Ordinary Resolutions

– To receive the Directors’ and Auditors’ Reports and the audited accounts for the year ended 31st December 2010;

– To approve the Directors’ Remuneration Report for the year ended 31st December 2010;

– To re-elect each of the Directors of the Company;

– To reappoint PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as auditors of the Company;

– To authorise the Directors to set the remuneration of the auditors;

– To authorise Barclays PLC and its subsidiaries to make political donations and incur political expenditure;

– To renew the authority given to Directors to allot securities;

– To approve and adopt the rules of the new Barclays Long Term Incentive Plan; and

– To approve and adopt the rules of the Barclays Share Value Plan.

Special Resolutions

– To renew the authority given to the Directors to allot securities for cash other than on a pro-rata basis to shareholders and to sell treasury shares;

– To renew the Company’s authority to purchase its own shares; and

– To permit General Meetings to continue to be called on 14 clear days’ notice.

This is only a summary of the business to be transacted at the meeting and you should refer to the Notice of Annual General Meeting for full details.

Going concern

The Group’s business activities and financial position; the factors likely to affect its future development and performance; and its objectives and policies in managing the financial risks to which it is exposed and its capital are discussed in the Business Review.

The Directors have assessed, in the light of current and anticipated economic conditions, the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Directors confirm they are satisfied that the Company and the Group

have adequate resources to continue in business for the foreseeable future. For this reason, they continue to adopt the ‘going concern’ basis for preparing accounts.

Internal control

The Directors have responsibility for ensuring that management maintain an effective system of internal control and for reviewing its effectiveness. Such a system is designed to manage rather than eliminate the risk of failure to achieve business objectives and can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material misstatement or loss. Throughout the year ended 31st December 2010, and to date, the Group has operated a system of internal control which provides reasonable assurance of effective and efficient operations covering all controls, including financial and operational controls and compliance with laws and regulations. Processes are in place for identifying, evaluating and managing the significant risks facing the Group in accordance with the guidance ‘Internal Control: Revised Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code’ published by the Financial Reporting Council. The Board regularly reviews these processes through its principal Board Committees.

The Directors review the effectiveness of the system of internal control semi-annually. An internal control compliance certification process is conducted throughout the Group in support of this review. The effectiveness of controls is periodically reviewed within the business areas. Regular reports are made to the Board Audit Committee by management, Internal Audit and the finance, compliance and legal functions covering particularly financial controls, compliance and operational controls. The Board Audit Committee monitors resolution of any identified control issues of Group level significance through to a satisfactory conclusion.

The Group Internal Control and Assurance Framework (GICAF) describes the Group’s approach to internal control and details Group policies and processes. The GICAF is reviewed and approved on behalf of the Chief Executive by the Group Governance and Control Committee.

Regular risk reports are made to the Board covering risks of Group significance including credit risk, market risk, operational risk and legal risk. Reports covering credit, market and operational risk, key risks, risk measurement methodologies and risk appetite are made to the Board Risk Committee. Further details of risk management procedures are given in the Risk management section on pages 42 to 119.

Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

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continued

Internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorisations of Management and the Directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorised acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material affect on the financial statements.

Internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of 31st December 2010. In making its assessment, Management has utilised the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework. Management concluded that, based on its assessment, the internal control over financial reporting was effective as of 31st December 2010.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued a report on Barclays PLC internal control over financial reporting which is set out on page 185.

The system of internal financial and operational controls is also subject to regulatory oversight in the United Kingdom and overseas. Further information on supervision by the financial services regulators is provided under Supervision and Regulation in the Risk Management section on pages 115 to 119.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in the Group’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report which have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect internal control over financial reporting.

Statement of Directors’ responsibilities for accounts

The following statement, which should be read in conjunction with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm report set out on page 185, is made with a view to distinguishing for shareholders the respective responsibilities of the Directors and of the auditors in relation to the accounts.

The Directors are required by the Companies Act 2006 to prepare accounts for each financial year and, with regards to Group accounts, in accordance with Article 4 of the IAS Regulation. The Directors have prepared individual accounts in accordance with IFRS as adopted by the European Union. The accounts are required by law and IFRS to present fairly the financial position of the Company and the Group and the performance for that period. The Companies Act 2006 provides, in relation to such accounts, that references to accounts giving a true and fair view are references to fair presentation.

The Directors consider that, in preparing the accounts on pages 186 to 269, the Group has used appropriate accounting policies, supported by reasonable judgements and estimates, and that all accounting standards which they consider to be applicable have been followed.

The Directors have responsibility for ensuring that the Company and the Group keep accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy the financial position of the Company and the Group and which enable them to ensure that the accounts comply with the Companies Act 2006.

The Directors have general responsibility for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the Group and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities.

Disclosure controls and procedures

The Chief Executive, Bob Diamond, and the Group Finance Director, Chris Lucas, conducted with Group Management an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Group’s disclosure controls and procedures as at 31st December 2010, which are defined as those controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarised and reported within the time periods specified in the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. As of the date of the evaluation, the Chief Executive and Group Finance Director concluded that the design and operation of these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

The Directors confirm to the best of their knowledge that:

(a) The financial statements, prepared in accordance with the applicable set of accounting standards, give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit or loss of Barclays PLC and the undertakings included in the consolidation taken as a whole; and

(b) The management report, which is incorporated into the Directors’ Report on pages 124 to 129, includes a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the position of Barclays PLC and the undertakings included in the consolidation taken as a whole, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that they face.

Signed on behalf of the Board

Marcus Agius

Group Chairman

10th March 2011

Registered in England. Company No. 48839

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance report

The corporate governance report is my opportunity, as Group Chairman, to explain how our Company has been managed during the year; how the Board has performed and how our systems of governance and control have operated.

What shaped the Board’s agenda in 2010? First, as the world economy started to recover from the most significant shock it has experienced in generations, the focus of the Board has perceptibly shifted from dealing with the immediacy of events to formulating and developing a long-term strategy for the post-crisis world and, also, to identifying how we will meet the challenges brought about by the new regulatory landscape. Under the former, the critical issue is to improve the return on equity of the Group and much work is being carried out in this regard. Under the latter, Board discussions this year have been dominated by the regulatory environment: how that regulatory environment is changing or is likely to change in the future and the implications for our strategy and business model. Tying these two themes together, discussions have focussed on how the Group should respond to the uncertain regulatory environment and, in the light of the substantial increase in the level of capital being held, how the Group could improve its return on equity and, in particular, achieve returns above the cost of equity. This focus will continue into 2011. The myriad of different regulatory developments which have occurred in the UK, in Europe and in the USA in recent years have generated a substantial volume of work for Barclays and, to an extent, for its Board. We recognise and support the need for a better system of regulation to emerge from this process although shareholders should recognise the strain which is imposed on Barclays, in common with other financial institutions, as the multi-faceted, international debate takes place.

Second, the Board this year had the important job of identifying and appointing a new Chief Executive to succeed John Varley, a task that resulted in the appointment of Bob Diamond. The succession process, which was led by me with the full involvement and support of both the Board Corporate Governance & Nominations Committee and all the non-executive Directors, was critical in ensuring that we have the right leadership in place to deliver our strategy in the new regulatory environment. I report in more detail on page 140 on how we managed this succession process in 2010.

Away from the boardroom, corporate governance regimes themselves were subject to much scrutiny in 2010 and we made a significant contribution to the debate by ensuring that we responded to relevant consultations during the year. It is important, in our view, that corporate governance frameworks are structured in such a way that recognises that there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution and that there is a degree of flexibility, within broadly agreed principles, that allows boards to operate in a way that suits the particular needs and challenges faced by their Company. During the year, we contributed to the Financial Reporting Council’s review of the Combined Code, which culminated in the new UK Corporate Governance Code, and the associated review of the Higgs Guidance. We also made a submission in response to the EU’s Green Paper on Corporate Governance in Financial Institutions and contributed our views on the Basel Committee’s Corporate Governance Guidelines.

There has been much debate this year on the subject of board diversity, notably on the subject of gender and the representation of women on the boards of companies. We were pleased to sponsor this year’s Cranfield FTSE Female Report and we support the recommendation in the new UK Corporate Governance Code that boards should consider the benefits of diversity, including gender, when making board appointments. For us, however, diversity is much more than the issue of gender: it is about ensuring that there is an appropriate range and balance of skills, experience and background on the Board. Achieving this balance is a key determinant of any new Board appointments we make. In 2010 we were fortunate to be joined on the Board by Dambisa Moyo and Alison Carnwath, who were appointed with effect from 1st May 2010 and 1st August 2010 respectively. They both bring relevant, financial and other experience to the Board and these appointments have widened the range of perspectives brought to our Board deliberations.

2010 again saw us hold a number of additional Board and Board Committee meetings over and above our regular, scheduled meetings. Non-executive Directors have continued to make themselves available, often at short notice, and each of them has been unstinting in the time they are prepared to commit to Barclays. The work of our principal Board Committees continued to provide valuable oversight of key issues affecting the Group: 2010 saw significant debate and regulatory action with respect to remuneration in the banking sector and Sir Richard Broadbent, Chairman of the Board Remuneration Committee, reports to you on page 147 on the work of the Committee in 2010. Furthermore, capital and liquidity and, in particular, the ability and capacity of banks to withstand systemic shocks or stresses, were again in focus in 2010. Sir Michael Rake, Chairman of the Board Audit Committee and David Booth, Chairman of the Board Risk Committee, describe in more detail later in this report on the work of those Committees in 2010 in this regard.

We are committed to reporting on our corporate governance framework in an open and transparent way. We were pleased, therefore, that our 2009 report was nominated in the ICSA-Hermes Transparency in Governance Awards in the categories of ‘Best Board Disclosure’ and Best Audit Disclosure’, where we won the award for the latter. I trust that we are maintaining that standard with the report that follows.

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance report continued

Statements of Compliance

UK Combined Code on Corporate Governance

As Barclays is listed on the London Stock Exchange, we comply with the UK Combined Code on Corporate Governance (the Code). For the year ended 31st December 2010, we have complied with the relevant provisions set out in section 1 of the Code and applied the principles of the Code as described in this report. In May 2010, the Financial Reporting Council issued a new edition of the Code, which is now called The UK Corporate Governance Code and applies to Barclays with effect from 1st January 2011. We intend to comply with The UK Corporate Governance Code.

NYSE Corporate Governance Rules

As our main listing is on the London Stock Exchange, we follow the Code. However, Barclays has American Depositary Receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and is also subject to the NYSE’s Corporate Governance rules (NYSE Rules). We are exempt from most of the NYSE Rules, which domestic US companies must follow, because we are a non-US company listed on the NYSE. However, we are required to provide an Annual Written Affirmation to the NYSE of our compliance with the applicable NYSE Rules and must also disclose any significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by domestic US companies listed on the NYSE. Key differences between the Code and NYSE Rules are set out later in this report.

(1) Leadership

The Board

The Board’s principal duty is to create and deliver sustainable shareholder value through setting Group strategy and overseeing its implementation by Management. In doing so, we pay due regard to matters that will affect the future of Barclays, such as the effect the Board’s decisions may have on our employees, the environment, our community and relationships with suppliers, as well as the need to act fairly between shareholders. The Board also ensures that Management achieves the right balance between promoting long-term growth and delivering short-term objectives.

We are also responsible for maintaining an effective system of internal control that provides assurance of efficient operations and for ensuring that Management maintain an effective risk management and oversight process across the Group.

In order to ensure that we meet our responsibilities, we have reserved specific key decisions for approval by the Board. I have set out a summary of these on the opposite page. More information on the role of the Board can be found in ‘Corporate Governance in Barclays’, which is available on our website:www.barclays.com/corporategovernance. Certain responsibilities are delegated to Board Committees, which assist the Board in carrying out its functions and ensure that there is independent oversight of internal control and risk management. The Chairman of each Board Committee reports to the Board on the matters discussed at Committee meetings.

Directors

Under UK company law, Directors must promote the success of the Company by exercising independent judgement with reasonable care, skill and diligence, while having regard to the long term consequences of their decisions.

The executive Directors, Bob Diamond, Chief Executive, and Chris Lucas, Group Finance Director, are full time employees of the Group and form part of the senior management of Barclays. They are responsible for the day to day management of our businesses, supported by the Group Executive Committee, which Bob chairs. The non-executive Directors are independent from Management. They are primarily responsible for constructively challenging Management and monitoring the success of Management in delivering the agreed strategy within the Risk Appetite approved by the Board.

The role profiles and key competencies and behaviours we expect of our Directors, together with the key indicators of high performance, can be found in our ‘Charter of Expectations’, which is available on our website atwww.barclays.com/corporategovernance. Their primary roles are summarised on the opposite page.

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Summary of Matters Reserved to the Board

Strategy –      Approval of the Group’s strategy Medium-Term and Short-Term Plans –      Monitoring delivery of the strategy and performance against plan –      Major acquisitions, mergers or disposals –      Major capital investments and projects Risk Appetite, Capital & Liquidity –      Changes relating to capital structure or status as a PLC –      Approval of annual Capital Plan –      Approval of Risk Appetite and Liquidity Risk Appetite Financial Results and Dividends –      Approval of interim and final financial statements, dividends and any significant  change in accounting policies or practices –      Any share dividend alternative Board Membership –      Board appointments and removals –      Succession planning for key positions on the Board –      Role profiles of key positions on the Board Remuneration –    �� Approval of the framework for determining the policy and specific remuneration of  executive Directors –      Approval of Chairman and non-executive Director remuneration –      Major changes in employee share schemes

Governance –      Authorisation for Directors’ conflicts or possible conflicts of interest –      Remuneration of auditors and recommendations for appointment or removal of  auditors –      Approval of all circulars, prospectuses and significant press releases –      Principal regulatory filings with stock exchanges –      Approval of allotment of shares –      Rules and procedures for dealing in Barclays securities –      Terms of reference and membership of Board Committees –      Approval of Board and Board Committees performance evaluation process –      Determination of independence of non-executive Directors –      Approval of Corporate Governance framework –      Approval of division of responsibilities between the Group Chairman and Chief  Executive –      Appointment (or removal) of Company Secretary and Chief Risk Officer

Primary role of Directors:
Common to all Directors
Provide entrepreneurial leadership of the Company, within a framework of prudent and effective controls enabling risk to be assessed and managed. Approve the Company’s strategic aims, ensuring that the necessary financial and human resources are in place for the Company to meet its objectives and review management performance. Set the Company’s values and standards and ensure that its obligations to its shareholders and other stakeholders are understood and met.
Executive Director	Non-executive Director
Effectively lead Barclays towards the achievement of its strategic objectives and implement the strategic decisions taken by the Board	Provide constructive challenge to the executive Directors and senior management
Help ensure that the Board receives relevant, accurate, clear and timely information and presentations necessary for it to fulfil its duties	Help develop proposals on strategy and then fully empower and support the executive Directors to implement the strategy
Report on the performance of the Group and its individual businesses	Scrutinise the performance of Management in meeting agreed goals and objectives and monitor the reporting of performance, ensuring that individual business decisions conform to agreed strategies and policies
Use their specialist knowledge and experience, both of their own business and financial services generally, to assist the Board in consideration of strategic issues and to ensure that decisions taken are in the Group’s best interests	Apply their judgement to the business of the Board, leveraging on their knowledge of the business and bringing to bear a different range of knowledge, experience and insight from other industries
Put the interests of the Group before those of their specific area of responsibility and manage any conflicts of interest between their role as a Board member and as an executive	Satisfy themselves on the integrity of financial information and that financial controls and systems of risk management are robust and defensible
	Determine appropriate levels of remuneration of executive Directors and senior management, take the prime role in appointing and removing executive Directors and plan for succession of executive Directors

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance report continued

The Board usually meets eight times each year, but we meet more frequently should we need to. During 2010, three additional meetings were held, which were arranged at short notice. Directors are expected to attend all meetings unless circumstances prevent them from doing so, such as illness or prior commitments. Each Director makes every effort to attend each meeting, whether it is in person, by telephone or by video conference. I can confirm that each Director committed an appropriate amount of time to their Barclays duties in 2010. Details of Board meeting attendance in 2010 can be found in the table below.

Group Chairman

My role as Group Chairman is to provide leadership to the Board, ensuring that it satisfies its legal and regulatory responsibilities. I set the annual Board agenda in advance in consultation with the Chief Executive and Company Secretary, ensuring that adequate time is available for discussion of all agenda items, including strategy. This forward agenda is a living document that is updated periodically to take account of changing priorities and internal and external developments. After each Board meeting, I meet with the Company Secretary to discuss how the meeting went and to agree any follow up actions or changes required to the Board’s conduct and forward agenda.

I hold meetings with the non-executive Directors before each of the eight scheduled Board meetings, providing them with an opportunity to discuss any specific issues they would like to raise about the business of the meeting. This enables me to ensure that any particular points are brought up in the meetings as appropriate. Constructive challenge is actively encouraged within the Boardroom and, where appropriate, informal meetings are arranged to enable thorough preparation for Board discussions, for example, the evening before Board meetings. Along with Lawrence Dickinson, our Company Secretary, I am available to the

non-executive Directors outside of formal Board situations should they have any questions or concerns. I make a point of holding one-to-one meetings with each non-executive Director at least twice a year. Directors may on request also take independent professional advice at the Company’s expense.

I chair the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee in addition to the Board and I am a member of the Board Remuneration Committee. I attend other Board Committee meetings on an ad hoc basis: during 2010 I attended two Board Audit Committee meetings and three Board Risk Committee meetings. I am also Chairman of the Group’s Brand & Reputation Committee.

My responsibilities also include ensuring effective communication with shareholders, particularly in making sure that the Board is aware of any significant matters raised by shareholders. I discuss this in more detail in the section on Relations with Shareholders on page 146. I also act as an ambassador for the Group, meeting clients, customers and other stakeholders, undertaking a programme of visits to the Group’s operations worldwide.

I was independent on appointment and I spend whatever time is necessary to fulfil my duties, which in a normal year is expected to be a minimum of 60% of a full time position, although in practice over the last few years my time commitment has been significantly greater. Details of my experience and my other commitments can be found in my biography on page 120.

While I am responsible for the smooth operation of the Board, the Chief Executive is responsible for running our businesses. The table opposite highlights our respective key responsibilities:

Board Attendance

	Independent		Scheduled Meetings eligible to attend		Scheduled Meetings attended		Additional Meetings eligible to attended		Additional meetings attended
Group Chairman
Marcus Agius		OA		8		8		3		3
Executive Directors
Robert E Diamonda		ED		8		8		3		2
Chris Lucasa		ED		8		8		3		2
John Varleya (to 31st December 2010)		ED		8		8		3		2
Non-executive Directors
David Booth		I		8		8		3		2
Sir Richard Broadbent		I		8		7		3		3
Alison Carnwath (from 1st August 2010)		I		4		3		2		2
Leigh Clifford (to 30th September 2010)		I		6		4		2		1
Fulvio Conti		I		8		7		3		2
Simon Fraser		I		8		8		3		3
Reuben Jeffery		I		8		8		3		3
Sir Andrew Likierman		I		8		8		3		3
Dambisa Moyo (from 1st May 2010)		I		5		5		2		1
Sir Michael Rake		I		8		8		3		3
Sir John Sunderland		I		8		8		3		3
Secretary
Lawrence Dickinson

Key

OA on appointment

ED executive Director

I    independent non-executive Director

Note

a     Although eligible to attend, the executive Directors did not attend the additional meeting held to consider and approve the appointment of a new Chief Executive.

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Senior Independent Director and Deputy Chairman

Sir Richard Broadbent is our Senior Independent Director and Deputy Chairman. As Senior Independent Director, Sir Richard’s role includes maintaining contact with large shareholders to understand their issues and concerns, as well as making himself available to individual shareholders, if necessary, where they have concerns they cannot resolve elsewhere. Sir Richard also acts as a sounding board for me and is available to the other non-executive Directors, if needed. He led the Board’s evaluation of my performance for 2010, meeting with the non-executive Directors in January 2011 to review and discuss my performance for the year. As Deputy Chairman, Sir Richard’s key area of focus is to act as an ambassador for Barclays. He also assists me in managing the business of the Board and ensuring it operates effectively in driving forward the Group’s strategic objectives. In order to fulfil these roles and his Board Committee commitments, Sir Richard is required to commit over 50 days per annum, although in practice spends significantly more time on his Barclays duties.

Company Secretary

The Company Secretary, Lawrence Dickinson, supports me and the Board Committee Chairmen in all stages of managing our meetings, from setting the annual meeting agenda through to ensuring that agreed actions are completed. Lawrence also assists me in ensuring that there are timely and appropriate information flows within and to the Board, the Board Committees and between the non-executive Directors and senior management. He provides support to me in designing and facilitating induction programmes for new non-executive Directors and in putting together the development programme for Directors. He is also our principal corporate governance adviser.

(2) Effectiveness

Board Size, Composition and Qualification

The Board is currently comprised of 13 members: Group Chairman, two executive Directors and ten independent non-executive Directors. The balance of the Board is illustrated below. Board size has reduced from a peak of 18 Directors in 2007. We believe that the optimum Board size for Barclays is 12-15 members, which provides for the broad range of skills and experience required to effectively govern a global banking business, while being small enough to enable constructive group discussion and opportunity for full participation by all Directors. It also enables us to ensure that the principal Board Committees are appropriately resourced without placing an undue burden on any individual non-executive Director.

Key responsibilities

Group Chairman	Chief Executive
Lead the Board and manage the business of the Board through setting its agenda and taking full account of the issues and concerns of Board members	Lead the development of short, medium and long term business strategy for approval by the Board and oversee successful delivery of the Group strategy
Ensure that Board members receive accurate, timely and clear information, in particular about the Group’s performance, to enable the Board to take sound decisions, monitor effectively and provide advice to promote the success of the Company	Lead the executive Directors and Group Executive Committee in making and implementing operational decisions and running the Group’s business on a day to day basis
Keep under review, with the Board, the general progress and long-term development of the Group	Ensure the Board is provided with accurate, concise and timely information
Ensure effective communication with shareholders and ensure that members of the Board develop and maintain an understanding of the views of major investors and other key stakeholders	Chair the Group Executive Committee
Chair the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee	Assist the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee in executive succession planning
Establish a close relationship with the Chief Executive, providing support and advice while respecting his executive responsibilities	Establish a close relationship with the Group Chairman, providing support hile respecting his governance responsibilities

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Corporate governance report continued

Director Independence

The Board considers non-executive Director independence on an annual basis, as part of each Director’s performance evaluation. The Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee and the Board reviewed the independence of each non-executive Director in early 2011 and concluded that each of them continues to demonstrate those behaviours that the Board considers to be essential indicators of independence and which are set out in our ‘Charter of Expectations’. These criteria are:

– provides objective and constructive challenge to Management:

– is prepared to challenge others’ assumptions, beliefs or viewpoints as necessary for the good of the organisation;

– questions intelligently, debates constructively, challenges rigorously and decides dispassionately;

– is willing to stand up and defend their own beliefs and viewpoints in order to support the ultimate good of the organisation; and

– has a good understanding of the organisation’s business and affairs to enable them to properly evaluate the information and responses provided by Management.

Director Re-election

In accordance with the new UK Corporate Governance Code, the Board has agreed that all Directors will submit themselves for re-election at the Company’s Annual General Meeting (AGM) to be held on 27th April 2011. Biographical details of each of the Directors may be found on pages 120 to 122.

Succession Planning and Board Appointments

The Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee is responsible for both executive and non-executive Director succession planning and recommends new appointments to the Board. More detail on the role of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee is given on pages 139 and 140. When making Board appointments, we seek to ensure that we have a diverse range of skills, background and experience, including industry and geographical experience. We also consider length of tenure: we recognise that continued tenure brings Company specific knowledge and understanding while new faces bring fresh ideas and perspective. The length of tenure of the current non-executive Directors and their geographical experience and industry background is illustrated below. We are comfortable that our Board includes sufficient diversity to optimise its performance.

Non-executive Director Terms of Appointment

Non-executive Directors each have a letter of appointment that sets out the terms and conditions of their directorship, including the fees payable and the expected time commitment. Non-executive Director time commitment is set at a minimum of 20 days per annum, with additional time commitment required to fulfil their roles as Board Committee members and/or Board Committee chairmen, as applicable. The average time commitment of non-executive Directors is in the range of 30-36 days per annum. Details of non-executive Directors’ remuneration can be found in the Remuneration Report on page 147. In order to ensure alignment between non-executive Directors’ interests and those of our shareholders, the first £20,000 of their basic fee is invested in Barclays shares, which are held on their behalf until such time as they leave the Board.

Our Charter of Expectations sets out the expectations that the Board of Barclays demands of its Directors. This includes a detailed role profile and key performance indicators for each of the key positions on the Board.

Note

a Individual Directors may fall into one or more categories.

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Directors' Conflicts of Interest

Directors have a duty under UK company law to avoid situations in which they have or may have interests that conflict with those of the Company, unless that conflict is first authorised by the Directors. Our articles of association allow the Board to authorise such potential conflicts, taking into account all the circumstances. This includes potential conflicts that may arise when a Director takes up a position with another company. Where Directors wish to take up an external appointment, they are under an obligation to obtain authorisation before doing so. Each appointment is considered by the Board on its individual merits, taking into account the expected time commitment and any relationships with Barclays. Directors must also notify the Board if circumstances regarding external appointments change and I make myself available to all non-executive Directors should they wish to discuss any possible, actual or perceived conflicts.

Reuben Jeffery's appointment in 2010 as Chief Executive Officer of Rockefeller & Co., Inc., a privately-owned US investment and wealth management firm, was considered by the Board during the year. I discussed the potential conflict with Tom Kalaris, Chief Executive of Barclays Wealth, as well as John Varley, Bob Diamond and other key senior executives before the matter was discussed by the Board. Professional advice was also sought on the extent of the potential conflict. The Board is happy that the Barclays Wealth business overlap with Rockefeller & Co., Inc. is extremely small in a Group context and that, as a result, the likelihood of a conflict of interest arising in practice is remote. We have agreed, however, that if there is a potential conflict, Reuben Jeffery will excuse himself from specific Board discussions.

All potential conflicts approved by the Board are recorded in a Conflicts Register, which the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee reviews annually to confirm that any potential conflicts have been dealt with appropriately. Having reviewed the Conflicts Register in early 2011, it was concluded that potential conflicts have been considered appropriately and that the authorisation process is operating effectively.

The decision to undertake external activities is a matter for individual Directors to decide, bearing in mind their responsibilities to Barclays, including the time commitment we expect of them. We believe that Directors' external appointments benefit Barclays by providing them with a wider range of skills, experience and knowledge that will be relevant to their role at Barclays, although executive Directors may take up only one FTSE 100 non-executive directorship. Where an executive Director takes up such an appointment they may retain any fees they receive. Details of any such fees received by executive Directors can be found in the Remuneration Report on page 147.

Board Induction and Professional Development

On joining Barclays all non-executive Directors are provided with a bespoke induction programme, which includes sessions with each of the executive Directors, members of the Group Executive Committee and meetings with the senior executives responsible for each of Barclays business areas and central functions: these sessions focus on the challenges, opportunities and risks that are faced by each business. Meetings are also held with the Group's lead auditor. An outline of the Board induction programme is set out below:

  Board Induction Programme

  Group Overview

  –  Duties and Responsibilities of Directors' of authorised institutions

  –  Group Overview

  –  CEO Introduction

  –  Group Finance Director Introduction

  Review of Businesses

  –  Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth Management

  –  Global Retail Banking

  In depth Review of Businesses

  –  Absa

  –  Barclaycard

  –  Barclays Africa

  –  Barclays Capital

  –  Barclays Corporate

  –  Barclays Wealth

  –  UK Retail Banking

  –  Western Europe Retail Banking

  Group Functions

  –  Compliance

  –  Group Legal

  –  Group Strategy

  –  Human Resources

  –  Internal Audit

  –  Investor Relations

  –  Risk

  Other

  –  Brand & Marketing

  –  External Audit

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We also provide non-executive Directors with a personalised induction when they join a Board Committee. Board Committee induction programmes typically involve meeting with our Company Secretary for an overview of the Board Committee’s responsibilities and activities before meeting with key executives who present to the Board Committee, as well as with the Board Committee Chairman. An outline of the induction programme for new members of the Board Risk Committee is provided below by way of an example.

We believe that induction and professional development are critical to ensure that Directors can perform effectively and seek to make sure that all Directors have appropriate knowledge of the Company and access to its operations and staff. Accordingly, we arrange regular briefings for existing non-executive Directors on matters affecting Barclays and they also have the opportunity to attend management conferences held by our businesses. During 2010, the non-executive Directors attended briefing sessions on:

–  Treating Customers Fairly

–  Barclays Capital

–  Derivatives

–  Risk based pricing

The briefing sessions, which were interactive, were led by executives from the relevant business units, using material that was circulated in advance.

Directors were asked for feedback at the end of their induction programmes and following each briefing session. Additionally, the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee undertakes an annual review of the induction and development programmes to ensure that they are appropriate and fit for purpose. The feedback gathered is used to improve the structure and content of non-executive Director induction programmes and to tailor the development programme for the year ahead. I discuss with each non-executive Director any specific development requirements as part of the annual Board Effectiveness Review.

Board Activity

As I mentioned above, our agenda in 2010 was driven largely by the impact of potential changes in the regulatory environment, which is expected to remain uncertain until the Independent Commission on Banking produces its report. During the year, as part of our overall review of Group strategy,

Board Risk Committee Induction

The induction programme begins with an overview of the Committee’s role and responsibilities with the Company Secretary and a meeting with the Committee Chairman. The Chief Risk Officer also provides an overview of risk management in Barclays. This is followed by a series of briefing sessions with senior executives in the Risk, Treasury and Taxation teams on the following topics:

–  Capital and Liquidity

–  Economic Capital and Stress Testing

–  External Audit

–  Market Risk

–  Operational Risk

–  Retail Credit Risk

–  Tax Risk

–  Wholesale Credit Risk

we had a number of discussions on the strategic challenges and opportunities presented by regulatory developments and the potential impact for our business model, culminating in a review of the Group’s business portfolio at our strategy away-day in November. The purpose of this review was to assess which businesses are either producing returns on equity above the cost of capital in the new regulatory environment, or are capable of producing such returns in the future.

We received updates in 2010 from the majority of our principal businesses on the execution of their business strategy, including an update on the overall strategy for the GRB businesses following the restructuring in late 2009. The Chief Executives of the businesses attended Board meetings to present to the Board. One of our meetings in 2010 was held in Doha, where we received an update on our business operations in the Middle East. We also received updates on Brand & Marketing strategy, Investor Relations strategy, Sustainability and Franchise Health (covering customer and employee satisfaction measures). It is important that we understand the views of our investors and in 2010 we held a specific discussion on analysts’ views of our current and future performance and our current market valuation. We continued to receive regular updates on capital and liquidity during the year. The Chief Risk Officer reported to each meeting in 2010 and we also considered and approved Risk Appetite for 2011. We also considered the Group’s Individual Liquidity Adequacy Assessment, which is required by the FSA.

Information flows to the Board were timely and appropriate and we made some enhancements to the format of regular reports in 2010 to present more granular information on individual business performance.

The chart below illustrates how the Board allocated its time during 2010.

Evaluation of Board Performance

Each year the Board undertakes an effectiveness review to assess its performance as a Board. Our Board Effectiveness Review is a genuine, formal, rigorous process that has been externally facilitated since 2004. The Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee is responsible for overseeing the process and annually benchmarks our approach against the practices of other companies in the FTSE 20 to ensure that we remain at the forefront of best practice. My evaluation statement for 2010 is set out on pages 138 and 139.

138         

Evaluation Statement
Before I describe the 2010 evaluation process and its general outcomes, I provide below a summary of the Board’s progress against its 2009 action plan:
Key themes	Actions
Board size and diversity	The Board has reduced in size and is more diverse.
Holding additional Board meetings overseas, particularly given the increased size of our US operations	The Board held one meeting overseas in 2010 and plans to hold two meetings overseas in 2011.
Increasing visibility of senior executives below Board and Group Executive Committee level	Directors have had more opportunities to interact with senior executives below Board level via briefing sessions, attendance at management conferences and post-Board meeting lunches. The remit of the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee is being extended to cover succession planning at business unit level.
Improving the format of strategy presentations to the Board	The form and content of strategy presentations has been revised to include enhanced financial and risk information. In addition to the regular monthly management accounts, the Board receives more detailed financial information on a quarterly basis.
For the 2010 evaluation process, the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee decided again that it was appropriate for the evaluation to be independently facilitated, given the significant strategic issues under consideration and the pending appointment of a new Chief Executive. Having reviewed the facilitators available in the market, Egon Zehnder International was re-engaged to facilitate the 2010 Board Effectiveness Review. Although we will continue to monitor the market, the Board is comfortable that Egon Zehnder International provides an impartial and objective service irrespective of its position as one of Barclays executive search consultants. The 2010 evaluation process again took the form of questionnaires completed by Directors and key executives, followed by structured interviews with representatives from Egon Zehnder International. We feel that the interviews, which provide colour and context to questionnaire responses, are an essential part of the process. All participants were asked to complete the Board evaluation questionnaire, with separate Board Committee questionnaires completed by Board Committee members. The Board evaluation questionnaire covered the following areas: –     Group Performance; –     Strategy and performance of objectives, including involvement of the non-executive Directors; –     Reporting to shareholders and stakeholders; –     Structure, people and succession planning; –     Decision making processes, including the culture for effective challenge; –     Information flows and presentations; –     Board structure and composition, including the experience and knowledge of non-executive Directors; –     Board roles and responsibilities; –     Board and Management relationships, including the relationship between the Chairman and the Chief Executive; and –     Board Meetings and Board Committees.	The results of the evaluation were presented to the Board in December 2010 and confirmed that Barclays Board continues to operate at a very high level of effectiveness. One of the advantages of undertaking an annual evaluation is that we can monitor trends in responses to questions, as shown below. The key themes arising from the 2010 evaluation and which will form the basis of the action plan for 2011 are: –     Ensuring that Board dynamics remain effective following recent membership changes, including the appointment of the new Chief Executive; –     Ensuring that a wide range of skills, experience, background and diversity on the Board is maintained; –     Continuing the focus on strategic decision making in light of the evolving regulatory environment; and –     Revising the format of Board meetings to allow the Board to devote more time to discussion of key strategic issues, including discussions the evening before Board meetings.

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Corporate governance Corporate governance report continued

Evaluation Statementcontinued
In addition to evaluating the performance of the Board and Board Committees, we also evaluate the performance of individual Directors. Evaluation reporting lines are summarised below:
Position	Evaluated by
Group Chairman	Senior Independent Director, who meets with non-executive Directors without the Group Chairman present in order to obtain their feedback
Chief Executive	Group Chairman
Senior Independent Director	Group Chairman
Executive Directors	Chief Executive
Non-executive Directors	Group Chairman, who holds private meetings with each non-executive Director
In respect of individual non-executive Director performance, in early 2011 I held private meetings with each non executive Director to talk through the evaluation results and agree individual development plans with each of them for the year ahead.

  Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee Chairman’s Report

Member	Independent		Meetings eligible to attend		Meetings attended
Marcus Agius (Chairman)		OA		4		4
David Booth (from 1st January 2010)		I		4		4
Sir Richard Broadbent		I		4		3
Sir Michael Rake		I		4		3
Sir John Sunderland		I		4		4
Secretary
Lawrence Dickinson

Key

OA on appointment

I   independent

What is our role?

The Committee is responsible for reviewing the composition of the Board and Board Committees and for recommending to the Board the appointment of new Directors. We also consider succession plans for the Group Chairman, Chief Executive and other key positions, such as roles on the Group Executive Committee. The Committee monitors corporate governance issues and the annual Board Effectiveness Review. The Committee's full terms of reference are available from the corporate governance section of our website at:www.barclays.com/ corporategovernance

Who are the Committee?

The membership of the Committee is set out above, together with attendance at meetings in 2010. Committee members include the Chairmen of each of the principal Board Committees. The Chief Executive also attends each meeting, although he is not involved in decisions relating to his own succession.

What did we do in 2010?

We met four times in 2010 and the chart on page 140 shows how we allocated our time at our meetings. We dealt with a number of significant issues in 2010, primarily the succession planning for the appointment of a new Chief Executive, the process for which I describe on page 140. Our role in the annual review of Board effectiveness is described in my evaluation statement, which is set out on pages 138 and 139.

During the year, we reviewed the composition of the Board and the principal Board Committees at each of our meetings, looking at the balance of skills and experience on the Board and planning ahead for any retirements. We recommended two new non-executive Director appointments to the Board during the year: Dambisa Moyo and Alison Carnwath. In seeking new non-executive Directors, we looked at the existing range of skills, experience, background and diversity on the Board in the context of the strategic direction of the Company, before putting together a specification for the type of candidate we sought. In particular, we wanted candidates with a background in investment banking and finance and also sought experience of emerging markets and economies. The selection process was carried out with the assistance of external search consultants, who provided us with a range of candidates for consideration. Dambisa and Alison both met with me, the Chief Executive and with at least two other members of the Committee before their appointments were recommended to the Board.

We also considered and recommended changes to Board Committee composition during the year. Following Leigh Clifford's retirement from the Board on 30th September 2010, we were keen to ensure that the Board Remuneration Committee remained properly resourced, given the increasingly heavy workload it faces in the new regulatory environment. We recommended the appointment of Alison Carnwath to this Committee, where her investment banking experience will be particularly helpful. Alison also joined the Board Audit Committee. Dambisa Moyo

140         

Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee Chairman’s reportcontinued

joined the Board Risk Committee, where her background in financial services and as a global economist will bring a valuable insight to that Committee’s deliberations of macro-economic risks.

We made some minor changes to our terms of reference during the year to clarify that when considering new appointments we would look at an individual’s ability to meet the required time commitment. We also made clear our role in ensuring that induction and development programmes for non-executive Directors are appropriate and during the year we reviewed the programmes that had taken place in 2010, making some suggestions as to how they could be enhanced.

The results of the annual Committee effectiveness review undertaken in late 2010 demonstrated that the Committee felt it had operated effectively. However, during our discussions on succession planning, we agreed that the Board would benefit from having even greater visibility of the senior executives below Board and Group Executive Committee level, to increase the Board’s awareness of those senior executives within the Group who have the potential to become future leaders of the organisation. As a result, we have reviewed our terms of reference so that, from 2011, we will consider the overall succession planning process for key senior executive positions and, in particular, will look at the succession plans that are in place for the heads of our principal business units.

Appointing a new Chief Executive

We began our search for a successor to John Varley by drawing up the role requirements for the Chief Executive position, covering both the general background/experience required and the desired attributes across a range of key competencies. Essential, of course, was that the next Chief Executive should have financial services experience and, given the size of our investment banking business following the Lehmans acquisition, we felt that knowledge and experience of investment banking would be essential. The attributes we sought included a proven track record in strategic thinking, in business leadership and execution of strategy, in leading and developing people and building capability. We also sought candidates who could lead and manage change, who could work with and influence multiple stakeholders and who had a strong awareness of and commitment to risk management, control and governance.

It was evident to us from an early stage that Bob Diamond was a strong internal candidate to succeed John. Nonetheless, it was important that we tested the market and we conducted a benchmarking exercise against potential external candidates, who were identified with the assistance of a search consultant, before coming to a recommendation. We also felt that, if possible, the exercise should be carried out discreetly in order to minimise any risk of disruption to the business. Having fully tested the market and assessed all candidates against the role requirements, we agreed to recommend to the Board the appointment of Bob Diamond as the next Chief Executive. The recommendation followed meetings between Bob and all the non-executive Directors in order that he could set out his vision and strategic priorities for the Group and respond to questions and challenge.

We announced on 7th September 2010 that Bob would succeed John on 1st April 2011 following a transition and handover period. I am pleased to say that the transition period went smoothly and we were able to bring forward the handover date to 1st January 2011, which we announced on 17th December 2010.

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(3) Accountability

Sir Michael Rake, Chairman of the Board Audit Committee, now reports on the Board Audit Committee’s activities during 2010.

Board Audit Committee Chairman’s report

Member	Independent		Meetings eligible to attend		Meetings attended
Sir Michael Rake (Chairman)		I		11		11
Alison Carnwath (from 1st October 2010)		I		3		3
Fulvio Conti		I		11		9
Simon Fraser		I		11		11
Sir Andrew Likierman		I		11		11
Secretary
Lawrence Dickinson

Key

OA on appointment

I    independent

2010 was my first full year as Chairman of the Board Audit Committee and one which saw us appoint a new lead audit partner, Andrew Ratcliffe, who succeeded Phil Rivett. I am pleased to report that the handover to the new lead audit partner went smoothly and the transition was properly and effectively managed. My report on the Committee’s work during 2010 is set out below.

What is our role?

We are responsible for reviewing accounting policies and the contents of financial reports to ensure that we are satisfied with the integrity of the financial statements and particularly the key financial judgements within them. We also monitor the Group’s disclosure controls and procedures and the internal control environment. We consider the adequacy and scope of the external and internal audit and we oversee the relationship with our external auditors. The Committee’s full terms of reference are available from the corporate governance section of our website at:www.barclays.com/corporategovernance

Who are the Committee?

The membership of the Committee and attendance at meetings held in 2010 is set out above. The Board has determined that Sir Andrew Likierman and I are the designated financial experts for the purposes of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Sir Andrew Likierman has ‘recent and relevant financial experience’, as recommended by the Combined Code, as a result of his accountancy background, his career with HM Treasury and his appointment as Chairman of the National Audit Office.

I have an accountancy background, having worked at KPMG for over thirty years, latterly as Chairman of KPMG International. Sir Andrew Likierman and I also serve on the Board Risk Committee, ensuring there is appropriate overlap between the two committees.

The Group Finance Director, Chief Risk Officer, Group General Counsel and Chief Internal Auditor attend each Committee meeting, as does the lead audit partner from our external auditor. Before each Committee meeting, I hold a private session with Committee members to take soundings on the matters to be discussed at the meeting. Committee members also meet privately with the Chief Internal Auditor and the external auditor after the majority of our meetings, without Management present, to follow up on any particular matters.

Outside of our formal meetings I am in regular contact with Management, including the Group Finance Director, the Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Internal Auditor (who may raise with me any issues of concern) and the lead audit partner of our external auditors. During the year, I also visited the Group’s businesses in Spain, USA, Kenya and South Africa, attending meetings of the local Governance and Control or Subsidiary Audit Committees. I also held one-to-one meetings with management in London, New York and Dubai.

What did we do in 2010?

We met eleven times in 2010 and the chart on page 143 shows how we allocated our time at our meetings. The work of the Committee principally falls under three main areas: financial statements and accounting policies, internal control and oversight of internal and external audit.

Financial Statements and Accounting Policies

Reviewing the financial statements and accounting policies requires us to make certain judgements and I set out below some of the key issues we discussed in 2010 in conjunction with the external auditors.

– We continued to review closely the fair value of our credit market exposures and the form and content of our disclosures. We reviewed marks by asset category, movements in exposures and the underlying collateral by vintage and rating. We received an update at both the half-year and full-year and also ahead of each Interim Management Statement and discussed the valuations with Management.

– Impairment testing of the goodwill held on the Group’s balance sheet was conducted in 2010. We reviewed the results of the impairment testing and agreed with Management’s assessment that the goodwill associated with our businesses in Russia should be written off in full. We were content that other goodwill held on the balance sheet remains appropriate.

– We received regular reports on current and forecast impairment, which set out the trends in both retail and wholesale credit risk by business unit and the level of potential credit risk loans and the level of impairment held against them. We specifically reviewed the impairment charge in the interim and preliminary results announcements and were satisfied that the charge was appropriate. In particular, we reviewed the accounting treatment and performance of the Protium loan. We agreed that it was appropriate to impair the loan in order to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the fair value of the underlying assets, given Management’s intention to restructure or seek earlier repayment of the loan. During 2010, a considerable amount of work was carried out to understand the impairment situation in Spain, where increased impairment in H1 2010 was driven largely by the deteriorating Spanish economy and further falls in property values.

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Board Audit Committee Chairman’s reportcontinued

– The Group’s investment in BlackRock, Inc declined in value during 2010. As it is held as an Available For Sale (AFS) investment, the decline in value is recorded in the AFS reserve and deducted from capital and is not recognised in the income statement. We discussed whether the decline in value should be recognised in the income statement. We concluded that the decline in value was not significant or prolonged in the light of the increase in share price through the second half of the year and the continuing price volatility. Our judgement, therefore, was that the decline in value did not need to be recognised in the income statement.

– We reviewed outstanding litigation matters, including the litigation with the Lehman trustee in bankruptcy. The Committee discussed the court opinion in respect of the Lehman acquisition that was issued in February 2011. It concluded, having carefully considered the matter and reviewed independent advice, that the valuation of the asset remains appropriate.

In reviewing the financial statements, we receive input from the Disclosure Committee and PwC. The former is chaired by the Group Finance Director and considers the content, accuracy and tone of the financial statements and other public disclosures prior to their release and reports to us on its conclusions. PwC reported to the Committee on their review of the half-year interim results and on their audit of the year-end financial statements.

Internal Control

2010 saw some restructuring/re-segmentation of our businesses and our focus was on ensuring that there was no impact on controls during and after the reorganisation. In October, we held an additional meeting specifically to review the overall control environment and the trends in key control indicators. During the year, we reviewed the control environment in each of Absa, Barclays Capital, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth, Barclays Africa, UK Retail Banking and Western Europe Retail Banking in detail, with the Chief Executives of those businesses presenting to the Committee.

The Committee also spent time this year reviewing the control environment at Barclays Capital, given the increased size of the business following the Lehman acquisition. In particular, we reviewed controls in the areas of product valuation, the trading businesses and client assets segregation. In terms of product valuation, a significant amount of activity has taken place to strengthen further the valuation framework and control and governance processes. A specific project was also initiated in 2010, at Management’s behest, to review Barclays Capital’s controls following the Lehman acquisition and taking into account the new regulatory environment to ensure they are best in class. We received reports on the progress of the project, its findings and the actions that are being taken.

Technology controls and governance was also an area of focus in 2010 and we received several reports on the control environment in this area, where we had previously identified the potential to enhance controls. Much progress has been made in improving the control environment and we will continue to monitor progress into 2011.

We received regular reports during 2010 on the Group’s arrangements whereby employees can raise concerns and details of any action being taken to follow up specific reports.

Looking ahead to 2011, a programme is under way to ensure the Group is in compliance with the UK Bribery Act which was due to become effective in April 2011, but which has been delayed. We will receive further progress reports in 2011. During 2011, we will also track the Group’s

compliance with the Deferred Prosecution Agreements entered into as part of the settlement reached with US authorities following an investigation into the Group’s compliance with US sanctions and US Dollar payment practices.

In reviewing internal controls, we are supported by the Group Governance and Control Committee, chaired by the Group General Counsel, which considers control environment reports in advance of their presentation to the Committee.

Further details of the Group Internal Control Framework, including the main features of our internal control and risk management systems in relation to the financial reporting process, can be found in the Directors’ Report on pages 128 and 129.

Oversight of Internal Audit and External Audit

We are responsible for overseeing the work of the internal audit function and also for managing the relationship with the Group’s external auditors. We review the performance of the internal and external auditors annually to ensure that they are effective and recommend to the Board whether the external auditors should be reappointed.

Internal Audit

At each meeting we receive a report from the Chief Internal Auditor on the control environment and the key trends and indicators, including the key control environment areas identified for attention and monitoring. We also review and, if appropriate, approve any adjustments to be made to the audit plan.

We received the results of the internal audit function’s self-assessment of performance in late 2010, along with an update on the actions being taken following the external assessment carried out in 2009: the majority of those actions are complete and all will be closed out by June 2011. The internal audit function generally conforms to the standards set by the Institute of Internal Auditors.

We have again been particularly keen to ensure that the internal audit function is properly resourced to enable it to fulfil the audit plan. We closely monitored resources during the year. Furthermore, this year we have had greater visibility of the senior management in the internal audit function in addition to the Chief Internal Auditor.

External Audit

To safeguard the objectivity and independence of the external auditor, we have in place a policy that governs the type of services they may provide. I describe the policy in more detail below. We also have in place a policy that sets out guidelines for the employment of ex-employees of the external auditor and receive a report twice-yearly on any such appointments. In addition, we seek specific assurance from the external auditor on the arrangements they have in place to safeguard their independence.

We discussed and agreed with PwC the audit plan for 2010 to ensure that key areas of judgement in the Group’s financial statements were appropriately covered.

To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the external auditor, we sought feedback from key stakeholders across the Group via a questionnaire. The responses were analysed and presented to the Committee for review and discussion in early 2011. The Committee is fully satisfied with the performance of PwC and has recommended to the Board and to shareholders that PwC should be re-appointed as the Group’s auditors at the AGM on 27th April 2011.

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Corporate governance

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Board Audit Committee Chairman’s reportcontinued

  External auditor objectivity and independence: Non-Audit Services We take very seriously our responsibility to put in place safeguards to auditor objectivity and independence. The question of auditor objectivity and independence came under increasing scrutiny in 2010, and was subject to a consultation by the Auditing Practices Board, to which Barclays made a submission. While we believe that the policy and framework we have in place, as described below, is robust and effective, we asked management to ensure that all proposals to use the Group’s external auditor for non-audit services are robustly justified and, where appropriate, tendered. In my capacity as Chairman of the Committee, I closely review, and question where appropriate, any requests for such approval submitted to me. Furthermore, we keep the use of the auditor for any taxation-related services under close review and have approved very little in the way of tax advisory services and then only where there was a robust case for using the external auditor rather than another supplier. A breakdown of the fees paid to the auditor for non-audit work may be found in Note 8 on page 207.   Our policy on the provision of services by the Group’s external auditor sets out the circumstances in which the auditor may be permitted to undertake non-audit work for the Group. We oversee compliance with the policy and consider and, if appropriate, approve requests to use the auditor for non-audit work. Allowable services are pre approved up to £100,000 or £25,000 in the case of certain taxation services. The Company Secretary and his team deal with day to day administration of the policy, facilitating requests for approval. During the year, enhancements were made to the way in which requests for approval are reviewed and recorded, with all requests being submitted   via an online portal. This new system facilitates the production of management information and we receive a report at each meeting on the non-audit services provided by the auditor. We review the policy annually to ensure that it is fit for purpose and up to date.   Details of the services that are prohibited and allowed are set out below.   Services that are prohibited include:   –   bookkeeping –   design and implementation of financial information systems –   appraisal or valuation services –   actuarial services –   internal audit outsourcing –   management and Human Resources functions –   broker or dealer, investment advisor or investment banking services –   legal, expert and tax services involving advocacy   Allowable services that we will consider for approval include:   –   statutory and regulatory audit services and regulatory non-audit services –   other attest and assurance services –   accountancy advice and training –   risk management and controls advice –   transaction support –   taxation services –   business support and recoveries –   translation services  

We conducted our annual review of our performance as part of the annual Board Effectiveness Review process and concluded that we continue to operate effectively. We will focus in 2011 on ensuring that there is sufficient time at meetings for challenge and debate given the Committee’s heavy agenda. Furthermore, while we receive timely and appropriate information from Management, we will continue to work at ensuring that papers presented to the Committee are concise and distil the key issues effectively.

Sir Michael Rake

Chairman, Board Audit Committee

144         

David Booth, who became Chairman of the Board Risk Committee on 1st January 2010, now reports on that Committee’s activities during 2010.

Board Risk Committee Chairman’s report

Member	Independent		Meetings eligible to attend		Meetings attended
David Booth (Chairman)		I		7		7
Sir Richard Broadbent
(to 30th September 2010)		I		3		3
Reuben Jeffery
(from 1st January 2010)		I		7		7
Sir Andrew Likierman		I		7		6
Dambisa Moyo
(from 1st October 2010)		I		4		2
Sir Michael Rake		I		7		6
Secretary
Lawrence Dickinson

Key

OA on appointment

I    independent

I succeeded Sir Richard Broadbent as Chairman of the Board Risk Committee in January 2010. I am grateful to Sir Richard for his work in leading the Committee during the difficult period of the financial crisis and for his continuing support until he left the Committee at the end of September 2010. My report on the Committee’s work during 2010 is set out below.

What is our role?

As a bank, Barclays is in the business of taking risk: taking appropriate levels of credit, market, capital and liquidity risk is how we generate profits. The Board Risk Committee is responsible for recommending to the Board the total level of risk the Group is prepared to take (risk appetite). We monitor risk appetite, setting limits for individual types of risk, e.g., credit risk and market risk, and we monitor the Group’s risk profile. We obtain assurance from management that principal risks have been properly identified and are being appropriately managed. Following the publication in late 2009 of the Walker Report into Corporate Governance in Banks and other Financial Institutions (the Walker Report), our remit has expanded to include ensuring that risk is taken into account during the due diligence phase of any strategic transaction and we also provide input from a risk perspective into the deliberations of the Board Remuneration Committee. The Committee’s full terms of reference are available from the corporate governance section of our website at:www.barclays.com/corporategovernance. More information on risk management and the internal control framework can be found in the Risk management report on pages 42 to 119.

Who are the Committee?

The table above sets out the membership of the Committee and their attendance at meetings held in 2010. Both Sir Andrew Likierman and Sir Michael Rake also serve on the Board Audit Committee, which provides a useful insight into the work of that Committee to ensure there is no under- or overlap in the work of the respective committees. The Group Finance Director, Chief Risk Officer, Group General Counsel and Chief Internal Auditor attend each Committee meeting, as does the lead audit partner from our external auditor. Senior executives from each of our principal businesses attend meetings at our request and senior members of the Group Risk team attend frequently to present on specific matters.

What did we do in 2010?

We met seven times in 2010 and the chart on page 145 shows how we allocated our time at our meetings. Two of the meetings were arranged at short notice and it was not possible for all members to attend, although they had the opportunity to review the meeting papers and raise any points with the Group Risk team or with me as Chairman.

Since becoming Chairman, I have been keen to ensure that the Committee remains at the forefront of best practice. While the Committee has been in place since 1999, well before the recommendations of the Walker Report, the working practices of the Committee continue to evolve. In late 2009, we asked PwC to carry out a review of how the Committee had operated during the period of the financial crisis, to assess whether the Committee had operated effectively and whether there is anything it could do differently. The outputs of the review were shared with the full Board in early 2010. The review concluded that there had been no major failings in the operation of the Committee and that it had identified the issues on a timely basis. Some suggestions for improvements were put forward, including developing a more systematic process for agreeing what risks should be reviewed in greater detail by the Committee and a more formal process for escalating issues raised at the various management risk committees. Robert Le Blanc, the Chief Risk Officer, has a dotted reporting line to me as Chairman of the Committee and I met with Robert regularly during the year to discuss matters to be considered at Committee meetings and to get his views on the issues on which the Committee should focus its time.

During the year we implemented a number of the recommendations arising from the Walker Report. Early in 2010, we appointed a panel of retained advisers, who we can call on for an independent view of matters, should we feel it appropriate to do so. During the year, we used an external consultant to carry out an independent review of risk in remuneration, with a particular focus on the remuneration framework, the risk metrics used to assess financial performance and the role of the Group Risk Function in the remuneration process. The review demonstrated that we have a good, comprehensive set of risk metrics, particularly quantitative metrics, and that the proposals for 2010 for risk adjustments to assess financial performance and the role of the risk function in remuneration decisions are in line with regulatory requirements. Suggested areas for improvement included strengthening our qualitative risk metrics and increasing communication and awareness of the role of risk metrics in remuneration.

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance report continued

Board Risk Committee Chairman’s reportcontinued

We continued our focus on capital and liquidity in 2010 and the Barclays Treasurer reported to the Committee regularly on the Group’s capital and liquidity position, including the individual liquidity adequacy assessment, required by the FSA. We review economic and regulatory capital demand and supply and the level of losses that could be experienced before minimum regulatory capital ratios are breached. We also reviewed the Group’s liquidity profile to ensure that sufficient liquidity is held to cover both market-wide and Barclays specific stress scenarios. Stress testing, which is an exercise carried out to ensure that the Group would remain adequately capitalised and liquid even under severe stress, continued to receive our attention in 2010, as we considered various scenarios to be modelled. In addition to Barclays own annual stress testing exercise and the annual stress testing exercise conducted by the FSA, in the first quarter of 2010 a stress testing exercise was set for all European banks by the Committee of European Banking Supervisors. The results of that exercise were published in July 2010. Each of these stress tests showed that Barclays was adequately capitalised.

During the year we received the first of what we intend to be an annual presentation on macro prudential and macro-economic risk and the impact this may have on the Group’s business going forward.

In 2009, we asked Management for a report on the lessons learnt from the sub-prime crisis and in 2010, Management reported back on how the lessons learnt are being institutionalised in the business and what is being done differently in terms of controls and in the way we conduct our business. We were particularly interested in establishing what cultural change there has been as a result of the sub-prime experience and in understanding how that cultural change has been embedded.

In view of the difficulties of some countries in the Eurozone, we spent some time in 2010 reviewing country and sovereign risk, in particular, in specific European countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Greece) and in sub-investment grade countries. The review covered the extent of our exposures and the caps that are in place to limit concentrations. We also reviewed the Group’s position in the commercial property sector including risk appetite, exposures and controls in our four key geographies: UK, US, Spain and South Africa. In late 2010, we received a report on the lessons learned from the impairment suffered by our Corporate business in Spain, which has been shared with the full Board. A series of actions have been identified and are being implemented, not just in relation to Spain but also in terms of how overall risk and returns across each business in the Group are analysed.

As usual, we considered risk appetite for 2011 although this year we also reviewed risk appetite methodology and enhancements that have been made to the process. A set of financial volatility parameters, such as Profit Before Tax and Loan Loss Rate are agreed. Based upon the Medium Term Plan, the Group’s performance in a 1 in 7 and 1 in 25 scenario is then assessed. The performance of the agreed parameters in such scenarios is then assessed to identify any potential constraints, for example, we would not wish to see the Loan Loss Rate rise above certain pre-agreed levels in these scenarios. As a result of the review, we agreed to recommend the risk appetite to the Board.

We conducted our annual review of the Committee’s performance as part of the annual Board Effectiveness Review process and concluded that we continue to operate effectively. We continue to receive appropriate and timely information from Management and have provided additional guidance to Management on what we expect their reports to cover and how they should present to the Committee to ensure that we make optimum use of our meetings. The majority of the reports we see are first considered by the Group Risk Oversight Committee or the Group Executive Committee, which greatly assists the Committee’s understanding of the issues faced by Management.

David Booth

Chairman, Board Risk Committee

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(4) Remuneration

Sir Richard Broadbent, Chairman of the Board Remuneration Committee, reports on the Board Remuneration Committee’s activities during 2010 in the Remuneration Report, which may be found on pages 147 to 163.

(5) Relations with Shareholders

We are supportive of the UK Stewardship Code’s aims of improving dialogue between investors and companies. Our interaction with shareholders falls into three main areas: institutional shareholders, private shareholders and the ACM.

Institutional Shareholders

We have a comprehensive investor relations programme, which facilitates regular access for investors and buy-side and sell-side analysts to senior management, so that they can interact directly on key topics. During 2010, over 400 separate meetings were held between Management and investors, with meetings held in London, Scotland, USA, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Spain, reflecting the international nature of our investor register. Senior management from across the business also hosted investor and analyst meetings during 2010. In addition to direct meetings, Barclays also participates in investor conferences intended to provide wider access to investors and analysts, for example, Barclays Capital hosts one such event each year in New York to support wider industry initiatives.

As Group Chairman, I have regular contact with institutional shareholders, as do the Chief Executive, Group Finance Director and Senior Independent Director. In particular, I meet with institutional shareholders ahead of the AGM and report back to the Board on any significant issues that are raised. Directors regularly receive copies of analysts’ reports and a monthly report from the Investor Relations team, which covers matters such as share price movement, analyst consensus, updates on market sentiment and shareholder movements by geographic region. The Board also receives a quarterly report on share register movements, which highlights the top buyers and sellers of Barclays shares.

Private Shareholders

The direct engagement model we follow for our interaction with institutional investors is impractical for large numbers of private shareholders, however, we seek to follow industry best practice in terms of disclosure. All documents produced for investor events are also provided on the investor relations section of our website. We also maintain a specific shareholder enquiry line for private shareholders to request information.

We prefer to communicate electronically with our shareholders: this is beneficial for the environment and lowers costs for the Group. We also encourage private shareholders to hold their shares in Barclays Sharestore, where shares are held electronically in a cost-effective and secure environment. Private shareholders can use our Barclays e-view service to receive their shareholder documents electronically and to get immediate access to information relating to their personal shareholding and dividend history. Barclays e-view participants can also change their details and dividend mandates online and receive dividend tax vouchers electronically.

AGM

The 2010 AGM was held on Friday 30th April 2010 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. In accordance with best practice, all resolutions were considered on a poll and the results were made available on our website the same day. 62% of the shares in issue were voted and all resolutions were approved. All Directors attended the AGM and were available to answer shareholder questions. The 2011 AGM will be held on Wednesday 27th April 2011 at the Royal Festival Hall in London. The Notice of Annual General Meeting is enclosed with this Annual Report as a separate document. The resolutions will be considered on a poll and the results will be available on our website on Wednesday 27th April 2011.

(6) Statement on US Corporate Governance Standards

The statement we are required by the NYSE to make is set out below:

‘Director Independence

NYSE Rules require the majority of the Board to be independent. The Code requires at least half of the Board (excluding the Chairman) to be independent. The NYSE Rules contain different tests from the Code for determining whether a Director is independent.

We follow the Code’s recommendations as well as developing best practices among other UK public companies. The independence of our non-executive Directors is reviewed by the Board on an annual basis and it takes into account the guidance in the Code and the criteria we have established for determining independence, which are described on page 135.

Board Committees

We have a Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee and a Board Remuneration (rather than Compensation) Committee, both of which are broadly similar in purpose and constitution to the Committees required by the NYSE Rules and whose terms of reference comply with the Code’s requirements. The NYSE Rules state that both Committees must be composed entirely of independent Directors. As the Group Chairman was independent on appointment, the Code permits him to chair the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee and be a member of the Board Remuneration Committee. Except for these appointments, both Committees are composed solely of non-executive Directors, whom the Board has determined to be independent. We comply with the NYSE Rules requirement that we have a Board Audit Committee comprised solely of independent non-executive Directors. However, we follow the Code recommendations, rather than the NYSE Rules, regarding the responsibilities of the Board Audit Committee, although both are broadly comparable. We also have a Board Risk Committee, comprised of independent non-executive Directors, which considers and discusses policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

The NYSE Rules require domestic US companies to adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. There is no equivalent recommendation in the Code but the Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee has developed corporate governance guidelines, ‘Corporate Governance in Barclays’, which have been approved and adopted by the Board.

Code of Ethics

The NYSE Rules require that domestic US companies adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for Directors, officers and employees. Rather than a single consolidated code as envisaged in the NYSE Rules, we have a number of ‘values based’ business conduct and ethics policies, which apply to all employees. In addition, we have adopted a Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive and senior financial officers as required by the US Securities and Exchange Commission.

Shareholder Approval of Equity-compensation Plans

The NYSE listing standards require that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity-compensation plans and material revisions to those plans. We comply with UK requirements, which are similar to the NYSE standards. However, the Board does not explicitly take into consideration the NYSE’s detailed definition of what are considered ‘material revisions’.’

Marcus Agius

Group Chairman

10th March 2011

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Corporate governance

Remuneration report

Statement from the Chairman of the Board Remuneration Committee

The purpose of this report is to provide more detail on remuneration in aggregate and for senior management.

The Committee’s approach

The Committee aims to achieve a balance between delivering market competitive remuneration in order to retain talent, and optimising current and future shareholder returns, including growing the dividend, maintaining capital adequacy and effective risk management.

The Committee has established frameworks for remuneration in each of the businesses and for the Group as a whole. The frameworks are forward looking and are based on financial metrics to assist with the planning and management of remuneration in each of the key businesses. The frameworks incorporate key financial ratios achieved by Barclays and its competitors and are used by the Committee to inform its decision making process. The Committee considers both relative and absolute performance when formulating its decisions.

The Committee takes a strong analytical approach to remuneration that includes comparative financial performance analysis, comparative compensation analysis and tracking trends in compensation ratios (in particular compensation to pre-compensation PBT, and compensation to net revenue). The Committee reviews sensitivity analyses that illustrate the impact of changes in the level of performance awards on the financial and compensation metrics.

The Committee’s remuneration decisions are based on a risk-adjusted view of Barclays financial performance. This is a continuous process, with the risk function deeply embedded into the process. The three key stages of the process for assessing performance on a risk-adjusted basis are as follows:

Upfront risk assessment:

– Before business is undertaken, detailed stress-testing and scenario analysis is performed to test the viability of plans on a risk-adjusted basis and to determine risk appetite

– As part of the risk appetite framework, the balance sheet including remuneration outcomes are modelled under 1 in 7 and 1 in 25 stresses to ensure we build our portfolios having considered their performance under stress

Performance monitoring:

– Detailed monitoring of risk exposures against agreed limits ensures business is conducted within the planned appetite

– The Committee receives information on ongoing financial and risk performance, market intelligence and regulatory changes

– The Committee monitors forecast remuneration throughout the year in the context of business performance and with the assistance of the remuneration frameworks

Remuneration outcomes determined:

– The Committee makes final judgments based on financial performance (on advice from the Group Finance Director), risk (on advice from the Board Risk Committee which includes a comprehensive analysis of risk embedded in financial statements and how that has changed over the year), industry context (on advice from the Committee’s independent advisor) and regulatory requirements

– After awards have been made, the Committee has the discretion to reduce the vesting of deferred incentives and long term incentive awards (to nil if appropriate) if, in its sole opinion, the financial health of the Group has significantly deteriorated over the vesting period or, for current incentive plans, there has been a material failure of risk management

The Committee’s work in 2010

The Committee met 11 times in 2010. Outside of its formal meetings, Committee members also had informal discussions, consulted with the Committee’s independent advisor regularly and interacted frequently with management.

In addition to the normal cycle of business, in 2010 the Committee also spent a significant amount of its time on:

– Considering practice in light of new and emerging regulatory guidelines

– Reviewing performance award funding proposals. Given the higher levels of deferral now being implemented, the Committee developed its approach for 2010 to ensure it reviewed proposals both on a “value at award” basis and on an accounting charge basis

– Reviewing the structure of 2010 performance awards and reviewing the new remuneration arrangements that are proposed for executive Directors: the Share Value Plan and the Barclays Long Term Incentive Plan

– Reviewing the 2010 remuneration decisions for executive Directors, Code Staff and other senior executives. Code Staff are the Group’s employees whose professional activities could have a material impact on the risk profile of the Group

– Reviewing the remuneration package for the new Chief Executive

The Committee reports to the Board after every meeting and brings specific issues to it. In 2010 Board discussions on remuneration included remuneration strategy for the businesses, compensation ratios and executive Director remuneration, as well as reviewing the Committee’s decisions on performance awards.

Financial background to the Committee’s work

In making its decisions, the Committee considers Barclays financial performance. The Committee also tracks Barclays performance against a defined group of 12 key competitors’ financial performance and compensation ratios throughout the year, both on a Group wide and business basis.

Barclays overall financial performance in 2010 included:

– Profit before tax of £6,065m (up 32% on 2009)

– Total income of £31,440m (up 8%) and net income of £25,768m (up 22%)

– Impairment of £5,672m (down 30%) giving a loan loss rate of 118bps (2009: 156bps)

– Value of Group 2010 performance awards: £3.4bn, down 7% on 2009

– Improved returns on average shareholders’ equity of 7.2% (2009: 6.7%)

– Final dividend of 2.5p per share making 5.5p for the year (an increase of more than 100% over the 2009 dividend of 2.5p)

Key measures of the Group’s financial strength:

– Core Tier 1 capital ratio of 10.8% (2009: 10.0%) and Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.5% (2009: 13.0%)

– Group liquidity pool improved by 21% from £127bn in 2009 to £154bn in 2010

Key risk themes:

– Barclays growth in 2010 was disciplined

– Barclays impairment performance was favourable to plan

– Barclays risk profile in 2010 stabilised and improved

– Adherence to control frameworks has generally been good

At a business level:

– Global Retail Banking profit before tax of £1,829m (2009: £1,821m)

– Absa profit before tax of £616m, up 17% (2009: £528m)

– Barclays Capital profit before tax of £4,780m (2009: £2,464m). Excluding own credit, profit before tax of £4,389m, up 2% (2009: £4,284m)

– Barclays Corporate loss before tax of £631m (2009: profit of £157m)

– Barclays Wealth profit before tax of £163m, up 14% (2009: £143m)

Wider background to the Committee’s decisions

Our decisions in 2010, as you would expect, are in accordance with regulations that govern financial services remuneration, including the FSA’s Remuneration Code and our commitments to the UK Government made under Project Merlin. Our decisions are also influenced by global regulatory factors including Basel, the European Banking Authority and the Financial Stability Board. Barclays is committed to regulatory compliance in every jurisdiction in which we operate but it has to be noted that uneven international implementation of remuneration regulation, which is now a fact in the UK relative to other jurisdictions, places global organizations such as ours at a competitive disadvantage.

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The commitments that Barclays made to the UK Government under Project Merlin include commitments on remuneration. These are important and I set out here how we have met those commitments:

– We committed to showing responsibility in pay in 2010 and beyond. Our decisions for 2010 reflect this, and our robust governance processes will ensure this continues for 2011 and beyond

– We committed that aggregate UK bonuses for 2010 would be lower than 2009. We have confirmed to the FSA that this was the case

– We committed to greater shareholder engagement regarding remuneration. We have consulted with our key shareholders and representative bodies during 2010, and we will continue this throughout 2011

– We committed to disclosing the remuneration of the five highest paid senior executive officers (in addition to the executive Directors). These disclosures are shown on page 160. In addition to our commitment to disclosure through Project Merlin, in accordance with the FSA’s disclosure rules we have also disclosed in aggregate the 2010 remuneration of our Code Staff. This is also shown on page 160

– The Committee reviewed the remuneration proposals for at least the ten highest paid staff in each of the Group’s principal businesses. In practice we review many more than this in each business

Key Committee decisions in 2010 - quantum

The Committee’s work in 2010 included reviewing and (except for Absa) approving the proposed 2010 performance awards for each of the Group’s businesses:

– Barclays Group - 2010 performance awards down 7% on 2009, with profit before tax up 32%

– Global Retail Banking – 2010 performance awards up 2% on 2009, which was in line with Global Retail Banking’s profit performance for 2010

– Absa – 2010 performance awards up 12% on 2009, which was in line with Absa’s profit performance for 2010

– Barclays Capital - 2010 performance awards down 12% on 2009, despite profit before tax increasing year on year. Performance awards were reduced for 2010 whilst in our view maintaining them at a level within acceptable commercial limits that permitted the business to reward outperformance appropriately

– Barclays Corporate – 2010 performance awards up 36% on 2009. Performance awards reflected the improvement in profitability of the UK & Ireland business, and the need to maintain a minimum level of performance awards in Continental Europe and investment in senior hires. The Committee will monitor this closely in 2011

– Barclays Wealth – 2010 performance awards up 11% on 2009, less than the increase in profits

Key Committee decisions in 2010 - structure

– For executive Directors, 60% of annual performance incentives is deferred (72% for Bob Diamond). For Code Staff, up to 60% of annual performance incentives is deferred. For both executive Directors and Code Staff, 50% of non–deferred incentives for 2010 is delivered in Barclays shares subject to a six month holding period (100% of non–deferred incentives for Bob Diamond). Executive Directors and Code Staff are also subject to minimum Barclays shareholding guidelines. The 60% deferral rate was also applied to the annual performance incentives of a significant number of senior executives beyond those required by the FSA’s Remuneration Code

– For executive Directors (subject to shareholder approval), Code Staff and senior management, deferred incentive awards for 2010 are made under the Share Value Plan (SVP) in the form of Barclays shares and under the Contingent Capital Plan (CCP) in the form of contingent capital awards. Vesting of contingent capital awards is linked to the Group’s core capital position at the time of vesting. Further details on the SVP and CCP are given in Tables 24 and 25

– Deferred incentive awards and long term incentive awards include malus and prudent financial control provisions that are in accordance with the FSA’s Remuneration Code that may reduce the vesting level of awards (to nil if appropriate). Malus provisions may apply, for example, if the Committee determines there is evidence of serious employee misconduct or where a business has suffered a material failure of risk management. Prudent financial control provisions may apply if the financial health of the Group has significantly deteriorated over the vesting period

– Executive Directors and other senior executives will also participate in a new long term incentive plan: the Barclays Long Term Incentive Plan (subject to shareholder approval). Vesting of the proposed 2011 awards is linked to a scorecard of metrics focused closely on the execution of Barclays strategy which gives primacy to return on equity. Further details of the proposed Barclays LTIP and its performance condition are given on pages 153 and 154 and in Table 25

Bob Diamond took over as Chief Executive from 1st January 2011. The Committee decides the remuneration arrangements for all executive Directors. The Chief Executive role is benchmarked against other leading global banks and financial services organisations and other companies of a similar size in the FTSE100 index. Bob Diamond’s remuneration for 2010 was unaffected by the changes announced for 2011 and in 2010 he worked under his 2010 contractual and remuneration arrangements. Bob Diamond’s 2010 remuneration was considered carefully by the Committee as part of the annual remuneration review and his remuneration is disclosed, together with the remuneration of the other executive Directors, on pages 153 and 154.

The Committee will actively review remuneration throughout the year and will remain focused on internal and external perspectives, including regulatory developments. Remuneration regulation is expected to evolve further in 2011 and we will maintain a close dialogue with our key external stakeholders and our shareholders throughout 2011.

The Remuneration Report

The following report of the Committee provides further explanation of current remuneration governance and arrangements. It is divided into the following sections:

– Committee remit, membership, advisors and activities in 2010

– Remuneration policy, decisions, governance and regulation

– Employees’ annual remuneration

– Executive Directors’, non–executive Directors’ and former Directors’ remuneration

– 2010 remuneration of the five highest paid senior executive officers (excluding executive Directors) and aggregate Code Staff remuneration

– Share plan and long term incentive plan descriptions

As required by Schedule 8 of the Large and Medium–sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008, the Group’s auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, have audited the information contained in Tables 5, 7, 9, 13, 14 and 17.

The Committee unanimously recommends that you vote at the 2011 AGM to approve the Remuneration Report as all Directors will be doing with their own Barclays shares.

On behalf of the Board

Sir Richard Broadbent

Chairman, Board Remuneration Committee

7th March 2011

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Corporate governance

Remuneration report continued

Board Remuneration Committee remit and membership

The Committee provides governance and strategic oversight of executive and all other employee remuneration, Barclays Human Resources activities and senior management development. The Committee’s terms of reference are online atwww.barclays.com/corporategovernance. The terms of reference were revised in both February 2010 and February 2011 in light of best practice and to take account of regulatory and corporate governance developments. The Committee met formally 11 times during 2010. The Chairman of the Committee reported to the Board on the substantive issues discussed at each meeting. In addition to the formal meetings, the Committee members frequently consult between meetings and also meet informally. The Chairman of the Committee also consulted extensively with shareholders and representative bodies during 2010.

The members of the Committee during 2010 were Sir Richard Broadbent (Committee Chairman), Marcus Agius (Group Chairman), Simon Fraser, Sir John Sunderland, Leigh Clifford (until 30 September 2010) and Alison Carnwath (from 1 October 2010). Details of members’ attendance is shown in Table 1.

The non-executive Directors who are Committee members are considered by the Board to be independent of management and free from any business or other relationship that could materially affect the exercise of their independent judgement. Marcus Agius is also a member and he was considered independent on appointment to the Board.

Table 1: Committee attendance

Member	Meetings eligible to attend		Meetings  attended
Sir Richard Broadbent (Chairman)		11		11
Marcus Agius		11		11
Alison Carnwath
(from 1 October 2010)		3		2
Leigh Clifford
(until 30 September 2010)		8		6
Simon Fraser		11		11
Sir John Sunderland		11		11
Secretary
Patrick Gonsalves

Advisors

The Committee’s work is supported by independent professional advice. The Committee reviews the appointment of advisors each year. Towers Watson was re-appointed by the Committee in 2010.

Any potential conflicts of interest the advisors may have are disclosed to the Committee. In addition to advising the Committee, Towers Watson provided remuneration benchmarking data to the Group. Towers Watson also provided pension advice as the appointed advisor to the trustee of the UK Retirement Fund.

The Chief Executive, the Human Resources Director, the Compensation and Benefits Director and, as necessary, members of the Executive Committee, also advise the Committee, supported by their teams. No Group employee is permitted to participate in discussions or decisions of the Committee relating to his or her own remuneration.

Committee activities in 2010

The outcome of the Board effectiveness review showed that the Committee operated effectively in 2010. A chart setting out how the Committee’s time was allocated in 2010 is set out in Figure 1. Table 2 sets out the key matters discussed by the Committee in 2010.

Table 2: Key matters discussed by the Committee in 2010

Month	Key matters
January	– Regulatory update – Vesting of long term incentive awards – Payround discussions
February  (2 meetings)	– Risk, financial performance and regulatory updates – Payround discussions – Resourcing update – Vesting of long term incentive awards – Executive Director and Executive Committee    remuneration proposals – Review of Committee terms of reference
March	– Executive Director remuneration
April	– Long term incentive plan calibration – Resourcing update and hiring governance processes – Regulatory update
June	– Payround discussions
July	– Risk, financial performance and regulatory updates – 2009/10 payround review – Initial discussions of 2010/11 payround – Talent management update – Resourcing update – Review of Committee activity against terms of reference – Re-appointment of independent advisor
August	– Payround discussions
November	– Risk, financial performance and regulatory updates – Payround discussions – Resourcing update – Health & safety update – Pensions governance update – Talent management deep drive – All employee share plans update
December  (2 meetings)	– Risk, financial performance and regulatory updates – Payround discussions – Resourcing update

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Executive Directors’ remuneration – alignment of interests with shareholders

Figure 2 shows the aggregate total direct remuneration of the executive Directors for 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 compared to the indicative fair value movements on the executive Directors’ aggregate share-based remuneration and beneficial interests in Barclays PLC shares from 1st January 2007 on a cumulative basis. The performance of the Barclays PLC share price is shown for context. The chart shows that the executive Directors’ interests have decreased in value by £68m over 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 as a consequence of the movement in Barclays share price.

Total Shareholder Return (TSR)

Figure 3 shows the value, at 31st December 2010, of £100 invested in Barclays on 31st December 2005 compared with the value of £100 invested in the FTSE 100 Index. The other points plotted are the values at intervening financial year ends. The FTSE 100 Index is a widely recognised performance comparison for large UK companies and this is why it has been chosen as a comparator to illustrate Barclays TSR. The graph shows that, at the end of 2010, a hypothetical £100 invested in Barclays on 31st December 2005 would have generated a total loss of £47 compared with a gain of £26 if invested in the FTSE 100 Index.

Barclays Remuneration Policy

The aims of the Barclays Remuneration Policy are to:

1. Attract and retain those people with the ability, experience and skill to deliver the strategy.

2. Create a direct and recognisable alignment between the rewards and risk exposure of shareholders and employees, particularly executive Directors and senior management.

3. Incentivise employees to deliver sustained performance consistent with strategic goals and appropriate risk management, and to reward success in this.

4. Deliver remuneration that is affordable and appropriate in terms of value allocated to shareholders and employees.

5. Encourage behaviour consistent with the following principles that guide Barclays business:

i) Winning together

– Doing what is right for Barclays, its teams and colleagues to achieve collective and individual success

ii) Best people

– Developing talented colleagues and differentiating remuneration to reflect performance

– Doing what is needed to ensure a leading position in the global financial services industry

iii) Customer and client focus

– Understanding what customers and clients want and need and then serving them brilliantly

iv) Pioneering

– Driving new ideas, especially those that make Barclays profitable and improve control

– Improving operational excellence

– Adding diverse skills to stimulate new perspectives and bold steps

v) Trusted

– Acting with the highest levels of integrity to retain the trust of customers, shareholders, other external stakeholders and colleagues

– Taking full responsibility for decisions and actions

– Reflecting the operation of independent, robust and evidence based governance and control and complying with relevant legal and regulatory requirements

The Committee keeps under review the Remuneration Policy and arrangements as detailed in this report to ensure that Barclays programmes remain competitive and provide appropriate incentive for performance.

Remuneration decisions

The Remuneration Policy provides a framework for the Committee in carrying out its work, including remuneration decisions in relation to executive Directors.

One of the core elements of Barclays approach is to deliver remuneration that is affordable and appropriate in terms of value allocated to shareholders and employees, with full consideration also being given to other relevant stakeholders such as customers, regulators and governments. When making remuneration decisions, Barclays balances the views of these stakeholders with the need to be able to attract, retain and incentivise talent in a competitive market.

A continued focus during 2010 has been to ensure that our approach to discretionary remuneration is structured in accordance with the FSA’s Remuneration Code (the FSA Code) and the Financial Stability Board Implementation Standards. Work has also continued to ensure that aggregate performance award decisions balance a number of factors including the need to continue to strengthen capital ratios, to invest in the business, to grow the dividend and to protect the business franchise.

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Corporate governance

Remuneration report continued

At an aggregate level, in order to ensure that a link is maintained between pay and performance, performance award decisions are made by reference to a number of quantitative and qualitative measures and are determined at the discretion of the Committee. During 2010 the role of the risk and compliance functions in remuneration governance was enhanced, building on the work done in 2009. As well as offering regular updates to the Committee on risk-adjusted business performance and the Group's risk profile, the risk function also reviewed remuneration frameworks, aggregate performance award proposals and new incentive plan design proposals from a risk management perspective. The risk function also proposed risk-adjusted metrics for use in long term incentive plans and reviewed malus provisions (including those for executive Directors).

A key element of linking pay and performance on an individual basis is the robust performance assessment framework operated across the Group. Employee behaviours are considered in the context of the principles that guide Barclays business, as set out in our Remuneration Policy. The extent to which employee behaviours accord with these standards is assessed as part of the performance assessment framework, which includes an examination of the employee's performance from both financial and non-financial perspectives. Performance against these areas helps to reinforce appropriate behaviours and so mitigate operational and reputational risks. The resulting performance ratings have a direct impact on all individual remuneration decisions. In 2010, compliance with risk and control frameworks has been further enhanced within Barclays performance assessment process.

The exercise of informed discretion plays an important role in the assessment of performance in the context of all our remuneration decisions, rather than using a formulaic approach which could incentivise inappropriate behaviours.

Remuneration Policy governance

To ensure appropriate operation of the Remuneration Policy, the Committee has established frameworks for the governance of remuneration in each of the major businesses and for the Group as a whole. The frameworks are forward looking and are based on financial metrics to assist with the planning and management of remuneration in each of the key businesses. These frameworks incorporate metrics consistent with delivering the strategy of the businesses. The Committee exercises judgement in the application of the frameworks to promote the long term success of the Group for the benefit of shareholders. The current frameworks set out key financial ratios achieved by Barclays and its competitors and are used by the Committee to inform its decision-making process when approving aggregate remuneration spend, including performance awards. The Committee also approves strategic investment for new hires, and the remuneration arrangements of any employee with annual total remuneration equal to or in excess of a pre-determined threshold as stated in the Committee terms of reference (£750,000 in 2010). In addition, the remuneration of Code Staff is also reviewed by the Committee. Code Staff are the Group's employees whose professional activities could have a material impact on the Group's risk profile, including senior risk and compliance officers. The remuneration of Code Staff is subject to the remuneration principles of the FSA Code. References to the structure of remuneration for Code Staff in this report exclude Code Staff whose total remuneration falls within the FSA Code's de minimis provisions.

For individual remuneration decisions made by the Committee, including those for executive Directors and other key senior management, the Committee reviews each element of remuneration relative to performance and to the practice of other comparable organisations. Remuneration is benchmarked against the markets in which we compete for talent. This includes benchmarking against other leading international banks and financial services organisations and other companies of a similar size to Barclays in the FTSE 100 Index.

Given the materiality of Barclays pension arrangements, the Committee operates a specific framework for the management of pensions to ensure proper oversight. The Global Retirement Fund Governance Framework is operated to ensure best practice in respect of regulatory compliance, governance, investment and administration. As set out in the Committee's 2009 report, Barclays closed its UK Final Salary pension schemes to future accrual with effect from 31st March 2010 in order to reduce current and future UK pension liability risk and to ensure that our pension arrangements are sustainable and affordable over the long term. Details of the pension arrangements in place for executive Directors are set out on page 154.

Regulation

Barclays is committed to the maintenance of robust remuneration arrangements that are in accordance with regulatory requirements including the FSA Code. Table 3 sets out some of the ways that we fulfil this commitment.

Table 3: Remuneration regulation

Regulatory  area	Barclays practice
Scope and application	Code Staff identified and made aware of the implications of their status
Governance	Committee scope widened to review the remuneration of Code Staff. Terms of reference updated in 2010 to reflect this
Capital	Quantum of variable remuneration in 2010 considered in the context of capital planning. Capital efficiency is a key goal in the design of new remuneration plans. Deferred incentive awards for Code Staff and other senior executives for 2010 include contingent capital awards, which are subject to a vesting condition linked to Barclays Group Core Tier 1 capital ratio
Guarantees	The policy is that guarantees are used only in exceptional circumstances in the case of new hires and for one year
Risk-focused  remuneration policies	Barclays policies, procedures and practices promote sound risk management. This is embodied in the Remuneration Policy and Barclays Guiding Principles. Risk and remuneration are linked in Barclays through governance processes, performance award funding, the performance assessment process, performance metric selection, deferral structures, and malus and prudent financial control provisions
Deferral and payment  in Barclays shares	In accordance with the FSA Code, deferral rates for Code Staff of up to 60% of annual performance incentives apply. Deferred incentive awards for Code Staff for 2010 include awards in Barclays shares and contingent capital awards. In addition, for Code Staff 50% of non-deferred incentives for 2010 are awarded as Barclays shares subject to a six month holding period. Code Staff are also subject to a shareholding guideline. For other employees a proportion of annual performance incentives is deferred on a graduated basis

152         

  Employees’ annual remuneration The Remuneration Policy applies the same overarching principles and practices to all employees, including executive Directors and other Code Staff, though the exact structure and quantum of individual packages varies by business, geography and role.   Table 4 summarises the key elements of Barclays remuneration arrangements.

Table 4: Key elements of Barclays remuneration arrangements

Element	Strategic purpose	Programme summary
Base salary	To attract, retain and incentivise talent in a competitive market	–     Reviewed annually –     Salaries for all roles are determined with reference to relevant market practice –     All employees’ salaries are benchmarked against the appropriate market
Annual performance incentive	To incentivise the delivery of annual goals at Group, business, team and individual levels	–     Annual performance incentives are awarded on a discretionary basis, based on Group, business, team and individual performance –     The aggregate level of annual performance incentives is determined by reference to Group and business unit metrics. These include a range of risk-adjusted financial metrics including profit before tax (PBT) and return on risk weighted assets (RoRWA) –     Individual annual performance incentives are strongly differentiated based on individual performance (both financial and non-financial). Adherence to applicable risk and control frameworks is part of performance assessment –     The structure of individual annual performance incentives may vary based on amount, and may include cash and deferred incentive awards. Details on deferred incentive awards are set out below –     50% of non-deferred annual performance incentives for 2010 for executive Directors (100% of non-deferred for Mr Diamond) and other Code Staff is in the form of Barclays shares subject to a six month holding period
Deferred incentive awards and long term incentive awards	Deferred incentive awards are designed to align performance with shareholder value and increase retention for senior employees Long term incentive awards reward execution against the Group strategy and the creation of sustained growth in shareholder value. The awards are designed to align the most senior employees’ goals with the long term success of Barclays	–     Employees who are awarded an annual performance incentive over a threshold level (as determined each year by the Committee) receive part of the award as a deferred incentive award dependant on future service (including awards in Barclays shares) –     60% of 2010 annual performance incentives for executive Directors is deferred (72% for Mr Diamond), and for other Code Staff 60% is deferred (40% for annual performance incentives of no more than £500,000). For other employees a graduated system is operated so that those who receive higher value annual performance incentives receive more of the award as a deferred incentive award –     The most senior employees in Barclays may also receive long term incentive awards. Long term incentive awards are subject to risk-adjusted performance conditions, normally measured over a three year performance period –     The vesting of long term incentive awards is subject to the discretion of the Committee to ensure that awards only vest for appropriate performance. Delivery of vested long term incentive awards includes awards in Barclays shares –     Vesting of both deferred incentive awards and long term incentive awards is subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions in accordance with the FSA Code –     Barclays operates a number of deferred incentive award plans and long term incentive plans. Details of the principal plans under which awards were made in 2010 are included in Table 24 and new plans proposed for 2011 in Table 25 –     Deferred incentive awards for 2010 for executive Directors, other Code Staff and other senior executives will include awards in the form of contingent capital awards, which are subject to a vesting condition that Barclays Group Core Tier 1 capital ratio is at least 7% on the vesting date
Retirement benefits (or cash allowance)	To provide a market competitive post-retirement benefit	–     Barclays provides retirement benefit arrangements to employees across the Group, with appropriate consideration of market practice and geographical differences
Other benefits	To provide market competitive benefits	–     Benefits vary by role and may include private medical insurance, life and disability cover and car allowance, with appropriate consideration of market practice and geographical differences

153

Corporate governance

Remuneration report continued

Executive Director remuneration During 2010 the Committee undertook a full review of the pay structure for executive Directors. Pay and employment conditions elsewhere in the Group are taken into account by the Committee in determining the remuneration packages for executive Directors. The general approach is the same across the Group, namely decisions are made on a total remuneration basis against the relevant market. We also seek to provide market competitive retirement and other benefits.   Table 5 sets out the executive Directors’ remuneration. The remuneration related to 2010 performance for Mr Diamond relates to his role as Chief Executive of the Corporate and Investment Banking, and Barclays Wealth businesses. The proposed long term incentive award for Mr Diamond relates to his performance as Barclays Chief Executive from 2011. Table 6 sets out the annual base salaries for executive Directors. Table 7 sets out the executive Directors’ retirement and other benefits.   Mr Varley stepped down as Chief Executive, and from the Barclays Boards and the Group Executive Committee, on 31st December 2010. Since 1st January 2011 Mr Varley has been a senior advisor on regulatory matters to Mr Diamond and to the Barclays Boards. This is expected to continue until 30th September 2011. Mr Varley is not eligible for an annual performance incentive for 2011. Mr Varley’s other terms and conditions of employment continue in accordance with his service contract.   On 1st January 2011, Mr Diamond replaced Mr Varley as Chief Executive. With effect from 1st January 2011, Mr Diamond’s remuneration arrangements reflect his new responsibilities as Chief Executive. The remuneration arrangements were benchmarked against a peer group of global universal banks, industrial companies and financial services institutions. Mr Diamond’s base salary increased to £1,350,000 and his annual performance incentive award opportunity and long term incentive award opportunity are shown below. Mr Diamond is also entitled to benefits that are consistent with his role as Chief Executive, including private medical insurance, car allowance, accommodation when required for business purposes, relief in the event of double taxation and other benefits in line with his service contract.   Annual performance incentive The maximum annual performance incentive opportunity for executive Directors is tailored to the relevant market; this is typically 250% of base salary. The annual performance incentive award is made by reference to a qualitative and quantitative assessment of performance. Both financial and non-financial performance is considered. Financial performance is assessed by reference to key financial metrics including PBT, return on equity (RoE) and RoRWA. Non-financial performance is assessed by reference to factors including franchise health, employee opinion surveys and customer satisfaction. The annual performance incentive for 2010 for Mr Diamond reflects the strong absolute and relative performance of the Corporate and Investment Banking, and Barclays Wealth businesses in 2010. The annual performance incentive for 2010 for Mr Lucas reflects his strong personal contribution in 2010 and the improvement in the profitability of Barclays Group.   The structure of the 2010 annual performance incentive is in accordance with the FSA Code. It is proposed to be delivered in three elements for Mr Varley and Mr Lucas: 20% in cash, 20% in Barclays shares which are subject to a six month holding period and 60% in the form of a deferred incentive award. Mr Diamond’s 2010 annual performance incentive is proposed to be delivered 28% in Barclays shares which are subject to a six month holding period and 72% in the form of a deferred incentive award.   Deferred incentive awards It is proposed that the 2010 deferred incentive awards (as set out in Table 5) will be made under the Share Value Plan (SVP), for which shareholder approval is being sought at the 2011 AGM to enable participation by the executive Directors. 50% of the deferred incentive awards will be in the form of awards over Barclays shares. 50% will be in the form of contingent capital awards (under the Contingent Capital Plan (CCP) schedule to the SVP). No consideration is payable by the executive Directors to receive the awards.   The awards normally vest in three equal portions on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions. The vesting of the contingent capital awards is also subject to the condition that the Barclays Group Core Tier 1 capital ratio is at least 7% at vesting. Details of the SVP and the CCP are in the Notice of Meeting for the 2011 AGM at www.barclays.com/investorrelations.   Long term incentive awards The maximum annual value at time of award of long term incentive awards for executive Directors is tailored to the relevant market; this will not normally exceed 500% of base salary. It is proposed that 2011 long term incentive awards (as shown in Table 5) will be granted to Mr Diamond and

Table 5: Executive Directors’ remuneration

	John Varley				Robert E Diamond Jr				Chris Lucas
	2010 £000		2009 £000		2010 £000		2009 £000		2010 £000		2009  £000
Base salary		1,100		1,100		250		250		763		650
Annual performance incentive (cash)		550		0		0		0		360		0
Total - cash remuneration related to the year		1,650		1,100		250		250		1,123		650
Annual performance incentive (shares)		550		0		1,800		0		360		0
Deferred incentive award		1,650		0		4,700		0		1,080		1,500
Total - other remuneration related to the year and deferred incentives		2,200		0		6,500		0		1,440		1,500
Total remuneration related to the year and deferred incentives		3,850		1,100		6,750		250		2,563		2,150
Long term incentive award (contingent on future performance)		0		0		2,250		6,000		1,333		1,000

Table 6: Base salary

	Base salary at 31st December 2010 £000		Base salary at 1st April 2011 £000		Date of  previous  increase
John Varley		1,100		1,100		1st April 2008
Robert E Diamond Jr		250		1,350		1st March 1999
Chris Lucas		800		800		1st April 2010

From 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2010, Mr Diamond received his base salary in US dollars converted from sterling into US dollars using an average sterling/US dollar exchange rate for 2008 of 1.86. From 1st January 2011, Mr Diamond will receive his base salary of £1.35m in sterling. Mr Varley’s base salary due to be paid for 2011 will be £825,000 in total (based on a leaving date of 30th September 2011). Mr Varley is not eligible for an annual performance incentive for 2011.

154         

Mr Lucas under the Barclays Long Term Incentive Plan (Barclays LTIP), for which shareholder approval is being sought at the 2011 ACM. The amount shown in Table 5 is the value at grant of the proposed awards (based on 33% of the maximum number of shares subject to the award).

The 2011 Barclays LTIP awards are proposed to be in the form of awards over Barclays shares. No consideration is payable by the executive Directors to receive the awards. The 2011 awards will only vest if the performance condition is satisfied after a three year period and subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions. For 2011 awards, 50% of the Barclays shares will be releasable at the end of the three year vesting period, and 50% of the Barclays shares (after payment of tax) will be subject to an additional 12 month holding period.

The performance condition for the proposed 2011 awards has been chosen to focus closely on execution of Barclays strategy which gives primacy to return on equity. The proposed metrics for 2011 awards are based on three weighted categories as follows:

– Financial (60%): the primary performance metric is 3 year average RoRWA, and the secondary metric is PBT. RoRWA is a key driver of RoE and reflects the level of regulatory capital held by the business. PBT ensures absolute financial performance is considered

– Risk (30%): the performance metric is loan loss rate. This encourages strong management of credit risk

– Sustainability (10%): performance is assessed by the Committee against non-financial factors including customer satisfaction, employee opinion surveys and Barclays relationships with its regulators

The calibration proposed for the performance condition metrics for the 2011 awards, and further details on the Barclays LTIP, are in the Notice of Meeting for the 2011 ACM at www.barclays.com/investorrelations.

Pensions

Mr Varley ceased to be an active member of the Group's non-contributory UK defined benefit pension scheme from 31st March 2010. From 1st April 2010 Mr Varley receives a cash allowance of 25% of base salary in lieu of membership of a Group pension scheme. Until 31st December 2010 Mr Diamond participated in the Group's US defined benefit plans (the US Staff Pension Plan (a funded arrangement) and the US Restoration Plan (an unfunded arrangement)) which are both non-contributory. Mr Diamond also participated in the Barclays Bank PLC 401K Thrift Savings Plan and Thrift Restoration Plan, which are both defined contribution plans. The company contributions paid in respect of 2010 amounted to £13,588 (US$21,000). With effect from 1st January 2011, Mr Diamond receives a cash allowance of 50% of base salary in lieu of membership of a Group pension scheme. Mr Lucas receives a cash allowance of 25% of base salary in lieu of membership of a Group pension scheme.

Table 7 includes the pension benefits of the executive Directors. Mr Varley also has a defined contribution benefit of £599,568 (as at 31st December 2010) in respect of a previous transfer from a freestanding AVC arising from his personal contributions only. Pension accrued during 2010 (including increase for inflation) represents the change in accrued pension during the year including inflation at the prescribed UK rate of 5%. Pensions paid from the UK defined benefit pension scheme are reviewed annually and increase by a minimum of the increase in the retail prices index (capped at 5%), subject to the scheme rules. As a result of the closure of the UK defined benefit scheme to future accrual from 31st March 2010, Mr Varley has a negative pension accrued during 2010 when inflation is excluded. Pension accrued for Mr Varley during 2010 includes a pro-rated deferred pension increase that was granted on 1st October 2010. The increase in Mr Varley's pension transfer value during 2010 is primarily due to being one year nearer to the assumed retirement age. The increase in Mr Diamond's pension transfer value during 2010 is also primarily due to being one year nearer to the assumed retirement age. The other main factors for Mr Diamond's increase were a change in the assumptions used to calculate transfer values and a fall in the average exchange rate since 2009.

Other benefits

Executive Directors are provided with benefits including private medical insurance, life and income protection cover, the use of a company-owned vehicle or the cash equivalent, use of a company driver where required for business purposes, tax advice and accommodation when required for business purposes. No executive Director has an expense allowance. Table 7 includes the benefits received by the executive Directors.

Performance-linked remuneration

Each element of remuneration has a specific role in achieving the aims of the Remuneration Policy. The combined potential remuneration from annual performance incentive, deferred incentive awards and long term incentive awards outweighs the other elements and is subject to individual and Group performance, thereby placing the majority of potential remuneration at risk. Table 8 shows the average proportions of fixed and variable remuneration over the last 3 years. Table 8 incorporates salary and benefits, the increase in transfer value of accrued pension or annual cash in lieu of pension, annual performance incentive comprising cash and share incentives, deferred incentive awards and the fair value of long term incentive awards.

Table 8: Average fixed and variable remuneration over the last three years

	Fixed		Variable
			Cash		Shares
Executive Directors
John Varley		82%		9%		9%
Robert E Diamond Jr		9%		14%		77%
Chris Lucas		28%		9%		63%

Table 7: Pension provision and other benefits

	Age at 31st December 2010		Completed years of service		Accrued pension at 31st December 2009 £000		Pension accrued during 2010 (including increase for inflation) £000		Pension accrued during 2010 (excluding inflation) £000	Accrued pension at 31st December 2010 £000			Transfer value of accrued pension at 31st December 2009 £000		Transfer value of accrued pension at 31st December 2010 £000		Increase in transfer value during 2010 £000		2010 cash in lieu of pension £000
John Varley		54		28		619		26	(5)		645	��		17,015		18,256		1,241		206
Robert E Diamond Jr		59		14		58		5	2		63			383		473		90		—
Chris Lucas		50		3		—		—	—		—			—		—		—		191
	Other benefits 2010 £000		Other benefits 2009 £000		Sub-total* 2010  £000		Sub-total* 2009  £000
John Varley		54		23		2,460		1,123	* Sub-total calculated in accordance with Schedule 8 of the Large and
Robert E Diamond Jr		268		134		2,318		384	Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations
Chris Lucas		25		19		1,699		832	2008 (total of base salary, annual performance incentive (cash), annual
									performance incentive (shares), pension cash allowance and other benefits)

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Corporate governance

Remuneration report continued

Outstanding share plan and long term incentive plan awards

Barclays operates a number of share plans to align the interests of employees with shareholders and the execution of Group strategy over the longer term. Table 9 summarises the interests of each executive Director in each plan, and Table 10 summarises the three year performance conditions set at grant for outstanding Performance Share Plan (PSP) cycles. The interests shown are the maximum number of Barclays shares that may be received under each plan. Executive Directors do not pay for any share plan award.

For PSP, at the end of each performance period independent confirmation is provided to the Committee of the extent to which each performance condition has been met. In relation to the 2006-2008 PSP awards, after consultation with the Committee in 2009, the participating executive Directors wrote to the PSP trustee to request that it defer the exercise of

its discretion to release shares to them for a further two year period subject to continued employment and an assessment by the Committee that the financial performance of the Group was satisfactory, including the declaration of at least one dividend. The maximum number of Barclays shares that may be released was determined in 2009 and was fixed as set out in Table 9. The Committee reviewed the performance conditions in February 2011 taking account of factors including profit performance, capital ratios, share price and payment of dividends. The Committee recommended that the number of Barclays shares shown in Table 9 be released in March 2011.

In relation to the 2007-2009 PSP awards, the executive Directors agreed to voluntary clawback arrangements to operate for a two year period following the vesting of the awards. By this voluntary agreement, the executive

Table 9: Outstanding share plan and long term incentive awards

	Number of shares under award/option at 1st January  2010 (maximum)		Number of shares awarded in year (maximum)		Market price on award date		Weighted average exercise price		Number of shares released/exercised
John Varley
PSP 2006-2008		232,855		–		£6.75		–		–
PSP 2007-2009		504,294		–		£7.08		–		(252,147	)
PSP 2008-2010		812,412		–		£4.25		–		–
ISOP		944,655		–		–		£4.46		–
Sharesave		3,735		–		–		£4.70		–
ESAS		430,969		–		–		–		(276,784	)
Robert E Diamond Jr
PSP 2006-2008		1,164,273		–		£6.75		–		–
PSP 2007-2009		2,878,686		–		£7.08		–		(1,439,343	)
PSP 2008-2010		2,031,030		–		£4.25		–		–
PSP 2010-2012		–		5,563,902		£3.55		–		–
ISOP		575,008		–		–		£4.42		–
ESAS		3,365,882		–		–		–		(666,667	)
Chris Lucas
PSP 2007-2009		255,396		–		£7.08		–		(127,698	)
PSP 2008-2010		541,608		–		£4.25		–		–
PSP 2009-2011		1,598,046		–		£2.34		–		–
PSP 2010-2012		–		927,318		£3.55		–		–
Sharesave		3,735		–		–		£4.70		–
ESAS		44,006		602,756		–		–		–

Numbers shown for ESAS above represent provisional allocations that have been awarded. Numbers shown as aggregate ESAS amounts may also include shares under option as at 31st December 2010. Nil cost options are normally granted under mandatory ESAS awards at the third anniversary of grant and are exercisable (over initial allocation and two-thirds of bonus shares) typically for two years. The aggregate exercise price of a nil cost option is £1. At the fifth anniversary of the provisional allocation the nil cost options normally lapse and the shares (including bonus shares) are released at the discretion of the ESAS trustee. In 2010, no nil cost options were granted to the executive Directors. Nil cost options (granted

Table 10: Performance conditions attaching to the share plans in which the executive Directors participate

Scheme	Performance period	Performance measure	Target
PSP	2010-2012	50% of award calibrated against TSR	33% of maximum award released for above median performance (6th place) with 100% released in 1st place and a scaled basis in between
		50% average RoRWA	17% of maximum award released for 0.83% scaled to a maximum award at 1.46%
	2009-2011	50% of award calibrated against TSR	As above
		50% average RoRWA	17% of maximum award released for 0.83% scaled to a maximum award at 1.34%
	2008-2010	50% of award calibrated against TSR	As above
		50% of award calibrated against cumulative EP over the three-year performance period	33% of the maximum award released for £6,921m scaled to 100% of maximum award at £8,350m

156         

Directors will repay the value of the Barclays shares at the end of the two year period (after deduction of taxes paid) should a dividend not be paid during the two year period or the Committee judges that the financial health of the business has deteriorated significantly over the two year period.

In relation to the 2008-2010 PSP awards, the underpin (as shown in Table 10) was satisfied, the TSR condition was met but the Economic Profit (EP) condition was not met. As a result, the awards vested in March 2011 at 0.5 times the initial award (maximum is 3 times).

For the 2009-2011 and 2010-2012 PSP awards the performance measures are relative TSR and RoRWA. TSR was selected to align performance with Barclays shareholders. RoRWA was selected as a risk-adjusted performance measure to reflect the Group’s stated goal of focus on returns over growth.

Calibration of performance measures is agreed ahead of each award by the Committee supported by a working team with representatives from Human Resources, Finance and Risk. This process includes an assessment of relevant data including financial targets, analyst forecasts, internal and external views of comparator future performance levels, shareholder views and value and broader economic trends. All performance measures are calibrated to include a significant level of stretch to attain maximum payout.

All awards and releases are recommended by the Committee to the independent trustee and are subject to trustee discretion. The trustee may also release to participants dividend shares which represent accumulated dividends (net of withholding tax) in respect of the Barclays shares under awards that vest. During 2010 Barclays highest share price was £3.83 and the lowest was £2.55. The Barclays share price at year end was £2.62.

Market price on release/ exercise date

Number of shares lapsed in 2010

Number of shares under award/option at 31st December 2010 (maximum)

Vested number of shares under option

Value of release/exercise

End of three-year PSP performance period, or first exercise/scheduled release date

Last exercise/    scheduled    release date

–

–

232,855

–

–

31/12/2008

01/03/2011

£3.48

(252,147

)

–

–

£0.88m

31/12/2009

15/03/2010

–

–

812,412

–

–

31/12/2010

01/03/2011

–

(246,431

)

698,224

698,224

–

18/05/2003

30/09/2012

–

–

3,735

–

–

01/10/2011

30/03/2012

£3.48

–

154,185

–

£0.96m

15/03/2010

21/03/2012

–

–

1,164,273

–

–

31/12/2008

01/03/2011

£3.48

(1,439,343

)

–

–

£5.01m

31/12/2009

15/03/2010

–

–

2,031,030

–

–

31/12/2010

01/03/2011

–

–

5,563,902

–

–

31/12/2012

16/03/2013

–

–

575,008

575,008

–

12/03/2004

22/03/2014

£3.48

–

2,699,215

–

£2.32m

15/03/2010

20/03/2013

£3.48

(127,698

)

–

–

£0.44m

31/12/2009

15/03/2010

–

–

541,608

–

–

31/12/2010

01/03/2011

–

–

1,598,046

–

–

31/12/2011

27/04/2012

–

–

927,318

–

–

31/12/2012

16/03/2013

–

–

3,735

–

–

01/11/2014

30/04/2015

–

–

646,762

–

–

20/03/2011

16/03/2015

in 2008) lapsed during the year. Mr Varley held nil cost options over 206,934 shares under ESAS as at 1st January 2010, and none as at 31st December 2010. The first and last exercise dates were 7th March 2008 and 1st March 2011 respectively. Mr Varley received 45,191 dividend shares and Mr Diamond received 83,541 dividend shares from ESAS

awards released during the year (share price on release date was £3.48). On release of the 2007-09 PSP awards, Mr Varley received 28,555 dividend shares, Mr Diamond received 163,002 dividend shares and Mr Lucas received 14,462 dividend shares (share price on release date was £3.48).

TSR peer group constituents				Actual    performance
UK	Mainland Europe	US	Underpin
HSBC	Banco Santander, BBVA, BNP Paribas, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Société Générale, Unicredit	Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Morgan Stanley	Committee must be satisfied with the underlying financial health of the Group after considering EP and PBT on a cumulative basis over the three year period	To be determined    at vesting in    March 2013
HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, Royal Bank of Scotland	Banco Santander, BBVA, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, UBS, Unicredit	Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase	As above	To be determined    at vesting in    March 2012
HBOS, HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Royal Bank of Scotland	As above (2009-11)	As above	Cumulative EP over performance period must exceed cumulative EP over previous three years	The performance    condition was    partially met

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Remuneration report continued

Shareholding guideline

The Committee guideline provides that executive Directors should hold Barclays shares worth, as a minimum, the higher of two times base salary or average of total remuneration over the last three years. Executive Directors have five years from their appointment to meet this guideline and a reasonable period to build up to the guideline again if it is not met because of a share price fall.

Service contracts

The Group has service contracts with its executive Directors which do not have a fixed term but provide for a notice period from the Group of 12 months and normally for retirement at age 65. Executive Directors’ contracts allow for termination with contractual notice from the Group or, in the alternative, termination by way of payment in lieu of notice (in phased instalments) which are subject to contractual mitigation. In the event of gross misconduct, neither notice nor a payment in lieu of notice

will be given. The Committee’s approach when considering payments in the event of termination is to take account of the individual circumstances including the reason for termination, contractual obligations and share plan and pension scheme rules.

The Committee has reviewed its approach to executive Director service contracts in light of best practice and regulatory and corporate governance developments. The Committee does not intend to include automatic contractual incentive payments upon termination in relation to executive Director appointments going forward. Automatic contractual incentive payments upon termination are not included in Mr Diamond’s contract. Mr Varley is not eligible for a 2011 annual performance incentive.

Details of executive Director contract terms are shown in Table 12 and details of fees for external appointments in Table 13.

Table 11: Interests in Barclays PLC shares

	At 1st January 2010				At 31st December 2010
	Beneficial		Non- beneficial		Beneficial		Non-    beneficial
John Varley		622,418		–		981,476		–
Robert E Diamond Jr		8,333,810		–		10,292,671		–
Chris Lucas		101,697		–		188,476		–

Beneficial interests include shares held either directly, or through a nominee, spouse, or children under 18. They include any interests held through Sharepurchase. Non-beneficial interests include any interests in shares where the executive Director holds the legal, but not beneficial interest. As at 4th March 2011, Mr Diamond’s beneficial interest was 12,678,784 Barclays shares, which includes 2,111,561 Barclays shares released to Mr Diamond on 1st March 2011 in respect of prior years’ deferred and long term incentive awards, and 274,552 Barclays shares awarded on 1st March 2011 for 2010 performance. As at 4th March 2011, Mr Lucas’s beneficial interest was 290,800 Barclays shares, which includes 46,905 Barclays shares released to Mr Lucas on 1st March 2011 in respect of a prior year’s long term incentive award, and 55,419 Barclays shares awarded on 1st March 2011 for 2010 performance. There were no changes in the non-beneficial interests in the period 31st December 2010 to 4th March 2011.

Table 12: Contract terms

	Effective date		Notice period from the Company		Potential compensation for loss of  office
John Varley		2nd July 2010		12 months	12 months base salary and continuation of   medical and pension benefits whilst an employee.   No entitlement to 2011 annual performance   incentive
Robert E Diamond Jr		1st January 2011		12 months	12 months base salary and continuation of   medical and pension benefits whilst an employee.   No automatic contractual entitlement to   performance incentive on termination
Chris Lucas		1st April 2007		12 months	12 months base salary, annual performance   incentive equivalent to the average of the previous   three years annual incentives (up to 100% of base   salary) and continuation of medical and pension   benefits whilst an employee

Table 13: Fees for external appointments

		2010				2009
	Organisation	Fees		Fees retained		Fees		Fees   retained
John Varley	British Grolux Investments Limited		£8,134		£8,134		£8,061		£8,061
	AstraZeneca PLC		£98,750		£98,750		£95,000		£95,000
	International Advisory Panel of the Monetary Authority of Singapore		£4,745		£4,745		£0		£0

Any other positions held by the executive Directors do not attract fees.

158         

Group Chairman, Deputy Chairman and non-executive Directors

The Group Chairman, Deputy Chairman and non-executive Directors receive fees which reflect the individual responsibilities and membership of Board Committees. Fees are reviewed each year by the Board. Fees were last increased in June 2008.

The first £20,000 of each non-executive Director's base fee and the Deputy Chairman's fee is used to purchase Barclays shares. These Barclays shares, together with reinvested dividends, are retained on behalf of the non-executive Directors until they retire from the Board.

Marcus Agius, Group Chairman, has a minimum time commitment to Barclays equivalent to 60% of a full-time role and he receives private health insurance in addition to his fees. Marcus Agius is not eligible to receive a performance incentive, nor participate in Barclays share plans or long term incentive plans nor will he participate in Barclays pension plans or receive any pension contributions. No other non-executive Director receives any benefits from Barclays.

Membership and Chairmanship of Board Committees as at 31st December 2010 and details of the fees received by the non-executive Directors during the year are set out in Table 14. Details of non-executive Director beneficial interests in Barclays shares are set out in Table 15.

Table 14: 2010 fees

Chairman £000

Deputy Chairman £000

Board Member £000

Board Audit Committee £000

Board Remuneration Committee £000

Board Corporate Governance and Nominations Committee £000

Board Risk Committee £000

Benefits £000

Total 2010 £000

Total 2009 £000

Fees (at 31st Dec 10)

Full-year fee

750

200

70

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Committee Chair

–

–

–

60

40

–

40

–

–

–

Committee Member

–

–

–

25

15

15

15

–

–

–

Fees to 31st December 2010

Group Chairman

Marcus Agius

Ch.

–

–

–

M.

Ch.

–

1

751

751

Non-executive Directors

David Booth

–

–

M.

–

–

M.

Ch.

–

125

85

Sir Richard Broadbent

–

DCh.

M.

–

Ch.

M.

–

–

200

197

Alison Carnwath

–

–

M.

M.

M.

–

–

–

39

–

Fulvio Conti

–

–

M.

M.

–

–

–

–

95

95

Simon Fraser

–

–

M.

M.

M.

–

–

–

110

83

Reuben Jeffery III

–

–

M.

–

–

–

M.

–

85

32

Sir Andrew Likierman

–

–

M.

M.

–

–

M.

–

110

110

Dambisa Moyo

–

–

M.

–

–

–

M.

–

50

–

Sir Michael Rake

–

–

M.

Ch.

–

M.

M.

–

160

141

Sir John Sunderland

–

–

M.

–

M.

M.

–

–

115

108

As Deputy Chairman, Sir Richard Broadbent receives a fee of £200,000 per annum. He does not receive any additional fees for serving on Board Committees or as Senior Independent Director. Sir John Sunderland is also a member of the Group Brand and Reputation Committee and receives a fee of £15,000 per annum. He was appointed as a member of the Group Brand and Reputation Committee with effect from 1st July 2009 and received fees of £7,500 in 2009. These fees are included in those shown above.

Table 15: Interests in Barclays PLC shares

	At 1st January 2010 total beneficial interests		At 31st December 2010 total beneficial interests		At 4th March 2011 total beneficial interests
Group Chairman
Marcus Agius		113,530		115,129		115,129
Non-executive Directors
David Booth		73,325		77,285		79,220
Sir Richard Broadbent		34,590		38,777		40,729
Alison Carnwath		–		40,000		41,203
Fulvio Conti		39,304		42,970		44,836
Simon Fraser		46,247		49,768		51,583
Reuben Jeffery III		26,173		65,244		67,691
Sir Andrew Likierman		23,007		27,031		29,001
Dambisa Moyo		–		2,826		4,630
Sir Michael Rake		15,127		18,954		20,845
Sir John Sunderland		79,775		83,277		85,107

Dambisa Moyo was appointed as a non-executive Director with effect from 1st May 2010. Alison Carnwath was appointed as a non-executive Director with effect from 1st August 2010. Reuben Jeffery's beneficial interest as at 31st December 2010 comprised 15,000 American Depositary Shares and 5,244 Barclays PLC shares. On 15th February 2011, the non-executive Directors acquired ordinary shares pursuant to arrangements under which part of each non-executive Director's fee is used to buy Barclays PLC shares. Barclays PLC shares were acquired by each non-executive Director as follows: David Booth – 1,935; Sir Richard Broadbent – 1,952; Alison Carnwath – 1,203; Fulvio Conti – 1,866; Simon Fraser -1,815; Reuben Jeffery III – 2,447; Sir Andrew Likierman – 1,970; Dambisa Moyo – 1,804; Sir Michael Rake – 1,891 and Sir John Sunderland – 1,830. Reuben Jeffery's beneficial interest as at 15th February 2011 comprised 15,000 American Depositary Shares and 7,691 Barclays PLC shares. Except as described in this note, there were no changes to the beneficial or non-beneficial interests of non-executive Directors in the period 31st December 2010 to 4th March 2011.

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Remuneration report continued

Letters of appointment

The Group Chairman, Deputy Chairman and non-executive Directors have individual letters of appointment. Each non-executive Director appointment is for an initial six year term, renewable for a single term of three years thereafter. The terms of the letters of appointment of each non-executive Director are shown in Table 16.

All non-executive Directors are standing for re-election at the 2011 ACM.

Table 16: Terms of letters of appointment

	Effective date		Notice period from the Company		Potential compensation for loss of office
Group Chairman
Marcus Agius		1st Jan 2007		12 months		12 months contractual remuneration
Non-executive Directors
David Booth		1st May 2007		6 months		6 months fees
Sir Richard Broadbent		16th July 2009		6 months		6 months fees
Alison Carnwath		1st Aug 2010		6 months		6 months fees
Fulvio Conti		1st Apr 2006		6 months		6 months fees
Simon Fraser		10th Mar 2009		6 months		6 months fees
Reuben Jeffery III		16th July 2009		6 months		6 months fees
Sir Andrew Likierman		1st Sep 2004		6 months		6 months fees
Dambisa Moyo		1st May 2010		6 months		6 months fees
Sir Michael Rake		1st Jan 2008		6 months		6 months fees
Sir John Sunderland		1st June 2005		6 months		6 months fees

Former non-executive Directors

Mr Clifford resigned as a non-executive Director with effect from 30th September 2010. Mr Clifford did not receive a termination payment. Mr Clifford's remuneration for 2010 is shown in Table 17 and the terms of his letter of appointment are shown in Table 18.

Table 17: Former non-executive Director fees

	Total 2010 £000		Total 2009 £000
Leigh Clifford		103		123

Mr Clifford is also a member of the Asia Pacific Advisory Committee and received fees of US$60,000 (2009: US$60,000). These fees are included in those shown above.

Table 18: Terms of letter of appointment

	Effective date		Notice period from the Company		Potential compensation for loss of office
Leigh Clifford		1st October 2004		6 months		6 months fees

160         

Other remuneration disclosures

Five highest paid senior executive officers (excluding executive Directors)

As part of the Project Merlin agreement with the UK Government Barclays committed to disclose the 2010 remuneration of the five highest paid senior executive officers (in addition to the executive Directors). This is shown in Table 19. The senior executive officers shown in Table 19 are considered Key Management Personnel (i.e. those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of Barclays PLC (directly or indirectly)). The remuneration of the executive Directors is shown in Table 5.

Table 19: 2010 remuneration of the five highest paid senior executive officers (excluding executive Directors)

Five highest paid senior executive officers (excluding executive Directors)
	Individual 1 (£000)		Individual 2 (£000)		Individual 3 (£000)		Individual 4 (£000)		Individual 5  (£000)
Fixed remuneration		734		700		700		700		600
Variable remuneration (cash)		1,017		992		1,433		900		620
Variable remuneration (shares)		1,017		992		1,433		900		620
Deferred remuneration (Contingent Capital Plan)		4,070		3,968		2,150		1,350		930
Deferred remuneration (Share Value Plan)		4,070		3,968		2,150		1,350		930
2010 remuneration and deferred incentives		10,908		10,620		7,866		5,200		3,700
Long term incentive award (outcome contingent on future performance)		3,354		3,354		1,000		1,300		1,500
Sign-on award		0		0		0		0		0
Severance award		0		0		0		0		0

Code Staff aggregate remuneration

Pages 149 to 158 and pages 161 to 163 include information required to be disclosed in accordance with the FSA’s prudential sourcebook for banks, building societies and investment firms (BIPRU) 11.5.18(1) to (5). The information in Tables 20 to 23 is provided in accordance with BIPRU 11.5.18(6) and (7). A total of 231 individuals were Code Staff in 2010. Code Staff are the Group's employees whose professional activities could have a material impact on the Group's risk profile.

Table 20: Aggregate 2010 remuneration of Code Staff by business

Barclays  Capital  (£m)	Barclays  Corporate  (£m)	Barclays  Wealth  (£m)	Global Retail  Banking  (£m)	Absa  (£m)	Group   Functions   (£m)
406	21	33	45	4	45

Table 21: Aggregate 2010 remuneration of Code Staff by remuneration type

	Senior  management  (£m)		Other  Code Staff  (£m)
Fixed remuneration		9		53
Variable remuneration (cash)		7		79
Variable remuneration (shares)		9		68
Deferred remuneration (Contingent Capital Plan)		17		119
Deferred remuneration (Share Value Plan and ESAS)		18		125
2010 remuneration and deferred incentives		60		444
Long term incentive award (outcome contingent on future performance)		15		35

Table 22: Additional 2010 disclosures on deferred remuneration of Code Staff

	Senior  management  (£m)		Other  Code Staff  (£m)
Deferred unvested remuneration outstanding at the beginning of the year		142		344
Deferred remuneration awarded in year		77		291
Deferred remuneration reduced in year through performance adjustments		(45)		(46)
Deferred remuneration vested in year		(39)		(118)
Deferred unvested remuneration outstanding at the end of the year		135		471

Table 23: Other 2010 disclosures for Code Staff

	Senior  management  (£m)		Other  Code Staff  (£m)
Total sign-on awards		0		0
Total buy-out awards (five individuals)		0		3
Total severance awards (one individual)		0		0.1

Note to Table 22: There was no deferred vested remuneration outstanding at the end of the year. Code Staff are subject to a minimum shareholding guideline.

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Remurance report continued

Share plans and long term incentive plans

Barclays operates a number of share plans and long term incentive plans. The principal plans under which awards were made in 2010 are shown in Table 24 and new plans proposed for 2011 are shown in Table 25. Barclays has a number of employee benefit trusts which operate with these plans. In some cases the trustees grant awards and purchase shares in the market to satisfy awards as required, in others new issue or treasury shares may be used to satisfy awards where the appropriate shareholder approval has been obtained. The limits on the issue of new shares comply with the guidelines issued by the Association of British Insurers.

Table 24: Summary of principal share plans and long term incentive plans under which awards were made in 2010

Name of plan	Employees eligible	Executive Directors eligible?	Delivery	Design details
Performance Share Plan (PSP)	Selected employees. In 2010, only executive Directors received PSP awards	Yes	Award of Barclays shares that vests after three years, subject to performance conditions and trustee discretion	–     From 2011, it is proposed that the PSP is replaced by the Barclays LTIP (see Table 25) –     Awarded on a discretionary basis with participation reviewed annually by the Committee –     Barclays performance over three years determines the number of Barclays shares eligible for release to each participant –     For awards made in 2010 performance conditions based on relative TSR and RoRWA –     Dividends normally accumulated during vesting period –     On cessation of employment, eligible leavers normally receive an award pro-rated for time and performance. For other leavers awards will normally lapse. On change of control, awards may vest at the trustee’s discretion
Cash Value Plan (CVP)	All employees (excluding executive Directors) whose variable remuneration is above a set threshold	No	Deferred cash paid in three annual instalments over a three year period dependant on future service and subject to plan committee discretion	–     Plan typically used for mandatory deferral of a proportion of variable remuneration where variable remuneration is above a threshold set annually by the Committee –     Amount deferred increases on a graduated basis as variable remuneration increases –     This plan typically works in tandem with the SVP (see below) –     Awards vest over three years in equal annual tranches dependant on future service and subject to plan committee discretion –     Participants may be awarded a service credit of 10% of the initial value of the award at the same time as the final instalment is paid subject to continued employment –     Vesting is subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions in accordance with the FSA Code –     On cessation of employment, eligible leavers normally receive an award subject to plan committee discretion. For other leavers awards will normally lapse. On change of control, awards may vest at the plan committee’s discretion
Share Value Plan (SVP)	As for CVP above	Executive Directors were not eligible for the SVP in 2010. Approval of the SVP for executive Director participation from 2011 is being sought at the 2011 AGM	Deferred Barclays shares released in three annual instalments over a three year period dependant on future service and subject to trustee discretion	–     Plan typically used for mandatory deferral of a proportion of variable remuneration into Barclays shares where variable remuneration is above a threshold set annually by the Committee –     Amount deferred increases on a graduated basis as variable remuneration increases –     This plan typically works in tandem with the CVP (see above) –     Awards vest over three years in equal annual tranches dependant on future service and subject to trustee discretion –     Dividends that would normally be received may be awarded as additional Barclays shares and released alongside each tranche of the award –     Vesting is subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions in accordance with the FSA Code –     Change of control and leaver provisions are as for CVP (see above) subject to trustee discretion –     In 2011 Barclays will add a schedule to SVP for cash-based awards to be granted on similar terms but with additional vesting conditions (known as the Contingent Capital Plan) (see Table 25)

162         

Table 24: Summary of principal share plans and long term incentive plans under which awards were made in 2010continued

Name of plan	Employees eligible	Executive Directors eligible?	Delivery	Design details
Executive Share Award Scheme (ESAS)	Selected employees	Yes	Deferred Barclays shares released after three years subject to trustee discretion	–	From 2011, it is proposed that ESAS is replaced by SVP. Details of the SVP are included in Table 24 and further details are in the Notice of Meeting for the 2011 AGM which is online at www.barclays.com/investorrelations
				–	Discretionary award of a proportion of variable remuneration as Barclays shares. In addition to mandatory deferral, eligible employees may voluntarily defer additional amounts of variable remuneration awarded. In 2010 awards under ESAS were made on a limited basis as CVP and SVP were the principal mandatory deferral plans
				–	Subject to trustee discretion, the ESAS award vests after three years, at which point “bonus shares” equal to 20% of the value of the initial award may be released. If the participant does not withdraw the award shares until the fifth anniversary of the award date, a further 10% bonus shares may be released. Dividend shares may also be released by the ESAS trustee
				–	Awards are subject to forfeiture if the participant leaves Barclays other than for eligible leaver reasons
Business unit long term incentive plans	Selected senior employees (excluding executive Directors) within each business unit	No	Design varies by business unit, awards vest after at least three years, with additional deferral after this period. Awards typically vest 50% in cash and 50% in Barclays share awards	–	Awarded on a discretionary basis
				–	Risk-adjusted performance conditions vary by business unit to reflect individual business strategy
				–	Plans include a prudent financial control provision which gives the Committee power to alter the vesting of awards based on Group financial performance
				–	Awards are subject to forfeiture if the participant leaves Barclays other than for eligible leaver reasons
Sharesave	All UK, Ireland and Spain employees	Yes	Options over Barclays shares at a discount of 20% with shares or cash value of savings delivered after 3 - 7 years	–	HMRC approved in the UK and approved by the Revenue Commissioners in Ireland
				–	Opportunity to purchase Barclays shares at a discount price (currently at 20%) set on award date with savings made over 3, 5 or 7 year term
				–	Maximum individual saving of £250 per month (€300 in Ireland,€225 in Spain)
				–	On cessation of employment eligible leavers may exercise options and acquire shares to the extent of their savings for 6 months
				–	On change of control, participants may exercise options and acquire shares to the extent of their savings for 6 months
Sharepurchase	All employees in the UK	Yes	Barclays shares and dividend/ matching shares held in trust for 3 to 5 years	–	HMRC approved plan
				–	Participants may purchase up to £1,500 of Barclays shares each tax year
				–	Barclays matches the first £600 of shares purchased by employees on a one for one basis
				–	Dividends received are awarded as additional shares
				–	Purchased shares may be withdrawn at any time (if removed prior to 3 years from award, the corresponding matching shares are forfeited). Matching shares must be held in trust for at least 3 years
				–	On cessation of employment participants must withdraw shares. Depending on reason for and timing of leaving matching shares may be forfeited
				–	On change of control, participants are able to instruct the Sharepurchase trustee how to act or vote on their behalf
Global Sharepurchase	Employees in certain non-UK jurisdictions	Yes	Barclays shares and dividend/ matching shares held in trust for 3 to 5 years	–	Global Sharepurchase is an extension of the Sharepurchase plan offered in the UK
				–	Operates in substantially the same way as Sharepurchase (see above)

163

Corporate governance

Remuneration report continued

Table 25: Summary of new deferred incentive plans and long term incentive plans under which awards will be made in 2011

Name of plan	Employees eligible	Executive Directors eligible?	Delivery	Design details
Contingent Capital Plan (CCP)	Selected employees	Yes (subject to shareholder approval at 2011 AGM)	Deferred cash paid in three annual instalments over a three year period, subject to the Group Core Tier 1 capital ratio being above a specified threshold. Vesting is also dependant on future service and subject to plan committee discretion	–	In 2011 Barclays will add a schedule to the SVP (see Table 24) for cash-based awards to be granted on similar terms to the SVP but with additional vesting conditions.
					Broadly similar provisions to the SVP apply to the CCP
(The CCP is a schedule to the SVP)				–	The CCP will typically be used for mandatory deferral of a proportion of variable remuneration for executive Directors, other Code Staff and senior management
				–	Awards vest over three years in equal annual tranches dependant on future service and subject to plan committee discretion
				–	The vesting of contingent capital awards is subject to the condition that the Group Core Tier 1 capital ratio is equal to or exceeds a predetermined threshold at vesting. For 2011 awards the threshold is proposed as 7%
				–	Vesting is also subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions in accordance with the FSA Code
				–	When a contingent capital award vests an additional discretionary benefit may be awarded equivalent to a coupon. For 2011 awards, this is proposed as 7% on the award amount (on an annualised and non-compounded basis)
				–	As for the SVP, on cessation of employment, eligible leavers normally receive an award subject to plan committee discretion. For other leavers awards will normally lapse. On change of control, awards may vest at the plan committee's discretion
				–	Details of the CCP are included in the Notice of the Meeting for the 2011 AGM which is online at www.barclays.com/investorrelations
Barclays Long Term Incentive Plan (Barclays LTIP)	Selected employees	Yes (subject to shareholder approval at 2011 AGM)	Award over Barclays shares or over other capital instruments, subject to performance conditions and Committee/ trustee discretion	–	Awarded on a discretionary basis with participation reviewed by the Committee
				–	Awards will only vest if the performance condition is satisfied over a three year period
				–	Vesting will be subject to malus and prudent financial control provisions in accordance with the FSA Code
				–	For proposed awards made in 2011, 50% of Barclays shares will be released at the end of the three year period, and 50% (after payment of tax) will be subject to an additional 12 month holding period
				–	The performance condition for the proposed 2011 awards has been chosen to focus closely on execution of Barclays strategy including return on equity. The proposed metrics for 2011 are based on three weighted categories as set out below
				–	Financial (60%): the primary performance metric is 3 year average RoRWA, and the secondary metric is PBT
				–	Risk (30%): the performance metric is loan loss rate
				–	Sustainability (10%): performance is assessed by the Committee against non-financial factors including customer satisfaction, employee opinion surveys and Barclays relationships with its regulators
				–	On cessation of employment, eligible leavers will normally receive an award pro-rated for time and performance. For other leavers awards will normally lapse
				–	On change of control, awards may vest at the Committee's discretion
				–	The calibration proposed for the performance condition metrics for the 2011 Barclays LTIP awards, and further details on the Barclays LTIP, are included in the Notice of Meeting for the 2011 AGM which is online at www.barclays.com/investorrelations

164         

Additional financial information

Risk factors

The following information describes the risk factors which the Group believes could cause its future results to differ materially from expectations. However, other factors could also adversely affect the Group’s results and so the factors discussed in this report should not be considered to be a complete set of all potential risks and uncertainties.

The Group’s approach to identifying, assessing, managing and reporting risks is formalised in its Principal Risk framework and supporting processes. The risk categories relevant to operational risk disclosed on page 113 & 114 are: People, Legal, Regulatory, Operations, Fraud, Technology, Financial Reporting and Taxation. This summary also includes discussions of the impact of business conditions and the general economy and regulatory changes which can impact risk factors and so influence the Group’s results. The risks described below can potentially impact the Group's reputation and brand.

Business conditions and the general economy

Barclays operates a universal banking business model and its services range from current accounts for personal customers to inflation-risk hedging for governments and institutions. The Group also has significant activities in a large number of countries. Consequently, there are many ways in which changes in business conditions and the general economy can adversely impact profitability, whether at the level of the Group, the individual business units or specific countries of operation. The Group’s stress testing framework helps it to understand the impact of changes in business conditions and the general economy, as well as the sensitivity of its business goals to such changes and the scope of management actions to mitigate their impact. The general recovery in the global economy resulted in an improvement in credit conditions in our main markets during 2010. In the UK, the economy recovered slightly during 2010 reflecting the lower than expected growth in unemployment rates, the sustained low interest rate environment and moderate GDP growth. However, a slowdown in growth was evident in the fourth quarter of 2010 which is likely to lead to uncertainty in the near term. In addition, persistent unemployment and inflation, fiscal tightening, the possibility of weakening house prices, and possible rising oil prices may have an adverse impact on the strength of the recovery which could increase the risk that a higher proportion of the Group’s customers and counterparties may be unable to meet their obligations. Economic credit conditions have also continued to show signs of improvement in many other key geographies, although in Spain the housing sector remains depressed which led to significantly increased impairment in our Spanish wholesale portfolios in 2010. Unemployment rates remain high in the US.

The business conditions facing the Group in 2011 are subject to significant uncertainties, most notably:

— the extent and sustainability of economic recovery particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa;

— the dynamics of unemployment particularly in the UK, US, Spain and South Africa and the impact on delinquency and charge-off rates;

— the speed and extent of possible rises in interest rates in the UK, US, South Africa and the Eurozone;

— the possibility of any further falls in residential property prices in the UK, South Africa and Western Europe;

— the impact of potentially deteriorating sovereign credit quality;

— the potential for single name losses in different sectors and geographies where credit positions are sensitive to economic downturn;

— the potential impact of increasing inflation on economic growth and corporate profitability;

— possible deterioration in our remaining credit market exposures, including commercial real estate, leveraged finance and a loan to Protium Finance LP (Protium);

— changes in the value of Sterling relative to other currencies, which could increase risk weighted assets and therefore raise the capital requirements of the Group;

— continued turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa region could result in loss of business in the affected countries, increased oil prices, increased volatility and risk aversion to this region; and

— the liquidity and volatility of capital markets and investors’ appetite for risk, which could lead to a decline in the income that the Group receives from fees and commissions.

Regulatory changes

As noted in the section on Supervision and Regulation (pages 115-119), 2010 has seen significant regulatory change. Issues dealt with in 2010 included:

— The Independent Commission on Banking (ICB): The ICB has been charged by the UK Government with reviewing the UK banking system. Its findings are expected by September 2011. Although the ICB has yet to make recommendations, and it is not possible to predict what the Government’s response to any recommendations that are made will be, there is a possibility that the ICB could recommend change to the structure of UK banks which may require Barclays to make major changes to its structure and business.

— Recovery and Resolution Plans: There has been a strong regulatory focus on resolvability in 2010, both from UK and international regulators. The Group has been engaged, and continues to be engaged, with the authorities on taking forward recovery planning and identifying information that would be required in the event of a resolution.

— The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (DFA): The DFA will have an impact on the Group and its business.

The full scale of this impact remains unclear as many of the provisions of the DFA require rules to be made to give them effect and this process is still under way.

Wholesale and retail credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of the Group suffering financial loss if any of its customers, clients or market counterparties fails to fulfil their contractual obligations to the Group. The granting of credit is one of the Group’s major sources of income and, as the most significant risk, the Group dedicates considerable resources to its control. The credit risk that the Group faces arises mainly from wholesale and retail loans and advances together with the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative contracts entered into with its clients. Other sources of credit risk arise from trading activities, including debt securities, settlement balances with market counterparties, available for sale assets and reverse repurchase loans. However, credit risk may also arise where the downgrading of an entity’s credit rating causes a fall in the value of the Group’s investment in that entity’s financial instruments. Specific areas and scenarios where credit risk could lead to higher impairment charges in future years include:

— credit market exposures;

— sovereign risk; and

— economic uncertainty.

Barclays Capital holds certain exposures to credit markets that became illiquid during 2007. These exposures primarily relate to commercial real estate, leveraged finance and a loan to Protium.

Credit risk may also be manifested as sovereign risk where difficulties may arise in the country in which the exposure is domiciled, thus impeding or reducing the value of the assets, or where the counterparty may be the country itself. European Union (EU) deficits approached very high levels during 2010, leading to a loss of market confidence in certain countries to which the Group is exposed.

In a recessionary environment, such as that seen in past years in UK, the US and other economies, credit risk increases. However, more recently, conditions have continued to show signs of improvement in many key markets, although the UK has experienced a slowdown in growth in the fourth quarter of 2010, US unemployment rates remain high and the Spanish housing sector continues to be depressed, impacting our wholesale and retail credit risk exposures. In particular, in Spain, the Group has experienced elevated impairment across its operations, following a marked reduction in construction activity and shrinking consumer spending.

The Group’s credit risk governance structure, management and measurement methodologies, together with an analysis of exposures to credit risk is detailed in the ‘Credit risk management’ section on page 58 to 93 and Note 44 to the financial statements on page 267.

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Risk factors continued

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the Group’s earnings or capital, or its ability to meet business objectives, will be adversely affected by changes in the level or volatility of market rates or prices such as interest rates, credit spreads, commodity prices, equity prices and foreign exchange rates. The main source of risk are traded market risk, non-traded interest rate risk, translational foreign exchange risk and pension risk. Traded risk resides primarily in Barclays Capital while non-traded market risk resides mainly in Global Retail Banking, Barclays Corporate, Barclays Wealth and Group Treasury.

While the Group is exposed to continued market volatility, Barclays Capital’s trading activities are principally a consequence of supporting customer activity.

The Group is exposed to three main types of non-traded interest rate risk:

— fixed rate loans and deposits that are not hedged or matched;

— structural risk due to variability of earnings on structural product and equity balances which have no contractual maturity and an interest rate which does not move in line with the base rate; and

— margin compression.

The Group’s market risk governance structure, management and measurement methodologies, together with an analysis of exposures to both traded and non-traded market risk is detailed in the ‘Market risk management’ section on page 94 to 101 and Note 44 to the financial statements on page 267. Further details relating to the Group’s pension risk is included in Note 28 on page 227.

Capital risk

Capital risk is the risk that the Group has insufficient capital resources to:

— ensure the financial holding company is well capitalised relative to the minimum regulatory capital requirements set out by the UK FSA and US Federal Reserve where regulated activities are undertaken. The Group’s authority to operate as a bank is dependent upon the maintenance of adequate capital resources;

— ensure locally regulated subsidiaries can meet their minimum regulatory requirements;

— support the Group’s risk appetite and economic capital requirements; and

— support the Group’s credit rating. A weaker credit rating would increase the Group’s cost of funds.

Regulators assess the Group’s capital position and target levels of capital resources on an ongoing basis. There have been a number of recent developments in regulatory capital requirements which are likely to have a significant impact on the Group. Most significantly, during 2010, the Second and Third Capital Requirement Directives and the guidelines from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for strengthening capital requirements (Basel III) were finalised. Aligned to this, markets and credit rating agencies now expect equity capital levels significantly in excess of the current regulatory minimum.

For further information see pages 102 to 106.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group is unable to meet its obligations as they fall due as a result of a sudden, and potentially protracted, increase in net cash outflows. Such outflows would deplete available cash resources for client lending, trading activities, and investments. In certain adverse circumstances, lack of liquidity could result in reductions in balance sheet and sales of assets, or potentially an inability to fulfil lending commitments. These outflows could be principally through customer withdrawals, wholesale counterparties removing financing, ratings downgrades or loan drawdowns. These outflows could be the result of general market dislocations or specific concerns about Barclays.

This could result in:

— limited ability to support client lending, trading activities and investments;

— forced reduction in balance sheet and sales of assets;

— inability to fulfil lending obligations; and

— regulatory breaches under the liquidity standards introduced by the FSA on 1st December 2009.

The Group’s liquidity risk management and measurement methodologies are detailed in the ‘Liquidity Risk Management’ section on page 107 to 112 and the ‘Liquidity Risk’ note to the financial statements on page 267.

People risk

People risk arises from failures of the Group to manage its key risks as an employer, including lack of appropriate people resource, failure to manage performance and reward, unauthorised or inappropriate employee activity and failure to comply with employment-related requirements. Failure to manage performance and reward in an appropriate manner can ultimately lead to lack of suitable people resource which may ultimately have a negative impact on profits generated by the Group.

During 2010, external regulatory developments in relation to remuneration continued to impact the People Risk. On 17th December 2010, the FSA published its final Remuneration Code (Remuneration Code) following its July 2010 Consultation Paper. The Remuneration Code was updated in order to implement the remuneration rules required by the Third Capital Requirements Directive and the Financial Service Act 2010. The Remuneration Code applies to remuneration paid from 1st January 2011, including remuneration in respect of 2010 performance.

Legal risk

The Group is subject to a comprehensive range of legal obligations in all countries in which it operates. As a result, the Group is exposed to many forms of legal risk, which may arise in a number of ways:

— business may not be conducted in accordance with applicable laws around the world;

— contractual obligations may either not be enforceable as intended or may be enforced in an adverse way;

— intellectual property (such as trade names of the Group) may not be adequately protected; and

— liability for damages may be incurred to third parties harmed by the conduct of the Group’s business.

The Group faces risk where legal proceedings are brought against it. Regardless of whether such claims have merit, the outcome of legal proceedings is inherently uncertain and could result in financial loss. Defending legal proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming and there is no guarantee that all costs incurred will be recovered even if the Group is successful. Although the Group has processes and controls to manage legal risks, failure to manage these risks could impact the Group adversely, both financially and by reputation.

Further details of litigation and other legal matters are set out in the Legal Proceedings Note 26 (see page 226) and the Competition and Regulatory Matters Note 27 (see page 227).

Regulatory risk

Regulatory risk arises from a failure or inability to comply fully with the laws, regulations or codes applicable specifically to the financial services industry. Non-compliance could lead to fines, public reprimands, damage to reputation, increased prudential requirements, enforced suspension of operations or, in extreme cases, withdrawal of authorisations to operate. The Group’s businesses and earnings can be affected by the fiscal or other policies and other actions of various governmental and regulatory authorities in the UK, EU, US and elsewhere, which are all subject to change. The regulatory response to the financial crisis has led to very substantial regulatory changes in the UK, EU and US and in the other countries in which the Group operates. It has also led to a change in the style of supervision in a number of territories, with a more assertive approach being demonstrated by the authorities.

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Two specific matters that directly impact the Group are the Banking Act 2009 and the Financial Services Compensation Scheme:

Banking Act 2009

The Banking Act 2009 (the “Banking Act”) provides a permanent regime to allow the FSA, the UK Treasury and the Bank of England to resolve failing banks in the UK. Under the Banking Act, these authorities are given powers, including (a) the power to issue share transfer orders pursuant to which all or some of the securities issued by a bank may be transferred to a commercial purchaser or Bank of England entity and (b) the power to transfer all or some of the property, rights and liabilities of the UK bank to a purchaser or Bank of England entity. A share transfer order can extend to a wide range of securities including shares and bonds issued by a UK bank (including the Bank) or its holding company (Barclays PLC) and warrants for such shares and bonds. The Banking Act powers apply regardless of any contractual restrictions and compensation may be payable in the context of both share transfer orders and property appropriation.

The Banking Act also gives the Bank of England the power to override, vary or impose contractual obligations between a UK bank or its holding company and its former group undertakings for reasonable consideration, in order to enable any transferee or successor bank of the UK bank to operate effectively. There is also power for the Treasury to amend the law (excluding provisions made by or under the Banking Act) for the purpose of enabling it to use the regime powers effectively, potentially with retrospective effect. In addition, the Banking Act gives the Bank of England statutory responsibility for financial stability in the UK and for the oversight of payment systems.

Financial Services Compensation Scheme

Banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions in the UK are subject to the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (the “FSCS”) where an authorised firm is unable or is likely to be unable to meet claims made against it because of its financial circumstances. Most deposits made with branches of the Bank within the European Economic Area (the “EEA”) which are denominated in Sterling or other EEA currencies (including the Euro) are covered by the FSCS. Most claims made in respect of investment business will also be protected claims if the business was carried on from the UK or from a branch of the bank or investment firm in another EEA member state. The FSCS is funded by levies on authorised UK firms such as the Bank. As at 31 December 2010, the Group had accrued £63 million (2009: £108 million) for its share of the levies. The provision is based on estimates of the Group’s market participation in the relevant charging periods and the interest the FSCS will pay on the facilities provided by HM Treasury in support of its obligations to depositors of banks declared in default (such facilities were, as at 31 December 2010, estimated by the Group to amount to £20 billion). While it is anticipated that the substantial majority of these facilities will be repaid wholly from recoveries from the institutions concerned, there is the risk of a shortfall, such that the FSCS may place additional levies on FSCS participants. As at the date of this document, it is not possible to estimate the amount of any potential additional levies or the Group’s share. Consequently, in the event that the FSCS raises funds, raises those funds more frequently or significantly increases the levies to be paid by firms, the associated costs to the Group may have a material impact on the Group’s results and financial condition.

In addition, among other things, the Bribery Act 2010, which applies to UK companies worldwide, has created an offence of failure by a commercial organisation to prevent a bribe being paid on its behalf. However, it will be a defence if the organisation has adequate procedures in place to prevent bribery. In addition, Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) has been under scrutiny by the UK competition authorities and financial services regulators. The UK Competition Commission (CC) has undertaken an in-depth enquiry into the PPI market which has resulted in the CC introducing a number of remedies including a prohibition on sale of PPI at the point of sale. Furthermore, a judicial review has been launched regarding the treatment of PPI complaints by the FSA and Financial Ombudsman Service.

As announced on 18th August 2010, Barclays reached settlements with US Authorities in relation to the investigation by those agencies into compliance with US sanctions and US dollar payment practices. In addition, an Order to Cease and Desist has been issued upon consent by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the New York State Banking Department.

Other future regulatory changes may potentially restrict the Group’s operations, mandate certain lending activity and impose other compliance costs.

For further information, see pages 115 to 119, 227.

Operations risk

Operations risk is the risk of losses from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, caused by human error or external events.

These risks are transaction operations, new product development, premises and security, external suppliers, payments process, information, data quality and records management.

Fraud Risk

Fraud risk is the risk that the Group suffers losses as a result of internal and external fraud.

Technology risk

Technology is a key business enabler and requires an appropriate level of control to ensure that the most significant technology risks are effectively managed. Technology risk includes the non-availability of IT systems, inadequate design and testing of new and changed IT solutions and inadequate IT system security. Similar to many large organisations, Barclays is exposed to the risk that systems may not be continually available.

Financial reporting risk

Financial reporting risk arises from a failure or inability to comply fully with the laws, regulations or codes in relation to the disclosure of financial information. Non-compliance could lead to fines, public reprimands, damage to reputation, enforced suspension of operations or, in extreme cases, withdrawal of authorisations to operate.

As set out in Future Accounting Developments on page 204, the International Accounting Standards Board is undertaking a significant programme of revision to IFRS which it aims to complete by 30th June 2011. The final form of IFRS requirements, the time period over which new requirements will need to be applied and the impact on the results and financial position is not yet known.

Following the financial crisis, the financial reporting of banks has been subject to greater scrutiny. This has included consideration of accounting policies, accounting for particular transactions and financial statement disclosures. For Barclays this includes reviewing the decision not to consolidate Protium. Further details are provided on page 91 to 92.

Further details on internal control over financial reporting can be found on page 128 and on the BBA Code and improvements to Annual Report disclosures on page 184.

Taxation risk

The Group is subject to the tax laws in all countries in which it operates, including tax laws adopted at an EU level. A number of double taxation agreements entered between two countries also impact on the taxation of the Group. Tax risk is the risk that the Group suffers losses associated with changes in tax law or in the interpretation of tax law. It also includes the risk of failure to comply with procedures required by tax authorities. Failure to manage tax risks could lead to an additional tax charge. It could also lead reputational damage or a financial penalty for failure to comply with required tax procedures or other aspects of tax law. If, as a result of a particular tax risk materialising, the tax costs associated with particular transactions are greater than anticipated, it could affect the profitability of those transactions.

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Additional financial disclosure (unaudited)

Deposits and short-term borrowings

Deposits

Deposits include deposits from banks and customers accounts.

Averagea for the year ended 31st December
	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Deposits from banks
Customers in the United Kingdom		13,486		13,702		14,003
Other European Union		48,715		48,161		38,210
United States		7,373		14,757		15,925
Africa		1,783		2,218		3,110
Rest of the World		20,837		24,350		36,599
Total deposits from banks		92,194		103,188		107,847
Customer Accounts
Customers in the United Kingdom		214,466		197,363		206,020
Other European Union		44,188		38,326		30,909
United States		29,837		32,218		31,719
Africa		42,354		37,009		35,692
Rest of World		23,464		23,655		27,653
Customer Accounts		354,309		328,571		331,993

Deposits from banks in offices in the United Kingdom received from non-residents amounted to £65,146m (2009: £51,423m).

Year ended 31st December
	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Customer Accounts		345,788		322,429		335,505
In offices in the United Kingdom:
Current and Demand Accounts
– interest free		48,125		45,160		41,351
Current and Demand Accounts
– interest bearing		27,091		24,066		20,898
Savings accounts		79,444		71,238		68,335
Other time deposits – retail		29,422		29,678		33,785
Other time deposits – wholesale		43,948		52,891		74,417
Total repayable in offices in the United Kingdom		228,030		223,033		238,786
In offices outside the United Kingdom:
– interest free		6,493		7,308		4,803
Current and Demand Accounts
– interest bearing		28,734		24,176		15,463
Savings accounts		12,484		9,950		7,673
Other time deposits		70,047		57,962		68,780
Total repayable in offices outside the United Kingdom		117,758		99,396		96,719

Customer accounts deposits in offices in the United Kingdom received from non-residents amounted to £48,815m (2009: £57,014m).

Short-term borrowings

Short-term borrowings include deposits from banks, commercial paper and negotiable certificates of deposit.

Deposits from banks

Deposits from banks are taken from a wide range of counterparties and generally have maturities of less than one year.

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Year-end balance		77,975		76,446		114,910
Average balancea		92,194		103,188		107,847
Maximum balancea		102,137		121,940		139,836
Average interest rate during year		0.4%		0.6%		3.6%
Year-end interest rate		0.2%		0.4%		2.3%

Commercial paper

Commercial paper is issued by the Group, mainly in the United States, generally in denominations of not less than US$100,000, with maturities of up to 270 days.

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Year-end balance		20,138		19,300		27,692
Average balancea		19,986		21,835		24,668
Maximum balancea		25,976		28,756		27,792
Average interest rate during year		2.3%		2.5%		4.4%
Year-end interest rate		2.4%		2.5%		4.2%

Negotiable certificates of deposit

Negotiable certificates of deposits are issued mainly in the United Kingdom and United States, generally in denominations of not less than US$100,000.

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Year-end balance		60,184		44,681		61,332
Average balancea		55,242		54,960		55,122
Maximum balancea		60,803		64,054		67,715
Average interest rate during year		2.5%		2.3%		4.4%
Year-end interest rate		2.3%		2.2%		4.1%

Repurchase Agreements

Repurchase agreements are entered into with both customers and banks and generally have maturities of not more than three months.

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Year-end balance		225,534		198,781		182,285
Average balanceab		298,054		275,801		274,376
Maximum balanceab		373,627		389,962		396,130
Average interest rate during year		0.4%		0.6%		2.9%
Year-end interest rate		0.3%		0.4%		0.7%

Notes

a Calculated based on month-end balances.

b For 2008, calculations were based on quarter-end balances.

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Commitments and contractual obligations

Commercial commitments include guarantees, contingent liabilities and standby facilities.

Commercial commitments	Amount of commitment expiration per period
	Less than one year £m		Between one to three years £m		Between three to five years £m		After five years £m		Total amounts committed £m
As at 31st December 2010
Securities lending arrangementsa		27,672		–		–		–		27,672
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		5,853		3,266		1,508		3,156		13,783
Performance guarantees, acceptances and endorsements		6,561		1,182		278		1,154		9,175
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		1,075		118		1		–		1,194
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		142,026		43,545		19,300		18,092		222,963
As at 31st December 2009
Securities Lending Arrangements		27,406		–		–		–		27,406
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		6,770		4,103		1,286		3,247		15,406
Performance guarantees, acceptances and endorsements		8,009		856		381		716		9,962
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		722		38		2		–		762
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		145,962		44,004		9,794		6,753		206,513

Contractual obligations include debt securities, operating lease and purchase obligations.

Contractual obligations	Payments due by period
	Less than one year £m		Between one to three years £m		Between three to five  years £m		After five years £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
Long-term debt		102,959		25,224		13,507		34,338		176,028
Operating lease obligations		635		728		751		3,146		5,260
Purchase obligations		644		747		159		70		1,620
Total		104,245		26,713		14,164		37,786		182,908
As at 31st December 2009
Long-term debt		80,824		31,138		12,982		28,626		153,570
Operating lease obligations		468		808		675		2,936		4,887
Purchase obligations		1,109		940		541		1,243		3,833
Total		82,401		32,886		14,198		32,805		162,290

The long-term debt does not include undated loan capital of £9,094m (2009: £8,148m). Further information on the contractual maturity of the Group’s assets and liabilities is given in the Liquidity Risk section.

Note

a Securities lending arrangements are fully collateralised, and are not expected to result in an outflow of funds from the Group; see Note 17 on page 216 for further details.

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Securities

Securities at fair value	2010				2009				2008
As at 31st December	Book value £m		Amortised cost £m		Book value £m		Amortised cost £m		Book value £m		Amortised cost £m
Investment securities – available for sale
United Kingdom government		12,056		12,130		77		74		1,238		1,240
Other government		12,635		12,959		10,958		8,389		11,456		11,338
Other public bodies and US Agencies		1,545		1,568		3,456		3,505		14,660		14,834
Mortgage and asset backed securities		2,148		2,390		2,498		2,958		3,510		4,126
Bank and building society certificates of deposit		576		599		7,697		7,343		10,478		10,535
Corporate and other issuers		21,184		21,139		19,202		18,986		17,489		17,908
Debt securities		50,144		50,785		43,888		41,255		58,831		59,981
Equity securities		5,481		6,014		6,676		6,247		2,142		1,814
Investment securities – available for sale		55,625		56,799		50,564		47,502		60,973		61,795
Other securities – held for trading
United Kingdom government		9,943		n/a		6,815		n/a		6,955		n/a
Other government		60,673		n/a		54,161		n/a		50,727		n/a
Other public bodies and US Agencies		28,181		n/a		20,517		n/a		21,909		n/a
Mortgage and asset backed securities		11,611		n/a		12,942		n/a		30,748		n/a
Bank and building society certificates of deposit		757		n/a		995		n/a		7,518		n/a
Corporate and other issuers		25,156		n/a		21,164		n/a		30,829		n/a
Debt securities		136,321		n/a		116,594		n/a		148,686		n/a
Equity securities		25,613		n/a		19,602		n/a		30,535		n/a
Other securities – held for trading		161,934		n/a		136,196		n/a		179,221		n/a

Investment debt securities include government securities held as part of the Group’s treasury management portfolio for asset and liability, liquidity and regulatory purposes and are for use on a continuing basis in the activities of the Group. In addition, the Group holds as investments listed and unlisted corporate securities. Bank and building society certificates of deposit are freely negotiable and have original maturities of up to five years, but are typically held for shorter periods.

Maturities and yield of available for sale debt securities
	Maturing with one year				Maturing after one but within five years				Maturing after five but within ten years				Maturing after ten years				Total
As  at 31st December	Amount £m		Yield %		Amount £m		Yield %		Amount £m		Yield %		Amount £m		Yield %		Amount £m		Yield %
Government		2,055		5.9		5,820		2.8		11,318		2.4		5,498		2.1		24,691		2.7
Other public bodies and US Agencies		6		5.2		72		8.0		91		7.5		1,376		8.5		1,545		8.4
Other issuers		3,696		1.7		16,830		13.1		1,721		8.7		1,661		3.3		23,908		10.3
Total book value		5,757		3.2		22,722		10.4		13,130		3.3		8,535		3.4		50,144		6.5

The yield for each range of maturities is calculated by dividing the annualised interest income prevailing at 31st December 2010 by the fair value of securities held at that date.

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Average balance sheet

Average balances are based upon daily averages for most UK banking operations and monthly averages elsewhere

Average assets and interest income	2010								2009								2008
Year ended 31st December	Average balance £m			Interest £m			Average rate %		Average balance £m			Interest £m			Average rate %		Average balance £m			Interest £m			Average rate %
Assets
Loans and advances to banksa:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		51,735			439			0.8		41,912			483			1.2		38,913			1,453			3.7
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		76,477			337			0.4		35,073			271			0.8		14,379			419			2.9
Loans and advances to customersa:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		261,936			8,346			3.2		269,003			9,579			3.6		253,908			13,995			5.5
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		142,410			9,048			6.4		143,342			9,601			6.7		122,827			9,960			8.1
Financial investments:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		101,556			3,193			3.1		143,123			4,787			3.3		143,470			6,602			4.6
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		127,990			4,723			3.7		117,379			3,713			3.2		138,737			6,274			4.5
Reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities borrowedc:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		215,982			1,169			0.5		163,139			1,770			1.1		207,521			8,768			4.2
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		148,791			526			0.4		145,606			665			0.5		128,250			4,450			3.5
Financial Assets Designated at Fair Value:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		21,822			750			3.4		18,881			822			4.4		20,299			1,325			6.5
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		8,283			129			1.6		13,552			315			2.3		8,690			426			4.9
Total average interest earning assets		1,156,982			28,660			2.5		1,091,010			32,006			2.9		1,076,994			53,672			5.0
Impairment allowances/provisions		(10,143	)							(8,705	)							(5,749	)
Non-interest earning assets		596,162								782,378								682,867
Total average assets and interest income		1,743,001			28,660			1.6		1,864,683			32,006			1.7		1,754,112			53,672			3.1
Percentage of total average interest earning assets in offices outside the United Kingdom		43.6	%							41.7	%							38.3	%
Total average interest earning assets related to:
Interest incomeb					28,660			2.5					32,006			2.9					53,672			5.0
Interest expenseb					(20,511	)		1.8					(20,713	)		1.9					(39,820	)		3.8
					8,149			0.7					11,293			1.0					13,852			1.2

Notes

a Loans and advances to banks and customers include all doubtful lendings, including non accrual lendings. Interest receivable on such lendings has been included to the extent to which either cash payments have been received or interest has been accrued in accordance with the income recognition policy of the Group.

b In addition to interest income and interest expense shown on the income statement, interest income and interest expense above includes interest related to principal transactions and available for sale assets and liabilities.

c Average balances for reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities borrowed have been stated on a gross basis prior to any offsetting to provide a more meaningful comparison to the related interest income and expense. The Group balance sheet on page 188 offsets financial assets and liabilities where a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise an asset and liability simultaneously.

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Average liabilities and interest expense	2010						2009						2008
Year ended 31st December	Average balance £m		Interest £m		Average rate %		Average balance £m		Interest £m		Average rate %		Average balance £m		Interest £m		Average rate %
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Deposits by banks:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		58,666		461		0.8		66,394		805		1.2		70,272		2,780		4.0
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		19,870		296		1.5		31,091		295		0.9		32,172		956		3.0
Customer accounts:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		198,149		1,602		0.8		177,499		2,549		1.4		188,252		6,938		3.7
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		72,660		2,698		3.7		81,544		3,918		4.8		73,290		4,429		6.0
Debt securities in issue:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		86,209		2,594		3.0		75,950		2,186		2.9		41,014		1,920		4.7
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		68,581		1,889		2.8		81,077		2,278		2.8		80,768		3,734		4.6
Dated and undated loan capital and other subordinated liabilities principally:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		26,794		2,180		8.1		26,379		1,889		7.2		22,912		1,435		6.3
Repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities lenta:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		181,043		1,104		0.6		169,824		1,300		0.8		203,967		8,445		4.1
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		226,105		714		0.3		215,714		849		0.4		177,883		2,800		1.6
Trading portfolio liabilities:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		51,073		2,225		4.4		55,704		2,193		3.9		56,675		2,657		4.7
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		48,046		1,853		3.9		36,812		999		2.7		62,239		2,087		3.4
Financial liabilities designated at fair value
– in offices in the United Kingdom		64,153		2,696		4.2		32,573		1,223		3.8		32,311		1,062		3.3
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		19,189		199		1.0		18,484		229		1.2		14,237		577		4.1
Total average interest bearing liabilities		1,120,538		20,511		1.8		1,069,045		20,713		1.9		1,055,992		39,820		3.8
Interest free customer deposits:
– in offices in the United Kingdom		47,263						43,897						40,439
– in offices outside the United Kingdom		6,563						4,816						3,089
Other non-interest bearing liabilities		499,986						696,478						617,910
Minority and other interests and shareholders’ equity		68,651						50,447						36,682
Total average liabilities, shareholders’ equity and interest expense		1,743,001		20,511		1.2		1,864,683		20,713		1.1		1,754,112		39,820		2.3
Percentage of total average interest bearing non-capital liabilities in offices outside the United Kingdom		40.6%						43.5%						41.7%

Notes

a Average balances for repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities borrowed have been stated on a gross basis prior to any offsetting to provide a more meaningful comparison to the related interest income and expense. The Group balance sheet on page 188 offsets financial assets and liabilities where a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or to realise an asset and liability simultaneously.

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Changes in net interest income – volume and rate analysis

The following tables allocate changes in net interest income between changes in volume and changes in interest rates for the last two years. Volume and rate variances have been calculated on the movement in the average balances and the change in the interest rates on average interest earning assets and average interest bearing liabilities. Where variances have arisen from changes in both volumes and interest rates, these have been allocated proportionately between the two.

	2010/2009 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:									2009/2008 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:									2008/2007 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:
	Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m			Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m			Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m
Interest receivable
Loans and advances to banks:
– in offices in the UK		(44	)		99			(143	)		(970	)		104			(1,074	)		379			354			25
– in offices outside the UK		66			219			(153	)		(148	)		310			(458	)		(360	)		117			(477	)
		22			318			(296	)		(1,118	)		414			(1,532	)		19			471			(452	)
Loans and advances to customers:
– in offices in the UK		(1,233	)		(246	)		(987	)		(4,416	)		790			(5,206	)		685			2,526			(1,841	)
– in offices outside the UK		(553	)		(62	)		(491	)		(359	)		1,522			(1,881	)		2,536			2,326			210
		(1,786	)		(308	)		(1,478	)		(4,775	)		2,312			(7,087	)		3,221			4,852			(1,631	)
Financial investments:
– in offices in the UK		(1,594	)		(1,321	)		(273	)		(1,815	)		(16	)		(1,799	)		(1,363	)		(721	)		(642	)
– in offices outside the UK		1,010			356			654			(2,561	)		(868	)		(1,693	)		2,333			3,102			(769	)
		(584	)		(965	)		381			(4,376	)		(884	)		(3,492	)		970			2,381			(1,411	)
Reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities borrowed:
– in offices in the UK		(601	)		460			(1,061	)		(6,998	)		(1,564	)		(5,434	)		(876	)		(188	)		(688	)
– in offices outside the UK		(139	)		15			(154	)		(3,785	)		532			(4,317	)		(1,004	)		855			(1,859	)
		(740	)		475			(1,215	)		(10,783	)		(1,032	)		(9,751	)		(1,880	)		667			2,547
Financial assets designated at fair value:
– in offices in the UK		(72	)		117			(189	)		(503	)		(87	)		(416	)		476			53			423
– in offices outside the UK		(186	)		(100	)		(86	)		(111	)		174			(285	)		(287	)		(146	)		(141	)
		(258	)		17			(275	)		(614	)		87			(701	)		189			(93	)		282
Total interest receivable:
– in offices in the UK		(3,544	)		(891	)		(2,653	)		(14,702	)		(773	)		(13,929	)		(699	)		2,024			(2,723	)
– in offices outside the UK		198			428			(230	)		(6,964	)		1,670			(8,634	)		3,218			6,254			(3,036	)
		(3,346	)		(463	)		(2,883	)		(21,666	)		897			(22,563	)		2,519			8,278			(5,759	)

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Changes in net interest income – volume and rate analysis

	2010/2009 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:									2009/2008 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:									2008/2007 Change due to increase/(decrease) in:
	Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m			Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m			Total change £m			Volume £m			Rate £m
Interest payable
Deposits by banks:
– in offices in the UK		(344	)		(86	)		(258	)		(1,975	)		(146	)		(1,829	)		269			252			17
– in offices outside the UK		1			(129	)		130			(661	)		(31	)		(630	)		(269	)		181			(450	)
		(343	)		(215	)		(128	)		(2,636	)		(177	)		(2,459	)		-			433			(433	)
Customer accounts
– in offices in the UK		(947	)		270			(1,217	)		(4,389	)		(375	)		(4,014	)		(51	)		839			(890	)
– in offices outside the UK		(1,220	)		(396	)		(824	)		(511	)		463			(974	)		1,512			1,040			472
		(2,167	)		(126	)		(2,041	)		(4,900	)		88			(4,988	)		1,461			1,879			(418	)
Debt securities in issue:
– in offices in the UK		408			305			103			266			1,202			(936	)		(133	)		(26	)		(107	)
– in offices outside the UK		(389	)		(345	)		(44	)		(1,456	)		14			(1,470	)		(1,321	)		(673	)		(648	)
		19			(40	)		59			(1,190	)		1,216			(2,406	)		(1,454	)		(699	)		(755	)
Dated and undated loan capital and other subordinated liabilities principally in offices in the UK		291			30			261			454			233			221			672			620			52
Repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities lent:
– in offices in the UK		(196	)		82			(278	)		(7,145	)		(1,217	)		(5,928	)		829			1,471			(642	)
– in offices outside the UK		(135	)		39			(174	)		(1,951	)		497			(2,448	)		(2,251	)		1,840			(4,091	)
		(331	)		121			(452	)		(9,096	)		(720	)		(8,376	)		(1,422	)		3,311			(4,733	)
Trading portfolio liabilities:
– in offices in the UK		32			(191	)		223			(464	)		(45	)		(419	)		380			408			(28	)
– in offices outside the UK		854			359			495			(1,088	)		(742	)		(346	)		652			1,189			(537	)
		886			168			718			(1,552	)		(787	)		(765	)		1,032			1,597			(565	)
Financial liabilities designated at fair value:
– in offices in the UK		1,473			1,312			161			161			8			153			(6	)		700			(706	)
– in offices outside the UK		(30	)		9			(39	)		(348	)		137			(485	)		336			168			168
		1,443			1,321			122			(187	)		145			(332	)		330			868			(538	)
Total interest payable:
– in offices in the UK		717			1,722			(1,005	)		(13,092	)		(340	)		(12,752	)		1,960			4,264			(2,304	)
– in offices outside the UK		(919	)		(463	)		(456	)		(6,015	)		338			(6,353	)		(1,341	)		3,745			(5,086	)
		(202	)		1,259			(1,461	)		(19,107	)		(2	)		(19,105	)		619			8,009			(7,390	)
Movement in net interest income
Increase/(decrease) in interest receivable		(3,346	)		(463	)		(2,883	)		(21,666	)		897			(22,563	)		2,519			8,278			(5,759	)
(Increase)/decrease in interest payable		(202	)		1,259			(1,461	)		19,107			2			19,105			(619	)		(8,009	)		7,390
		(3,548	)		796			(4,344	)		(2,559	)		899			(3,458	)		1,900			269			1,631

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Credit risk additional disclosure

This section of the report contains supplementary information that is more detailed or contains longer histories than the data presented in the credit risk management section. For commentary on this information, please refer to the preceding text (pages 58 to 93).

A Impairment

Movements in allowance for impairment by geography	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m			2007 £m			2006 £m
Allowance for impairment as at 1st January		10,796			6,574			3,772			3,335			3,450
Acquisitions and disposals		78			434			307			(73	)		(23	)
Unwind of discount		(213	)		(185	)		(135	)		(113	)		(98	)
Exchange and other adjustments		331			(127	)		791			53			(153	)
Amounts written off:
United Kingdom		(1,879	)		(1,569	)		(1,514	)		(1,530	)		(1,746	)
Other European Union		(479	)		(453	)		(162	)		(143	)		(74	)
United States		(625	)		(669	)		(1,044	)		(145	)		(46	)
Africa		(512	)		(438	)		(187	)		(145	)		(264	)
Rest of World		(815	)		(251	)		(12	)		-			(44	)
Recoveries:
United Kingdom		116			48			131			154			178
Other European Union		15			12			4			32			18
United States		1			6			1			7			22
Africa		54			80			36			34			33
Rest of World		15			4			2			-			8
New and increased impairment allowance:
United Kingdom		2,761			3,123			2,160			1,960			2,253
Other European Union		1,407			1,625			659			192			182
United States		1,292			1,535			1,529			431			60
Africa		719			932			526			268			209
Rest of World		760			896			242			20			18
Reversals of impairment allowance:
United Kingdom		(336	)		(331	)		(212	)		(213	)		(195	)
Other European Union		(248	)		(205	)		(68	)		(37	)		(72	)
United States		(384	)		(4	)		(9	)		(50	)		(26	)
Africa		(52	)		(38	)		(36	)		(20	)		(33	)
Rest of World		(169	)		(53	)		(33	)		(18	)		(63	)
Recoveries:
United Kingdom		(116	)		(48	)		(131	)		(154	)		(178	)
Other European Union		(15	)		(12	)		(4	)		(32	)		(18	)
United States		(1	)		(6	)		(1	)		(7	)		(22	)
Africa		(54	)		(80	)		(36	)		(34	)		(33	)
Rest of the World		(15	)		(4	)		(2	)		-			(8	)
Allowance for impairment as at 31st December		12,432			10,796			6,574			3,772			3,335
Average loans and advances for the year		532,558			447,569			453,413			357,853			313,614

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Analysis of impairment charges (audited) As at 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Impairment charges:
United Kingdom		2,309			2,744		1,817		1,593		1,880
Other European Union		1,144			1,408		587		123		92
United States		907			1,525		1,519		374		12
Africa		613			814		454		214		143
Rest of the World		576			839		207		2		(53	)
Impairment on loans and advances		5,549			7,330		4,584		2,306		2,074
Impairment on available for sale assets		51			670		382		13		86
Impairment on reverse repurchase agreements		(4	)		43		124		-		-
Impairment charges		5,596			8,043		5,090		2,319		2,160
Other credit provisions charge/(release)		76			28		329		476		(6	)
Impairment charges		5,672			8,071		5,419		2,795		2,154

The category ‘Other Personal’ includes credit cards, unsecured loans, personal loans, second liens and personal overdrafts.

The industry classifications in Tables (iii), (iv) and (v) have been prepared at the level of the borrowing entity. This means that a loan to a subsidiary of a major corporation is classified by the industry in which the subsidiary operates, even though the Parent’s predominant business may be in a different industry.

Total impairment charge by industry (audited) As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
United Kingdom:
Financial institutions		22		485		76		32		64
Manufacturing		38		112		118		72		1
Construction		77		54		15		14		17
Property		123		113		80		36		15
Energy and water		-		-		1		1		(7	)
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		170		314		59		118		88
Business and other services		238		175		234		81		133
Home loans		37		33		28		1		4
Cards, unsecured and other personal lending		1,578		1,376		1,178		1,187		1,526
Other		26		82		28		51		39
		2,309		2,744		1,817		1,593		1,880
Overseas		3,240		4,586		2,767		713		194
Impairment charges		5,549		7,330		4,584		2,306		2,074

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Allowance for impairment by industry (audited)
	2010				2009				2008				2007				2006
As at 31st December	£m		%		£m		%		£m		%		£m		%		£m		%
United Kingdom:
Financial institutions		447		3.6		493		4.6		81		1.2		103		2.7		67		2.0
Manufacturing		84		0.6		142		1.3		185		2.8		65		1.7		85		2.5
Construction		76		0.6		41		0.4		18		0.3		16		0.4		16		0.5
Property		131		1.0		90		0.8		114		1.7		54		1.4		26		0.8
Energy and water		-		-		-		-		1		-		1		-		-		-
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		256		2.1		182		1.7		43		0.7		102		2.7		81		2.4
Business and other services		259		2.1		218		2.0		236		3.6		158		4.2		186		5.6
Home loans		85		0.7		63		0.6		46		0.7		15		0.4		10		0.3
Cards, unsecured and other personal lending		3,020		24.3		2,688		24.9		2,160		32.9		1,915		50.8		1,953		58.6
Other		71		0.6		92		0.8		63		0.9		97		2.7		53		1.6
		4,429		35.6		4,009		37.1		2,947		44.8		2,526		67.0		2,477		74.3
Overseas		8,003		64.4		6,787		62.9		3,627		55.2		1,246		33.0		858		25.7
Total		12,432		100.0		10,796		100.0		6,574		100.0		3,772		100.0		3,335		100.0

Amounts written off and recovered by industry (audited)
	Amounts written off										Recoveries of amounts previously written off
As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		IFRS 2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m		2010 £m		2009 £m		IFRS 2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
United Kingdom:
Financial institutions		68		72		88		6		13		2		3		4		1		-
Manufacturing		102		162		53		83		73		6		4		8		7		21
Construction		42		34		19		23		17		1		3		2		3		2
Property		86		141		27		16		23		4		3		2		10		6
Energy and water		-		2		1		-		1		-		4		-		-		2
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		103		182		137		109		120		6		8		7		12		14
Business and other services		198		197		153		83		124		7		5		10		22		17
Home loans		20		16		4		1		-		1		-		1		1		7
Cards, unsecured and other personal lending		1,201		705		960		1,164		1,351		75		13		88		96		107
Other		59		58		72		45		24		14		5		9		2		2
		1,879		1,569		1,514		1,530		1,746		116		48		131		154		178
Overseas		2,431		1,811		1,405		433		428		85		102		43		73		81
Total		4,310		3,380		2,919		1,963		2,174		201		150		174		227		259

Impairment ratios (audited)	2010 %		2009 %		2008 %		2007 %		2006 %
Impairment charges as a percentage of average loans and advances		1.04		1.64		1.01		0.64		0.66
Amounts written off (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loans and advances		0.77		0.72		0.61		0.49		0.61
Allowance for impairment balance as a percentage of loans and advances as at 31st December		2.60		2.29		1.27		0.97		1.05

B. Potential Credit Risk Loans

Credit risk loans summary As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Impaired loans		26,630		16,401		12,264		8,574		4,444
Accruing loans which are contractually overdue 90 days or more as to principal or interest		4,388		5,310		2,953		794		598
Impaired and restructured loans		864		831		483		273		46
Credit risk loans		31,882		22,542		15,700		9,641		5,088

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Credit risk loans As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Impaired loans:
United Kingdom		5,744		4,680		3,793		3,605		3,340
Other European Union		5,185		4,004		1,713		472		410
United States		11,915		4,612		4,397		3,703		129
Africa		2,899		2,170		1,996		757		535
Rest of the World		887		935		365		37		30
Total		26,630		16,401		12,264		8,574		4,444
Accruing loans which are contractually overdue 90 days or more as to principal or interest:
United Kingdom		1,380		2,305		1,656		676		516
Other European Union		786		951		562		79		58
United States		164		232		433		10		3
Africa		1,992		1,739		172		29		21
Rest of the World		66		83		130		-		-
Total		4,388		5,310		2,953		794		598
Impaired and restructured loans:
United Kingdom		662		582		367		179		-
Other European Union		33		41		29		14		10
United States		141		180		82		38		22
Africa		18		22		-		42		14
Rest of the World		10		6		5		-		-
Total		864		831		483		273		46
Total credit risk loans:
United Kingdom		7,786		7,567		5,816		4,460		3,856
Other European Union		6,004		4,996		2,304		565		478
United States		12,220		5,024		4,912		3,751		154
Africa		4,909		3,931		2,168		828		570
Rest of the World		963		1,024		500		37		30
Credit risk loans		31,882		22,542		15,700		9,641		5,088

178         

Additional financial information

Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

Potential problem loans As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
United Kingdom		892		1,013		883		419		465
Other European Union		663		790		963		59		32
United States		219		553		431		964		21
Africa		316		488		140		355		240
Rest of the World		605		679		39		-		3
Potential problem loans		2,695		3,523		2,456		1,797		761
Interest foregone on credit risk loans					2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Interest income that would have been recognised under the original contractual terms
United Kingdom						316		392		244
Rest of the World						748		736		235
Total						1,064		1,128		479

Total Impairment Allowance coverage of credit risk loans	2010 %		2009 %		2008 %		2007 %		2006 %
United Kingdom		56.9		53.0		50.7		56.6		64.2
Other European Union		46.0		40.3		41.8		60.9		65.1
United States		24.2		51.3		31.8		9.5		64.9
Africa		33.2		34.4		39.5		62.1		73.2
Rest of World		67.9		82.3		49.2		86.5		100.0
Total coverage of credit risk loans		39.0		47.9		41.9		39.1		65.6
Total Impairment Allowance coverage of potential credit risk loans	2010 %		2009 %		2008 %		2007 %		2006 %
United Kingdom		51.0		46.7		44.0		51.8		57.3
Other European Union		41.4		34.8		29.5		55.1		61.0
United States		23.8		46.2		29.2		7.6		57.1
Africa		31.2		30.6		37.1		43.4		51.5
Rest of World		41.7		49.5		45.5		86.5		91.0
Total coverage of potential credit risk lending		36.0		41.4		36.2		33.0		57.0

179

Additional financial information

Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

C. Maturity Analysis of Loans and Advances
Maturity analysis of loans and advances to customers
	On demand £m		Not more than three months £m		Over three months but not more than six months £m		Over six months but not more than one year £m		Over one year but no more than three years £m		Over three years but not more than five years £m		Over five years but not more than ten years £m		Over ten years £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
United Kingdom
Corporate lending		26,480		12,435		1,308		2,585		13,925		7,866		6,382		9,485		80,466
Other lending to customers in the United Kingdom		6,441		2,217		1,993		3,180		12,787		18,986		25,304		63,034		133,942
Total United Kingdom		32,921		14,652		3,301		5,765		26,712		26,852		31,686		72,519		214,408
Other European Union		6,100		15,103		2,281		3,199		9,596		7,676		9,434		32,639		86,028
United States		4,559		20,620		1,646		2,253		4,072		2,419		13,851		6,835		56,255
Africa		7,356		1,982		1,779		3,856		8,001		4,320		7,470		19,805		54,569
Rest of the World		1,955		8,707		1,634		1,285		5,733		4,220		4,109		1,423		29,066
Loans and advances to customers		52,891		61,064		10,641		16,358		54,114		45,487		66,550		133,221		440,326
As at 31st December 2009
United Kingdom
Corporate lending		21,369		14,941		1,568		2,856		13,057		10,071		9,759		14,626		88,247
Other lending to customers in the United Kingdom		5,862		3,802		2,092		3,809		15,201		10,404		23,302		54,860		119,332
Total United Kingdom		27,231		18,743		3,660		6,665		28,258		20,475		33,061		69,486		207,579
Other European Union		4,094		16,113		1,976		3,278		11,088		9,247		10,137		30,425		86,358
United States		4,887		25,296		2,265		3,637		4,876		1,251		11,485		7,233		60,930
Africa		11,248		2,457		1,052		1,322		4,307		3,091		6,162		19,210		48,849
Rest of the World		1,967		6,616		1,189		3,758		4,367		4,485		3,154		1,707		27,243
Loans and advances to customers		49,427		69,225		10,142		18,660		52,896		38,549		63,999		128,061		430,959

180         

Additional financial information

Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

Maturity analysis of loans and advances to banks
	On demand £m		Not more than three months £m		Over three months but not more than six months £m		Over six months but not more than one year £m		Over one year but not more than three years £m		Over three years but not more than five years £m		Over five years but not more than ten years £m		Over ten years £m		Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
United Kingdom		428		3,637		108		460		250		-		-		366		5,249
Other European Union		2,013		8,111		157		22		72		1		-		-		10,376
United States		527		10,098		996		226		619		-		93		-		12,559
Africa		734		243		88		13		318		5		-		74		1,475
Rest of the World		2,007		4,390		527		226		1,001		-		18		19		8,188
Loans and advances to banks		5,709		26,479		1,876		947		2,260		6		111		459		37,847
As at 31st December 2009
United Kingdom		403		3,234		64		625		405		-		-		398		5,129
Other European Union		1,262		10,803		44		394		184		8		2		-		12,697
United States		1,257		10,926		77		619		157		-		38		63		13,137
Africa		565		465		221		98		974		6		41		18		2,388
Rest of the World		1,275		5,111		88		98		708		530		17		18		7,845
Loans and advances to banks		4,762		30,539		494		1,834		2,428		544		98		497		41,196

	181
Additional financial information Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

D. Industrial and Geographical Concentrations of Loans and Advances

Loans and advances to customers by industry   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Financial institutions		90,409		95,839		114,069		71,160		45,954
Manufacturing		15,096		18,855		26,374		16,974		15,451
Construction		6,173		6,303		8,239		5,423		4,056
Property		23,720		23,468		22,155		17,018		16,528
Government		5,109		4,801		5,301		2,036		2,426
Energy and water		9,240		10,735		14,101		8,632		6,810
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		17,886		19,746		20,208		18,216		15,490
Business and other services		27,138		30,277		37,373		30,363		26,999
Home loans		168,909		149,738		140,166		106,751		92,477
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		51,724		44,971		48,305		46,423		37,535
Other		24,922		26,226		32,047		26,171		21,905
Loans and advances to customers		440,326		430,959		468,338		349,167		285,631
Loans and advances to customers in the UK   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Financial institutions		18,824		21,975		26,091		21,131		14,011
Manufacturing		6,675		8,549		11,340		9,388		9,047
Construction		3,683		3,544		4,278		3,542		2,761
Property		13,487		13,514		12,091		10,203		10,010
Government		91		496		20		201		6
Energy and water		2,181		2,447		3,040		2,203		2,360
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		11,697		12,792		14,421		13,800		12,951
Business and other services		15,444		16,577		19,589		20,485		19,260
Home loans		104,957		90,903		85,672		69,874		62,621
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		29,275		27,687		28,362		28,691		27,617
Other		8,094		9,095		11,114		10,829		9,874
Loans and advances to customers in the UK		214,408		207,579		216,018		190,347		170,518
Loans and advances to customers in other European Union countries   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Financial institutions		15,203		14,475		14,218		7,585		5,629
Manufacturing		4,354		5,754		8,700		4,175		3,147
Construction		1,439		1,610		1,786		1,159		639
Property		3,641		4,224		4,814		2,510		2,162
Government		1,011		575		1,089		-		6
Energy and water		3,095		3,882		5,313		2,425		2,050
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		2,523		2,428		2,653		1,719		776
Business and other services		4,742		4,878		5,490		3,801		2,343
Home loans		37,157		35,752		34,451		21,405		18,202
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		8,080		7,403		6,440		6,615		4,086
Other		4,783		5,377		7,109		5,139		4,390
Loans and advances to customers in other European Union countries		86,028		86,358		92,063		56,533		43,430

182         

Additional financial information

Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

Loans and advances to customers in the United States   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Financial institutions		42,752		46,132		56,006		29,342		17,516
Manufacturing		722		797		2,171		818		519
Construction		5		7		21		18		13
Property		502		428		549		568		1,714
Government		324		303		336		221		153
Energy and water		2,094		2,336		3,085		1,279		1,078
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		516		720		1,165		846		403
Business and other services		992		1,721		2,279		1,053		1,432
Home loans		28		19		28		10		349
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		7,554		7,410		7,691		3,256		2,022
Other		766		1,057		4,056		2,889		478
Loans and advances to customers in the United States		56,255		60,930		77,387		40,300		25,677
Loans and advances to customers in Africa   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Financial institutions		2,706		3,600		1,956		3,472		2,821
Manufacturing		1,215		1,419		1,082		1,351		1,747
Construction		791		903		2,053		637		591
Property		4,709		4,154		3,485		2,433		1,987
Government		1,922		1,449		1,741		967		785
Energy and water		136		158		118		356		156
Wholesale and retail distribution and leisure		1,726		1,789		1,012		1,326		1,050
Business and other services		2,924		4,319		4,699		1,285		2,631
Home loans		25,484		22,057		19,036		15,393		11,223
Cards, unsecured loans and other personal lending		4,235		964		3,069		6,287		2,976
Other		8,721		8,037		6,979		5,660		5,724
Loans and advances to customers in Africa		54,569		48,849		45,230		39,167		31,691
Loans and advances to customers in the Rest of the World   As at 31st December	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
Loans and advances		28,633		27,042		37,421		22,702		14,207
Finance lease receivables		433		201		219		118		108
Loans and advances to customers in the Rest of the World		29,066		27,243		37,640		22,820		14,315

Interest rate sensitivity of loans and advances			2010						2009
As at 31st December	Fixed rate £m		Variable rate £m		Total£m		Fixed rate £m		Variable rate £m		Total £m
Banks		17,270		20,577		37,847		15,898		25,298		41,196
Customers		101,606		338,720		440,326		94,470		336,489		430,959

183

Additional financial information

Additional financial disclosure (unaudited) continued

Foreign outstandings in currencies other than the local currency of the   borrower for countries where this exceeds 0.75% of total Group assets	As % of assets		Total £m		Banks and other financial institutions £m		Government and official institutions £m		Commercial industrial and other private sectors £m
As at 31st December 2010
United States		6.4		95,707		4,775		11,988		78,944
France		2.0		29,357		21,711		3,440		4,206
Germany		1.7		24,636		14,079		1,164		9,393
Cayman Islands		0.9		12,683		178		17		12,488
Switzerland		0.8		11,940		2,776		5,673		3,491
As at 31st December 2009
United States		1.2		16,907		4,622		-		12,285
As 31st December 2008
United States		3.1		63,614		16,724		2		46,888
Cayman Islands		1.2		23,765		271		-		23,494
Off-Balance Sheet and other Credit Exposures   As at 31st December					2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Off-balance sheet exposures
Contingent liabilities						50,630		52,774		66,310
Commitments						224,157		207,275		260,816
On-balance sheet exposures
Trading portfolio assets						168,867		151,344		185,637
Financial assets designated at fair value on own account						40,056		41,311		54,542
Derivative financial instruments						420,319		416,815		984,802
Available for sale financial investments						65,110		56,483		64,976
Notional principal amounts of credit derivatives   As at 31st December					2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Credit derivatives held or issued for trading purposesa						1,952,475		2,016,796		4,129,244

Additional Related Parties disclosures

For US disclosure purposes, the aggregate emoluments of all Directors and Officers of Barclays PLC who held office during the year (2010: 26 persons, 2009: 28 persons, 2008: 24 persons) for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £121.7m (2009: £29.8m, 2008: £26.8m). In addition, the aggregate amount set aside for the year ended 31st December 2010, to provide pension benefits for the Directors and Officers amounted to £1.0m (2009: £0.7m, 2008: £0.9m).

Note

a Includes credit derivatives held as economic hedges which are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes.

184         

Presentation of information

Barclays PLC is a public limited company registered in England under company number 48839. The Company, originally named Barclay & Company Limited, was incorporated in England and Wales on 20th July 1896 under the Companies Acts 1862 to 1890 as a company limited by shares. The Company name was changed to Barclays Bank Limited on 17th February 1917 and it was reregistered in 1982 as a public limited company under the Companies Acts 1948 to 1980. On 1st January 1985, the Company changed its name to Barclays PLC.

BBA Code for Financial Reporting Disclosure

In September 2010, the British Bankers’ Association published a Code for Financial Reporting Disclosure. The Code sets out five disclosure principles together with supporting guidance. The principles are that UK banks will:

– provide high quality, meaningful and decision-useful disclosures;

– review and enhance their financial instrument disclosures for key areas of interest;

– assess the applicability and relevance of good practice recommendations to their disclosures acknowledging the importance of such guidance;

– seek to enhance the comparability of financial statement disclosures across the UK banking sector; and

– clearly differentiate in their annual reports between information that is audited and information that is unaudited.

Barclays confirms that it has adopted the BBA Code for Financial Reporting Disclosure and has prepared the 2010 Annual Report and Accounts in compliance with the Code.

The Group aims to continually enhance its disclosures and their usefulness to the readers of the financial statements in the light of developing market practice and areas of focus.

In particular, in 2010 we have:

– concentrated our disclosures on financial risks in the Risk management section to present as far as possible, related information in one place and reduce duplication, distinguishing between audited and unaudited information;

– enhanced our disclosures of principal risks; and

– refocused our financial statement disclosures to concentrate on material items and to reduce disclosures of immaterial items.

185

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s report

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Barclays PLC

In our opinion, the accompanying Consolidated income statements and the related Consolidated balance sheets, Consolidated cash flow statements and, Consolidated statements of comprehensive income and Consolidated statements of changes in equity present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Barclays PLC (the ‘Company’) and its subsidiaries at 31st December 2010 and 31st December 2009 and the results of their operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended 31st December 2010, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also, in our opinion the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of 31st December 2010, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in ’Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting’ as it pertains to Barclays PLC in the Directors report. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorisations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorised acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

London, United Kingdom

10th March 2011

186         

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated income statement

For the year ended 31st December	Notes		2010 £m	2009 £m	2008  £m
Continuing operations
Interest income		2	20,035	21,236	28,010
Interest expense		2	(7,512)	(9,318)	(16,541)
Net interest income			12,523	11,918	11,469
Fee and commission income		3	10,368	9,946	7,573
Fee and commission expense		3	(1,497)	(1,528)	(1,082)
Net fee and commission income			8,871	8,418	6,491
Net trading income		4	8,078	7,001	1,339
Net investment income		5	1,477	56	680
Net premiums from insurance contracts			1,137	1,172	1,090
Gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments			–	1,249	24
Other income			118	140	343
Total income			32,204	29,954	21,436
Net claims and benefits incurred on insurance contracts			(764)	(831)	(237)
Total income net of insurance claims			31,440	29,123	21,199
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		6	(5,672)	(8,071)	(5,419)
Net operating income			25,768	21,052	15,780
Staff costs		7	(11,916)	(9,948)	(7,204)
Administration and general expenses		8	(6,585)	(5,560)	(5,193)
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		20	(790)	(759)	(606)
Amortisation of intangible assets		19	(437)	(447)	(276)
Impairment of goodwill		19	(243)	(1)	(112)
Operating expenses			(19,971)	(16,715)	(13,391)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures			58	34	14
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		33	81	188	327
Gain on acquisitions		35	129	26	2,406
Profit before tax from continuing operations			6,065	4,585	5,136
Tax		9	(1,516)	(1,074)	(453)
Profit after tax from continuing operations			4,549	3,511	4,683
Profit for the year from discontinued operations, including gain on disposal		34	–	6,777	604
Profit after tax			4,549	10,288	5,287
Profit attributable to equity holders of the Parent from:
Continuing operations			3,564	2,628	3,795
Discontinued operations			–	6,765	587
Total			3,564	9,393	4,382
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests		31	985	895	905
Earnings per share			p	p	p
Basic earnings per share		10	30.4	86.2	59.3
Basic earnings per share – continuing operations		10	30.4	24.1	51.4
Basic earnings per share – discontinued operations		10	–	62.1	7.9
Diluted earnings per share		10	28.5	81.6	57.5
Diluted earnings per share – continuing operations		10	28.5	22.7	49.8
Diluted earnings per share – discontinued operations		10	–	58.9	7.7
Interim dividend per ordinary share			3.0	1.0	11.5
Final dividend per ordinary share		11	2.5	1.5	–
			£m	£m	£m
Interim dividend paid		11	355	113	906
Final dividend		11	298	176	–

The Board of Directors approved the accounts set out on pages 186 to 269 on 10th March 2011.

187

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

For the year ended 31st December	2010  £m		2009  £m		2008  £m
Profit after tax		4,549		10,288		5,287
Other comprehensive income from continuing operations:
Currency translation reserve
– Currency translation differences		1,184		(861)		2,274
– Tax		–		(2)		840
Available for sale reserve
– Net (losses)/gains from changes in fair value		(133)		1,176		(1,731)
– Net gains transferred to net profit on disposala		(1,020)		(422)		(210)
– Net losses transferred to net profit due to impairment		53		672		382
– Changes in insurance liabilities		31		(67)		–
– Net gains transferred to net profit due to fair value hedging		(308)		(123)		(2)
– Tax		141		(177)		207
Cash flow hedging reserve
– Net gains from changes in fair value		601		285		305
– Net gains transferred to net profit		(684)		(120)		71
– Tax		39		(65)		(194)
Other		59		218		(7)
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax, from continuing operations		(37)		514		1,935
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax, from discontinued operations		–		(58)		114
Total comprehensive income for the year		4,512		10,744		7,336
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Parent		2,975		9,556		6,213
Non-controlling interests		1,537		1,188		1,123
		4,512		10,744		7,336

Note

a   In 2009, available for sale net gains transferred to net profit includes £349m gain relating

to continuing operations and £66m gain relating to discontinued operations.

188         

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated balance sheet

As at 31st December		2010		2009
	Notes	£m		£m
Assets
Cash and balances at central banks			97,630		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks			1,384		1,593
Trading portfolio assets	12		168,867		151,344
Financial assets designated at fair value	13		41,485		42,568
Derivative financial instruments	14		420,319		416,815
Loans and advances to banks	15		37,799		41,135
Loans and advances to customers	15		427,942		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending	17		205,772		143,431
Available for sale financial investments	16		65,110		56,483
Current tax assets	9		196		349
Prepayments, accrued income and other assets			5,269		6,358
Investments in associates and joint ventures	18		518		422
Goodwill and intangible assets	19		8,697		8,795
Property, plant and equipment	20		6,140		5,626
Deferred tax assets	9		2,517		2,303
Total assets			1,489,645		1,378,929
Liabilities
Deposits from banks			77,975		76,446
Items in the course of collection due to other banks			1,321		1,466
Customer accounts			345,788		322,429
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing	17		225,534		198,781
Trading portfolio liabilities	12		72,693		51,252
Financial liabilities designated at fair value	21		97,729		87,881
Derivative financial instruments	14		405,516		403,416
Debt securities in issue			156,623		135,902
Accruals, deferred income and other liabilities	22		13,233		14,241
Current tax liabilities	9		646		992
Subordinated liabilities	23		28,499		25,816
Deferred tax liabilities	9		514		470
Provisions	24		947		590
Retirement benefit liabilities	28		365		769
Total liabilities			1,427,383		1,320,451
Shareholders’ equity
Shareholders’ equity excluding non-controlling interests			50,858		47,277
Non-controlling interests	31		11,404		11,201
Total shareholders’ equity			62,262		58,478
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			1,489,645		1,378,929

Marcus Agius

Group Chairman

Bob Diamond

Chief Executive

Chris Lucas

Group Finance Director

189

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

	Called up											Other
	share					Cash						reserves
	capital		Available			flow			Currency			and									Non-
	and share		for sale			hedging			translation			treasury			Retained						controlling			Total
	premiuma		reserveb			reserveb			reserveb			sharesb			earnings			Total			interests			equity
	£m		£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m			£m
Balance as at 1st January 2010		10,804		(110	)		252			1,615			871			33,845			47,277			11,201			58,478
Profit after tax		–		–			–			–			–			3,564			3,564			985			4,549
Other comprehensive income net of tax:
Currency translation movements		–		–			–			742			–			–			742			442			1,184
Available for sale investments		–		(1,245	)		–			–			–			–			(1,245	)		9			(1,236	)
Cash flow hedges		–		–			(100	)		–			–			–			(100	)		56			(44	)
Other		–		–			–			–			–			14			14			45			59
Total comprehensive income for the year		–		(1,245	)		(100	)		742			–			3,578			2,975			1,537			4,512
Issue of new ordinary shares		1,500		–			–			–			–			–			1,500			–			1,500
Issue of shares under employee share schemes		35		–			–			–			–			830			865			–			865
Net purchase of treasury shares		–		–			–			–			(989	)		–			(989	)		–			(989	)
Vesting of treasury shares		–		–			–			–			718			(718	)		–			–			–
Dividends paid		–		–			–			–			–			(531	)		(531	)		(803	)		(1,334	)
Redemption of Reserve Capital Instruments		–		–			–			–			–			–			–			(487	)		(487	)
Other reserve movements		–		–			–			–			–			(239	)		(239	)		(44	)		(283	)
Balance as at 31st December 2010		12,339		(1,355	)		152			2,357			600			36,765			50,858			11,404			62,262
Balance as at 1st January 2009		6,138		(1,190	)		132			2,840			4,490			24,208			36,618			10,793			47,411
Profit after tax		–		–			–			–			–			9,393			9,393			895			10,288
Other comprehensive income net of tax from continuing operations:
Currency translation movements		–		–			–			(1,140	)		–			–			(1,140	)		277			(863	)
Available for sale investments		–		1,071			–			–			–			–			1,071			(12	)		1,059
Cash flow hedges		–		–			119			–			–			–			119			(19	)		100
Other		–		–			–			–			–			171			171			47			218
Other comprehensive income net of tax from discontinued operations		–		10			–			(85	)		–			17			(58	)		–			(58	)
Total comprehensive income for the year		–		1,081			119			(1,225	)		–			9,581			9,556			1,188			10,744
Issue of new ordinary shares		749		–			–			–			–			–			749			–			749
Issue of shares under employee share schemes		35		–			–			–			–			298			333			–			333
Net purchase of treasury shares		–		–			–			–			(47	)		–			(47	)		–			(47	)
Vesting of treasury shares		–		–			–			–			80			(80	)		–			–			–
Dividends paid		–		–			–			–			–			(113	)		(113	)		(767	)		(880	)
Redemption of Reserve Capital Instruments		–		–			–			–			–			–			–			(82	)		(82	)
Conversion of Mandatory Convertible Notes		3,882		–			–			–			(3,652	)		(230	)		–			–			–
Other reserve movements		–		(1	)		1			–			–			181			181			69			250
Balance as at 31st December 2009		10,804		(110	)		252			1,615			871			33,845			47,277			11,201			58,478

Notes

a For further details refer to Note 29.

b For further details refer to Note 30.

190         

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated cash flow statement

For the year ended 31st December	2010			2009			2008
	£m			£m			£m
Continuing operations
Reconciliation of profit before tax to net cash flows from operating activities:
Profit before tax		6,065			4,585			5,136
Adjustment for non-cash items:
Allowance for impairment		5,672			8,071			5,419
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment of property, plant, equipment and intangibles		1,346			1,196			885
Other provisions, including pensions		914			428			804
Net profit on disposal of investments and property, plant and equipment		(1,057	)		(383	)		(371	)
Net profit from disposal of subsidiaries		(77	)		(191	)		(327	)
Net gains on acquisitions		(129	)		(26	)		(2,406	)
Other non-cash movementsa		(5,698	)		4,542			946
Changes in Operating assets and Liabilities
Net (increase)/decrease in loans and advances to banks and customers		(63,212	)		25,482			(58,431	)
Net increase/(decrease) in deposits and debt securities in issue		63,711			(49,203	)		77,743
Net (increase)/decrease in derivative financial instruments		(1,298	)		3,321			(17,529	)
Net (increase)/decrease in trading assets		(17,505	)		34,334			26,919
Net increase/(decrease) in trading liabilities		21,441			(8,222	)		(5,928	)
Net decrease in financial investments		11,126			20,459			5,229
Net decrease/(increase) in other assets		1,366			(465	)		(3,016	)
Net decrease in other liabilities		(2,521	)		(907	)		(477	)
Corporate income tax paid		(1,458	)		(1,177	)		(1,404	)
Net Cash from Operating activities		18,686			41,844			33,192
Purchase of available for sale investments		(76,418	)		(78,420	)		(57,756	)
Proceeds from sale or redemption of available for sale investments		71,251			88,559			51,429
Net addition of intangible assets		(217	)		(226	)		(666	)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(1,767	)		(1,150	)		(1,643	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment		556			372			799
Acquisitions of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired		886			(28	)		(961	)
Disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash disposed		81			339			238
Disposal of discontinued operation, net of cash disposed		–			2,469			–
Other cash flows associated with investing activities		1			(27	)		(102	)
Net Cash from investing activities		(5,627	)		11,888			(8,662	)
Dividends paid		(1,307	)		(633	)		(2,697	)
Proceeds of borrowings and issuance of debt securities		2,131			3,549			5,763
Repayments of borrowings and redemption of debt securities		(1,211	)		(4,383	)		(1,207	)
Net issue of shares and other equity instruments		1,535			773			9,505
Repurchase of shares and other equity instruments		–			–			(173	)
Net (purchase)/disposal of treasury shares		(989	)		33			87
Net issue of shares to non-controlling interests		–			–			1,356
Net Cash from financing activities		159			(661	)		12,634
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents		3,842			(2,864	)		(6,018	)
Net cash from discontinued operations		–			(376	)		286
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		17,060			49,831			31,432
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		114,340			64,509			33,077
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		131,400			114,340			64,509
Cash and cash equivalents comprise:
Cash and balances at central banks		97,630			81,483			30,019
Loans and advances to banks with original maturity less than three months		31,934			30,461			32,279
Available for sale treasury and other eligible bills with original maturity less than three months		1,667			2,244			2,100
Trading portfolio assets with original maturity less than three months		169			152			111
		131,400			114,340			64,509

Interest received in 2010 was £28,631m (2009: £32,437m, 2008: £41,017m) and interest paid in 2010 was £20,759m (2009: £20,889m, 2008: £38,975m).

The Group is required to maintain balances with central banks and other regulatory authorities and these amounted to £2,310m at 31st December 2010 (2009: £2,470m, 2008: £1,050m).

Note

a Other non-cash movements principally comprise movements in exchange rates less subordinated debt hedging.

191

Financial statements of Barclays PLC

Parent company accounts

Income statement For the year ended 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Dividends received from subsidiary		235			103			1,173
Interest income		5			53			7
Trading gain		–			–			18
Management charge from subsidiary		(5	)		(4	)		(4	)
Profit before tax		235			152			1,194
Tax		–			(27	)		(1	)
Profit after tax		235			125			1,193

The Company had no staff during the year (2009: nil, 2008: nil).

Profit after tax and total comprehensive income for the year was £235m (2009: £125m, 2008: £1,193m). There were no other components of total comprehensive income other than the profit after tax.

Balance sheet As at 31st December	Notes		2010 £m		2009 £m
Assets
Non-current assets
Investment in subsidiary		32		21,429		20,215
Current assets
Cash and balances at central banks				1		1
Other assets				13		26
Total assets				21,443		20,242
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Amounts payable within one year				–		28
Shareholders’ equity
Called up share capital		29		3,045		2,853
Share premium account		29		9,294		7,951
Capital redemption reserve				394		394
Retained earnings				8,710		9,016
Total shareholders’ equity				21,443		20,214
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity				21,443		20,242

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the accounts.

Marcus Agius

Group Chairman

Bob Diamond

Chief Executive

Chris Lucas

Group Finance Director

192        

Statement of changes in equity			Called up
			share capital		Capital
			and share		reserves and			Retained
			premiuma		other equity			earnings			Total equity
	Notes		£m		£m			£m			£m
Balance as at 1st January 2010				10,804		394			9,016			20,214
Total comprehensive income:
Profit after tax and total comprehensive income				–		–			235			235
Issue of new ordinary shares				1,500		–			–			1,500
Issue of shares under employee share schemes				35		–			–			35
Dividends		11		–		–			(543	)		(543	)
Other				–		–			2			2
Balance as at 31st December 2010				12,339		394			8,710			21,443
Balance as at 1st January 2009				6,138		4,046			9,006			19,190
Total comprehensive income:
Profit after tax and total comprehensive income				–		–			125			125
Issue of new ordinary shares				749		–			–			749
Issue of shares under employee share schemes				35		–			–			35
Mandatory Convertible Notes issued				3,882		(3,652	)		(230	)		–
Dividends		11		–		–			(113	)		(113	)
Other				–		–			228			228
Balance as at 31st December 2009				10,804		394			9,016			20,214
In 2010 and 2009 there were no other components of total comprehensive income other than the net profit for the year.
Cash flow statement For the year ended 31st December					2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Reconciliation of profit before tax to net cash flows from operating activities:
Profit before tax						235			152			1,194
Changes in operating assets and liabilities						15			3			(16	)
Corporate income tax paid						(28	)		–			–
Net cash from operating activities						222			155			1,178
Capital contribution to subsidiaries						(1,214	)		(800	)		(4,362	)
Purchase of shares in subsidiaries						–			(25	)		(16	)
Liquidation of subsidiary						–			–			205
Net cash used in investing activities						(1,214	)		(825	)		(4,173	)
Issue of shares and other equity instruments						1,535			784			4,911
Dividends paid						(543	)		(113	)		(2,414	)
Repurchase of ordinary shares						–			–			(173	)
Net cash from financing activities						992			671			2,324
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents						–			1			(671	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year						1			–			671
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year						1			1			–
Cash and cash equivalents comprise:
Cash and balances at central banks						1			1			–
Net cash from operating activities includes:
Dividends received						235			103			1,173
Interest received						5			53			7

The Parent Company’s principal activity is to hold the investment in its wholly-owned subsidiary, Barclays Bank PLC. Dividends received are treated as operating income.

The Company was not exposed at 31st December 2010 or 2009 to significant risks arising from the financial instruments it holds, which comprised cash, balances with central banks and other assets which had no credit or market risk.

During 2008 Barclays Bank PLC issued £4,050m of Mandatorily Convertible Notes (MCNs), which had mandatorily converted into ordinary shares of Barclays PLC by 30th June 2009. Barclays PLC’s right to receive the MCNs was included in other assets in 2008, with a corresponding increase, net of issue costs, in other equity. In 2009, Barclays PLC waived its rights over the MCNs, which were added to its cost of investment in its subsidiary.

Note

a Details of share capital and share premium are shown in Note 29.

193

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010

1 Significant accounting policies

1. Reporting entity

These financial statements are prepared for the Barclays PLC Group under Section 399 of the Companies Act 2006. The Group is a major global financial services provider engaged in retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management and investment management services. In addition, individual financial statements have been prepared for the holding company, Barclays PLC (the Company). Barclays PLC is a public limited company, incorporated and domiciled in England and Wales having a registered office in England and is the holding company of the Croup.

2. Compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards

The consolidated financial statements of the Barclays PLC Group, and the individual financial statements of Barclays PLC, have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and interpretations issued by the IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRIC), as published by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They are also in accordance with IFRS and IFRIC interpretations as adopted by the European Union. The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated and individual financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied. Changes in accounting policy are set out on page 204.

3. Basis of preparation

The consolidated and individual financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention modified to include the fair valuation of investment property, certain financial instruments and contracts to buy or sell non-financial items and trading inventories to the extent required or permitted under accounting standards and as set out in the relevant accounting policies. They are stated in millions of pounds Sterling (£m), the functional currency of Barclays PLC.

Critical accounting estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the use of estimates. It also requires management to exercise judgement in applying the accounting policies. Note 45 (Critical accounting estimates) sets out the key areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions are significant to the consolidated and individual financial statements.

4. Consolidation

Subsidiaries

The consolidated financial statements combine the financial statements of Barclays PLC and all its subsidiaries, including certain special purpose entities (SPEs) where appropriate, made up to 31st December. Entities qualify as subsidiaries where the Group has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities, generally accompanying a shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights.

The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered in assessing whether the Group controls another entity. Details of the principal subsidiaries are given in Note 32. SPEs are consolidated when the substance of the relationship between the Group and that entity indicates control. Potential indicators of control include, amongst others, an assessment of the Group's exposure to the risks and benefits of the SPE. This assessment of risks and benefits is based on arrangements in place and the assessed risk exposures at inception. The initial assessment is reconsidered at a later date if:

a) the Group acquires additional interests in the entity;

b) the contractual arrangements of the entity are amended such that the relative exposure to risks and benefits change; or

c) if the Group acquires control over the main operating and financial decisions of the entity.

Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group and cease to be consolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for the purchase of subsidiaries. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is measured at the fair value of the assets given, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed.

The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of the consideration paid in an acquisition over the Croup's share of the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. See accounting policy 14 for the accounting policy for goodwill. A gain on acquisition is recognised in profit or loss if there is an excess of the Croup's share of the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired over the consideration paid. Intra-group transactions and balances are eliminated on consolidation and consistent accounting policies are used throughout the Group for the purposes of the consolidation. Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries are accounted for as equity transactions if they occur after control has already been obtained and they do not result in loss of control.

As the consolidated financial statements include partnerships where the Group member is a partner, advantage has been taken of the exemption under Regulation 7 of the Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008 with regard to the preparation and filing of individual partnership financial statements.

In the individual financial statements, investments in subsidiaries are stated at cost less impairment, if any. Cost also includes directly attributable costs of the investment.

When the Group ceases to have control, any retained interests in the subsidiary is remeasured to its fair value, with the change in carrying amount recognised in profit or loss.

194        

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity in which the Group has significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial management policy decisions. This is generally demonstrated by the Group holding in excess of 20%, but no more than 50%, of the voting rights.

A joint venture exists where the Group has a contractual arrangement with one or more parties to undertake activities typically, though not necessarily, through entities which are subject to joint control.

Unless designated at fair value through profit and loss as set out in policy 7, the Group's investments in associates and joint ventures are initially recorded at cost and increased (or decreased) each year by the Group's share of the post-acquisition profit (or loss), or other movements reflected directly in the other comprehensive income of the associated or jointly controlled entity. Goodwill arising on the acquisition of an associate or joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the investment (less any accumulated impairment loss). When the Group's share of losses or other reductions in equity in an associate or joint venture equals or exceeds the recorded interest, including any other unsecured receivables, the Group does not recognise further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the entity.

The Group's share of the results of associates and joint ventures is based on financial statements made up to a date not earlier than 3 months before the balance sheet date, adjusted to conform with the accounting polices of the Group. Unrealised gains on transactions are eliminated to the extent of the Group's interest in the investee. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of impairment in the asset transferred.

In the individual financial statements, investments in associates and joint ventures are stated at cost less impairment, if any.

5. Foreign currency translation

The presentation currency of the Group financial statements is pounds Sterling (£), which is also the functional currency of Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC.

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s foreign entities are measured using their functional currency, being the currency of the primary economic environment in which they operate.

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the appropriate functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rate prevailing at the period end. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the retranslation and settlement of these items are recognised in the income statement except for qualifying cash flow hedges or hedges of net investments. See policy 12 for the policies on hedge accounting. Non-monetary assets that are measured at fair value are translated using the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined. Exchange differences on equities and similar non-monetary items held at fair value through profit or loss, are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Translation differences on equities classified as available for sale financial assets and similar non-monetary items are included directly in equity. For the purposes of translation into the presentational currency of the Group financial statements, assets, liabilities and equity of foreign operations are translated at the closing rate, and items of income and expense are translated into Sterling at the rates prevailing on the dates of the transactions. The exchange differences arising on the translation of a foreign operation are included in cumulative translation reserves within shareholders' equity and included in profit or loss when the Group loses control of, joint control of or significant influence over or on partial disposal of the operation. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries are maintained in the functional currency of the foreign operation, translated at the closing rate and are included in hedges of net investments where appropriate.

6. Interest, fees and commissions

Interest

Interest is recognised in interest income and interest expense in the income statement for all interest bearing financial instruments classified as held to maturity, available for sale or other loans and receivables using the effective interest method.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or liability (or group of assets and liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts the expected future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the instrument. The application of the method has the effect of recognising income (and expense) receivable (or payable) on the instrument evenly in proportion to the amount outstanding over the period to maturity or repayment.

In calculating effective interest the Group estimates cash flows (using projections based on its experience of customers' behaviour) considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument but excluding future credit losses. Fees, including those for early redemption, are included in the calculation to the extent that they can be measured and are considered to be an integral part of the effective interest rate. Cash flows arising from the direct and incremental costs of issuing financial instruments are also taken into account in the calculation. Where it is not possible to otherwise estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument, effective interest is calculated by reference to the payments or receipts specified in the contract, and the full contractual term.

Fees and commissions

Unless included in the effective interest calculation, fees and commissions are recognised as the service is provided. Fees and commissions not integral to effective interest arising from negotiating, or participating in the negotiation of a transaction from a third party, such as the acquisition of loans, shares or other securities or the purchase or sale of businesses, are recognised on completion of the underlying transaction. Portfolio and other management advisory and service fees are recognised based on the applicable service contracts. Asset management fees related to investment funds are recognised over the period the service is provided. The same principle is applied to the recognition of income from wealth management, financial planning and custody services that are continuously provided over an extended period of time.

195

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Commitment fees, together with related direct costs, for loan facilities where draw down is probable are deferred and recognised as an adjustment to the effective interest on the loan once drawn. Commitment fees in relation to facilities where draw down is not probable are recognised over the term of the commitment.

Insurance premiums

Insurance premiums are recognised in the period earned.

Net trading income

Income arises from both the sale and purchase of trading positions, margins, which are achieved through market-making and customer business and from changes in fair value caused by movements in interest and exchange rates, equity prices and other market variables. Trading positions are held at fair value and the resulting gains and losses are included in the income statement, together with interest and dividends arising from long and short positions and funding costs relating to trading activities.

Dividends

Dividends are recognised when the right to receive payment is established. In the individual financial statements of Barclays PLC, this is when the dividends are received or when the dividends are appropriately authorised by the subsidiary.

7. Financial assets and liabilities

Financial assets

The classifications of financial assets, and the accounting policies applicable to each classification, are as follows:

Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss

Financial instruments are classified in this category if they are held for trading, or if they are designated by management under the fair value option. Instruments are classified as held for trading if they are:

a) acquired principally for the purposes of selling or repurchasing in the near term;

b) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit taking; or

c) a derivative, except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument.

It is not possible to transfer a financial instrument out of this category whilst it is held or issued with the exception, from 1st July 2008, of non-derivative financial assets held for trading which may be transferred out of this category after initial classification where:

a) in rare circumstances, they are no longer held for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term, or

b) they are no longer held for the purpose of trading, and they would have met the definition of loans and receivables on initial classification and the Group has the intention and ability to hold them for the foreseeable future or until maturity.

Financial instruments included in this category are recognised initially at fair value and transaction costs are taken directly to the income statement. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included directly in the income statement.

The fair value option is used in the following circumstances:

a) financial assets backing insurance contracts and financial assets backing investment contracts are designated at fair value through profit or loss because the related liabilities have cash flows that are contractually based on the performance of the assets or the related liabilities are insurance contracts whose measurement incorporates current information. Fair valuing the assets through profit and loss significantly reduces the recognition inconsistencies that would arise if the financial assets were classified as available for sale;

b) financial assets, loans to customers, financial liabilities, financial guarantees and structured notes may be designated at fair value through profit or loss if they contain substantive embedded derivatives;

c) financial assets, loans to customers, financial liabilities, financial guarantees and structured notes may be designated at fair value through profit or loss where doing so significantly reduces measurement inconsistencies that would arise if the related derivatives were treated as held for trading and the underlying financial instruments were carried at amortised cost; and

d) certain private equity and other investments that are managed, and evaluated on a fair value basis in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy and reported to key management personnel on that basis.

Regular way purchases and sales of financial instruments held for trading or designated under the fair value option are recognised on trade date, being the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Loans and receivables

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market and which are not classified as available for sale. Loans and receivables are initially recognised at fair value, including direct and incremental transaction costs. They are subsequently valued at amortised cost, using the effective interest method (see accounting policy 6).

Regular way purchases and sales of loans and receivables are recognised on contractual settlement.

Held to maturity

Held to maturity investments are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that the Group’s management has the intention and ability to hold to maturity. They are initially recognised at fair value including direct and incremental transaction costs. They are subsequently valued at amortised cost, using the effective interest method (see accounting policy 6).

196        

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Regular way purchases of held to maturity financial assets are recognised on trade date, being the date on which the Group commits to purchase the asset.

Available for sale

Available for sale assets are non-derivative financial assets that are designated as available for sale and are not categorised into any of the other categories described above. They are initially recognised at fair value including direct and incremental transaction costs. They are subsequently held at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included as a separate component of equity (the available for sale reserve) until sale when the cumulative gain or loss is transferred to the income statement. Interest on debt instruments, determined using the effective interest method (see accounting policy 6), dividends on equity instruments, impairment losses and translation differences on monetary items are recognised in the income statement.

Regular way purchases and sales of available for sale financial instruments are recognised on trade date, being the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset.

A financial asset classified as available for sale that would have met the definition of loans and receivables may only be transferred from the available for sale classification where the Group has the intention and the ability to hold the asset for the foreseeable future or until maturity.

Embedded derivatives

Some contracts (‘hybrid contracts’) contain both a derivative (the ‘embedded derivative’) and a non-derivative (the 'host contract'). Where the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivatives are not closely related to those of the host contract, and the host contract itself is not carried at fair value through profit or loss, the embedded derivative is bifurcated and reported at fair value and gains and losses are recognised in the income statement.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognises a financial asset, or a portion of a financial asset, where the contractual rights to that asset have expired, or where the rights to further cash flows from the asset have been transferred to a third party and, with them, either:

(i) substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset; or

(ii) significant risks and rewards, along with the unconditional ability to sell or pledge the asset.

Where significant risks and rewards have been transferred, but the transferee does not have the unconditional ability to sell or pledge the asset, the Group continues to account for the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement (‘continuing involvement accounting’). To assess the extent to which risks and rewards have been transferred, it is often necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. Such an analysis will compare the Group's exposure to variability in asset cash flows before the transfer with its retained exposure after the transfer. Where neither derecognition nor continuing involvement accounting is appropriate, the Group continues to recognise the asset in its entirety and recognises any consideration received as a financial liability.

Loan commitments

Loan commitments, where the Group has a past practice of selling the resulting assets shortly after origination, are held at fair value through profit or loss. Other loan commitments are accounted for in accordance with accounting policy 23.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost, except for trading liabilities and liabilities designated at fair value, which are held at fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are derecognised when extinguished.

An exchange of an existing debt instrument for a new instrument with the lender on substantially different terms is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. An assessment is made as to whether the terms are substantially different considering qualitative and quantitive characteristics. For example, if the discounted present value calculated using the original effective interest rate of the cash flows under the new terms, including fees, is at least 10% different from the discounted present value of the remaining cash flows of the original financial liability, or if the qualitative assessment concludes that the nature and risk profile of the original financial liability is materially different from that of the new financial liability based on the terms of the instruments including repayment terms, coupon terms and call options, the original financial liability is extinguished.

When an exchange is accounted for as an extinguishment, any costs or fees incurred are recognised as part of the gain or loss on the extinguishment. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss.

Determining fair value

Where the classification of a financial instrument requires it to be stated at fair value, fair value is determined by reference to a quoted market price for that instrument or by using a valuation model. Where the fair value is calculated using valuation models, the methodology is to calculate the expected cash flows under the terms of each specific contract and then discount these values back to a present value. These models use as their basis independently sourced market parameters including, for example, interest rate yield curves, equities and commodities prices, option volatilities and currency rates. For financial liabilities measured at fair value, the carrying amount reflects the effect on fair value of changes in own credit spreads derived from observable market data, such as spreads on Barclays issued bonds or credit default swaps. Most market parameters are either directly observable or are implied from instrument prices. The model may perform numerical procedures in the pricing such as interpolation when input values do not directly correspond to the most actively traded market trade parameters. However, where valuations include significant unobservable inputs, the transaction price is deemed to provide the best evidence of initial fair value for accounting purposes. As such, profits or losses are recognised upon trade inception only when such profits can be measured solely by reference to observable market data. For valuations that include significant unobservable inputs, the difference between the model valuation and the initial transaction price is recognised in profit or loss either:

a) on a straight-line basis over the term of the transaction, or over the period until all model inputs will become observable where appropriate, or;

b) released in full when previously unobservable inputs become observable.

197

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Various factors influence the availability of observable inputs and these may vary from product to product and change over time. Factors include, for example, the depth of activity in the relevant market, the type of product, whether the product is new and not widely traded in the marketplace, the maturity of market modelling and the nature of the transaction (bespoke or generic). To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are not observable in the market, the determination of fair value can be more subjective, dependant on the significance of the unobservable input to the overall valuation. Unobservable inputs are determined based on the best information available, for example by reference to similar assets, similar maturities or other analytical techniques.

8. Impairment of financial assets

The Group assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is objective evidence that loans and receivables or available for sale financial investments are impaired. These are considered to be impaired and impairment losses are incurred if, and only if, there is objective evidence of impairment as a result of one or more loss events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset and prior to the balance sheet date that have adversely impacted the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or the portfolio. The criteria that the Group uses to determine that there is objective evidence of an impairment loss include:

a) significant financial difficulty of the issuer or obligor;

b) a breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments;

c) the lender, for economic or legal reasons relating to the borrower's financial difficulty, granting to the borrower a concession that the lender would not otherwise consider;

d) it becomes probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation;

e) the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; or

f) observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows from a portfolio of financial assets since the initial recognition of those assets, although the decrease cannot yet be identified with the individual financial assets in the portfolio, including:

(i) adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers in the portfolio;

(ii) national or local economic conditions that correlate with defaults on the assets in the portfolio.

For loans and receivables the Group first assesses whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for loans and receivables that are individually significant, and individually or collectively for loans and receivables that are not individually significant. If the Group determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed loan and receivable, whether significant or not, it then includes the asset in a group of loans and receivables with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Loans and receivables that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is or continues to be recognised are not included in a collective assessment of impairment. The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset's original effective interest rate. The amount of the loss is recognised using an allowance account and recognised in the income statement.

Where appropriate, the calculation of the present value of the estimated future cash flows of a collateralised loan and receivable asset reflect the cash flows that may result from foreclosure costs for obtaining and selling the collateral, whether or not foreclosure is probable.

For the purposes of a collective evaluation of impairment, loans and receivables are grouped on the basis of similar risk characteristics, taking into account asset type, industry, geographical location, collateral type, past due status and other relevant factors. These characteristics are relevant to the estimation of future cash flows for groups of such assets by being indicative of the counterparty's ability to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the assets being evaluated.

Future cash flows in a group of loans and receivables that are collectively evaluated for impairment are estimated on the basis of the contractual cash flows of the assets in the group and historical loss experience for assets with credit risk characteristics similar to those in the group. Historical loss experience is adjusted based on current observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions that did not affect the period on which the historical loss experience is based and to remove the effects of conditions in the historical period that do not currently exist.

The methodology and assumptions used for estimating future cash flows are reviewed regularly to reduce any differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience.

Following impairment, interest income is recognised using the effective rate of interest which was used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss.

When a loan is uncollectable, it is written off against the related allowance for loan impairment. Such loans are written off after all the necessary procedures have been completed and the amount of the loss has been determined. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to the income statement.

If in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed by adjusting the allowance account. The amount of the reversal is recognised in the income statement.

Equity securities or properties acquired in exchange for loans in order to achieve an orderly realisation are accounted for as a disposal of the loan and an acquisition of equity securities or investment properties. Where control is obtained over an entity as a result of the transaction, the entity is consolidated. Any further impairment of the assets or business acquired is treated as an impairment of the relevant asset or business and not as an impairment of the original instrument.

198        

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

In the case of available for sale equity securities, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is also considered in determining whether impairment exists. Where such evidence exists, the cumulative net loss that has been previously recognised directly in equity is removed from equity and recognised in the income statement. In the case of debt instruments classified as available for sale, impairment is assessed based on the same criteria as all other financial assets.

Reversals of impairment of debt instruments are recognised in the income statement. Reversals of impairment of equity shares are not recognised in the income statement, increases in the fair value of equity shares after impairment are recognised directly in equity.

9. Sale and repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending and borrowing

Securities may be sold subject to a commitment to repurchase them (a repo). Such securities are retained on the balance sheet when substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership remain with the Group. The transactions are treated as collateralised borrowing and the counterparty liability is presented separately on the balance sheet as repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing. Similar secured borrowing transactions including securities lending transactions and collateralised short-term notes are treated and presented in the same way.

Similarly, the Group borrows or purchases securities subject to a commitment to resell them (a reverse repo). Such securities are not included in the balance sheet as the Group does not acquire the risks and rewards of ownership. The transactions are treated as collateralised loans and the counterparty asset is presented separately on the balance sheet as reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending. Where the Group enters into similar secured lending transactions, such as securities borrowing, these are treated and presented in the same way.

These secured financing transaction are initially recognised at fair value, and subsequently valued at amortised cost, using the effective interest method. Securities lent to counterparties are retained in the financial statements. Securities borrowed are not recognised in the financial statements, unless these are sold to third parties, at which point the obligation to repurchase the securities is recorded as a trading liability at fair value.

10. Securitisation transactions

The Group enters into securitisation transactions in respect of its own financial assets and to facilitate client transactions as described in Note 36 to the accounts.

All financial assets continue to be held on the Group balance sheet, and a liability recognised for the proceeds of the funding transaction, unless:

a) substantially all the risks and rewards associated with the financial instruments have been transferred, in which case, the assets are derecognised in full; or

b) if a significant portion, but not all, of the risks and rewards have been transferred, the asset is derecognised entirely if the transferee has the ability to sell the financial asset, otherwise the asset continues to be recognised only to the extent of the Group's continuing involvement.

Where a) or b) above applies to a fully proportionate share of all or specifically identified cash flows, the relevant accounting treatment is applied to that proportion of the asset.

11. Collateral and netting

The Group enters into master agreements with counterparties whenever possible and, when appropriate, obtains collateral. Master agreements provide that, if an event of default occurs, all outstanding transactions with the counterparty will fall due and all amounts outstanding will be settled on a net basis.

Collateral

The Group obtains collateral in respect of customer liabilities where this is considered appropriate. The collateral normally takes the form of a lien over the customer's assets and gives the Group a claim on these assets for both existing and future customer liabilities.

The Group also receives collateral in the form of cash or securities in respect of other credit instruments, such as stock borrowing contracts, and derivative contracts in order to reduce credit risk. Collateral received in the form of securities is not recorded on the balance sheet. Cash collateral received is recorded on the balance sheet with a corresponding liability within deposits received from banks or customers. Any interest payable or receivable arising is recorded as interest expense or interest income respectively except for funding costs relating to trading activities which are recorded in net trading income.

Netting

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported on the balance sheet if, and only if, there is a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realise an asset and settle the liability simultaneously. In many cases, even though master netting agreements are in place, the lack of an intention to settle on a net basis results in the related assets and liabilities being presented gross on the balance sheet.

12. Hedge accounting

Derivatives are used to hedge interest rate, exchange rate, commodity, and equity exposures and exposures to certain indices such as house price indices and retail price indices related to non-trading positions. Where derivatives are held for risk management purposes, and when transactions meet the required criteria, the Group applies fair value hedge accounting, cash flow hedge accounting, or hedging of a net investment in a foreign operation as appropriate to the risks being hedged. When a financial instrument is designated as a hedge, the Group formally documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and hedged item as well as its risk management objectives and its strategy for undertaking the various hedging transactions. The Group also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, of whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items.

199

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

1 Significant accounting policies continued

The Group discontinues hedge accounting when:

a) it is determined that a derivative is not, or has ceased to be, highly effective as a hedge;

b) the derivative expires, or is sold, terminated, or exercised;

c) the hedged item matures or is sold or repaid; or

d) a forecast transaction is no longer deemed highly probable.

In certain circumstances, the Group may decide to cease hedge accounting even though the hedge relationship continues to be highly effective by no longer designating the financial instrument as a hedging instrument. To the extent that the changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative differ from changes in the fair value of the hedged risk in the hedged item, or the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging derivative differs from the cumulative change in the fair value of expected future cash flows of the hedged item, the hedge is deemed to include ineffectiveness. The amount of ineffectiveness, provided it does not disqualify the hedge for hedge accounting, is recorded in the income statement.

Fair value hedge accounting

Changes in fair value of derivatives that qualify and are designated as fair value hedges are recorded in the income statement, together with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk.

If the hedge relationship no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, it is discontinued. For fair value hedges of interest rate risk, the fair value adjustment to the hedged item is amortised to the income statement over the period to maturity of the previously designated hedge relationship using the effective interest method.

If the hedged item is sold or repaid, the unamortised fair value adjustment is recognised immediately in the income statement.

Cash flow hedges

For qualifying cash flow hedges, the fair value gain or loss associated with the effective portion of the cash flow hedge is recognised initially in shareholders’ equity, and recycled to the income statement in the periods when the hedged item will affect profit or loss. Any ineffective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in the income statement immediately.

When a hedging instrument expires or is sold, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognised when the hedged item is ultimately recognised in the income statement. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was recognised in equity is immediately transferred to the income statement.

Hedges of net investments

Hedges of net investments in foreign operations, including monetary items that are accounted for as part of the net investment, are accounted for similarly to cash flow hedges; the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised directly in equity and the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in equity is recognised in the income statement on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation, or other reductions in the Group’s investment in the operation.

Hedges of net investments may include non-derivative liabilities as well as derivative financial instruments.

Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting

Derivative contracts entered into as economic hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting are held at fair value through profit or loss.

13. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and provisions for impairment, if required. Cost includes the original purchase price of the asset and the costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. Additions and subsequent expenditures are capitalised only to the extent that they enhance the future economic benefits expected to be derived from the assets.

Depreciation is provided on the depreciable amount of items of property, plant and equipment on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful economic lives. The depreciable amount is the gross carrying amount, less the estimated residual value at the end of its useful economic life.

The Group uses the following annual rates in calculating depreciation:

Freehold buildings and long-leasehold property (more than 50 years to run)	2-3.3%
Computers and similar equipment	20-33%
Fixtures and fittings and other equipment	10-20%
Leased assets:
Leasehold property over the remaining life of the lease (less than 50 years to run)	Over the remaining life of the lease
Costs of adaptation of freehold and leasehold propertya	7-10%
Equipment installed in freehold and leasehold propertya	7-10%

Note

a Where leasehold property has a remaining useful life of less than 15 years, costs of

adaptation and installed equipment are depreciated over the remaining life of the lease.

200         

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Depreciation rates, methods and the residual values underlying the calculation of depreciation of items of property, plant and equipment are kept under review to take account of any change in circumstances.

When deciding on depreciation rates and methods, the principal factors the Group takes into account are the expected rate of technological developments and expected market requirements for, and the expected pattern of usage of, the assets. When reviewing residual values, the Group estimates the amount that it would currently obtain for the disposal of the asset after deducting the estimated cost of disposal if the asset were already of the age and condition expected at the end of its useful economic life.

No depreciation is provided on freehold land, although, in common with all long-lived assets, it is subject to impairment testing, if deemed appropriate.

Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognised in the income statement.

Investment property is property held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or for both rather than for sale or use in the business. The Group initially recognises investment properties at cost, and subsequently at their fair value at each balance sheet date reflecting market conditions at the reporting date. The fair value of investment property is determined by reference to current market prices for similar properties, adjusted as necessary for condition and location, or by reference to recent transactions updated to reflect current economic conditions. Discounted cash flow techniques may be employed to calculate fair value where there have been no recent transactions, using current external market inputs such as market rents and interest rates. Valuations are carried out by management with the support of appropriately qualified independent valuers.

Movements in fair value subsequent to initial recognition are included in the income statement. No depreciation is provided in respect of investment properties.

14. Intangible assets

Goodwill

Goodwill arises on the acquisition of subsidiaries and associates and joint ventures, and represents the excess of the fair value of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the Group’s share of the assets acquired, and the liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed on the date of the acquisition.

For the purpose of calculating goodwill, fair values of acquired assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities are determined by reference to market values or other valuation methodologies including discounted cash flow techniques, using market rates or by using risk-free rates and risk-adjusted expected future cash flows. Goodwill is capitalised and reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently when there are indications that impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing. Goodwill on acquisitions of associates and joint ventures is included in the amount of the investment. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of the goodwill relating to the entity sold.

Computer software

Computer software is stated at cost, less amortisation and provisions for impairment, if required.

The identifiable and directly associated external and internal costs of acquiring and developing software are capitalised where the software is controlled by the Group, and where it is probable that future economic benefits that exceed its cost will flow from its use over more than one year. Costs associated with maintaining software are recognised as an expense when incurred.

Capitalised computer software is amortised over 3-5 years.

Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets consist of brands, customer lists, licences and other contracts, core deposit intangibles and mortgage servicing rights. Other intangible assets are initially recognised when they are separable or arise from contractual or other legal rights, the cost can be measured reliably and, in the case of intangible assets not acquired in a business combination, where it is probable that future economic benefits attributable to the assets will flow from their use. The value of intangible assets which are acquired in a business combination is generally determined using income approach methodologies such as the discounted cash flow method and the relief from royalty method that estimate net cash flows attributable to an asset over its economic life and discount to present value using an appropriate rate of return based on the cost of equity adjusted for risk.

Other intangible assets are stated at cost less amortisation and provisions for impairment, if any, and are amortised over their useful lives in a manner that reflects the pattern to which they contribute to future cash flows, generally over 4-25 years.

15. Impairment of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets

At each balance sheet date, or more frequently where events or changes in circumstances dictate, property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, are assessed for indications of impairment. If indications are present, these assets are subject to an impairment review. Goodwill is subject to an impairment review each year. The impairment review comprises a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset with its recoverable amount: the higher of the asset’s or the cash-generating unit’s fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Fair value less costs to sell is calculated by reference to the amount at which the asset could be disposed of in a binding sale agreement in an arm’s length transaction evidenced by an active market or recent transactions for similar assets. Value in use is calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows obtainable as a result of the asset’s continued use, including those resulting from its ultimate disposal, at a market-based discount rate on a pre-tax basis.

201

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

The carrying values of fixed assets and goodwill are written down by the amount of any impairment and this loss is recognised in the income statement in the period in which it occurs. A previously recognised impairment loss relating to a fixed asset may be reversed in part or in full when a change in circumstances leads to a change in the estimates used to determine the fixed asset’s recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the fixed asset will only be increased up to the amount that it would have been had the original impairment not been recognised. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed. For the purpose of conducting impairment reviews, cash-generating units are the lowest level at which management monitors the return on investment on assets.

16. Financial guarantees

Financial guarantee contracts are contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantees are initially recognised in the financial statements at fair value on the date that the guarantee was given. Other than where the fair value option is applied, subsequent to initial recognition, the Group’s liabilities under such guarantees are measured at the higher of the initial measurement, less amortisation calculated to recognise in the income statement any fee income earned over the period, and any financial obligation arising as a result of the guarantees at the balance sheet date, in accordance with policy 23.

Any increase in the liability relating to guarantees is taken to the income statement within the impairment charge. Any liability remaining is recognised in the income statement when the guarantee is discharged, cancelled or expires.

17. Issued debt and equity securities

Issued financial instruments or their components are classified as liabilities where the contractual arrangement results in the Group having a present obligation to either deliver cash or another financial asset to the holder, to exchange financial instruments on terms that are potentially unfavourable or to satisfy the obligation otherwise than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of equity shares. Issued financial instruments, or their components, are classified as equity where they meet the definition of equity and confer on the holder a residual interest in the assets of the Group. The components of issued financial instruments that contain both liability and equity elements are accounted for separately with the equity component being assigned the residual amount after deducting from the instrument as a whole the amount separately determined as the fair value of the liability component. Financial liabilities, other than financial liabilities designated at fair value, are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method as set out in policy 6. Derivatives embedded in financial liabilities that are not designated at fair value are accounted for as set out in policy 7. Equity instruments, including share capital, are initially recognised at net proceeds, after deducting transaction costs and any related income tax. Dividend and other payments to equity holders are deducted from equity, net of any related tax.

18. Share capital

Share issue costs

Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares or options including those issued on the acquisition of a business are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

Dividends on ordinary shares

Dividends on ordinary shares are recognised in equity in the period in which they are paid or, if earlier, approved by shareholders.

Treasury shares

Where Barclays PLC or any member of the Group purchases the Company’s share capital, the consideration paid is deducted from shareholders’ equity as treasury shares until they are cancelled. Where such shares are subsequently sold or reissued, any consideration received is included in shareholders’ equity.

19. Insurance contracts and investment contracts

The Group offers wealth management, term assurance, annuity, property and payment protection insurance products to customers that take the form of long- and short-term insurance contracts. The Group classifies its wealth management and other products as insurance contracts where these transfer significant insurance risk, generally where the benefits payable on the occurrence of an insured event are at least 5% more than the benefits that would be payable if the insured event does not occur.

Contracts that do not contain significant insurance risk or discretionary participation features are classified as investment contracts. Financial assets and liabilities relating to investment contracts, and assets backing insurance contracts are classified and measured as appropriate under IAS 39, ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’ as set out in policy 7.

Premiums are recognised as revenue proportionally over the period of the coverage. Claims and claims handling costs are charged to income as incurred, based on the estimated liability for compensation owed to policyholders arising from events that have occurred up to the balance sheet date even if they have not yet been reported to the Group, based on assessments of individual cases reported to the Group and statistical analyses for the claims incurred but not reported.

Liabilities under unit-linked life insurance contracts (such as endowment policies) reflect the value of assets held within unitised investment pools.

Deferred acquisition costs (DAC)

Commissions and other costs that are related to securing new insurance and investment contracts are capitalised and amortised over the estimated lives of the relevant contracts.

202         

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Liability adequacy test

Liability adequacy tests are performed at each balance sheet date to ensure the adequacy of contract liabilities net of deferred acquisition costs (DAC) and value of business acquired assets (VOBA). Current best estimates of future contractual cash flows, claims handling and administration costs, and investment returns from the assets backing the liabilities are taken into account in the tests. Where a deficiency is highlighted by the test, DAC and VOBA assets are written off first, and then insurance liabilities are increased if required. Any deficiency is immediately recognised in the income statement.

Reinsurance

Short and long-term insurance business is ceded to reinsurers under contracts to transfer part or all of one or more of the following risks: mortality, investment and expenses. All such contracts are dealt with as insurance contracts. The benefits to which the Group is entitled under its reinsurance contracts are recognised as reinsurance assets. The Group assesses reinsurance assets at each balance sheet date. If there is objective evidence of impairment, the carrying amount of the reinsurance asset is reduced accordingly, resulting in a charge to the income statement.

20. Leases

As Lessor

Assets leased to customers under agreements which transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, with or without ultimate legal title, are classified as finance leases. When assets are transferred under a finance lease, the present value of the lease payments, discounted at the rate of interest implicit in the lease, is recognised as a receivable. The difference between the total payments receivable under the lease and the present value of the receivable is recognised as unearned finance income, which is allocated to accounting periods under the pre-tax net investment method to reflect a constant periodic rate of return.

Assets leased to customers under agreements which do not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as operating leases. The leased assets are included within property, plant and equipment on the Group’s balance sheet and depreciation is provided on the depreciable amount of these assets on a systematic basis over their estimated useful lives. Lease income is recognised on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease unless another systematic basis is more appropriate.

As Lessee

Leases entered into by the Group are primarily operating leases. Operating lease rentals payable are recognised as an expense in the income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more appropriate.

21. Employee benefits

Short-term employee benefits, such as salaries, paid absences, and other benefits include any estimated tax payable in respect of employee services rendered during the period and are accounted for on an accruals basis over the period in which the employees provide the related services. Bonuses are recognised to the extent that the Group has a present obligation to its employees that can be measured reliably.

The Group operates a number of pension schemes which may be funded or unfunded and of a defined contribution or defined benefit nature. In addition, the Group contributes, according to local law in the various countries in which it operates, to Governmental and other plans which have the characteristics of defined contribution plans.

For defined benefit schemes, actuarial valuation of each of the scheme’s obligations using the projected unit credit method and the fair valuation of each of the scheme’s assets are performed annually, using the assumptions set out in Note 28. The difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the balance sheet date, adjusted for any historic unrecognised actuarial gains or losses and past service cost, is recognised as an asset or liability in the balance sheet.

An asset arising, for example, as a result of past over funding or the performance of the plan investments, is recognised to the extent that it does not exceed the present value of future contribution holidays or refunds of contributions.

Cumulative actuarial gains and losses in excess of the greater of 10% of the assets or 10% of the obligations of the plan (the corridor) are recognised in the income statement over the remaining average service lives of the employees of the related plan, on a straight-line basis.

Gains and losses on curtailments are recognised when the curtailment occurs which is when there is a demonstrable commitment to make a significant reduction in the number of employees covered by the plan or amendments have been made to the terms of the plan so that a significant element of future service will no longer qualify for benefits or will qualify only for reduced benefits. The gain or loss comprises any resulting change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation, any resulting change in the fair value of the plan assets and any related actuarial gain or loss that had not previously been recognised since they fell within the corridor.

For defined contribution schemes, the Group recognises contributions due in respect of the accounting period in the income statement. Any contributions unpaid at the balance sheet date are included as a liability.

The Group also provides health care benefits to certain retired employees, the cost of which is accrued as a liability in the financial statements over the period of employment, using a methodology similar to that for defined benefit pensions plans.

All expenses related to employee benefits are recognised in the income statement in staff costs, which is included within operating expenses.

203

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

22. Share-based payments to employees

The Group makes equity settled share-based payments in respect of services received from its employees. The fair value of the services is measured by reference to the fair value of the shares or share options granted on the date of the grant.

The cost of the employee services received in respect of the shares or share options granted is recognised in the income statement over the period that employees provide services, which is generally the vesting period.

The fair value of the options granted is determined using option pricing models, which take into account the exercise price of the option, the current share price, the risk-free interest rate, the expected volatility of the share price over the life of the option and other relevant factors. Vesting conditions, service or performance conditions, are not taken into account in estimating fair value, but may lead to adjustments to the number of shares or share options included in the measurement of the cost of employee services so that ultimately, the amount recognised in the income statement reflects the number of vested shares or options.

Vesting conditions that are related to market conditions are reflected in the fair value of the awards granted and charges for the services received are recognised regardless of whether or not the market-related vesting condition is met, provided that the non-market vesting conditions are met. Similarly, non-vesting conditions, which are other conditions not being service conditions or performance conditions, are taken into account in estimating the grant date fair value and share-based payment charges and are recognised when all non-market vesting conditions are satisfied irrespective of whether the non-vesting conditions are satisfied. If meeting a non-vesting condition is a matter of employee choice, failure to meet the non-vesting condition is treated as a cancellation, resulting in an acceleration of recognition of the cost of the employee services.

23. Provisions

Provisions are recognised for present obligations arising as consequences of past events where it is more likely than not that a transfer of economic benefit will be necessary to settle the obligation, which can be reliably estimated.

When a leasehold property ceases to be used in the business or a demonstrable commitment has been made to cease to use a property, provision is made where the unavoidable costs of the future obligations relating to the lease are expected to exceed anticipated rental income and other benefits. The net costs are discounted using market rates of interest to reflect the long-term nature of the cash flows.

Provision is made for the anticipated cost of restructuring, including redundancy costs when an obligation exists. An obligation exists when the Group has a detailed formal plan for restructuring a business and has raised valid expectations in those affected by the restructuring by starting to implement the plan or announcing its main features. The provision raised is normally utilised within nine months.

Provision is made for undrawn loan commitments and similar facilities if it is probable that the facility will be drawn and result in the recognition of an asset at an amount less than the amount advanced.

Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will be confirmed only by uncertain future events or present obligations where the transfer of economic benefit is uncertain or cannot be reliably measured. Contingent liabilities are not recognised but are disclosed unless they are remote.

24. Taxes, including deferred taxes

Income tax payable on taxable profits (‘Current Tax’) is recognised as an expense in the period in which the profits arise. Withholding taxes are also treated as income taxes. Income tax recoverable on tax allowable losses is recognised as a current tax asset only to the extent that it is regarded as recoverable by offset against taxable profits.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising from the differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates and legislation enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date which are expected to apply when the deferred tax asset is realised or the deferred tax liability is settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are only offset when they arise in the same tax reporting group and where there is both the legal right and the intention to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

25. Segment reporting

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee, which is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the chief operating decision maker. All transactions between business segments are conducted on an arm’s length basis, with intra-segment revenue and costs being eliminated in Head Office. Income and expenses directly associated with each segment are included in determining business segment performance.

26. Cash and cash equivalents

For the purposes of the cash flow statement, cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits, and cash equivalents comprise highly liquid investments that are convertible into cash with an insignificant risk of changes in value with original maturities of three months or less. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are not considered to be part of cash equivalents.

27. Trust activities

The Group commonly acts as trustees and in other fiduciary capacities that result in the holding or placing of assets on behalf of individuals, trusts, retirement benefit plans and other institutions. These assets and income arising thereon are excluded from these financial statements, as they are not assets of the Group.

204         

1 Significant accounting policiescontinued

Changes to Accounting Policy

The Group has continued to apply the accounting policies used for the 2009 Annual Report and has adopted the following standards from 1st January 2010 (prior periods are not affected by these revised standards):

– IFRS 3 Business Combinations. For the Group, the main change is that any costs directly related to the acquisition of a subsidiary are expensed as incurred, and are not part of the cost of the business combination.

– IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements. Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries are now accounted for as equity transactions if they occur after control has already been obtained and they do not result in loss of control. In addition, when the Group ceases to have control in a subsidiary, any retained interest in the subsidiary is re-measured to its fair value, with the change in carrying amount recognised in profit or loss.

Future accounting developments

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments contains new requirements for accounting for financial assets and liabilities, which by 30th June 2011 will include new requirements for impairment and hedge accounting, replacing the corresponding requirements in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. It will introduce significant changes in the way that the Group accounts for financial instruments. The key changes issued and proposed relate to:

– Financial assets. Financial assets will be held at either fair value or amortised cost, except for equity investments not held for trading which may be held at fair value through equity.

– Financial liabilities. Gains and losses on own credit arising from financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss will be excluded from the Income Statement and instead taken to Other Comprehensive Income.

– Impairment. Both expected losses and incurred losses will be reflected in impairment allowances for loans and advances.

– Hedge accounting. Hedge accounting will be more closely aligned with financial risk management.

– Offsetting. The conditions for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities in the balance sheet will be clarified.

Adoption is not mandatory until accounting periods beginning on or after 1st January 2013. Earlier adoption is possible, subject to EU endorsement. At this stage, it is not possible to determine the potential financial impacts of adoption on the Group.

The International Accounting Standards Board is also undertaking a comprehensive review of other IFRSs which, in June 2010, it prioritised into those IFRSs that it expects to issue by 30th June 2011. In addition to IFRS 9, the 30th June 2011 standards which are expected to be more significant for the Group are as follows:

– Leases. Under the proposals, lessees are required to recognise assets and liabilities arising from both operating and finance leases on the balance sheet.

– Post employment benefits. The amendments to IAS 19 Employee Benefits require net pension liabilities arising from defined benefit pension schemes to be recognised in full.

In addition to the above, the IASB plans to issue new standards on Insurance Contracts, Consolidation, Fair Value Measurement, the Presentation of Other comprehensive Income and Revenue recognition. The Group will consider the financial impacts of these new standards as they are finalised.

A number of other amendments and interpretations to IFRS have been issued that first apply from 1st January 2010 or later periods. These have not resulted in any material changes to the Group’s accounting policies.

205

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

2 Net interest income

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Cash and balances with central banks		271			131			174
Available for sale investments		1,483			1,937			2,355
Loans and advances to banks		440			513			1,267
Loans and advances to customers		17,677			18,456			23,754
Other interest income		164			199			460
Interest income		20,035			21,236			28,010
Deposits from banks		(370	)		(634	)		(2,189	)
Customer accounts		(1,410	)		(2,716	)		(6,697	)
Debt securities in issue		(3,632	)		(3,889	)		(5,910	)
Subordinated liabilities		(1,778	)		(1,718	)		(1,349	)
Other interest expense		(322	)		(361	)		(396	)
Interest expense		(7,512	)		(9,318	)		(16,541	)
Net interest income		12,523			11,918			11,469
Interest income includes £213m (2009: £185m, 2008: £135m) accrued on impaired loans. Other interest income principally includes interest income relating to reverse repurchase agreements. Similarly, other interest expense principally includes interest expense relating to repurchase agreements and hedging activity. Included in net interest income is hedge ineffectiveness as detailed in Note 14. 3 Net fee and commission income
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Fee and commission income
Banking and credit related fees and commissions		10,063			9,578			7,208
Brokerage fees		77			88			56
Investment management fees		79			133			120
Foreign exchange commission		149			147			189
Fee and commission income		10,368			9,946			7,573
Fee and commission expense		(1,497	)		(1,528	)		(1,082	)
Net fee and commission income		8,871			8,418			6,491
4 Net trading income
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Trading Incomea		7,017			8,139			(1,596	)
Gain on foreign exchange dealings		670			682			1,272
Own credit gain/(charge)		391			(1,820	)		1,663
Net trading income		8,078			7,001			1,339

Included within net trading income were gains of £32m (2009: £2,349m loss, 2008: £6,635m loss) on financial assets designated at fair value and losses of £903m (2009: £3,158m loss, 2008: £3,328 gain) on financial liabilities designated at fair value.

The own credit adjustment arose on £96bn of Barclays Capital’s financial liabilities designated at fair value (2009: £86bn, 2008: £78bn).

Note

a Trading income includes fair value losses arising from Barclays Capital credit market exposures disclosed on pages 88 to 92.

206         

5 Net investment income

	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Net gain from disposal of available for sale assets		1,027		349			212
Dividend income		116		6			196
Net gain/(loss) from financial instruments designated at fair value		274		(208	)		33
Other investment income/(losses)		60		(91	)		239
Net investment income		1,477		56			680
6 Impairment charges and other credit provisions See page 63 for analysis of the impairment charges and other credit provisions. 7 Staff costs
	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Salaries and accrued performance costs		8,809		7,795			5,562
Share based payments (Note 39)		860		286			225
Social security costs		719		606			444
Bank payroll tax		96		225			–
Post retirement benefits:
– defined contribution plans		297		224			221
– defined benefit plans (Note 28)		213		(33	)		89
– other post-retirement benefits (Note 28)		18		16			1
Other		904		829			662
Staff costs		11,916		9,948			7,204
The UK Government applied a bank payroll tax of 50% to all discretionary bonuses over £25,000 awarded to UK bank employees between 9th December 2009 and 5th April 2010. The total bank payroll tax paid was £437m, of which £225m was recognised in 2009 in respect of 2009 cash awards and certain prior year deferrals distributed during the taxable period. For 2010 a charge of £96m has been recognised in relation to prior year deferrals, with the remaining £116m recognised over the period 2011 to 2013. Staff costs above relate to continuing operations only. Staff costs arising on discontinued operations for 2009 totalled £735m (2008: £575m), principally comprising £514m of salaries and accrued performance costs (2008: £486m), social security costs of £15m (2008: £20m), post-retirement benefits of £29m (2008: £16m) and other staff costs of £177m (2008: £53m). The average total number of persons employed by the Group including both continuing and discontinued operations was 151,300 (2009:153,800). 8 Administration and general expenses
	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Property and equipment		1,813		1,641			1,356
Outsourcing and professional services		1,705		1,496			1,472
Operating lease rentals		637		639			520
Marketing, advertising and sponsorship		631		492			591
Subscriptions, publications and stationery		584		519			458
Travel and accommodation		358		273			275
Other administration and general expenses		732		439			491
Impairment of property, equipment and intangible assets		125		61			30
Administration and general expenses		6,585		5,560			5,193

In June 2010, the UK Government announced its intention to introduce a bank levy, which will apply to elements of the Group’s consolidated liabilities and equity held as at 31st December 2011. The draft legislation is expected to be enacted by the UK Parliament later this year. Based on the 31st December 2010 balance sheet position and the draft requirements, we estimate that the bank levy would result in an annual charge to the income statement of approximately £400m from 2011 onwards.

207

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

8 Administration and general expenses continued

Auditors’ remuneration

Auditors’ remuneration is included within outsourcing and professional services costs above and comprises:

Notes

Audit £m

Audit related £m

Taxation services £m

Other services £m

Total £m

2010

Audit of the Group’s annual accounts

12

–

–

–

12

Other services:

Fees payable for the Company’s associates pursuant to legislation

a)

26

–

–

–

26

Other services supplied pursuant to such legislation

b)

–

3

–

–

3

Services relating to taxation

– compliance services

–

–

7

–

7

– advisory services

c)

–

–

1

–

1

Services relating to corporate finance transactions entered into or proposed to be entered into by or on behalf of the Company or any of its associates

d)

–

–

–

1

1

Other

–

4

–

2

6

Total auditors’ remuneration

38

7

8

3

56

2009

Audit of the Group’s annual accounts

12

–

–

–

12

Other services:

Fees payable for the Company’s associates pursuant to legislation

a)

23

–

–

–

23

Other services supplied pursuant to such legislation

b)

–

2

–

–

2

Services relating to taxation

– compliance services

–

–

6

–

6

– advisory services

c)

–

–

1

–

1

Services relating to corporate finance transactions entered into or proposed to be entered into by or on behalf of the Company or any of its associates

d)

–

–

–

3

3

Other

–

4

–

1

5

Total auditors’ remuneration

35

6

7

4

52

2008

Audit of the Group’s annual accounts

12

–

–

–

12

Other services:

Fees payable for the Company’s associates pursuant to legislation

a)

19

–

–

–

19

Other services supplied pursuant to such legislation

b)

–

2

–

–

2

Services relating to taxation

– compliance services

–

–

7

–

7

– advisory services

c)

–

–

2

–

2

Services relating to corporate finance transactions entered into or proposed to be entered into by or on behalf of the Company or any of its associates

d)

–

–

–

2

2

Other

–

4

–

1

5

Total auditors’ remuneration

31

6

9

3

49

The figures shown in the above table relate to fees paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and its associates for continuing operations of business. Fees paid to other auditors not associated with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in respect of the audit of the Company’s subsidiaries were £4m (2009: £3m, 2008: £3m).

a) Fees payable for the audit of the Company’s associates pursuant to legislation comprise the fees for the statutory audit of the subsidiaries and associated pension schemes both inside and outside Great Britain and fees for the work performed by the associates of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in respect of the consolidated financial statements of the Company. The fees relating to the audit of the associated pension schemes were £0.4m (2009: £0.5m, 2008: £0.2m).

b) Other services supplied pursuant to such legislation comprise services in relation to statutory and regulatory filings. These include audit services for the review of the interim financial information under the Listing Rules of the UK listing authority.

c) Advisory services relating to taxation include consultation on tax matters, tax advice relating to transactions and other tax planning and advice.

d) Services relating to corporate finance transactions comprise due diligence related to transactions and other work in connection with such transactions.

Excluded from the total auditors’ remuneration above are fees paid to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and associates relating to Barclays Global Investors, the Group’s discontinued operations, of £nil (2009: £4m, 2008: £3m).

208         

9 Tax

Tax charge

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Current tax charge/(credit)
Current year		1,413			1,249			1,201
Adjustment for prior years		(20	)		(118	)		98
		1,393			1,131			1,299
Deferred tax charge/(credit)
Current year		118			45			(577	)
Adjustment for prior years		5			(102	)		(269	)
		123			(57	)		(846	)
Tax charge		1,516			1,074			453
Tax relating to each component of other comprehensive income can be found in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income on page 187, including within Other, tax credits of £59m (2009: £218m; 2008: £2m charge) principally relating to share based payments. Factors impacting income tax charge for the year The table below shows the reconciliation between the tax charge that would result from applying the standard UK corporation tax rate to the Group’s profit before tax and the actual tax charge.
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Profit before tax from continuing operations		6,065			4,585			5,136
Tax charge based on the standard UK corporation tax rate of 28% (2009: 28%, 2008: 28.5%)		1,698			1,284			1,464
Adjustments for prior years		(15	)		(220	)		(171	)
Effect of overseas tax rates different from the standard UK tax ratea		(135	)		(27	)		175
Non-taxable gains and incomeb		(152	)		(112	)		(859	)
Impact of share price movements on share-based payments		41			(38	)		201
Deferred tax assets (previously not recognised)/not recognised		(160	)		27			(504	)
Change in tax ratesc		34			(12	)		(1	)
Non-deductible expenses and other items		205			172			148
Tax charge		1,516			1,074			453
Effective tax rated		25	%		23	%		9	%
The introduction of the UK bank levy is expected to result in a charge to operating expenses in 2011 (refer to Note 8).
Current tax assets and liabilities Movements on current tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
				2010 £m			2009 £m
Assets					349			389
Liabilities					(992	)		(1,216	)
As at 1st January					(643	)		(827	)
Income statement					(1,393	)		(1,153	)
Equity					180			(109	)
Corporate income tax paid					1,458			1,283
Acquisitions and disposals					(4	)		(33	)
Exchange and other adjustments					(48	)		196
					(450	)		(643	)
Assets					196			349
Liabilities					(646	)		(992	)
As at 31st December					(450	)		(643	)

Notes

a Includes a deferred tax benefit of £205rn in 2010 arising from the reorganisation of Spanish securitisation financing,

b Non-taxable gains and income is net of £42m relating to £58m withholding tax on the intra-group return of capital. Revenue of £58rn has been recognised in relation to related payments received.

c The UK has passed legislation to reduce the UK tax rate from 28% to 27% from 1st April 2011. This reduced the value of the net UK deferred tax asset at 31st December 2010 resulting in a tax charge of £14m (2009: £nil) included in the £34m for the impact of change in tax rates.

d The low effective tax rate of 9% in 2008 mainly resulted from the Lehman Brothers North American business acquisition.

209

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

9 Tax continued

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The deferred tax amounts disclosed on the balance sheet are as follows:

																									2010 £m			2009 £m
Deferred tax asset																										2,517			2,303
Deferred tax liability																										(514	)		(470	)
Net deferred tax																										2,003			1,833
Deferred taxes are calculated on all temporary differences under the liability method. Movements on deferred tax assets and liabilities during the year, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, were as follows:
	Fixed asset timing differences £m			Available for sale investments £m			Cash flow hedges £m			Pensions and other retirement benefits £m			Allowances for impairment on loans £m			Other provisions £m			Tax losses carried forwarda £m			Share based payments £m			Other £m			Total £m
Assets		117			28			139			219			379			294			1,038			336			472			3,022
Liabilities		(660	)		(54	)		(278	)		–			–			–			–			–			(197	)		(1,189	)
As at 1st January
2010		(543	)		(26	)		(139	)		219			379			294			1,038			336			275			1,833
Income statement		42			12			(3	)		(101	)		(46	)		(151	)		591			25			(492	)		(123	)
Equity		–			53			38			–			–			–			–			12			(44	)		59
Acquisitions and disposals		56			–			–			–			–			–			–			–			2			58
Exchange and other
adjustments		21			(6	)		(5	)		–			12			19			(71	)		(1	)		207			176
		(424	)		33			(109	)		118			345			162			1,558			372			(52	)		2,003
Assets		134			76			–			118			345			162			1,558			372			668			3,433
Liabilities		(558	)		(43	)		(109	)		–			–			–			–			–			(720	)		(1,430	)
As at 31st
December 2010		(424	)		33			(109	)		118			345			162			1,558			372			(52	)		2,003
Assets		87			57			246			403			356			532			1,659			342			1,116			4,798
Liabilities		(945	)		(46	)		(368	)		_			–			–			–			–			(1,075	)		(2,434	)
As at 1st January
2009		(858	)		11			(122	)		403			356			532			1,659			342			41			2,364
Income statement		340			(8	)		44			(189	)		39			15			(785	)		50			293			(201	)
Equity		–			(21	)		(59	)		–			–			–			–			156			24			100
Acquisitions and disposals		1			–			–			(5	)		(1	)		(8	)		4			(41	)		(98	)		(148	)
Exchange and other adjustments		(26	)		(8	)		(2	)		10			(15	)		(245	)		160			(171	)		15			(282	)
		(543	)		(26	)		(139	)		219			379			294			1,038			336			275			1,833
Assets		117			28			139			219			379			294			1,038			336			472			3,022
Liabilities		(660	)		(54	)		(278	)		–			–			–			–			–			(197	)		(1,189	)
As at 31st
December 2009		(543	)		(26	)		(139	)		219			379			294			1,038			336			275			1,833

Notes

a The deferred tax asset arising from tax losses mainly relates to entities in the USA, the UK and Spain.

b The net deferred tax asset at 31st December 2010 includes £1,715m (2009: £197m) in entities which have suffered a loss in either the current or prior year. Recognition is based on profit forecasts which indicate that it is probable that the relevant entities will have future taxable profits against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

c The amount of deferred tax liability expected to be settled after more than 12 months is £911m (2009: £955m). The amount of deferred tax asset expected to be recovered after more than 12 months is £1,645m (2009: £2,446m).

d Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of deductible temporary differences (gross) of £506m (2009: £4m), and unused tax losses (gross) of £4,571m (2009: £8,542m) of which £70m (2009: £nil) expires within 5 years, £239m (2009: £nil) expires within 6-10 years and £4,262m (2009: £8,542m)

expires within 11-20 years. Deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of these items because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Group can utilise benefits. The unused tax losses include amounts relating to the US branch of Barclays Bank PLC where the applicable tax rate for deferred tax purposes would be the excess of the US tax rate over the UK tax rate,

e Deferred tax is not recognised in respect of the Group’s investments in subsidiaries and branches where remittance is not contemplated and for those associates and interests in joint ventures where it has been determined that no additional tax will arise. The aggregate amount of temporary differences for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognised is £530m (2009: £738m).

210         

10 Earnings per share

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Continuing Operations
Profit attributable to equity holders of parent from continuing operations		3,564			2,628			3,795
Dilutive impact of convertible options		(10	)		(17	)		(19	)
Profit attributable to equity holders of parent including dilutive impact of convertible options		3,554			2,611			3,776
Profit attributable to equity holders of the parent from discontinued operations		–			6,765			587
	2010 million			2009 million			2008 million
Basic weighted average number of shares in issue		11,719			10,890			7,389
Number of potential ordinary shares		733			594			188
Diluted weighted average number of shares		12,452			11,484			7,577
	P			P			P
Basic earnings per ordinary share from continuing operations		30.4			24.1			51.4
Basic earnings per ordinary share from discontinued operations		–			62.1			7.9
Basic earnings per ordinary share		30.4			86.2			59.3
Diluted earnings per ordinary share from continuing operations		28.5			22.7			49.8
Diluted earnings per ordinary share from discontinued operations		–			58.9			7.7
Diluted earnings per ordinary share		28.5			81.6			57.5

The calculation of basic earnings per share is based on the profit attributable to equity holders of the parent and the number of basic weighted average number of shares excluding own shares held in employee benefit trusts or held for trading.

The basic weighted average number of shares in issue in the year ended 31st December 2010 reflects the full year impact of the exercise of 379 million warrants in 2009, and the weighted average impact of the 758 million warrants exercised in 2010.

When calculating the diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of shares in issue is adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares held in respect of Barclays PLC, totalling 733 million (2009: 594 million) shares. In addition, the profit attributable to equity holders of the parent is adjusted for the dilutive impact of the potential conversion of outstanding options held in respect of Absa Group Limited.

The increase in the number of potential ordinary shares is primarily driven by the impact of the increase in the average share price to £3.06 (2009: £2.56) on both the 379 million (2009:1,138 million) unexercised warrants and the 795 million (2009: 667 million) outstanding options granted under employee share schemes, which have strike prices ranging from £1.44 to £6.49 with an average of £4.01 (2009: £4.03).

Of the total number of employee share options and share awards at 31st December 2010, 59 million were anti-dilutive (2009: 97 million).

Subsequent to the balance sheet date, the Group continued to make on-market purchases of treasury shares for the purposes of satisfying its various employee share schemes. No adjustment has been made to earnings per share in respect of these purchases.

11 Dividends on Ordinary Shares

The Directors have approved a final dividend in respect of 2010 of 2.5p per ordinary share of 25p each, amounting to a total of £298m, which will be paid on 18th March 2011. The financial statements for the year ended 31st December 2010 does not reflect this dividend, which will be accounted for in shareholders’ equity as an appropriation of retained profits in the year ending 31st December 2011. The financial statements to 31st December 2010 include the 2010 interim dividends of £355m and final dividend declared in relation to 2009 of £176m.

211

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

12 Trading portfolio

	2010 £m			2009 £m
Debt securities		139,240			126,520
Equity securities		25,613			19,602
Traded loans		2,170			2,962
Commodities		1,844			2,260
Trading portfolio assets		168,867			151,344
Debt securities		(64,607	)		(44,708	)
Equity Securities		(7,568	)		(6,468	)
Commodities		(518	)		(76	)
Trading portfolio liabilities		(72,693	)		(51,252	)
13 Financial assets designated at fair value
	2010 £m			2009 £m
Loans and advances		22,352			22,390
Debt securities		1,918			4,007
Equity securities		5,685			6,256
Customers’ assets held under investment contracts		1,429			1,257
Other financial assets		10,101			8,658
Financial assets designated at fair value		41,485			42,568

The total portfolio of assets held in respect of linked liabilities to customers under investment contracts also includes £518m (2009: £422m) of cash and bank balances included within cash and balances at central banks. The carrying value of the total assets is always the same as the carrying value of the liabilities to customers under investment contracts as shown in Note 21. Any change in the value of the assets results in an equal but opposite change in the value of the amounts due to the policyholders. Therefore, the Group is not exposed to the financial risks inherent in the investments.

Credit risk of loans and advances held at fair value and related credit derivatives

The following table shows the maximum exposure to credit risk, the changes in fair value due to changes in credit risk and the cumulative changes in fair value since initial recognition on loans and advances designated at fair value together with the amount by which related credit derivatives mitigate this risk:

	Maximum Exposure  as at 31st December				Changes in  fair value during the year ended						Cumulative  changes in fair value from inception
	2010		2009		2010			2009			2010			2009
Loans and advances designated at fair value, attributable to credit risk		22,352		22,390		326			(2,370	)		(4,995	)		(5,321	)
Fair value of related credit derivatives		2,206		1,416		(481	)		229			263			744

212         

14 Derivative financial instruments

The Group’s objectives and policies on managing the risks that arise in connection with derivatives, including the policies for hedging, are discussed in the Risk Management section on pages 42 to 119.

The use of derivatives and their sale to customers as risk management products are an integral part of the Group’s trading activities. These instruments are also used to manage the Group’s own exposure to fluctuations in interest, exchange rates and commodity and equity prices as part of its asset and liability management activities.

Barclays Capital manages the trading derivatives book as part of the market risk book. This includes foreign exchange, interest rate, equity, commodity and credit derivatives. The policies regarding market risk management are outlined in the market risk management section on pages 94 to 101.

The Group’s exposure to credit risk arising from derivative contracts, as well as the Group’s participation in exchange traded and over the counter derivatives markets are outlined in the Credit risk section on page 86.

Derivative instruments are contracts whose value is derived from one or more underlying financial instruments or indices defined in the contract. They include swaps, forward rate agreements, futures, options and combinations of these instruments and primarily affect the Group’s net interest income, net trading income, net fee and commission income and derivative assets and liabilities. Notional amounts of the contracts are not recorded on the balance sheet.

Foreign exchange derivatives

The Group’s principal exchange rate related contracts are forward foreign exchange contracts, currency swaps and currency options. Forward foreign exchange contracts are agreements to buy or sell a specified quantity of foreign currency, usually on a specified future date at an agreed rate. A currency swap generally involves the exchange, or notional exchange, of equivalent amounts of two currencies and a commitment to exchange interest periodically until the principal amounts are re-exchanged on a future date.

Currency options provide the buyer with the right, but not the obligation, either to purchase or sell a fixed amount of a currency at a specified exchange rate on or before a future date. As compensation for assuming the option risk, the option writer generally receives a premium at the start of the option period.

Interest rate derivatives

The Group’s principal interest rate related contracts are interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements, basis swaps, caps, floors and swaptions. Included in this product category are transactions that include combinations of these features. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange fixed rate and floating rate interest by means of periodic payments based upon a notional principal amount and the interest rates defined in the contract. Certain agreements combine interest rate and foreign currency swap transactions, which may or may not include the exchange of principal amounts. A basis swap is a form of interest rate swap, in which both parties exchange interest payments based on floating rates, where the floating rates are based upon different underlying reference indices. In a forward rate agreement, two parties agree a future settlement of the difference between an agreed rate and a future interest rate, applied to a notional principal amount. The settlement, which generally occurs at the start of the contract period, is the discounted present value of the payment that would otherwise be made at the end of that period.

Credit derivatives

The Group’s principal credit derivative-related contracts include credit default swaps and total return swaps. A credit derivative is an arrangement whereby the credit risk of an asset (the reference asset) is transferred to the seller of protection.

A credit default swap is a contract where the protection seller receives premium or interest-related payments in return for contracting to make payments to the protection buyer upon a defined credit event. Credit events normally include bankruptcy, payment default on a reference asset or assets, or downgrades by a rating agency.

A total return swap is an instrument whereby the seller of protection receives the full return of the asset, including both the income and change in the capital value of the asset. The buyer of the protection in return receives a predetermined amount.

Equity derivatives

The Group’s principal equity-related contracts are equity and stock index swaps and options (including warrants, which are equity options listed on an exchange). An equity swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange periodic payments, based upon a notional principal amount, with one side paying fixed or floating interest and the other side paying based on the actual return of the stock or stock index. An equity option provides the buyer with the right, but not the obligation, either to purchase or sell a specified stock, basket of stocks or stock index at a specified price or level on or before a specified date. The Group also enters into fund-linked derivatives, being swaps and options whose underlyings include mutual funds, hedge funds, indices and multi-asset portfolios.

Commodity derivatives

The Group’s principal commodity-related derivative contracts are swaps, options, forwards and futures. The main commodities transacted are base metals, precious metals, oil and oil-related products, power and natural gas.

213

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

14 Derivative financial instrumentscontinued

The Group’s total derivative asset and liability position as reported on the balance sheet is as follows:

Total derivatives	2010							2009
	Notional contract amount £m		Fair value					Notional contract amount £m		Fair value
			Assets £m		Liabilities £m					Assets £m		Liabilities £m
Total derivative assets/(liabilities) held for trading		48,517,204		418,586		(403,163	)		39,131,979		415,638		(402,019	)
Total derivative assets/(liabilities) held for risk management		240,353		1,733		(2,353	)		180,018		1,177		(1,397	)
Derivative assets/(liabilities)		48,757,557		420,319		(405,516	)		39,311,997		416,815		(403,416	)

Derivative movements on the balance sheet were broadly flat compared to prior year with assets of £420bn as at 31 December 2010 (2009: £417bn) and liabilities of £406bn (2009: £403bn). Movements in derivatives during the year were mainly the result of decreases in forward interest rates in major currencies and new and increased business activity, partly offset by initiatives to reduce balance sheet usage such as the placement of existing derivative positions with clearing houses and the compression of over the counter derivative contracts via Tri-optima, a third party intermediary.

The fair values and notional amounts of derivative instruments held for trading are set out in the following table:

Derivatives held for trading	2010							2009
	Notional contract amount £m		Fair value					Notional contract amount £m		Fair value
			Assets £m		Liabilities £m					Assets £m		Liabilities £m
Foreign exchange derivatives
Forward foreign exchange		1,823,186		22,882		(22,674	)		1,457,271		18,148		(18,019	)
Currency swaps		935,420		29,802		(32,433	)		810,666		26,008		(32,357	)
OTC options bought and sold		739,949		7,736		(7,034	)		539,976		7,332		(7,321	)
OTC derivatives		3,498,555		60,420		(62,141	)		2,807,913		51,488		(57,697	)
Exchange traded futures – bought and sold		8,149		–		–			2,035		–		–
Exchange traded options – bought and sold		7,207		–		–			28,220		–		–
Foreign exchange derivatives		3,513,911		60,420		(62,141	)		2,838,168		51,488		(57,697	)
Interest rate derivatives
Interest rate swaps		10,316,455		202,050		(183,665	)		9,408,811		193,133		(179,744	)
Forward rate agreements		4,711,960		2,625		(2,881	)		4,436,628		3,595		(3,289	)
OTC options bought and sold		4,551,516		66,055		(65,395	)		5,113,613		63,647		(61,304	)
OTC derivatives		19,579,931		270,730		(251,941	)		18,959,052		260,375		(244,337	)
Exchange traded futures – bought and sold		706,678		–		–			547,685		–		–
Exchange traded options – bought and sold		268,855		–		–			272,960		–		–
Exchange traded swaps		21,209,173		–		–			13,424,261		–		–
Interest rate derivatives		41,764,637		270,730		(251,941	)		33,203,958		260,375		(244,337	)
Credit derivatives
OTC swaps		1,780,264		45,977		(44,068	)		1,932,635		55,302		(51,000	)
Exchange traded credit default swaps		172,211		1,040		(976	)		84,161		993		(780	)
Credit derivatives		1,952,475		47,017		(45,044	)		2,016,796		56,295		(51,780	)
Equity and stock index derivatives
OTC options bought and sold		118,363		9,340		(13,424	)		124,944		13,042		(15,681	)
Equity swaps and forwards		56,478		2,226		(2,359	)		45,922		2,057		(1,718	)
OTC derivatives		174,841		11,566		(15,783	)		170,866		15,099		(17,399	)
Exchange traded futures – bought and sold		96,582		1		(4	)		57,565		–		–
Exchange traded options – bought and sold		206,881		3,016		(2,812	)		130,885		2,631		(2,371	)
Equity and stock index derivatives		478,304		14,583		(18,599	)		359,316		17,730		(19,770	)
Commodity derivatives
OTC options bought and sold		93,937		3,778		(3,751	)		92,508		4,262		(4,215	)
Commodity swaps and forwards		326,336		18,743		(19,133	)		252,621		22,872		(22,012	)
OTC derivatives		420,273		22,521		(22,884	)		345,129		27,134		(26,227	)
Exchange traded futures – bought and sold		358,550		3,240		(2,326	)		312,883		2,436		(2,008	)
Exchange traded options – bought and sold		29,054		75		(228	)		55,729		180		(200	)
Commodity derivatives		807,877		25,836		(25,438	)		713,741		29,750		(28,435	)
Derivative assets/(liabilities) held for trading		48,517,204		418,586		(403,163	)		39,131,979		415,638		(402,019	)

214         

14 Derivative financial instrumentscontinued

The fair values and notional amounts of derivative instruments held for risk management are set out in the following table:

Derivatives held for risk management	2010							2009
	Notional contract amount £m		Fair value					Notional contract amount £m		Fair value
			Assets £m		Liabilities £m					Assets £m		Liabilities £m
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
Interest rate swaps		126,904		760		(882	)		79,241		478		(494	)
OTC options bought and sold		–		–		–			673		2		–
Forward foreign exchange		581		–		(43	)		2,224		237		(51	)
Exchange traded interest rate swaps		22,278		–		–			33,534		–		–
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges		149,763		760		(925	)		115,672		717		(545	)
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges
Currency swaps		679		–		(54	)		502		10		–
Interest rate swaps		42,301		905		(872	)		12,199		357		(459	)
Equity options		–		–		–			7,710		53		(56	)
Forward foreign exchange		4,561		19		(86	)		5,386		18		(103	)
Exchange traded interest rate swaps		36,427		–		–			32,257		–		–
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges		83,968		924		(1,012	)		58,054		438		(618	)
Derivatives designated as hedges of net investments
Forward foreign exchange		5,870		28		(199	)		5,321		22		(97	)
Currency swaps		752		21		(217	)		971		–		(137	)
Derivatives designated as hedges of net investment		6,622		49		(416	)		6,292		22		(234	)
Derivative assets/(liabilities) held for risk management		240,353		1,733		(2,353	)		180,018		1,177		(1,397	)

Interest rate derivatives, designated as cash flow hedges, primarily hedge the exposure to cash flow variability from interest rates of variable rate loans to banks and customers, variable rate debt securities held and highly probable forecast financing transactions and reinvestments.

Interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges primarily hedge the interest rate risk of fixed rate borrowings in issue, fixed rate loans to banks and customers and investments in fixed rate debt securities held.

Currency derivatives are primarily designated as hedges of the foreign currency risk of net investments in foreign operations.

215

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

14 Derivative financial instrumentscontinued

The Group has hedged the following forecast cash flows, which primarily vary with interest rates. These cash flows are expected to impact the income statement in the following periods, excluding any hedge adjustments that may be applied:

	Total £m		Up to one year £m		Between one to two years £m		Between two to three years £m		Between three to four years £m		Between four to five years £m		More than five years £m
2010
Forecast receivable cash flows		2,861		440		570		625		526		291		409
Forecast payable cash flows		307		69		52		76		82		22		6
2009
Forecast receivable cash flows		3,304		467		838		837		700		370		92
Forecast payable cash flows		558		51		96		122		145		116		28

The maximum length of time over which the Group hedges exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecast transactions, excluding those forecast transactions related to the payment of variable interest on existing financial instruments, is fourteen years (2009: nine years).

Amounts recognised in net interest income	2010 £m			2009 £m
Fair value hedging:
(Losses)/gains on the hedged items attributable to the hedged risk		(1,172	)		1,604
Gains/(losses) on the hedging instruments		1,286			(1,478	)
Fair value ineffectiveness		114			126
Cash flow hedging ineffectiveness		138			21
Net investment hedging ineffectiveness		(10	)		(5	)

All gains or losses on hedging derivatives relating to forecast transactions, which are no longer expected to occur, have been recycled to the income statement.

Transfers from cash flow hedging reserve

Gains and losses transferred from the cash flow hedging reserve in the current year were to: interest income: £88m gain (2009: £22m loss), interest expense: £515m gain (2009: £272m gain), net trading income: £148m loss (2009: £165m loss), and administration and general expenses: £99m gain (2009: £7m gain).

15 Loans and advances to banks and customers

Disclosures relevant to the Group’s loans and advances to banks and customers are included on pages 71 to 84.

16 Available for sale financial investments

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Debt securities and other eligible bills		59,629		49,807
Equity securities		5,481		6,676
Available for sale financial investments		65,110		56,483

The Group’s investment in BlackRock, Inc. shares of £4.6bn (2009: £5.4bn) is included within available for sale equity securities and was assessed for impairment as at 31st December 2010. This analysis identified that the reduction in fair value from the original acquisition cost of £5.3bn was not significant or prolonged in the light of the volatile stock market conditions of 2010 which saw the share price falling below the acquisition price in March 2010 and continued to fall until it reached a low in August 2010. Since then, the share price has continued to rise through the second half of the year and into 2011. As such no impairment has been recognised. The Group will continue to consider the need to recognise impairment in the light of any continuing volatility in the share price and of the length of time it has been below cost.

216         

17 Securities borrowing, securities lending, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements

Amounts included in the balance sheet and reported on a net basis where the Group has the intention and the legal ability to settle net or realise simultaneously were as follows:

a) Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending

Amounts advanced to counterparties under reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral provided under stock borrowing agreements are treated as collateralised loans receivable. The related securities purchased or borrowed subject to an agreement with the counterparty to repurchase them are not recognised on-balance sheet where the risks and rewards of ownership remain with the counterparty.

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Banks		104,233		67,872
Customers		101,539		75,559
Reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral held on securities borrowed		205,772		143,431

b) Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing

Securities that are not recorded on the balance sheet (for example, securities that have been obtained as a result of reverse repurchase and stock borrowing transactions) may also be lent or sold subject to a commitment to repurchase – such securities remain off-balance sheet. In both instances, amounts received from counterparty are treated as liabilities, which at 31st December were as follows:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Banks		99,997		93,692
Customers		125,537		105,089
Repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities lent		225,534		198,781
18 Investments in associates and joint ventures
	2010 £m		2009 £m
Investment in associates		261		250
Investment in joint ventures		257		172
Total		518		422

Summarised financial information for the Group’s associates and joint ventures is set out below. The amounts shown are assets, liabilities and net income of the investees, not just the Group’s share, as at and for the year ended 31st December 2010 with the exception of certain undertakings for which the amounts are based on accounts made up to dates not earlier than three months before the balance sheet date.

	2010					2009
	Associates £m			Joint Ventures £m		Associates £m			Joint Ventures £m
Total assets		4,819			3,452		4,939			3,521
Total liabilities		4,089			3,024		4,236			3,238
(Loss)/Profit after tax		(167	)		93		(96	)		30

The Group’s share of commitments and contingencies of its associates and joint ventures is comprised of insurance guarantees of £nil (2009: £5m) and unutilised credit facilities provided to customers of £1,237m (2009: £1,126m).

217

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

19 Goodwill and intangible assets

	Goodwill £m			Internally generated software £m			Other software £m			Core deposit intangibles £m			Brands £m			Customer lists £m			Mortgage servicing rights £m			Licences and other £m			Total £m
2010
Cost
As at 1st January 2010		7,058			963			237			301			175			1,521			164			462			10,881
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		12			–			–			–			–			28			–			25			65
Additions and disposals		–			88			3			–			–			–			(168	)		(3	)		(80	)
Exchange and other adjustments		189			40			(6	)		46			27			137			4			(11	)		426
As at 31st December 2010		7,259			1,091			234			347			202			1,686			–			473			11,292
Accumulated amortisation and impairment
As at 1st January 2010		(826	)		(465	)		(58	)		(82	)		(84	)		(318	)		(117	)		(136	)		(2,086	)
Disposals		–			100			–			–			–			2			144			11			257
Amortisation charge		–			(178	)		(36	)		(19	)		(18	)		(141	)		(7	)		(38	)		(437	)
Impairment charge		(243	)		(14	)		–			(7	)		–			(15	)		(19	)		(17	)		(315	)
Exchange and other adjustments		29			5			8			(13	)		(7	)		(21	)		(1	)		(14	)		(14	)
As at 31st December 2010		(1,040	)		(552	)		(86	)		(121	)		(109	)		(493	)		–			(194	)		(2,595	)
Net book value		6,219			539			148			226			93			1,193			–			279			8,697
2009
Cost
As at 1st January 2009		8,551			721			328			261			155			1,565			173			426			12,180
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		63			–			–			–			–			1			–			109			173
Disposals of discontinued operations		(1,587	)		(66	)		–			–			(2	)		–			–			(32	)		(1,687	)
Additions and disposals		–			264			(36	)		–			–			–			–			11			239
Exchange and other adjustments		31			44			(55	)		40			22			(45	)		(9	)		(52	)		(24	)
As at 31st December 2009		7,058			963			237			301			175			1,521			164			462			10,881
Accumulated amortisation and impairment
As at 1st January 2009		(926	)		(284	)		(69	)		(52	)		(55	)		(172	)		(116	)		(104	)		(1,778	)
Disposals of discontinued operations		84			25			–			–			2			–			–			8			119
Disposals		–			12			4			–			–			–			–			–			16
Amortisation charge		–			(190	)		(29	)		(22	)		(17	)		(136	)		(13	)		(54	)		(461	)
Impairment charge		(1	)		(11	)		–			–			(6	)		–			–			(10	)		(28	)
Exchange and other adjustments		17			(17	)		36			(8	)		(8	)		(10	)		12			24			46
As at 31st December 2009		(826	)		(465	)		(58	)		(82	)		(84	)		(318	)		(117	)		(136	)		(2,086	)
Net book value		6,232			498			179			219			91			1,203			47			326			8,795

Of the intangibles amortisation charge for 2009 £447m related to continuing operations.

218         

19 Goodwill and Intangible Assetscontinued

Goodwill

Goodwill is allocated to business operations according to business segments as follows:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
UK Retail Banking		3,148		3,146
Barclaycard		585		552
Western Europe Retail Banking		505		520
Barclays Africa		36		39
Barclays Capital		133		105
Barclays Corporate		150		389
Barclays Wealth		391		391
Absa		1,271		1,090
Total Goodwill		6,219		6,232

Goodwill has been allocated to the revised business segments in line with the resegmentation communicated to the market in March 2010. This means that the £243m of goodwill in Barclays Bank Russia was allocated to Barclays Corporate and goodwill in Spain of £565m was allocated between Western Europe Retail Banking (£439m) and Barclays Corporate (£126m). The comparative figures for 2009 have been updated to reflect this resegmentation.

Impairment testing of goodwill

Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment, or more frequently when there are indicators that impairment may have occurred, by comparing the carrying value to its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount of each operation's goodwill is based on value-in-use calculations. The calculations are based upon discounting expected pre-tax cash flows at a risk-adjusted interest rate appropriate to the cash generating unit, the determination of both of which requires the exercise of judgement. The estimation of pre-tax cash flows is sensitive to the periods for which forecasts are available and to assumptions regarding the long-term sustainable cash flows. While forecasts are compared with actual performance and external economic data, expected cash flows naturally reflect management's view of future performance.

Key assumptions

The key assumptions used for impairment testing are set out below for each significant goodwill balance. Other goodwill of £1,253m (2009: £1,986m) was allocated to multiple cash-generating units which are not considered individually significant.

UK Retail Banking

The recoverable amount of UK Retail Banking has been determined using cash flow predictions based on financial budgets approved by management and covering a five-year period, with a terminal growth rate of 2% (2009: 3%) applied thereafter. The forecast cashflows have been discounted at a pre-tax rate of 13% (2009: 14%). Based on the above assumptions, the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying amount including goodwill by £4.0bn (2009: £1.2bn). A one percentage point change in the discount rate or the terminal growth rate would reduce the recoverable amount by £1.0bn (2009: £0.7bn) and £0.8bn (2009: £0.5bn) respectively. A reduction in the forecast cash flows of 10% per annum would reduce the recoverable amount by £1.1bn (2009: £0.8bn).

Absa

The recoverable amount of Absa has been determined using cash flow predictions based on financial budgets approved by management and covering a five year period, with a terminal growth rate of 6% (2009: 6%) applied thereafter. The forecast cashflows have been discounted at a pre-tax rate of 14% (2009: 14%). The recoverable amount calculated based on value in use exceeded the carrying amount including goodwill by £5.0bn (2009: £4.7bn). The result of the impairment test would not be materially different if alternative reasonably possible changes in key assumptions were applied.

Spain

The recoverable amount of the Spanish business has been determined using cash flow predictions based on financial budgets approved by management covering a five-year period, with a terminal growth rate of 2% (2009: 2%) applied thereafter. The forecast cash flows have been discounted at a pre-tax rate of 12% (2009: 13%). The recoverable amount calculated based on value in use exceeded the carrying amount including goodwill by £383m. The cash flow projections include the estimated benefits from changes in product mix, improved product pricing and impairment levels coming back into line with historic loan loss rates. There is no impact from any cost restructuring or any future planned investments included within the forecasts. An increase in the discount rate to 15%, a decrease in the terminal growth rate to negative 1.3% or a reduction in the forecast cash flows by 26% per annum would reduce the headroom over the carrying amount to nil.

Barclays Corporate – Russia

At 31st December 2010, Barclays recognised an impairment charge of £243 million (2009: nil) in respect of all of the goodwill held by Barclays Corporate in Barclays Bank Russia (BBR), which arose from the Expo bank acquisition in 2008. The impairment principally reflects changes in expected future cash flows arising from BBR as our activities there have been refocused. The recoverable amount of BBR was calculated based on the value in use approach using a pre-tax rate of 17%.

219

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

20 Property, plant and equipment

	Investment property £m			Property £m			Equipment £m			Leased assets £m			Total £m
2010
Cost
As at 1st January 2010		1,207			3,830			4,197			66			9,300
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		46			2			4			–			52
Additions and disposals		353			283			120			9			765
Change in fair value of investment properties		(54	)		–			–			–			(54	)
Fully depreciated assets written off		–			(2	)		(1	)		–			(3	)
Exchange and other adjustments		18			116			429			–			563
As at 31st December 2010		1,570			4,229			4,749			75			10,623
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
As at 1st January 2010		–			(1,128	)		(2,529	)		(17	)		(3,674	)
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		–			6			–			–			6
Depreciation charge		–			(231	)		(555	)		(4	)		(790	)
Impairment charge		–			(28	)		(25	)		–			(53	)
Disposals		–			86			341			(3	)		424
Fully depreciated assets written off		–			2			1			–			3
Exchange and other adjustments		–			(33	)		(366	)		–			(399	)
As at 31st December 2010		–			(1,326	)		(3,133	)		(24	)		(4,483	)
Net book value		1,570			2,903			1,616			51			6,140
2009
Cost
As at 1st January 2009		–			3,624			3,944			304			7,872
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		978			171			5			–			1,154
Disposal of discontinued operations		–			(120	)		(99	)		–			(219	)
Additions and disposals		137			233			387			(37	)		720
Change in fair value of investment properties		6			–			–			–			6
Fully depreciated assets written off		–			(6	)		(17	)		–			(23	)
Exchange and other adjustments		86			(72	)		(23	)		(201	)		(210	)
As at 31st December 2009		1,207			3,830			4,197			66			9,300
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
As at 1st January 2009		–			(1,011	)		(2,144	)		(43	)		(3,198	)
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		–			–			2			–			2
Disposal of discontinued operations		–			33			64			–			97
Depreciation charge		–			(201	)		(565	)		(20	)		(786	)
Impairment charge		–			(32	)		(2	)		–			(34	)
Disposals		–			46			97			1			144
Fully depreciated assets written off		–			6			17			–			23
Exchange and other adjustments		–			31			2			45			78
As at 31st December 2009		–			(1,128	)		(2,529	)		(17	)		(3,674	)
Net book value		1,207			2,702			1,668			49			5,626

Of the depreciation charge for 2009, £759m relates to continuing operations.

The fair value of Barclays investment property is based on valuations supported by appropriately qualified independent valuers.

Property rentals of £48m (2009: £64m) have been included in other income and gains on property disposals of £29m (2009: £29m) have been included in administration and general expenses.

220         

21 Financial liabilities designated at fair value

	2010				2009
	Fair Value £m		Contractual amount due on maturity £m		Fair Value £m		Contractual amount due on maturity £m
Debt securities		76,907		81,589		72,191		77,636
Deposits		10,243		10,950		6,275		6,544
Liabilities to customers under investment contracts		1,947		—		1,679		—
Other financial liabilities		8,632		9,533		7,736		8,811
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		97,729		102,072		87,881		92,991

The own credit adjustment arose on £96bn of Barclays Capital’s financial liabilities designated at fair value (2009: £86bn). The cumulative own credit net gain that has been recognised is £892m at 31st December 2010 (2009: £501 m).

22 Accruals, deferred income and other liabilities

	2010 £m	2009 £m
Accruals and deferred income	5,539	6,007
Other creditors	5,198	5,972
Obligations under finance leases (see Note 37)	87	122
Insurance contract liabilities, including unit-linked liabilities	2,409	2,140
Accruals, deferred income and other liabilities	13,233	14,241

Insurance liabilities relate principally to the Group’s long-term business. Insurance contract liabilities associated with the Group’s short-term non-life business are £131 m (2009: £132m).

The maximum amounts payable under all of the Group’s insurance products, ignoring the probability of insured events occurring and the contribution from investments backing the insurance policies were £71bn (2009: £63bn) or £67bn (2009: £57bn) after reinsurance. Of this insured risk £56bn (2009: £49bn) was concentrated in short-term insurance contracts and £65bn (2009: £55bn) was concentrated in Africa.

The maximum impact to profit or loss and equity under any reasonably possible change in the assumptions used to calculate the insurance liabilities would be £12m(2009:£14m).

221

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

23 Subordinated liabilities

Subordinated liabilities, which are all issued by Barclays Bank PLC (‘The Bank’) or other subsidiaries of the Group, include accrued interest and comprise dated and undated loan capital as follows:

			2010 £m		2009 £m
Undated loan capital				9,094		8,148
Dated loan capital				19,405		17,668
				28,499		25,816
Undated loan capital	Initial call date		2010 £m		2009 £m
Non-convertible
Barclays Bank PLC
Tier One Notes (TONs)
6% Callable Perpetual Core Tier One Notes		2032		453		424
6.86% Callable Perpetual Core Tier One Notes (US$1,000m)		2032		866		784
Reserve Capital Instruments (RCIs)
5.926% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments (US$1,350m)		2016		1,010		928
6.3688% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments		2019		608		567
7.434% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments (US$1,250m)		2017		950		866
14% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments		2019		2,887		2,608
5.3304% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments		2036		599		560
Undated Notes
6.875% Undated Subordinated Notes		2015		156		151
6.375% Undated Subordinated Notes		2017		150		147
7.7% Undated Subordinated Notes (US$99m)		2018		69		65
8.25% Undated Subordinated Notes		2018		156		152
7.125% Undated Subordinated Notes		2020		190		180
6.125% Undated Subordinated Notes		2027		234		220
Junior Undated Floating Rate Notes (US$121 m)		Any interest payment date		78		75
Undated Floating Rate Primary Capital Notes Series 3		Any interest payment date		145		145
Bonds
9.25% Perpetual Subordinated Bonds (ex-Woolwich plc)		2021		96		95
9% Permanent Interest Bearing Capital Bonds		At any time		41		43
Loans
5.03% Reverse Dual Currency Undated Subordinated Loan (Yen 8,000m)		2028		70		55
5% Reverse Dual Currency Undated Subordinated Loan (Yen 12,000m)		2028		104		83
Barclays SLCSM Funding B.V. guaranteed by the Bank
6.140% Fixed Rate Guaranteed Perpetual Subordinated Notes		2015		232		—
Undated loan capital – non-convertible				9,094		8,148

The principal terms of the undated loan capital are described below:

Security

None of the undated loan capital is secured.

Subordination

All undated loan capital ranks behind the claims against the bank of depositors and other unsecured unsubordinated creditors and holders of dated loan capital in the following order: Junior Undated Floating Rate Notes; other issues of Undated Notes, Bonds and Loans-ranking pari passu with each other; followed by TONs and RCIs-ranking pari passu with each other.

222         

23 Subordinated liabilitiescontinued

Interest

All undated loan capital bears a fixed rate of interest until the initial call date, with the exception of the 9% Bonds which are fixed for the life of the issue, and the Junior and Series 3 Undated Notes which are floating rate.

After the initial call date, in the event that they are not redeemed, the 6.875%, 6.375%, 7.125%, 6.125% Undated Notes, the 9.25% Bonds and the 6.140% Perpetual Notes will bear interest at rates fixed periodically in advance for five year periods based on market rates. All other undated loan capital except the two floating rate Undated Notes will bear interest, and the two floating rate Undated Notes currently bear interest, at rates fixed periodically in advance based on London interbank rates.

Payment of interest

Barclays Bank PLC is not obliged to make a payment of interest on its Undated Notes, Bonds and Loans excluding the 7.7% Undated Notes, 8.25% Undated Notes, 9.25% Bonds and 6.140% Perpetual Notes if, in the preceding six months, a dividend has not been declared or paid on any class of shares of Barclays PLC or, in certain cases, any class of preference shares of the Bank. The Bank is not obliged to make a payment of interest on its 9.25% Perpetual Subordinated Bonds if, in the immediately preceding 12 months’ interest period, a dividend has not been paid on any class of its share capital. Interest not so paid becomes payable in each case if such a dividend is subsequently paid or in certain other circumstances. During the year, the Bank declared and paid dividends on its ordinary shares and on all classes of preference shares.

No payment of principal or any interest may be made unless the Bank satisfies a specified solvency test.

The Bank may elect to defer any payment of interest on the 7.7% Undated Notes and 8.25% Undated Notes. Until such time as any deferred interest has been paid in full, neither the Bank nor Barclays PLC may declare or pay a dividend, subject to certain exceptions, on any of its ordinary shares, preference shares, or other share capital or satisfy any payments of interest or coupons on certain other junior obligations.

The Issuer and the Bank may elect to defer any payment of interest on the 6.140% Perpetual Notes. However, any deferred interest will automatically become immediately due and payable on the earlier of: (i) the date on which any dividend or other distribution or interest or other payment is made in respect of any pari passu or any junior obligations or on which any pari passu or any junior obligations are purchased, (ii) the date of redemption or purchase of the 6.140% Perpetual Notes and (iii) certain other events including bankruptcy, liquidation or winding up of the Issuer or the Bank.

The Bank may elect to defer any payment of interest on the RCIs. Any such deferred payment of interest must be paid on the earlier of: (i) the date of redemption of the RCIs, (ii) the coupon payment date falling on or nearest to the tenth anniversary of the date of deferral of such payment, and (iii) in respect of the 14% RCIs only, substitution. Whilst such deferral is continuing, neither the Bank nor Barclays PLC may declare or pay a dividend, subject to certain exceptions, on any of its ordinary shares or preference shares.

The Bank may elect to defer any payment of interest on the TONs if it determines that it is, or such payment would result in it being, in non-compliance with capital adequacy requirements and policies of the FSA. Any such deferred payment of interest will only be payable on a redemption of the TONs. Until such time as the Bank next makes a payment of interest on the TONs, neither the Bank nor Barclays PLC may (i) declare or pay a dividend, subject to certain exceptions, on any of their respective ordinary shares or Preference Shares, or make payments of interest in respect of the Bank’s Reserve Capital Instruments and (ii) certain restrictions on the redemption, purchase or reduction of their respective share capital and certain other securities also apply.

Repayment

All undated loan capital is repayable, at the option of the Bank generally in whole at the initial call date and on any subsequent coupon or interest payment date or in the case of the 6.875%, 6.375%, 7.125%, 6.125% Undated Notes, the 9.25% Bonds and the 6.140% Perpetual Notes on any fifth anniversary after the initial call date. In addition, each issue of undated loan capital is repayable, at the option of the Bank, in whole for certain tax reasons, either at any time, or on an interest payment date. There are no events of default except non-payment of principal or mandatory interest. Any repayments require the prior notification to the FSA.

All issues of undated loan capital have been made in the euro currency market and/or under Rule 144A, and no issues have been registered under the US Securities Act of 1933.

223

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

23 Subordinated liabilitiescontinued

Dated loan capital	Initial call date		Maturity date		2010 £m		2009 £m
Non-convertible
Barclays Bank PLC
12% Unsecured Capital Loan Stock				2010		–		27
5.75% Subordinated Notes (€1,000m)				2011		836		853
5.25% Subordinated Notes (€250m) (ex-Woolwich plc)				2011		221		246
5.015% Subordinated Notes (US$150m)				2013		104		99
4.875% Subordinated Notes (€750m)				2013		670		693
Callable Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (US$1,500m)		2010		2015		–		927
4.38% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (US$75m)				2015		55		51
4.75% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (US$150m)				2015		111		103
Floating Rate Subordinated Step-up Callable Notes (US$750m)		2011		2016		484		463
Callable Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (€1,250m)		2011		2016		1,082		1,115
Callable Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (US$500m)		2012		2017		323		309
10.125% Subordinated Notes (ex-Woolwich plc)		2012		2017		105		107
Floating Rate Subordinated Step-up Callable Notes (US$1,500m)		2012		2017		969		926
Floating Rate Subordinated Step-up Callable Notes (€1,500m)		2012		2017		1,296		1,337
6.05% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (US$2,250m)				2017		1,662		1,505
Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (€40m)				2018		35		36
6% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (€1,750m)				2018		1,596		1,641
CMS-Linked Subordinated Notes (€100m)				2018		90		92
CMS-Linked Subordinated Notes (€135m)				2018		121		124
Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (€50m)				2019		42		43
Callable Fixed/Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (€1,000m)		2014		2019		904		915
5.14% Lower Tier 2 Notes (US$1,250m)		2015		2020		791		–
6% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (€1,500m)				2021		1,316		–
9.5% Subordinated Bonds (ex-Woolwich plc)				2021		292		276
Subordinated Floating Rate Notes (€100m)				2021		85		87
10% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes				2021		2,160		2,022
10.179% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes (US$1,521 m)				2021		1,040		942
Subordinated Floating Rate Notes (€50m)				2022		43		45
Subordinated Floating Rate Notes (€50m)				2023		43		45
Fixed/Floating Rate Subordinated Callable Notes		2018		2023		590		568
5.75% Fixed Rate Subordinated Notes				2026		675		631
5.4% Reverse Dual Currency Subordinated Loan (Yen 15,000m)				2027		132		105
6.33% Subordinated Notes				2032		53		52
Subordinated Floating Rate Notes (€100m)				2040		86		89
Absa
10.75% Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 1,100m)		2010		2015		–		95
Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 400m)		2010		2015		–		36
8.75% Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 1,500m)		2012		2017		154		129
Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 1,886m)		2013		2018		210		173
8.8% Subordinated Fixed Rate Callable Notes (ZAR 1,725m)		2014		2019		178		143
Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 3,000m)		2014		2019		331		268
8.1% Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 2,000m)		2015		2020		200		160
10.28% Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 600m)		2017		2022		60		–
Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 400m)		2017		2022		41		–
Subordinated Callable Notes (ZAR 1,500m)		2023		2028		156		127
Other capital issued by Barclays Spain, Ghana, Kenya and Zambia				2011-2016		37		38
Dated loan capital – non-convertible						19,379		17,643
Dated loan capital – convertible issued by Barclays Botswana and Zambia				2014-2015		26		25
Total dated loan capital						19,405		17,668

224         

23 Subordinated liabilitiescontinued

Dated loan capital

Dated loan capital is issued by the Bank for the development and expansion of the Group’s business and to strengthen its capital base; by Barclays Bank Spain SA (Barclays Spain), Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd (Barclays Botswana), Barclays Bank Zambia PLC (Barclays Zambia) and Barclays Bank of Kenya (Barclays Kenya) to enhance their respective capital bases; and by Absa and Barclays Bank of Ghana Ltd (Barclays Ghana) for general corporate purposes.

The principal terms of the dated loan capital are described below:

Security

None of the Groups dated loan capital is secured.

Subordination

All dated loan capital ranks behind the claims against the bank of depositors and other unsecured unsubordinated creditors but before the claims of the undated loan capital and the holders of their equity. The dated loan capital issued by subsidiaries, are similarly subordinated.

Interest

Interest on the floating rate Notes are fixed periodically in advance, based on the related interbank or local central bank rates.

All other non-convertible Notes except the 10.125% Subordinated Notes 2017 are generally fixed interest for the life of the issue, but some are reset to a floating rate after a fixed period, with varying interest rate terms. The 10.125% Subordinated Notes 2017, if not called in 2012, will bear interest at a rate fixed in advance for a further period of 5 years.

The 5.14% Lower Tier 2 Notes were registered under the US Securities Act of 1933. All other issues of dated loan capital have been made in the euro currency market, local markets and/or under Rule 144A.

Repayment terms

Those Notes with a call date are repayable at the option of the issuer, on conditions governing the respective debt obligations, some in whole or in part, and some only in whole. The remaining dated loan capital outstanding at 31st December 2010 is redeemable only on maturity, subject in particular cases, to provisions allowing an early redemption in the event of certain changes in tax law or, in the case of Barclays Botswana and Barclays Zambia, to certain changes in legislation or regulations.

Any repayments prior to maturity require, in the case of the Bank, the prior notification to the FSA, or in the case of the overseas issues, the approval of the local regulator for that jurisdiction.

There are no committed facilities in existence at the balance sheet date which permit the refinancing of debt beyond the date of maturity.

24 Provisions

	Onerous contracts £m			Redundancy and restructuring £m			Undrawn contractually committed facilities and guarantees provided £m			Sundry provisions £m			Total £m
At 1st January 2010		68			162			162			198			590
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		–			–			1			6			7
Exchange and other adjustments		–			–			6			12			18
Additions		36			139			118			533			826
Amounts utilised		(28	)		(68	)		(8	)		(229	)		(333	)
Unused amounts reversed		(4	)		(56	)		(50	)		(53	)		(163	)
Amortisation of discount		2			–			–			–			2
At 31st December 2010		74			177			229			467			947
At 1st January 2009		50			118			109			258			535
Acquisitions and disposals of subsidiaries		–			(2	)		1			(6	)		(7	)
Exchange and other adjustments		–			4			2			–			6
Additions		51			269			119			125			564
Amounts utilised		(27	)		(201	)		(21	)		(142	)		(391	)
Unused amounts reversed		(8	)		(26	)		(48	)		(37	)		(119	)
Amortisation of discount		2			–			–			–			2
At 31st December 2009		68			162			162			198			590

Provisions expected to be recovered or settled within no more than 12 months after 31st December 2010 were £658m (2009: £466m).

Included in sundry provisions are provisions in respect of litigation of £151 m (2009: £27m).

225

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

25 Contingent liabilities and commitments

The following table summarises the nominal principal amount of contingent liabilities and commitments with off-balance sheet risk:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Securities lending arrangements		27,672		27,406
Guarantees and letters of credit pledged as collateral security		13,783		15,406
Performance guarantees, acceptances and endorsements		9,175		9,962
Contingent liabilities		50,630		52,774
Documentary credits and other short-term trade related transactions		1,194		762
Standby facilities, credit lines and other commitments		222,963		206,513

In common with other banks, the Group conducts business involving acceptances, performance bonds and indemnities. The majority of these facilities are offset by corresponding obligations of third parties.

Contingent Liabilities

Up to the disposal of Barclays Global Investors on 1st December 2009, the Group facilitated securities lending arrangements for its managed investment funds whereby securities held by funds under management were lent to third parties. Borrowers provided cash or investment grade assets as collateral equal to 100% of the market value of the securities lent plus a margin of 2%-10%. The Group agreed with BlackRock, Inc. to continue to provide indemnities to support these arrangements for three years following the sale of the business. As at 31st December 2010, the fair value of the collateral held was £28,465m (2009: £28,248m) and that of the stock lent was £27,672m (2009: £27,406m).

Guarantees and letters of credit are given as security to support the performance of a customer to third parties. As the Group will only be required to meet these obligations in the event of the customer’s default, the cash requirements of these instruments are expected to be considerably below their nominal amounts.

Performance guarantees are generally, short-term commitments to third parties which are not directly dependent on the customer’s creditworthiness. An acceptance is an undertaking by a bank to pay a bill of exchange drawn on a customer. The Group expects most acceptances to be presented, but reimbursement by the customer is normally immediate. Endorsements are residual liabilities of the Group in respect of bills of exchange, which have been paid and subsequently rediscounted.

Documentary Credits and other Short-Term Trade Related Transactions

Documentary credits commit the Group to make payments to third parties, on production of documents, which are usually reimbursed immediately by customers.

Standby Facilities, Credit Lines and Other Commitments

Commitments to lend are agreements to lend to a customer in the future, subject to certain conditions. Such commitments are either made for a fixed period, or have no specific maturity but are cancellable by the lender subject to notice requirements.

Financial Services Compensation Scheme

The Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) is the UK’s compensation fund for customers of authorised financial services firms that are unable to pay claims. The FSCS raises levies on all UK deposit taking institutions. Previously compensation has been paid out by facilities provided by HM Treasury to FSCS in support of FSCS’s obligations to the depositors of banks declared in default. The total of these facilities is understood to be approximately £20bn. While it is anticipated that the substantial majority of these facilities will be repaid wholly from recoveries from the institutions concerned, there is the risk of a shortfall, such that the FSCS may place additional levies on all FSCS participants. Barclays has included an accrual of £63m in other liabilities as at 31st December 2010 (2009: £108m) in respect of levies raised by the FSCS.

Barclays Capital US Mortgage Activities

Barclays activities within the US mortgage sector during the period 2005 through 2008 included: sponsoring and underwriting of approximately $39bn of private-label securitisations; underwriting of approximately $34bn of other private-label securitisations; sales of approximately $150m of loans to government sponsored enterprises (GSEs); and sales of approximately $7bn of loans to others - including loans sold in 2009. Some of the loans sold were originated by a Barclays subsidiary. Barclays also performed servicing activities through its US residential mortgage servicing business which Barclays acquired in Q4 2006 and subsequently sold in Q3 2010.

In connection with certain Barclays whole loan sales and sponsored private-label securitisations, Barclays made certain loan level representations and warranties (R&Ws) generally relating to the underlying borrower, property and/or mortgage documentation. Under certain circumstances, Barclays may be required to repurchase the related loans or make other payments related to such loans if the R&Ws were breached. The $7bn of loans sold to others were generally priced at significant discounts and contained more limited R&Ws than loans sold to GSEs. Third party originators provided loan level R&Ws directly to the securitisation trusts for approximately $34bn of the $39bn in Barclays sponsored securitisations. Barclays or a subsidiary provided loan level R&Ws to the securitisation trusts for approximately $5bn of the Barclays sponsored securitisations. Total unresolved repurchase requests associated with all loans sold to others and private-label activities were $21m at 31st December 2010. Current provisions are adequate to cover estimated losses associated with outstanding repurchase claims. However, based upon the large number of defaults occurring in US residential mortgages, there is a potential for additional claims for repurchases.

Claims against Barclays as an underwriter of RMBS offerings have been brought in certain civil actions. Additionally, Barclays has received inquiries from various regulatory and governmental authorities regarding its mortgage-related activities and is cooperating with such inquiries.

It is not possible to provide a meaningful estimate of the financial impact of the potential exposure relating to all of the foregoing matters at this time.

226         

25 Contingent liabilities and commitmentscontinued

Assets pledged

Assets are pledged as collateral to secure liabilities under repurchase agreements, securitisations and stock lending agreements or as security deposits relating to derivatives. The disclosure includes any asset transfers associated with liabilities under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions.

The following table summarises the nature and carrying amount of the assets pledged as security against these liabilities:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Trading portfolio assets		111,703		96,176
Loans and advances		30,584		48,846
Available for sale investments		22,941		24,264
Other		45		77
Assets Pledged		165,273		169,363

Collateral held as security for assets

Under certain transactions, including reverse repurchase agreements and stock borrowing transactions, the Group is allowed to resell or repledge the collateral held. The fair value at the balance sheet date of collateral accepted and repledged to others was as follows:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
Fair value of securities accepted as collateral		422,890		357,159
Of which fair value of securities repledged/transferred to others		347,557		283,334

26 Legal proceedings

Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.

On 15th September 2009, motions were filed in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the Court) by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (LBHI), the SIPA Trustee for Lehman Brothers Inc. (the Trustee) and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (the Committee). All three motions challenge certain aspects of the transaction pursuant to which Barclays Capital Inc. (BCI) and other companies in the Group acquired most of the assets of Lehman Brothers Inc. (LBI) in September 2008 and the court order approving such sale. The claimants seek an order voiding the transfer of certain assets to BCI; requiring BCI to return to the LBI estate alleged excess value BCI received; and declaring that BCI is not entitled to certain assets that it claims pursuant to the sale documents and order approving the sale. On 16th November 2009, LBHI, the Trustee and the Committee filed separate complaints in the Court asserting claims against BCI based on the same underlying allegations as the pending motions and seeking relief similar to that which is requested in the motions. On 29th January 2010, BCI filed its response to the motions. Barclays considers that the motions and claims against BCI are without merit and BCI is vigorously defending its position. On 29th January 2010, BCI also filed a motion seeking delivery of certain assets that LBHI and LBI have failed to deliver as required by the sale documents and the court order approving the sale. Approximately £2.6bn of the assets acquired as part of the acquisition had not been received by 31st December 2010, approximately £2.0bn of which were recognised as part of the accounting for the acquisition and are included in the balance sheet as at 31st December 2010. This results in an effective provision of £0.6bn against the uncertainty inherent in the litigation.

On 22nd February 2011, the Court issued its Opinion in relation to these matters. The Opinion calls for the parties to submit proposed Orders that will implement the Opinion, and anticipates a possible status conference to resolve any potential differences between the parties regarding the final Order that should be entered. Any such Order should clarify the precise impact of the Opinion, and may include specific guidance regarding the treatment of specific types of assets. Such an Order may be the subject of further proceedings or appeals by one or more of the parties.

Barclays has considered the Opinion and the decisions contained therein and its possible actions with respect thereto. If the Opinion were to be unaffected by future proceedings, Barclays estimates that its maximum possible loss, based on its worst case reading of the Opinion, would be approximately £2.6bn, after taking into account the effective provision of £0.6bn. Any such loss, however, is not considered probable and Barclays is satisfied with the current level of provision.

American Depositary Shares

Barclays Bank PLC, Barclays PLC and various current and former members of Barclays PLC’s Board of Directors have been named as defendants in five proposed securities class actions (which have been consolidated) pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The consolidated amended complaint, dated 12th February 2010, alleges that the registration statements relating to American Depositary Shares representing Preferred Stock, Series 2, 3,4 and 5 (ADS) offered by Barclays Bank PLC at various times between 2006 and 2008 contained misstatements and omissions concerning (amongst other things) Barclays portfolio of mortgage-related (including US subprime-related) securities, Barclays exposure to mortgage and credit market risk and Barclays financial condition. The consolidated amended complaint asserts claims under Sections 11,12(a)(2) and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933. On 5th January 2011, the Court issued an order, and on 7th January 2011, judgment was entered, granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety and closing the case. On 4th February 2011, the plaintiffs filed a motion asking the Court to reconsider in part its dismissal order, and that motion is pending. Barclays considers that these ADS-related claims against it are without merit and is defending them vigorously. It is not possible to estimate any possible loss in relation to these claims or any effect that they might have upon operating results in any particular financial period.

Other

Barclays is engaged in various other litigation proceedings both in the United Kingdom and a number of overseas jurisdictions, including the United States, involving claims by and against it which arise in the ordinary course of business. Barclays does not expect the ultimate resolution of any of the proceedings to which Barclays is party to have a significant adverse effect on the financial statements of the Group and Barclays has not disclosed the contingent liabilities associated with these claims either because they cannot reasonably be estimated or because such disclosure could be prejudicial to the conduct of the claims.

227

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

27 Competition and regulatory matters

This note highlights some of the key competition and regulatory challenges facing Barclays, many of which are beyond our control. The extent of the impact of these matters on Barclays cannot always be predicted but may materially impact our businesses and earnings.

Regulatory Change

The scale of regulatory change remains challenging with a significant tightening of regulation and changes to regulatory structures globally especially for banks that are deemed to be of systemic importance. Concurrently, there is continuing political and regulatory scrutiny of the operation of the banking and consumer credit industries which, in some cases, is leading to increased or changing regulation which is likely to have a significant effect on the industry.

In the UK, the FSA’s current responsibilities are to be reallocated between the Prudential Regulatory Authority (a subsidiary of the Bank of England) and a new Consumer Protection and Markets Authority by the end of 2012. The Independent Commission on Banking has been charged by the UK Government with reviewing the UK banking system. Its remit includes looking at reducing systemic risk, mitigating moral hazard, reducing the likelihood and impact of bank failure and competition issues. Its findings and recommendations are expected by September 2011.

In the United States, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains far reaching regulatory reform although the full impact will not be known until implementing rules are made by governmental authorities, a process which is currently ongoing.

Payment Protection Insurance (PPI)

PPI has been under scrutiny by the UK competition authorities and financial services regulators. The UK Competition Commission (CC) has undertaken an in-depth enquiry into the PPI market which has resulted in the CC introducing a number of remedies including a prohibition on sale of PPI at the point of sale.

On 10th August 2010, the FSA issued a Policy Statement which amends the DISP (Dispute Resolution: Complaints) rules in the FSA Sourcebook for the handling of such complaints. In October 2010 the British Bankers’ Association launched a judicial review of the FSA on the basis that the Policy Statement applies incorrect standards for the management of PPI sales complaints, including retrospective application of rules with higher standards than those that were in place at the time of sale. These proceedings are also against the Financial Services Ombudsman Service (FOS) which seeks to implement the same standards for the resolution of complaints referred to it. The hearing took place in January 2011. There is currently no indication of the timetable for judgment.

The final conclusion of the Judicial Review could result in a range of outcomes with the consequence that complaints relating to the sale of PPI fall to be determined in different ways with varying financial impacts for customers and Barclays. These outcomes depend on the extent to which the Policy Statement is upheld, whether the Court holds that the Policy Statement imposes requirements in addition to the DISP rules in force at the time of sale, and the impact of such matters on banks’ complaints handling and remediation practices. It is therefore not practicable to provide a reliable estimate or range of estimates of the potential financial impact of any Court decision on this matter.

Interchange

The Office of Fair Trading (OFT), as well as other competition authorities elsewhere in Europe, continues to carry out investigations into Visa and MasterCard credit and debit interchange rates. These investigations may have an impact on the consumer credit industry as well as having the potential for the imposition of fines. Timing of these cases is uncertain but outcomes may be known within the next 2-4 years.

Sanctions

US laws and regulations require compliance with US economic sanctions, administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, against designated foreign countries, nationals and others. HM Treasury regulations similarly require compliance with sanctions adopted by the UK Government. Barclays conducted an internal review of its conduct with respect to US Dollar payments involving countries, persons and entities subject to US economic sanctions and reported the results of that review to various governmental authorities, including the US Department of Justice, the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office and the US Department Of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (together the US Authorities), which conducted investigations of the matter.

On 18th August 2010, Barclays announced that it had reached settlements with the US Authorities in relation to the investigation by those agencies into compliance with US sanctions and US Dollar payment practices. In addition, an Order to Cease and Desist was issued upon consent by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the New York State Banking Department. Barclays agreed to pay a total penalty of $298m and entered into Deferred Prosecution Agreements covering a period of 24 months. Barclays fully briefed other relevant regulators on this settlement. The Deferred Prosecution Agreements mean that no further action will be taken against Barclays by the US Authorities if, as is Barclays intention, for the duration of the defined period Barclays meets the conditions set down in its agreements with the US Authorities. Barclays does not anticipate any further regulatory actions relating to these issues.

28 Retirement benefit obligations

Pension schemes

The Group has in place a number of defined benefit and defined contribution schemes in the UK and overseas.

The UK Retirement Fund (UKRF) is the Group’s main scheme, representing 93% of the Group’s total retirement benefit obligations. The UKRF comprises ten sections, the most significant of which are:

–   Afterwork: combines a contributory cash balance element with a voluntary defined contribution element. The majority of new employees outside of Barclays Capital since 1st October 2003 have been eligible to join Afterwork. In addition, the large majority of active members who joined the Group between July 1997 and September 2003 were transferred to Afterwork in respect of future benefits accruing from 1st January 2004.

228         

28 Retirement benefit obligationscontinued

– The 1964 Pension Scheme: most employees recruited before July 1997 built up benefits in this non-contributory defined benefit scheme in respect of service up to 31st March 2010. Pensions were calculated by reference to service and pensionable salary.

– The Pension Investment Plan (PIP): a defined contribution plan created from 1st July 2001 to provide benefits for employees of Barclays Capital.

The costs of ill-health retirements and death in service benefits are generally borne by the UKRF.

Governance

The UKRF operates under trust law and is managed and administered on behalf of the members in accordance with the terms of the Trust Deed and Rules and all relevant legislation. The Corporate Trustee is Barclays Pension Funds Trustees Limited (BPFTL), a private limited company incorporated on 20th December 1990 and a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays Bank PLC. The Trustee is the legal owner of the assets of the UKRF which are held separately from the assets of the Group.

The Trustee Board comprises six Management Directors selected by Barclays, of whom three are independent Directors with no relationship with Barclays or the UKRF, plus three Member Nominated Directors. Member Nominated Directors are selected from those eligible active staff and pensioner members who apply to be considered for the role.

The same principles of pension governance apply to the Group’s other pension schemes, although different legislation covers overseas schemes where, in most cases, the Group has the power to determine the funding rate.

The following tables present an analysis of: defined benefit obligations, the fair value of plan assets and the amounts recognised in the income statement for all Group pension schemes and unfunded post-retirement benefits.

	2010															2009
	Pensions						Post-retirement benefits						Total			Pensions						Post-retirement benefits						Total
	UK £m			Overseas £m			UK £m			Overseas £m			£m			UK £m			Overseas £m			UK £m			Overseas £m			£m
Benefit obligation at beginning of the year		(19,209	)		(1,277	)		(65	)		(95	)		(20,646	)		(14,395	)		(1,220	)		(43	)		(125	)		(15,783	)
Current service cost		(293	)		(50	)		–			(6	)		(349	)		(254	)		(27	)		(1	)		(9	)		(291	)
Interest cost		(1,049	)		(88	)		(3	)		(6	)		(1,146	)		(941	)		(51	)		(3	)		(6	)		(1,001	)
Past service cost		240			(2	)		–			–			238			(1	)		–			–			–			(1	)
Curtailments or settlements		(16	)		6			–			–			(10	)		482			(7	)		–			1			476
Actuarial (loss)/gain		(522	)		(64	)		(2	)		(2	)		(590	)		(4,757	)		(33	)		(3	)		7			(4,786	)
Contributions by plan participants		(2	)		(7	)		–			–			(9	)		(2	)		(5	)		–			–			(7	)
Benefits paid		678			94			1			6			779			659			58			1			6			724
Business disposals		–			2			–			–			2			–			9			–			6			15
Exchange and other adjustments		–			(84	)		17			(3	)		(70	)		–			(1	)		(16	)		25			8
Benefit obligation at end of the year		(20,173	)		(1,470	)		(52	)		(106	)		(21,801	)		(19,209	)		(1,277	)		(65	)		(95	)		(20,646	)
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year		15,675			1,025			–			–			16,700			13,537			959			–			–			14,496
Expected return on plan assets		1,031			91			–			–			1,122			904			31			–			–			935
Employer contribution		666			55			1			6			728			525			76			1			6			608
Settlements		–			(2	)		–			–			(2	)		–			(2	)		–			–			(2	)
Contributions by plan participants		2			7			–			–			9			2			5			–			–			7
Actuarial gain/(loss)		995			17			–			–			1,012			1,424			(8	)		–			–			1,416
Benefits paid		(678	)		(94	)		(1	)		(6	)		(779	)		(659	)		(58	)		(1	)		(6	)		(724	)
Business disposals		–			–			–			–			–			–			(6	)		–			–			(6	)
Exchange and other adjustments		(70	)		185			–			–			115			(58	)		28			–			–			(30	)
Fair value of plan assets at the end of the year		17,621			1,284			–			–			18,905			15,675			1,025			–			–			16,700
Net deficit		(2,552	)		(186	)		(52	)		(106	)		(2,896	)		(3,534	)		(252	)		(65	)		(95	)		(3,946	)
Unrecognised actuarial losses/(gains)		2,501			150			(6	)		12			2,657			3,087			158			(7	)		10			3,248
Net recognised liability		(51	)		(36	)		(58	)		(94	)		(239	)		(447	)		(94	)		(72	)		(85	)		(698	)
Recognised assetsa		–			126			–			–			126			–			71			–			–			71
Recognised liability		(51	)		(162	)		(58	)		(94	)		(365	)		(447	)		(165	)		(72	)		(85	)		(769	)
Net recognised liability		(51	)		(36	)		(58	)		(94	)		(239	)		(447	)		(94	)		(72	)		(85	)		(698	)

Note

a Included within other assets.

229

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

28 Retirement benefit obligationscontinued

	2010								2009								2008
	Pensions £m			Other post- retirement benefits £m		Total £m			Pensions £m			Other  post- retirement benefitsa £m		Total £m			Pensions £m			Other post- retirement benefits £m			Total £m
Current service cost		343			6		349			281			10		291			299			2			301
Interest cost		1,137			9		1,146			992			9		1,001			991			8			999
Expected return on scheme assets		(1,122	)		–		(1,122	)		(935	)		–		(935	)		(1,175	)		–			(1,175	)
Recognised actuarial (gain)/loss		72			3		75			96			–		96			(23	)		(1	)		(24	)
Past service cost		(233	)		–		(233	)		6			–		6			2			(8	)		(6	)
Curtailment or settlements		16			–		16			(473	)		–		(473	)		(5	)		–			(5	)
Total income statement charge		213			18		231			(33	)		19		(14	)		89			1			90

The Group’s IAS 19 pension deficit in respect of the UKRF as at 31st December 2010 was £2,552m (2009: £3,534m). The reduction in the deficit resulted principally from better than expected asset performance, contributions paid in excess of the pension expense and a credit to past service costs following amendments to the treatment of minimum defined benefits.

During 2009, the Trust Deed was amended such that with effect from 1st April 2010, the defined benefit sections within the UKRF were closed to the accrual of future pension benefits. From that date members were eligible to accrue future service pension benefits in either Afterwork or PIP. This gave rise to the recognition in 2009 of a curtailment gain of £487m, actuarial losses of £79m and an additional cost of £37m included in other staff costs.

Out of the benefit obligations of £21,801m (2009: £20,646m), £258m (2009: £288m) were wholly unfunded.

Assumptions

The benefit obligations arising under the Group’s defined benefit schemes are actuarially valued using the projected unit credit method.

Principal assumptions	UK schemes				Overseas schemes
	2010		2009		2010		2009
	% p.a.		% p.a.		% p.a.		% p.a.
Discount rate		5.31		5.61		6.94		7.53
Rate of increase in salaries		4.00		4.26		5.26		5.49
Inflation rate		3.50		3.76		3.63		3.78
Rate of increase for pensions in payment		3.35		3.56		3.08		3.27
Rate of increase for pensions in deferment		3.50		3.76		2.86		2.81
Afterwork revaluation rate		3.97		4.17		n/a		n/a
Initial health care inflation		6.50		7.00		8.00		8.50
Long-term health care inflation		5.00		5.00		5.00		5.00
Expected return on plan assets		6.30		6.70		6.79		7.44

The expected return on plan assets assumption is weighted on the basis of the fair value of these assets. Health care inflation assumptions are weighted on the basis of the health care cost for the period. All other assumptions are weighted on the basis of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the period.

The UK scheme discount rate assumption is based on a liability-weighted rate derived from an AA corporate bond yield curve. The overseas health care inflation assumptions relate to the US.

Note

a Includes £3m relating to discontinued operations.

230         

28 Retirement benefit obligationscontinued

Mortality assumptions

The UKRF’s post-retirement mortality assumptions were based on the standard 2000 series tables published by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries as they are considered to be most relevant. These tables were adjusted in line with the UKRF’s actual experience and an allowance has been made for future mortality improvements based on the medium cohort projections published by the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau subject to a floor of % pa on future improvements. On this basis the post-retirement mortality assumptions for the UKRF are as follows:

	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
Longevity at 60 for current pensioners (years)
– Males		27.6		27.5		27.4		26.7		25.8
– Females		28.7		28.7		28.5		27.9		29.5
Longevity at 60 for future pensioners currently aged 40 (years)
– Males		29.7		29.6		29.5		28.0		27.1
– Females		30.7		30.6		30.5		29.1		30.7

Sensitivity analysis on principal assumptions

UKRF sensitivity	Impact on UKRF benefit obligation
	(Decrease)/ Increase %			(Decrease)/ Increase £bn
0.5% increase in:
– Discount rate		(9.4	)		(1.9	)
– Rate of inflation		8.4			1.7
1 year increase to longevity at 60		2.5			0.5

Assets

A long-term strategy has been set for the asset allocation of the UKRF which comprises a mixture of equities, bonds, property and other appropriate assets. This recognises that different asset classes are likely to produce different long-term returns and some asset classes may be more volatile than others.

The long-term strategy ensures that investments are adequately diversified. Asset managers are permitted some flexibility to vary the asset allocation from the long-term strategy within control ranges agreed with the Trustee from time to time.

The UKRF also employs derivative instruments, where appropriate, to achieve a desired exposure or return, or to match assets more closely to liabilities. The value of assets shown reflects the actual physical assets held by the scheme, with any derivative holdings reflected on a mark to market basis. The expected return on asset assumptions overall have been based on the portfolio of assets created after allowing for the net impact of the derivatives on the risk and return profile of the holdings.

231

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

28 Retirement benefit obligationscontinued

The value of the assets of the schemes, their percentage in relation to total scheme assets, and their expected rate of return at 31st December 2010 and 31st December 2009 were as follows:

	UK Schemes							Overseas Schemes						Total
Analysis of scheme assets	Value £m			% of total fair value of scheme assets		Expected rate of return %		Value £m		% of total fair value of scheme assets		Expected rate of return %		Value £m			% of total fair value of scheme assets		Expected rate of return %
2010
Equities		5,349			30.4		8.4		516		40.2		7.4		5,865			31.0		8.3
Bonds		9,164			52.0		4.6		477		37.1		6.0		9,641			51.0		4.7
Property		1,277			7.2		6.8		20		1.6		10.3		1,297			6.9		6.9
Derivatives		410			2.3		–		–		–		–		410			2.2		–
Cash		1,057			6.0		0.5		158		12.3		5.8		1,215			6.4		1.2
Other		364			2.1		4.3		113		8.8		9.9		477			2.5		5.6
Fair value of plan assetsa		17,621			100		6.3		1,284		100		7.0		18,905			100		6.3
2009
Equities		4,236			27.0		8.6		400		39.0		7.8		4,636			27.7		8.5
Bonds		8,787			56.0		4.9		387		37.7		6.0		9,174			54.9		4.9
Property		1,186			7.5		7.0		20		2.0		12.6		1,206			7.2		7.1
Derivatives		(37	)		–		–		–		–		–		(37	)		–		–
Cash		1,157			7.3		0.5		139		13.6		3.2		1,296			7.7		0.8
Other		346			2.2		5.0		79		7.7		8.1		425			2.5		5.6
Fair value of plan assetsa		15,675			100		6.7		1,025		100		6.6		16,700			100		6.7

The UKRF plan assets include £58m relating to UK private equity investments (2009: £58m) and £1,128m relating to overseas private equity investments (2009: £921m). These are disclosed within Equities.

Amounts included in the fair value of plan assets include £14m (2009: £4m) relating to shares in Barclays Group, £13m (2009: £5m) relating to bonds issued by the Barclays Group, and £10m (2009: £10m) relating to property occupied by Group companies. The UKRF also invests in pooled investment vehicles which may, or may not hold shares/bonds of Barclays Group.

The expected return on assets is determined by calculating a total return estimate based on weighted average estimated returns for each asset class. Asset class returns are estimated using current and projected economic and market factors such as inflation, credit spreads and equity risk premiums.

The Group actual return on plan assets was an increase of £2,134m (2009: £2,351m increase).

Note

a Excludes £1,004m (2009: £890m) representing the defined contribution assets of the UKRF.

232         

28 Retirement benefit obligationscontinued

Actuarial gains and losses

The actuarial gains and losses arising on plan liabilities and plan assets are as follows:

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m		2007 £m		2006 £m
UK schemes
Present value of obligations		(20,225)		(19,274)		(14,438)		(16,623)		(17,353)
Fair value of plan assets		17,621		15,675		13,537		17,231		16,761
Net (deficit)/surplus in the plans		(2,604)		(3,599)		(901)		608		(592)
Experience (losses) and gains on plan liabilities
–amount		(207)		107		(81)		(297)		48
–as percentage of plan liabilities		(1%)		1%		(1%)		(2%)		–
Difference between actual and expected return on plan assets
–amount		995		1,424		(4,534)		(332)		423
–as percentage of plan assets		6%		9%		(33%)		(2%)		3%
Overseas schemes
Present value of obligations		(1,576)		(1,372)		(1,345)		(1,011)		(970)
Fair value of plan assets		1,284		1,025		959		796		745
Net deficit in the plans		(292)		(347)		(386)		(215)		(225)
Experience losses on plan liabilities
–amount		(9)		(45)		(96)		(79)		(54)
–as percentage of plan liabilities		(1%)		(3%)		(7%)		(8%)		(6%)
Difference between actual and expected return on plan assets
–amount		17		(8)		(121)		(11)		25
–as percentage of plan assets		1%		(1%)		(13%)		–		3%
Total UK and Overseas schemes
Present value of obligations		(21,801)		(20,646)		(15,783)		(17,634)		(18,323)
Fair value of plan assets		18,905		16,700		14,496		18,027		17,506
Net (deficit)/surplus in the plans		(2,896)		(3,946)		(1,287)		393		(817)
Experience (losses) and gains on plan liabilities
–amount		(216)		62		(177)		(376)		(6)
–as percentage of plan liabilities		(1%)		–		(1%)		(2%)		–
Difference between actual and expected return on plan assets
–amount		1,012		1,416		(4,655)		(343)		448
–as percentage of plan assets		5%		8%		(32%)		(2%)		3%

Funding

The triennial funding valuation of the UKRF is currently in progress with an effective date of 30th September 2010. The last triennial funding valuation of the UKRF was performed with an effective date of 30th September 2007 which showed a surplus of £0.2bn. In compliance with the Pensions Act 2004, the Bank and Trustee agreed a scheme-specific funding target, statement of funding principles, and a schedule of contributions. This agreement forms the basis of the Group's commitment that the UKRF has sufficient assets to make payments to members in respect of their accrued benefits as and when they fall due. This funding valuation used a discount rate that reflected a prudent expectation of long-term future investment returns from the current and assumed future investment strategy.

The Scheme Actuary prepares an annual update of the funding position as at 30th September. The latest annual update was carried out as at 30th September 2010 and showed a deficit of £4.8bn.

The Group has agreed funding contributions which, in aggregate, are no less than those which are sufficient to meet the Group's share of the cost of=benefits accruing over each year. The Group has, in the recent past, chosen to make funding contributions in excess of this, and in 2010 made an additional voluntary contribution of £300m (2009: £150m). Defined benefit contributions paid with respect to the UKRF were as follows:

	£m
Contributions paid
2010		666
2009		525
2008		336

Based on the current schedule of contributions, the Group is committed to making estimated contributions to the UKRF in 2011 of £285m. The 30th September 2010 UKRF valuation is due to be finalised by the end of 2011. Excluding the UKRF, the Group is expected to pay contributions of approximately £1m to UK schemes and £60m to overseas schemes in 2011.

233

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

29 Ordinary shares, share premium, and other equity

Called up share capital, allotted and fully paid	Number of shares m		Ordinary shares £m		Share premium £m		Total £m
As at 1st January 2010		11,412		2,853		7,951		10,804
Issued to staff under share incentive plans		12		2		33		35
Issue of new ordinary shares		758		190		1,310		1,500
As at 31st December 2010		12,182		3,045		9,294		12,339
As at 1st January 2009		8,372		2,093		4,045		6,138
Issued to staff under share incentive plans		19		5		30		35
Issue of new ordinary shares		379		94		655		749
Conversion of Mandatorily Convertible Notes		2,642		661		3,221		3,882
As at 31st December 2009		11,412		2,853		7,951		10,804

Warrants

On 31st October 2008, Barclays PLC issued warrants to subscribe for up to 1,516.9 million new ordinary shares at a price of £1.97775, in conjunction with a simultaneous issue by Barclays Bank PLC of Reserve Capital Instruments. A total of 758.4 million (2009: 379.2 million) of these warrants were exercised during the year, resulting in a credit to share capital of £190m (2009: £94m) and to the share premium account of £1,310m (2009: £655m). As at 31st December 2010 there were unexercised warrants to subscribe for 379.2 million shares (2009: 1,137.7 million).

Conversion of Mandatorily Convertible Notes

The Mandatorily Convertible Notes (MCNs), issued by Barclays Bank PLC on 27th November 2008, were converted into 2,642 million ordinary shares in Barclays PLC during 2009 at the conversion price of £1.53276. £661m was credited to share capital and the remaining £3,221m net of issuance costs was credited to the share premium account.

Share repurchase

At the 2010 AGM on 30th April 2010, Barclays PLC was authorised to repurchase 1,203,988,028 of its ordinary shares of 25p. The authorisation is effective until the AGM in 2011. No share repurchases were made during either 2010 or 2009.

30 Reserves

Available for sale reserve

The available for sale reserve represents the unrealised change in the fair value of available for sale investments since initial recognition.

The available for sale reserve movement of £1,236m was driven by the decrease in the fair value of the Group’s investment in BlackRock, Inc. of £764m, partially offset by increases in the fair value of other available for sale assets as markets recovered.

The movement also includes the net gains transferred to net profit on disposal that arose on the disposal of the structural hedge portfolio, sovereign positions that were no longer eligible for liquidity purposes and excess Euro, US Dollar and Japanese Yen government securities.

Cash flow hedging reserve

The cash flow hedging reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses on effective cash flow hedging instruments that will be recycled to the income statement when the hedged transactions affect profit or loss.

Movements in the cash flow hedge reserve principally reflected increases in the fair value of interest rate swaps held for hedging purposes more than offset by related gains transferred to net profit.

Currency translation reserve

The currency translation reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses on the retranslation of the Group’s net investment in foreign operations, net of the effects of hedging. Currency translation differences of £1,184m, including £442m associated with non-controlling interests, is largely due to the appreciation in the Rand and US Dollar, offset by the depreciation in the Euro.

During the year, £279m of the currency translation reserve was recognised in the income statement, principally as a result of the restructuring of group entities based in the US and repatriation of capital from overseas.

Other reserves and treasury shares

Other reserves represent the excess of the repurchase price over the nominal of redeemed ordinary and preference shares issues by the Group.

Treasury shares are deducted from shareholders’ equity within other reserves and treasury shares. A transfer is made to retained earnings in line with the vesting of treasury shares held for the purposes of share based payments.

The treasury shares primarily relate to Barclays PLC shares held by employee benefit trusts in relation to the Group’s various share schemes. These schemes are described in Note 39.

234         

31 Non-controlling interests

	Profit attributable to Non-controlling interests				Equity attributable to   Non-controlling interests
	2010 £m		2009 £m		2010 £m		2009   £m
Barclays Bank PLC issued:
– Preference shares		478		477		5,933		5,933
– Reserve Capital Instruments		113		116		1,418		1,908
– Upper Tier 2 instruments		3		6		586		586
Absa Group Limited		362		272		3,208		2,539
Other non-controlling interests		29		24		259		235
Total		985		895		11,404		11,201

The increase in Absa Group Limited non-controlling interest is attributed to £362m share of net profit and £436m upward foreign exchange movement, partially offset by £138m dividend payment.

32 Investment in subsidiaries

Barclays Bank PLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays PLC and is the Group’s main licensed deposit taking institution under the Financial Services and Markets Act. The consolidated results and financial position of Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays PLC are materially the same, with the key differences being that, in accordance with IFRS:

– Barclays PLC shares held in employee share schemes and for trading purposes are deducted from reserves in Barclays PLC but recognised as available for sale and trading portfolio assets within Barclays Bank PLC;

– Preference shares issued by Barclays Bank PLC are included within share capital and share premium in Barclays Bank PLC but represent non-controlling interests in Barclays PLC; and

– Certain issuances of reserve capital instruments and capital notes by Barclays Bank PLC are included within other shareholders’ equity in Barclays Bank PLC, but represent non-controlling interests in Barclays PLC.

The risk exposures and business performance for Barclays Bank PLC are materially the same as those in Barclays PLC.

The investment in Barclays Bank PLC is stated on the balance sheet of Barclays PLC at a cost of £21,429m (2009: £20,215m). The increase of £1,214m (2009: £4,875m) during the year represents capital contributions of £1,214m (2009: £800m). There have been no additional shares (2009: £25m) or non-cash contributions (2009: £4,050m) during the year.

Country of   registration or   incorporation	Company name	Nature of business	Percentage of equity capital held (%)
England	Barclays Bank PLC	Banking, holding company		100
Botswana	Barclays Bank of Botswana Limited	Banking		67.8	*
Egypt	Barclays Bank Egypt SAE	Banking		100	*
England	Barclays Mercantile Business Finance Limited	Loans and advances including leases to customers		100
England	Barclays Bank Trust Company Limited	Banking, securities industries and trust services		100
England	Barclays Stockbrokers Limited	Stockbroking		100
England	Barclays Capital Securities Limited	Securities dealing		100
England	FIRSTPLUS Financial Group PLC	Secured loan provider		100	*
England	Gerrard Investment Management Limited	Investment management		100
Ghana	Barclays Bank of Ghana Limited	Banking		100	*
Ireland	Barclays Insurance (Dublin) Limited	Insurance provider		100
Ireland	Barclays Assurance (Dublin) Limited	Insurance provider		100
Isle of Man	Barclays Private Clients International Limited	Banking		100	*
Japan	Barclays Capital Japan Limited	Securities dealing		100
Jersey	Barclays Private Bank & Trust Limited	Banking, trust company		100
Kenya	Barclays Bank of Kenya Limited	Banking		68.5	*
Russia	Barclays Bank LLC	Banking		100
South Africa	Absa Group Limited	Banking		55.5	*
Spain	Barclays Bank SA	Banking		99.7	*
Switzerland	Barclays Bank (Suisse) S.A.	Banking and trust services		100	*
USA	Barclays Capital Inc.	Securities dealing		100
USA	Barclays Delaware Holdings LLC	Holding company for US credit card issuer		100	*
USA	Barclays Group US Inc.	Holding company		100	*
Zimbabwe	Barclays Bank of Zimbabwe Limited	Banking		67.7

In accordance with Section 410(2)(a) of the Companies Act 2006, the above information is provided solely in relation to principal subsidiaries.

The country of registration or incorporation is also the principal area of operation of each of the above subsidiaries. Investments in subsidiaries held directly by Barclays Bank PLC are marked *.

235

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

32 Investment in subsidiariescontinued

Following the restructuring of Group operations in the US during the year, Barclays Group US Inc. is no longer a US Bank Holding Company.

Full information of all subsidiaries will be included in the Annual Return to be filed at UK Companies House.

Entities in which the Group holds less than half the voting rights

There are a number of entities in which the Group holds less than half the voting rights which are consolidated when the substance of the relationship between the Group and the entity indicates that the entity is controlled by the Group. Such entities are deemed to be controlled by the Group when relationships with such entities give rise to benefits that are in substance no different from those that would arise were the entity a subsidiary.

The consolidation of such entities may be appropriate in a number of situations, but primarily when:

– the operating and financial policies of the entity are closely defined from the outset (i.e. it operates on an ‘autopilot’ basis) with such policies being largely determined by the Group;

– the Group has rights to obtain the majority of the benefits of the entity and/or retains the majority of the residual or ownership risks related to the entity; or

– the activities of the entity are being conducted largely on behalf of the Group according to its specific business objectives. Such entities are created for a variety of purposes including securitisation, structuring, asset realisation, intermediation and management.

Subsidiaries with a different reporting date from that of the Parent of 31st December

Entities may have a different reporting date from that of the parent of 31st December. Dates may differ for a variety of reasons including local reporting regulations or tax laws. In accordance with our accounting policies, for the purpose of inclusion in the consolidated financial statements of Barclays PLC, entities with different reporting dates are made up until 31st December.

Entities where the Group’s interest exceeds 50% which are excluded from consolidation

Although the Group’s interest in the equity voting rights in certain entities exceeds 50%, or it may have the power to appoint a majority of their Boards of Directors, they are excluded from consolidation because the Group either does not direct the financial and operating policies of these entities, or on the grounds that another entity has a controlling interest in them. Consequently, these entities are not deemed to be controlled by Barclays.

The table below includes information in relation to such entities as required by the Companies Act 2006 Section 410(2)(b).

Country of registration or incorporation	Name	Percentage of ordinary share capital held %		Equity shareholders’ funds £m		Retained   Profit for the   year   £m
UK	Fitzroy Finance Limited		100		–		–
Cayman Islands	Palomino Limited		100		1		–

33 Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures

During the year, the profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures was £81m (2009: £188m), principally relating to the disposal of Barclays Africa custody business to Standard Chartered Bank for a consideration of £81m generating a gain on disposal before tax of £77m. During 2009, the Group disposed of 50% of Barclays Vida y Pensiones Compañía de Seguros and the 7% of Barclays Africa Botswana business for consideration of £276m generating a gain on disposal before tax of £184m.

34 Discontinued operations

On 1st December 2009 the Group completed the sale of BGI to BlackRock, Inc. (BlackRock) recognising a profit on disposal before tax of £6,331m. The tax charge of £43m reflects the application of UK substantial shareholdings relief in accordance with UK tax law.

The consideration at completion was $15.2bn (£9.5bn), including 37.567 million new BlackRock shares, giving an economic interest of 19.9% of the enlarged BlackRock group. Barclays Group holds 4.9% of the voting rights and under the terms of the transaction may not acquire additional voting rights and will vote in accordance with the recommendations of the BlackRock Board of Directors. John Varley and Bob Diamond were appointed to the BlackRock Board, which comprises 18 Directors. The Group is not deemed to exercise significant influence and the investment has been accounted for as an available for sale equity investment.

236         

34 Discontinued operationscontinued

The Group has provided BlackRock with customary warranties and indemnities in connection with the sale. Barclays will also continue to indemnify securities lending arrangements until 30th November 2012 (included within contingent liabilities in Note 25) and provide support to certain BGI cash funds until December 2013 in the form of credit derivatives (included within derivative liabilities in Note 14) and financial guarantees (included within provisions in Note 24).

In addition, Barclays, BlackRock and their respective affiliates also enter into agreements and transactions with one another in the ordinary course of their respective businesses and on an arm’s length commercial basis, subject to applicable regulation and agreements with relevant regulators.

In connection with its financing of its acquisition of BGI, BlackRock entered into a 364-day revolving credit facility with a group of lenders including Barclays, who is also acting as revolving agent. Of the $2bn credit facility, $0.8bn was committed by other lenders and following completion BlackRock had borrowed or notified to be borrowed $1.5bn under the facility. All amounts borrowed under this facility were repaid and the facility was terminated prior to 31st December 2009.

The disposed BGI business has been treated as a discontinued operation, the results of which are set out below. For the year ended 31st December 2009 the results are for the 11 month period up to the date of disposal (1st December 2009). There were no discontinued operations in 2010.

	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Net interest income		–		33			–
Net fee and commission income		–		1,759			1,916
Net trading income/(loss)		–		67			(10	)
Other income		–		4			10
Total income		–		1,863			1,916
Operating expenses excluding amortisation of intangible assets		–		(1,123	)		(960	)
Amortisation of intangible assets		–		(14	)		(15	)
Operating expenses		–		(1,137	)		(975	)
Profit before tax from discontinued operations		–		726			941
Tax on discontinued operations		–		(237	)		(337	)
Profit after tax from discontinued operations		–		489			604
Profit on disposal of discontinued operations		–		6,331			–
Tax on disposal		–		(43	)		–
Net profit on the disposal of the discontinued operation		–		6,288			–
Profit after tax from discontinued operations, including gain on disposal		–		6,777			604
Other comprehensive income relating to discontinued operations is as follows:
	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Available for sale assets		–		10			(9	)
Currency translation reserve		–		(85	)		133
Tax relating to components of other comprehensive income		–		17			(10	)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax from discontinued operations		–		(58	)		114
The cash flows attributable to the discontinued operations were as follows:
	2010 £m		2009 £m			2008 £m
Cash Flows from discontinued operations
Net cash flows from operating activities		–		333			524
Net cash flows from investing activities		–		(25	)		(93	)
Net cash flows from financing activities		–		(550	)		(362	)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents		–		(134	)		217
Net cash flows from discontinued operations		–		(376	)		286

237

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

35 Acquisition of subsidiaries

Acquisition	% Acquired			Goodwill/ (Gain on sale) £m			Date
Standard Life Bank PLC		100	%		(100	)		1st January 2010
Citibank International PLC – Italian credit card business		100	%		(29	)		31st March 2010
Tricorona		86	%		13			26th July 2010
None of these acquisitions were individually material. Details of the net assets acquired and the consideration paid are set out in aggregate below. The operating results of these acquisitions have been included from the dates acquired and, since acquisition, have contributed £142m to consolidated income and £86m to consolidated profit before tax.
	Carrying Value pre- Acquisition £m			Fair Value Adjustmentsa £m			Fair Values £m
Assets
Cash and balances at central banks		1,358			–			1,358
Financial assets designated at fair value held on own account		195			–			195
Derivative financial instruments		145			76			221
Loans and advances to banks		165			–			165
Loans and advances to customers		7,709			(96	)		7,613
Other assets		83			10			93
Total assets		9,655			(10	)		9,645
Liabilities
Deposits from banks		(80	)		–			(80	)
Customer accounts		(5,853	)		–			(5,853	)
Derivative financial instruments		(104	)		(11	)		(115	)
Debt securities in issue		(2,782	)		64			(2,718	)
Subordinated liabilities		(279	)		53			(226	)
Other liabilities		(16	)		(36	)		(52	)
Total liabilities		(9,114	)		70			(9,044	)
Net assets acquired		541			60			601
Group share of assets acquired		535			53			588
Total consideration paid in cash								472
Goodwill								13
Gain on acquisitions								129

Acquisition related costs of £7m have been included in operating expenses.

Cashflows in respect of acquisitions

The aggregate net inflow of cash from the acquisition of the above Group entities was as follows:

	2010 £m
Cash consideration on acquisitions		(472	)
Cash and cash equivalent acquired		1,358
Cash inflow on acquisition		886

Note

a. Fair value adjustments include revaluations and accounting policy re-alignments.

238         

36 Securitisations

The Group was party to securitisation transactions involving its residential mortgage loans, business loans and credit card balances. In addition, the Group acts as a conduit for commercial paper, whereby it acquires static pools of residential mortgage loans from other lending institutions for securitisation transactions.

In these transactions, the assets, or interests in the assets, or beneficial interests in the cash flows arising from the assets, are transferred to a special purpose entity, or to a trust which then transfers its beneficial interests to a special purpose entity, which then issues floating rate debt securities to third-party investors.

Securitisations may, depending on the individual arrangement, result in continued recognition of the securitised assets and the recognition of the debt securities issued in the transaction; lead to partial continued recognition of the assets to the extent of the Group’s continuing involvement in those assets or to derecognition of the assets and the separate recognition, as assets or liabilities, of any rights and obligations created or retained in the transfer. Full derecognition only occurs when the Group transfers both its contractual right to receive cash flows from the financial assets, or retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to another party without material delay or reinvestment, and also transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, including credit risk, prepayment risk and interest rate risk.

The following table shows the carrying amount of securitised assets, stated at the amount of the Group’s continuing involvement where appropriate, together with the associated liabilities, for each category of asset on the balance sheet:

	2010					2009
	Carrying amount of assets£m		Associated liabilities £m			Carrying amount of assets£m		Associated liabilities £m
Loans and advances to customers
Residential mortgage loans		9,709		(10,674	)		10,374		(10,738	)
Credit card receivables		801		(723	)		1,288		(1,288	)
Other personal lending		–		–			94		(124	)
Wholesale and corporate loans and advances		2,560		(2,878	)		4,835		(5,999	)
Total		13,070		(14,275	)		16,591		(18,149	)
Assets designated at fair value through profit or loss
Retained interest in residential mortgage loans		5					26

Balances included within loans and advances to customers represent securitisations where substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset have been retained by the Group.

The excess of total associated liabilities over the carrying amount of assets primarily reflects timing differences in the receipt and payment of cash flows, and foreign exchange movements where the assets and associated liabilities are denominated in different currencies. Foreign exchange movements and associated risks are hedged economically through the use of cross currency swap derivative contracts.

Retained interests in residential mortgage loans are securities which represent a continuing exposure to the prepayment and credit risk in the underlying securitised assets. The total amount of the loans was £15,458m (2009: £14,795m). The retained interest is initially recorded as an allocation of the original carrying amount based on the relative fair values of the portion derecognised and the portion retained.

239

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

37 Leasing

The Group is both lessor and lessee under finance and operating leases, providing asset financing for its customers and leasing assets for its own use. In addition, assets leased by the Group may be sublet to other parties. An analysis of the impact of these transactions on the Group balance sheet and income statement is as follows:

a) As Lessor

Finance lease receivables

The Group specialises in asset-based lending and works with a broad range of international technology, industrial equipment and commercial companies to provide customised finance programmes to assist manufacturers, dealers and distributors of assets. Finance lease receivables are included within loans and advances to customers.

Investment in finance lease receivables	2010									2009
	Gross investment in finance lease receivables £m		Future finance income £m			Present value of minimum lease payments receivable £m		Un- guaranteed residual values£m		Gross investment in finance lease receivables £m		Future finance income £m			Present value of minimum lease payments receivable £m		Un-   guaranteed   residual   values   £m
Not more than one year		3,440		(479	)		2,961		60		3,513		(456	)		3,057		55
Over one year but not more than five years		7,200		(1,058	)		6,142		123		7,597		(1,117	)		6,480		154
Over five years		1,591		(340	)		1,251		560		2,084		(427	)		1,657		407
Total		12,231		(1,877	)		10,354		743		13,194		(2,000	)		11,194		616

The allowance for uncollectable finance lease receivables included in the allowance for impairment amounted to £351m at 31st December 2010 (2009: £321m).

Operating lease receivables

The Group acts as lessor, whereby items of plant and equipment are purchased and then leased to third parties under arrangements qualifying as operating leases. The items purchased to satisfy these leases are included within leased assets (see Note 20) and are generally disposed of at the end of the lease term.

The future minimum lease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable operating leases as at 31st December 2010 was £43m (2009: £39m).

b) As Lessee

Finance lease commitments

The Group leases items of property, plant and equipment on terms that meet the definition of finance leases. Finance lease commitments are included within Accruals, deferred income and other liabilities (see Note 22).

As at 31st December 2010, the total future minimum payments under finance leases were £87m (2009: £122m), of which £16m (2009: £16m) was due within one year.

As at 31st December 2010, the carrying amount of assets held under finance leases was £29m (2009: £43m).

Operating lease commitments

The Group leases various offices, branches and other premises under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements. With such operating lease arrangements, the asset is kept on the lessor’s balance sheet and the Group reports the future minimum lease payments as an expense over the lease term.

The leases have various terms, escalation and renewal rights. There are no contingent rents payable. The Group also leases equipment under non-cancellable lease arrangements.

Operating lease rentals of £637m (2009: £639m) have been included in administration and general expenses.

Where the Group is the lessee the future minimum lease payment under non-cancellable operating leases are as follows:

	2010				2009
	Property £m		Equipment £m		Property £m		Equipment   £m
Not more than one year		628		7		459		9
Over one year but not more than five years		1,477		2		1,477		6
Over five years		3,146		–		2,933		3
Total		5,251		9		4,869		18

The total of future minimum sublease payments to be received under non-cancellable subleases at the balance sheet date is £111m (2009: £147m).

240         

38 Off-balance sheet arrangements

In the ordinary course of business and primarily to facilitate client transactions, the Group enters into transactions which may involve the use of off-balance sheet arrangements and special purpose entities (SPEs). These arrangements include the provision of guarantees, loan commitments, retained interests in assets which have been transferred to an unconsolidated SPE or obligations arising from the Group’s involvements with such SPEs.

Guarantees

The Group issues guarantees on behalf of its customers. In the majority of cases, the Group will hold collateral against the exposure, have a right of recourse to the customer or both. In addition, the Group issues guarantees on its own behalf. The main types of guarantees provided are: financial guarantees given to banks and financial institutions on behalf of customers to secure loans; overdrafts; and other banking facilities, including stock borrowing indemnities and standby letters of credit. Other guarantees provided include performance guarantees, advance payment guarantees, tender guarantees, guarantees to Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and retention guarantees. The nominal principal amount of contingent liabilities with off-balance sheet risk is set out in Note 25.

Loan commitments

The Group enters into commitments to lend to its customers subject to certain conditions. Such loan commitments are made either for a fixed period or are cancellable by the Group subject to notice conditions. Information on loan commitments and similar facilities is set out in Note 25.

Leasing

The Group leases various offices, branches, other premises and equipment under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements. With such operating lease arrangements, the asset is kept on the lessor’s balance sheet and the Group reports the future minimum lease payments as an expense over the lease term. Information on leasing can be found in Note 37.

Special purpose entities

SPEs are entities that are created to accomplish a narrow and well defined objective. There are often specific restrictions or limits around their ongoing activities. The Group’s transactions with SPEs take a number of forms, including:

– The provision of financing to fund asset purchases, or commitments to provide finance for future purchases.

– Derivative transactions to provide investors in the SPE with a specified exposure.

– The provision of liquidity or backstop facilities which may be drawn upon if the SPE experiences future funding difficulties.

– Direct investment in the notes issued by SPEs.

Depending on the nature of the Group’s resulting exposure, it may consolidate the SPE on to the Group’s balance sheet. The consolidation of SPEs is considered at inception, based on the arrangements in place and the assessed risk exposures at that time. In accordance with IFRS, SPEs are consolidated when the substance of the relationship between the Group and the entity indicates control. Potential indicators of control include, amongst others, an assessment of the Group’s exposure to the risks and benefits of the SPE. The initial consolidation analysis is revisited at a later date if:

i) the Group acquires additional interests in the entity;

ii) the contractual arrangements of the entity are amended such that the relative exposures to risks and rewards change; or

iii) the Group acquires control over the main operating and financial decisions of the entity.

A number of the Group’s transactions have recourse only to the assets of unconsolidated SPEs. Typically, the majority of the exposure to these assets is borne by third parties and the Group’s risk is mitigated through over-collateralisation, unwind features and other protective measures.

The business activities within the Group where SPEs are used include multi-seller conduit programmes, asset securitisations, client intermediation, credit structuring, asset realisations and fund management. These activities are described below. In addition, later sections provide quantitative information on the Group’s involvements with CDOs, SIVs SIV-Lites and conduits.

Multi-seller conduit programmes

Barclays creates, administers and provides liquidity and credit enhancements to several commercial paper conduit programmes, primarily in the United States. These conduits provide clients access to liquidity in the commercial paper markets by allowing them to sell consumer or trade receivables to the conduit, which then issues commercial paper to investors to fund the purchase. The conduits have sufficient collateral, credit enhancements and liquidity support to maintain an investment grade rating for the commercial paper.

Asset securitisations

The Group has assisted its customers with the formation of asset securitisations, some of which are effected through the use of SPEs. These entities have minimal equity and rely on funding in the form of notes to purchase the assets for securitisation. As these SPEs are created for other companies, the Group does not usually control these entities and therefore does not consolidate them. The Group may provide financing in the form of senior notes or junior notes and may also provide derivatives to the SPE. These transactions are included on the balance sheet.

The Group has also used SPEs to securitise part of its originated and purchased retail and commercial lending portfolios and credit card receivables. These SPEs are usually consolidated and derecognition only occurs when the Group transfers its contractual right to receive cash flows from the financial assets, or retains the contractual rights to receive the cash flows, but assumes a contractual obligation to pay the cash flows to another party without material delay or reinvestment, and also transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, including credit risk, prepayment risk and interest rate risk. The carrying amount of securitised assets together with the associated liabilities are set out in Note 36.

241

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

38 Off-balance sheet arrangementscontinued

Client intermediation

The Group has structured transactions as a financial intermediary to meet investor and client needs. These transactions involve entities structured by either the Group or the client and are used to modify cash flows of third party assets to create investments with specific risk or return profiles or to assist clients in the efficient management of other risks. Such transactions will typically result in a derivative being shown on the balance sheet, representing the Group’s exposure to the relevant asset. The Group also invests in lessor entities specifically to acquire assets for leasing. Client intermediation also includes arrangements to fund the purchase or construction of specific assets (most common in the property industry).

Credit structuring

The Group structures investments to provide specific risk profiles to investors. This may involve the sale of credit exposures, often by way of derivatives, to an entity which subsequently funds those exposures by issuing securities. These securities may initially be held by Barclays prior to sale outside of the Group.

Asset realisations

The Group establishes SPEs to facilitate the recovery of loans in circumstances where the borrower has suffered financial loss.

To the extent that there are guarantees and commitments in relation to SPEs the details are included in Note 25.

Collateralised debt obligations (CDOs)

The Group has structured and underwritten CDOs. At inception, the Group’s exposure principally takes the form of a liquidity facility provided to support future funding difficulties or cash shortfalls in the vehicles. If required by the vehicle, the facility is drawn with the amount advanced included within loans and advances on the balance sheet. Upon an event of default or other triggering event, the Group may acquire control of a CDO and, therefore, be required to fully consolidate the vehicle for accounting purposes. The potential for transactions to hit default triggers before the end of 2011 has been assessed and is included in the determination of a £137m impairment release and other credit provisions in relation to ABS CDO Super Senior and other credit market exposures for the year ended 31st December 2010.

The Group’s exposure to ABS CDO Super Senior positions before hedging was £1,992m as at 31st December 2010, equivalent to an aggregate 50.97% decline in value on average for all investors. This represents the Group’s exposure to High Grade CDOs, stated net of write downs and charges. These facilities are fully drawn and included within loans and advances on the balance sheet.

Collateral

The collateral underlying unconsolidated CDOs comprised 78% residential mortgage-backed securities, 3% non-residential asset-backed securities and 19% in other categories (a proportion of which will be backed by residential mortgage collateral).

The remaining Weighted Average Life (WAL) of all collateral is 6.3 years. The combined Net Asset Value (NAV) for all of the CDOs was £1bn.

Funding

The CDOs were funded with senior unrated notes and rated notes up to AAA. The capital structure senior to the AAA notes on cash CDOs was supported by a liquidity facility provided by the Group. The senior portion covered by liquidity facilities is on average 86% of the capital structure.

The initial WAL of the notes in issue averaged 6.7 years. The full contractual maturity is 38.2 years.

Interests in third party CDOs

The Group has purchased securities in and entered into derivative instruments with third party CDOs. These interests are held as trading assets or liabilities on the Group’s balance sheet and measured at fair value. The Group has not provided liquidity facilities or similar agreements to third party CDOs.

Structured investment vehicles (SIVs)

The Group does not structure or manage SIVs. Group exposure to third party SIVs comprised:

– £nil (2009: £16m) of senior liquidity facilities.

– Derivative exposures included on the balance sheet at their net fair value of £46m (2009: £53m).

SIV-Lites

The Group has exposure to a SIV-Lite transaction. The Group is not involved in its ongoing management. Exposures have decreased to £345m (2009: £461m) representing assets designated at fair value.

Commercial paper and medium-term note conduits

The Group provided £17bn in undrawn backstop liquidity facilities to its own sponsored CP conduits. The Group fully consolidates these entities such that the underlying assets are reflected on the Group balance sheet.

These consolidated entities in turn provide facilities of £740m to third party conduits containing prime UK buy-to-let Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS) assets. As at 31st December 2010, the entire facility had been drawn and is included in available for sale financial investments.

The Group provided backstop facilities to support the paper issued by one third party conduit. This facility totalled £129m, with underlying collateral comprising 100% auto loans. There were no drawings on this facility as at 31st December 2010.

The Group provided backstop facilities to six third party SPEs that fund themselves with medium-term notes. These notes are sold to investors as a series of 12-month securities and remarketed to investors annually. If investors decline to renew their holdings at a price below a pre-agreed spread, the backstop facility requires the Group to purchase the outstanding notes at scheduled maturity. The Group has provided facilities of £1.2bn to SPEs holding prime UK and Australian owner-occupied RMBS assets. As at the balance sheet date these facilities had been drawn and were included in loans and advances.

242         

39 Share-based payments

The Group operates share schemes for employees throughout the world. The share based payment charge represents 7.2% (2009: 3.0%) of employee costs and unvested share awards, including options, amount to 6.6% (2009: 6.0%) of issued share capital.

The charge for the year arising from share based payment schemes was as follows:

	Charge for the year
	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Share Value Plan		361		–		–
Performance share Plan		58		33		14
Incentive share Plan		50		18		7
Executive Share Award Scheme		304		178		216
Sharesave		20		29		(7	)
Others		44		20		(8	)
Total Equity Settled		837		278		222
Cash Settled		23		8		3
Total Continuing operation		860		286		225
Discontinued operations		–		12		35
Total share based payments		860		298		260

The terms of the main current plans are as follows:

Share value plan (SVP)

The Share Value Plan (SVP) was introduced in March 2010. SVP awards are granted to participants in the form of a provisional allocation of Barclays shares which vest over a period of three years in equal annual tranches. Participants do not pay to receive an award or to receive a release of shares. Awards under the SVP qualify for dividends.

Performance Share Plan (PSP)

The Performance Share Plan (PSP) was approved by shareholders at the 2005 AGM to replace the ISOP scheme. Performance shares are ‘free’ Barclays shares for which no exercise price is payable and which qualify for dividends. Performance share awards are communicated to participants as an initial allocation. Barclays performance over a three-year period determines the final number of shares that may be released to participants.

Incentive Share Plan (ISP)

The Incentive Share Plan (Incentive Shares) was introduced in March 2008. Incentive Shares are granted to participants in the form of a provisional allocation of Barclays shares which vest upon achieving continued service after three years. Participants do not pay to receive an award or to receive a release of shares. Incentive Shares qualify for dividends.

Executive Share Award Scheme (ESAS)

For certain employees of the Group an element of their annual bonus is in the form of a deferred award of a provisional allocation of Barclays PLC shares under ESAS. The total value of the bonus made to the employee, of which ESAS is an element, is dependent upon the business unit, Group and individual employee performance. The ESAS element of the annual bonus must normally be held for at least three years. Additional bonus shares are subsequently awarded to recipients of the provisional allocation and vest upon achieving continued service for three and five years from the date of award. ESAS awards are also made to eligible employees for recruitment purposes under JSAP (Joiners Share Award Plan). All awards are subject to potential forfeiture if the individual resigns and commences work with a competitor business. LTIP plans are cash and equity performance plans which after 3 years (dependant on performance) pay half in cash and the remaining half in shares which are placed into ESAS for a further 1 or 2 years.

Sharesave

Eligible employees in the UK, Spain and Ireland may participate in the Barclays Sharesave scheme. Under this scheme, employees may enter into contracts to save up to £250 per month (Ireland:€300, Spain:€225) and at the expiry of a fixed term of three, five or seven years (Spain: three years) have the option to use these savings to acquire shares in the Company at a discount, calculated in accordance with the rules of the scheme. The discount is currently 20% of the market price at the date the options are granted. Participants in the scheme have six months from the date of vest in which the option can be exercised.

UK Sharepurchase

Sharepurchase was introduced in January 2002. It is an HM Revenue & Customs approved all-employee share plan. The plan is open to all eligible UK employees, including executive Directors. Under the plan, participants are able to purchase up to £1,500 worth of Barclays PLC ordinary shares per tax year, which if kept in trust for five years can be withdrawn from the plan tax-free. Matching shares were introduced to the scheme during 2005 where the purchase of Barclays shares by the participant are matched equally by the Company up to a maximum value of £600 per tax year. Shares in the plan will earn dividends in the form of additional shares, which must normally be held by the trustee for three years before being eligible for release.

243

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

39 Share-based paymentscontinued

Other schemes

In addition to the above schemes, the Group operates a number of other schemes including schemes operated by and settled in the shares of subsidiary undertakings, none of which are individually or in aggregate material in relation to the charge for the year or the numbers of issued shares.

Share option plans

As noted above, the Group’s schemes include a number of share option schemes – including grants of nil cost options.

The weighted average fair value per option granted during the year is as follows:

	2010  £m		2009  £m
SVP		3.54		–
ESAS		2.88		1.08
PSP		3.55		2.81
ISP		3.55		2.58
Sharepurchase		3.07		1.82
Sharesave		1.29		1.43

Sharepurchase, ISP, SVP and ESAS are nil cost awards on which the performance conditions are substantially completed at the date of grant. Consequently the fair value of these awards is based on the market value at that date.

As described above, the terms of the ESAS scheme require shares to be held for a set number of years from the date of vest. The calculation of the vest date fair value of such awards includes a reduction for this post-vesting restriction. This discount is determined by calculating how much a willing market participant would rationally pay to remove the restriction using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The total discount required in 2010 is £22m (2009: £10m, 2008: £10m).

Fair values for Sharesave and PSP are calculated at the date of grant using either a Black-Scholes model or Monte Carlo simulation.

The significant weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the options granted from 2007 to 2010 under the Group’s major share schemes are as follows:

	Weighted average share price		Weighted average exercise price		Expected volatility			Expected  option life
2010
PSP		3.55		3.46		45	%		2 years
Sharesave		3.21		2.67		45	%		4 years
2009
PSP		2.34		1.77		45	%		2 years
Sharesave		3.51		2.70		45	%		4 years
2008
PSP		5.45		2.07		37	%		3 years
Sharesave		3.11		2.51		37	%		4 years
2007
PSP		7.07		–		25	%		3 years
Sharesave		5.82		4.81		25	%		4 years

Expected Volatility

Expected volatility and dividend yield on the date of grant have been used as inputs into the respective valuation models for Sharesave and PSP.

The assumed dividend yield for Barclays PLC is the average annual dividend yield on the date of grant of 2% (2009: 2%).

Discount Rate

The yield on UK government bonds with a commensurate life has been used to determine the risk-free discount rate of 2% (2009: 3%) for Sharesave and PSP. Option life is estimated based upon historical data for the holding period of options between grant and exercise dates.

Expected option life and number expected to vest

For the purposes of determining the expected life and number of options to vest, historical exercise patterns have been used, together with an assumption that a certain percentage of options will lapse due to leavers.

244         

39 Share-based paymentscontinued

Movements in options

Analysis of the movement in the number and weighted average exercise price of options for the major schemes is set out below:

	ESASa,b										PSPa
	Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)				Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)
	2010			2009			2010		2009		2010			2009			2010		2009
Outstanding at beginning of year/acquisition date		464,511			267,937			–		–		31,262			50,729			–		–
Granted in the year		85,489			311,977			–		–		6,491			4,794			–		–
Exercised/released in the year		(139,220	)		(90,296	)		–		–		(8,355	)		(6,496	)		–		–
Less: forfeited in the year		(27,297	)		(25,107	)		–		–		(10,749	)		(17,765	)		–		–
Outstanding at end of year		383,483			464,511			–		–		18,649			31,262			–		–
Of which exercisable:		5,220			12,714			–		–		40			–			–		–
	ISPa,b										SVPa,b
	Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)				Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)
	2010			2009			2010		2009		2010			2009			2010		2009
Outstanding at beginning of year/acquisition date		54,978			7,100			–		–		–			–			–		–
Granted in the year		800			50,652			–		–		241,931			–			–		–
Exercised/released in the year		(587	)		(19	)		–		–		(4,932	)		–			–		–
Less: forfeited in the year		(5,208	)		(2,755	)		–		–		(10,157	)		–			–		–
Outstanding at end of year		49,983			54,978			–		–		226,842			–			–		–
Of which exercisable:		–			–			–		–		–			–			–		–
	Sharesavea										Sharepurchasea,b
	Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)				Number (000s)						Weighted average ex. price (£)
	2010			2009			2010		2009		2010			2009			2010		2009
Outstanding at beginning of year/acquisition date		91,311			94,131			3.01		1.83		12,320			6,961			–		–
Granted in the year		21,296			28,005			2.46		2.70		4,176			6,832			–		–
Exercised/released in the year		(1,079	)		(153	)		2.67		2.83		(1,190	)		(952	)		–		–
Less: forfeited in the year		(19,368	)		(30,672	)		3.42		3.58		(845	)		(521	)		–		–
Outstanding at end of year		92,160			91,311			2.80		3.01		14,461			12,320			–		–
Of which exercisable:		5,814			7,537			4.35		4.19		2,529			1,621			–		–

Notes

a Options/award granted over Barclays PLC shares.

b Nil cost award

245

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

39 Share-based paymentscontinued

The table below shows the weighted average share price at the date of exercise/release of shares:

	2010 £		2009 £
Sharesavea		3.17		3.21
Sharepurchasea,b		3.02		2.64
SVPa,b		3.10		–
ESASa,b		3.39		2.02
PSPa,b		3.46		1.77
ISPa,b		3.10		3.43

Certain of the Groups share option plans enable certain directors and members of staff employees the option to subscribe for new ordinary shares of Barclays PLC between 2010 and 2018.

The exercise price range, the weighted average contractual remaining life and number of options outstanding (including those exercisable) at the balance sheet date are as follows:

Exercise price range	2010				2009
	Weighted average remaining contractual life in years		Number of options Outstanding (000s)		Weighted average remaining contractual life in years		Number of options Outstanding (000s)
Sharesavea
£1.44-£2.49		4		22,345		2		1,818
£2.50-£3.49		2		58,046		3		69,543
£3.50-£4.49		–		4,828		1		9,058
£4.50-£5.49		1		6,940		2		10,892
Sharepurchasea,b		1		14,461		2		12,320
SVPa,b		2		226,842		–		–
ESASa,b		3		383,483		3		464,511
ISPa,b		1		49,983		2		54,978
PSPa,b		1		18,649		1		31,262

There were no modifications to the share-based payment arrangements in the years 2010, 2009 and 2008.

As at 31st December 2010, the total liability arising from cash-settled share-based payment transactions was £23m (2009: £13m; 2008: £23m).

Treasury Shares

The Group, through various employee benefit trusts, holds shares in Barclays PLC (‘treasury shares’) to meet its obligations under its share based payment schemes.

The total number of Barclays shares held in Group employee benefit trusts at 31st December 2010 was 259.0m (2009: 125.1m). No dividend rights have been waived on these shares. The total market value of the shares held in trust, based on the year-end share price of £2.61 (2009: £2.75), was £676m (2009: £344m). As at 31st December 2010, options over 5.2 million (2009: 15.6 million) of the total shares held in the trusts were exercisable. Further details on the treatment of treasury shares is provided on page 233.

Notes

a Options/award granted over Barclays PLC shares.

b Nil cost award.

246         

40 Related party transactions and Directors’ remuneration

a) Related party transactions

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial or operation decisions, or one other party controls both. The definition includes subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures and the Group’s pension schemes, as well as other persons.

Subsidiaries

Transactions between Barclays PLC and subsidiaries also meet the definition of related party transactions. Where these are eliminated on consolidation, they are not disclosed in the Group financial statements. Transactions between Barclays PLC and its subsidiary, Barclays Bank PLC are fully disclosed in its balance sheet and income statement. A list of the Group’s principal subsidiaries is shown in Note 32.

Associates, joint ventures and other entities

The Group provides banking services to its associates, joint ventures, the Group pension funds (principally the UK Retirement Fund) and to entities under common directorships, providing loans, overdrafts, interest and non-interest bearing deposits and current accounts to these entities as well as other services. Group companies also provide investment management and custodian services to the Group pension schemes. The Group also provides banking services for unit trusts and investment funds managed by Group companies and are not individually material. All of these transactions are conducted on the same terms as third-party transactions.

Entities under common directorships

The Group enters into normal commercial relationships with entities for which members of the Group’s Board also serve as Directors. The amounts included in the Group’s financial statements relating to such entities that are not publicly listed are shown in the table opposite under Entities under common directorships.

Amounts included in the accounts, in aggregate, by category of related party entity are as follows:

	Associates £m			Joint ventures £m			Entities under common directorships £m			Pension funds, unit trusts and investment funds £m
For the year ended and as at 31st December 2010
Income		19			(15	)		10			–
Impairment		(5	)		(9	)		–			–
Total Assets		135			2,113			45			–
Total Liabilities		28			477			110			19
For the year ended and as at 31st December 2009a
Income		(57	)		(55	)		(64	)		6
Impairment		(2	)		(5	)		–			–
Total Assets		155			2,080			43			–
Total Liabilities		4			503			27			46
For the year ended and as at 31st December 2008a
Income		(36	)		(40	)		45			(20	)
Total Assets		177			1,239			108			18
Total Liabilities		3			777			93			79

No guarantees, pledges or commitments have been given or received in respect of these transactions in 2010, 2009 or 2008.

There were no derivatives transacted on behalf of the Pensions Funds Unit Trusts and Investment Funds (2009: £192m, 2008: £318m).

Key Management Personnel

The Group’s Key Management Personnel, and persons connected with them, are also considered to be related parties for disclosure purposes. Key Management Personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of Barclays PLC (directly or indirectly) and comprise the Directors of Barclays PLC and the Officers of the Group, certain direct reports of the Chief Executive and the heads of major business units.

There were no material related party transactions with Entities under common directorship where a Director or other member of Key Management Personnel (or any connected person) is also a Director or other member of Key Management Personnel (or any connected person) of Barclays.

Note

a Comparatives have been restated to reflect changes to entities identified as

related parties.

247

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

40 Related party transactions and Directors’ remunerationcontinued

The Group provides banking services to Directors and other Key Management Personnel and persons connected to them. Transactions during the year and the balances outstanding at 31st December 2010 were as follows:

Directors, other Key Management Personnel and connected persons
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Loans outstanding at 1st January		6.6			7.3			7.4
Loans issued during the year		0.5			1.9			6.9
Loan repayments during the year		(2.1	)		(1.6	)		(5.5	)
Loans outstanding at 31st December		5.0			7.6			8.8
Interest income earned		–			0.1			0.4

No allowances for impairment were recognised in respect of loans to Directors or other members of Key Management Personnel (or any connected person) in 2010, 2009 or 2008.

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Deposits outstanding at 1st January		30.3			28.7			8.9
Deposits received during the year		104.9			160.0			235.7
Deposits repaid during the year		(99.3	)		(158.0	)		(221.9	)
Deposits outstanding at 31st December		35.9			30.7			22.7
Interest expense on deposits		–			0.1			0.5

Of the loans outstanding above, £0.5m (2009: £0.1m, 2008: £1.6m) relates to Directors and other Key Management Personnel (and persons connected to them), who left the Group during the year. Of the deposits outstanding above, £0.2m (2009: £3.7m, 2008: £6.1m) related to Directors and other Key Management Personnel (and persons connected to them), who left the Group during the year. The amounts disclosed as at 1st January includes deposits outstanding for those who became Directors or Key Management Personnel during the year.

All loans to Directors and other Key Management Personnel (and persons connected to them), (a) were made in the ordinary course of business, (b) were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the same time for comparable transactions with other persons and (c) did not involve more than a normal risk of collectability or present other unfavourable features.

In 2009, a loan of £692 provided on an interest free basis was granted to one non-Director member of Barclays Key Management to purchase a commuter rail ticket. The maximum loan outstanding during 2009 was £692. Commuter rail ticket loans are provided to all Barclays staff members upon request on the same terms. No loans provided on an interest free basis were granted to any member of Barclays Key Management in 2010.

Remuneration of Directors and other Key Management Personnel

Remuneration of Directors, other Key Management Personnel and connected persons
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
					8.
Salaries and other short-term benefits		28.1			6			10.7
Employer social security charges on emoluments		12.4			2.9			2.7
Pension costs		1.0			0.7			0.9
Other long-term benefits		41.9			2.5			1.6
Share-based payments		39.3			15.8			11.8
Costs recognised for accounting purposes		122.7			30.5			27.7
Employer social security charges on emoluments		(12.4	)		(2.9	)		(2.7	)
Other long-term benefits – difference between awards granted and costs recognised		(9.3	)		15.2			0.4
Share-based payments – difference between awards granted and costs recognised		(20.8	)		32.7			(8.5	)
Total remuneration awarded		80.2			75.5			16.9

The population of Directors and other Key Management Personnel increased as a result of the formation of the Executive Committee in November 2009. Figures are provided for the period that individuals met the definition of Directors and other Key Management Personnel.

Total remuneration awarded to Directors and other Key Management Personnel represents the awards made to individuals that have been approved by the Board Remuneration Committee as part of the latest payround decisions and is consistent with the approach adopted for disclosures set out on pages 147 to 163. Costs recognised in the income statement reflect the accounting charge for the year included within operating expenses. The difference between the values awarded and the recognised income statement charge principally relates to the recognition of deferred costs for prior year awards.

248         

40 Related party transactions and Directors’ remunerationcontinued

b) Disclosure required by the Companies Act 2006

The following information is presented in accordance with the Companies Act 2006:

Directors’ remuneration

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Aggregate emoluments		15.8		8.8		6.0
Gains made on the exercise of share options		–		8.9		–
Amounts paid under long-term incentive schemes		7.0		–		7.4
		22.8		17.7		13.4

Actual pension contributions of £13,588 were paid to defined contribution schemes on behalf of one Director (2009: £18,786, one Director, 2008: £11,745, one Director). Notional pension contributions to defined contribution schemes were £nil (2009: £nil, 2008: £nil).

As at 31st December 2010, one Director was accruing retirement benefits under a defined benefit scheme (2009: two Directors, 2008: two Directors).

Directors’ and Officers’ shareholdings and options

The beneficial ownership of the ordinary share capital of Barclays PLC by all Directors and Officers of Barclays PLC (involving 24 persons) at 31st December 2010 amounted 29,102,334 ordinary shares of 25p each (0.24% of the ordinary share capital outstanding).

Executive Directors and Officers of Barclays PLC as a Group (involving 13 persons) held, at 31st December 2010, options to purchase 2,961,264 Barclays PLC ordinary shares of 25p each at prices ranging from 255p to 470p under Sharesave and ranging from 317p to 520p under the Incentive Share Option Plan, respectively.

Advances and credit to Directors and guarantees on behalf of Directors

In accordance with Section 413 of the Companies Act 2006 and in relation to those who served as Directors of the Company at any time in the financial year, the total amount of advances and credits at 31st December 2010 was £nil (2009: £1.8m, 2008: £0.8m). The total amount of guarantees on behalf of Directors at 31st December 2010 was £nil (2009: £nil, 2008: £nil).

249

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instruments

The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable willing parties.

Comparison of carrying amounts and fair values

The following table summarises the carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities presented on the Group’s balance sheet, and their fair values differentiating between financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value and those measured at amortised cost.

			2010				2009
	Notes		Carrying amount £m		Fair Value £m		Carrying amount £m		Fair Value £m
Financial assets:
Cash and balances at central banks		a		97,630		97,630		81,483		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks		a		1,384		1,384		1,593		1,593
Trading portfolio assets:
– Debt securities and other eligible bills		b		139,240		139,240		126,520		126,520
– Equity securities		b		25,613		25,613		19,602		19,602
– Traded Loans		b		2,170		2,170		2,962		2,962
– Commodities		b		1,844		1,844		2,260		2,260
Financial assets designated at fair value:
– Equity securities		b		5,685		5,685		6,256		6,256
– Loans and advances		b		22,352		22,352		22,390		22,390
– Debt securities		b		1,918		1,918		4,007		4,007
– Other financial assets designated at fair value		b		10,101		10,101		8,658		8,658
– Held in respect of linked liabilities under investment contracts		b		1,429		1,429		1,257		1,257
Derivative financial instruments		b		420,319		420,319		416,815		416,815
Loans and advances to banks		c		37,799		37,768		41,135		41,135
Loans and advances to customers:
– Residential mortgage loans		c		168,055		161,439		149,099		142,726
– Credit card receivables		c		22,658		22,658		21,889		21,889
– Other personal lending		c		26,608		26,240		25,435		25,430
– Wholesale and corporate loans and advances		c		200,618		196,124		212,928		207,648
– Finance lease receivables		c		10,003		10,046		10,873		10,898
Available for sale financial investments:
– Debt securities and other eligible bills		b		59,629		59,629		49,807		49,807
– Equity securities		b		5,481		5,481		6,676		6,676
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		c		205,772		205,527		143,431		142,524
Financial liabilities:
Deposits from banks		d		77,975		77,949		76,446		76,457
Items in the course of collection due to other banks		a		1,321		1,321		1,466		1,466
Customer accounts:
– Current and demand accounts		d		110,443		110,443		100,710		100,710
– Savings accounts		d		91,928		91,928		81,188		81,188
– Other time deposits		d		143,417		143,580		140,531		140,544
Trading portfolio liabilities:
– Debt securities and other eligible bills		b		64,607		64,607		44,708		44,708
– Equity securities		b		7,568		7,568		6,468		6,468
– Commodities		b		518		518		76		76
Financial liabilities designated at fair value:
– Debt securities		b		76,907		76,907		72,191		72,191
– Deposits		b		10,243		10,243		6,275		6,275
– Other financial assets designated at fair value		b		8,632		8,632		7,736		7,736
– Liabilities to customers under investment contracts		b		1,947		1,947		1,679		1,679
Derivative financial instruments		b		405,516		405,516		403,416		403,416
Debt securities in issue		d		156,623		155,974		135,902		135,405
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		d		225,534		225,511		198,781		198,781
Subordinated liabilities		d		28,499		27,183		25,816		25,299

Notes

a Fair value approximates carrying value due to the short-term nature of these financial assets and liabilities.

b The carrying value of financial instruments measured at fair value (including those held for trading, designated at fair value, derivatives and available for sale) is determined in accordance with the accounting policy noted on pages 196 and 198. Further description and analysis of these fair values are set out below.

c The carrying value of financial assets measured at amortised cost (including loans and advances, and other lending such as reverse repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities borrowed) is determined in accordance with the accounting policy noted on pages 195 to 199. In many cases the fair value disclosed approximates the carrying value because the instruments are short-term in nature or have interest rates that reprice frequently. In other cases, fair value is determined using discounted cash flows, applying market derived interest rates. Alternatively, the fair value is determined by applying an

average of available regional and industry segmental credit spreads to the loan portfolio, taking the contractual maturity of the loan facilities into consideration.

d The carrying value of financial liabilities measured at amortised cost (including customer accounts and other deposits such as repurchase agreements and cash collateral on securities lent, debt securities in issue and subordinated liabilities) is determined in accordance with the accounting policy noted on page 196. In many cases, the fair value disclosed approximates the carrying value because the instruments are short-term in nature or have interest rates that reprice frequently such as customer accounts and other deposits and short-term debt securities. Fair values of other debt securities in issue are based on quoted prices where available, or where these are unavailable, are estimated using a valuation model. Fair values for dated and undated convertible and non convertible loan capital are based on quoted market rates for the issue concerned or similar issues with terms and conditions.

250         

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Valuation inputs

‘IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures’ requires an entity to classify its financial instruments held at fair value according to a hierarchy that reflects the significance of observable market inputs.

The classification of a financial instrument is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined below.

Quoted market prices – Level 1

Financial instruments are classified as Level 1 if their value is observable in an active market. Such instruments are valued by reference to unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets where the quoted price is readily available, and the price represents actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s length basis. An active market is one in which transactions occur with sufficient volume and frequency to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

This category includes exchange traded government bonds, actively traded listed equities and actively exchange-traded derivatives.

Valuation technique using observable inputs – Level 2

Financial instruments classified as Level 2 have been valued using models whose inputs are observable in an active market. Valuations based on observable inputs include financial instruments such as swaps and forwards which are valued using market standard pricing techniques, and options that are commonly traded in markets where all the inputs to the market standard pricing models are observable.

This category includes most investment grade and liquid high yield bonds, certain asset backed securities, US agency securities, government bonds, less actively traded listed equities, bank, corporate and municipal obligations, certain OTC derivatives, certain convertible bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, certain collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) (cash and synthetic underlyings), collateralised loan obligations (CLOs), most commodities based derivatives, credit derivatives, certain credit default swaps (CDSs), most fund units, certain loans, foreign exchange spot and forward transactions and certain issued notes.

Valuation technique using significant unobservable inputs – Level 3

Financial instruments are classified as Level 3 if their valuation incorporates significant inputs that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). Such inputs are generally determined based on observable inputs of a similar nature, historical observations on the level of the input or other analytical techniques.

This category includes certain corporate debt securities, distressed debt, private equity investments, commercial real estate loans, certain OTC derivatives (requiring complex and unobservable inputs such as correlations and long dated volatilities), certain convertible bonds, some CDOs (cash and synthetic underlyings), credit default swaps, derivative exposures to Monoline insurers, fund units, certain asset backed securities, certain issued notes, certain collateralised loan obligations (CLOs) and certain loans.

251

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

The following table shows the Group’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value analysed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value	Valuation technique using
	Quoted market prices (Level 1) £m			Observable inputs (Level 2) £m			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) £m			Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
Trading portfolio assets		48,466			114,660			5,741			168,867
Financial assets designated at fair value		5,406			25,175			10,904			41,485
Derivative financial assets		3,023			408,214			9,082			420,319
Available for sale financial investments		25,619			36,201			3,290			65,110
Total assets		82,514			584,250			29,017			695,781
Trading portfolio liabilities		(30,247	)		(42,345	)		(101	)		(72,693	)
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		(4	)		(94,088	)		(3,637	)		(97,729	)
Derivative financial liabilities		(2,567	)		(396,695	)		(6,254	)		(405,516	)
Total Liabilities		(32,818	)		(533,128	)		(9,992	)		(575,938	)
As at 31st December 2009
Trading portfolio assets		76,256			69,010			6,078			151,344
Financial assets designated at fair value		6,975			24,893			10,700			42,568
Derivative financial assets		3,163			401,451			12,201			416,815
Available for sale financial investments		19,919			35,287			1,277			56,483
Total assets		106,313			530,641			30,256			667,210
Trading portfolio liabilities		(42,238	)		(8,936	)		(78	)		(51,252	)
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		(109	)		(83,944	)		(3,828	)		(87,881	)
Derivative financial liabilities		(2,386	)		(391,916	)		(9,114	)		(403,416	)
Total Liabilities		(44,733	)		(484,796	)		(13,020	)		(542,549	)

Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 primarily comprised government bonds that had less observable market prices.

252         

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

The following table shows the Group’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value disaggregated by valuation technique and product type.

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value by product type
	Assets Valuation technique using						Liabilities Valuation technique using
	Quoted  market  prices  (Level 1) £m		Observable  inputs  (Level 2) £m		Significant  unobservable  inputs  (Level 3) £m		Quoted  market  prices  (Level 1) £m			Observable  inputs  (Level 2) £m			Significant  unobservable  inputs  (Level 3) £m
As at 31st December 2010
Commercial real estate loans		–		–		5,424		–			–			–
Asset backed products		–		39,649		4,628		–			(6,287	)		(1,912	)
Other credit products		–		50,230		1,097		–			(42,216	)		(1,318	)
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		–		–		1,449		–			–			–
Non-asset backed debt instruments		47,108		99,625		2,956		(23,008	)		(105,481	)		(2,719	)
Equity products		33,054		9,708		1,478		(9,292	)		(14,342	)		(1,895	)
Private equity		–		27		2,844		–			–			–
Funds and fund-linked products		591		3,674		1,084		–			(1,827	)		–
Foreign exchange products		–		29,883		506		–			(30,349	)		(241	)
Interest rate products		–		305,235		2,407		–			(291,420	)		(1,079	)
Commodity products		1,378		28,520		493		(518	)		(36,191	)		(629	)
Other		383		17,699		4,651		–			(5,015	)		(199	)
Total		82,514		584,250		29,017		(32,818	)		(533,128	)		(9,992	)
As at 31st December 2009
Commercial real estate loans		–		–		7,170		–			–			–
Asset backed products		–		34,779		5,840		–			(6,165	)		(2,334	)
Other credit products		1		47,202		2,020		–			(47,904	)		(2,827	)
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		–		–		2,027		–			–			–
Non-asset backed debt instruments		72,578		66,885		3,127		(35,760	)		(73,371	)		(3,202	)
Equity products		28,053		11,772		1,536		(8,788	)		(13,737	)		(1,922	)
Private equity		73		176		1,978		–			–			–
Funds and fund-linked products		3,856		5,387		1,241		–			(2,049	)		–
Foreign exchange products		–		24,885		761		–			(25,159	)		(379	)
Interest rate products		176		288,718		2,357		–			(275,684	)		(1,775	)
Commodity products		1,414		31,562		748		(76	)		(37,091	)		(581	)
Other		162		19,275		1,451		(109	)		(3,636	)		–
Total		106,313		530,641		30,256		(44,733	)		(484,796	)		(13,020	)

253

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Level 3 classification

The following table shows Level 3 financial assets and liabilities disaggregated by balance sheet classification and product type.

Level 3 financial assets and liabilities by balance sheet classification and product type
	Non-derivative assets						Non-derivative liabilities						Derivatives
	Trading portfolio assets £m		Financial assets designated at fair value £m		Available for sale assets £m		Trading portfolio liabilities £m			Financial liabilities designated at fair value £m			Net  derivative  financial  instrumentsa £m
As at 31st December 2010
Commercial real estate loans		–		5,424		–		–			–			–
Asset backed products		1,720		364		312		(5	)		(17	)		342
Other credit products		–		237		–		(4	)		(716	)		262
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		–		–		–		–			–			1,449
Non-asset backed debt instruments		2,460		325		168		(1	)		(2,690	)		(25	)
Equity products		135		–		27		–			–			(579	)
Private equity		50		1,995		799		–			–			–
Funds and fund-linked products		1,084		–		–		–			–			–
Foreign exchange products		–		–		–		–			–			265
Interest rate products		–		61		–		–			(27	)		1,294
Commodity products		–		14		4		–			(161	)		7
Other		292		2,484		1,980		(91	)		(26	)		(187	)
Total		5,741		10,904		3,290		(101	)		(3,637	)		2,828
As at 31st December 2009
Commercial real estate loans		–		7,170		–		–			–			–
Asset backed products		1,840		423		205		(5	)		(63	)		1,106
Other credit products		–		92		–		–			(595	)		(304	)
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		–		–		–		–			–			2,027
Non-asset backed debt instruments		2,461		438		166		(73	)		(3,081	)		14
Equity products		190		–		157		–			–			(733	)
Private equity		104		1,237		637		–			–			–
Funds and fund-linked products		1,128		8		105		–			–			–
Foreign exchange products		–		–		–		–			–			382
Interest rate products		–		64		–		–			(25	)		543
Commodity products		–		12		4		–			(64	)		215
Other		355		1,256		3		–			–			(163	)
Total		6,078		10,700		1,277		(78	)		(3,828	)		3,087

Note

a The derivative financial instruments in the tables above are represented on a net basis

of £2,828m (2009: £3,087m). On a gross basis derivative financial assets are £9,082m

(2009: £12,201m), derivative financial liabilities are £6,254m (2009: £9,114m).

254         

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Level 3 movement analysis

The following table summarises the movements in the Level 3 balance during the year. The table shows gains and losses and includes amounts for all financial assets and liabilities transferred to and from Level 3 during the year. Transfers have been reflected as if they had taken place at the beginning of the year.

Analysis of movements in Level 3 financial assets   and liabilities	Trading portfolio assets £m			Financial assets designated at fair value £m			Available for sale assets £m			Trading portfolio liabilities £m			Financial liabilities designated at fair value £m			Net  derivative  financial  instrumentsa £m			Total £m
As at 1st January 2010		6,078			10,700			1,277			(78	)		(3,828	)		3,087			17,236
Purchases		2,830			890			234			(96	)		(12	)		762			4,608
Sales		(3,334	)		(1,117	)		(121	)		–			39			147			(4,386	)
Issues		–			–			–			–			(243	)		(555	)		(798	)
Settlements		(455	)		(924	)		(206	)		63			601			(94	)		(1,015	)
Total gains and losses in the period recognised in the   income statement:
– trading income		683			203			–			–			(730	)		(5	)		151
– other income		–			173			(94	)		–			–			–			79
Total gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive   income		–			–			208			–			–			–			208
Transfers in/(transfers out)		(61	)		979			1,992			10			536			(514	)		2,942
As at 31st December 2010		5,741			10,904			3,290			(101	)		(3,637	)		2,828			19,025
As at 1st January 2009		14,625			17,681			3,137			(258	)		(3,779	)		7,493			38,899
Purchases		2,021			700			459			(70	)		(313	)		2,334			5,131
Sales		(7,018	)		(4,875	)		(9	)		172			690			(3,548	)		(14,588	)
Issues		–			–			–			–			(1,343	)		(1,718	)		(3,061	)
Settlements		(410	)		(804	)		(347	)		–			763			(100	)		(898	)
Total gains and losses in the period recognised in the   income statement:
– trading income		(2,290	)		(3,356	)		–			27			1,574			(3,516	)		(7,561	)
– other income		–			(434	)		(131	)		–			–			–			(565	)
Total gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive   income		–			–			(103	)		–			–			–			(103	)
Transfers in/(transfers out)		(850	)		1,788			(1,729	)		51			(1,420	)		2,142			(18	)
As at 31st December 2009		6,078			10,700			1,277			(78	)		(3,828	)		3,087			17,236

The significant movements in Level 3 positions during the year are explained below:

– purchases of £4.6bn were primarily composed of £2.3bn of asset backed products, £0.6bn of equity products, £0.4bn of non-asset backed debt instruments and £0.4bn of private equity assets;

– sales of £4.4bn included the sale of £2.4bn of asset backed products, £0.6bn of non-asset backed debt instruments, £0.6bn of private equity assets and £0.4bn of commercial real estate loans;

– net Issuances and Settlements of £1.8bn were primarily driven by £0.6bn of commercial real estate settlements, and £0.5bn of equity product issuances;

– transfers into Level 3 primarily reflected a £2.0bn receivable arising as part of the acquisition of the North American businesses of Lehman Brothers. This resulted from a change in the accounting treatment from loans and advances to available for sale financial instruments. This classification is due to the uncertainty inherent in any litigation, rather than uncertainty relating to the valuation of the assets themselves. In addition, a further £1.0bn was transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 due to unobservable valuation inputs becoming significant to the overall valuation of certain fixed rate loans.

Note

a The derivative financial instruments in the tables above are represented on a net basis

of £2,828m (2009: £3,087m). On a gross basis derivative financial assets are £9,082m

(2009: £12,201m), derivative financial liabilities are £6,254m (2009: £9,114m).

255

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Gains and losses on Level 3 financial assets and liabilities

The following table discloses the gains and losses recognised in the year arising on Level 3 financial assets and liabilities held at year end.

Gains and losses recognised during the period on Level 3 financial assets and liabilities held	Trading portfolio assets £m			Financial assets designated at fair value £m			Available for sale assets £m			Trading portfolio liabilities £m			Financial liabilities designated at fair value £m			Net derivative financial instruments £m			Total £m
As at 31st December 2010
Recognised in the income statement
– trading income		345			215			–			(1	)		(528	)		(66	)		(35	)
– other income		–			115			(166	)		–			–			–			(51	)
Total gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income		–			–			133			–			–			–			133
Total		345			330			(33	)		(1	)		(528	)		(66	)		47
As at 31st December 2009
Recognised in the income statement
– trading income		(736	)		(3,034	)		–			8			(269	)		(2,817	)		(6,848	)
– other income		–			(452	)		(140	)		–			–			–			(592	)
Total gains or losses recognised in other comprehensive income		–			–			(65	)		–			–			–			(65	)
Total		(736	)		(3,486	)		(205	)		8			(269	)		(2,817	)		(7,505	)

Valuation techniques

Current year valuation methodologies were consistent with the prior year unless otherwise noted below. These methodologies are commonly used by market participants.

The valuation techniques used for the main products that are not determined by reference to unadjusted quoted prices (Level 1), are described below.

Commercial real estate loans

This category includes lending on a range of commercial property types including retail, hotels, office and development properties.

Fair value is calculated using a risk adjusted spread based methodology performed on a loan by loan basis with consideration of characteristics such as property type, geographic location, yields, credit quality and property performance reviews.

The valuation inputs are reviewed with reference to published bond indices. Initial spreads are sourced from market quoted origination spreads by property type and classified into Loan-to-Value (LTV) buckets which are adjusted for internal credit rating and subordination of the loans. The internal credit ratings used in the valuation model are subject to a monthly review process. The model is calibrated monthly based on external quotes of new origination property type spreads and the latest internal credit ratings.

The valuations are considered unobservable due to the bespoke nature of the instruments.

Asset backed products

These are debt and derivative products that are linked to the cash flows of a pool of referenced assets. This category includes asset backed loans, CDOs (cash underlyings), CLOs, asset backed credit derivatives, asset and mortgage backed securities.

Valuations are determined using industry standard cash flow models that calculate fair value based on loss projections, prepayment, recovery and discount rates. These parameters are determined by reference to underlying collateral performance, independent research, ABX indices, broker quotes, observable trades on similar securities and third party pricing sources.

Within this population, certain valuation inputs are unobservable for non-investment grade ABS, non-agency residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS) and asset backed credit derivatives. Where unobservable, a parameter will be set with reference to an observable proxy. The determination of parameter levels takes account of a range of factors such as deal vintage, underlying asset composition (historical losses, borrower characteristics, various loan attributes such as loan-to-value and debt-to-income ratios and geographic concentration), credit ratings (original and current), home price changes and interest rates.

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41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Other credit products

These products are linked to the credit spread of a referenced entity, index or basket of referenced entities. This category includes synthetic CDOs, single name and index CDS and Nth to default basket swaps. Within this population, valuation inputs are unobservable for CDS with illiquid reference assets and certain synthetic CDOs.

A market standard model is used in the valuation of CDS whereby the credit curve is the significant input in the overall valuation. Credit spreads are observed directly from broker data, third party vendors or priced to proxies. Where credit spreads are unobservable, they are determined with reference to recent transactions or bond spreads from observable issuances of the same issuer or other similar entities as a proxy.

Synthetic CDOs are valued using a model that calculates fair value based on observable and unobservable parameters including credit spreads, recovery rates, correlations and interest rates and is calibrated daily. For index and bespoke synthetic CDOs with unobservable inputs, correlation is set with reference to index tranche market.

Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers

These products are derivatives through which default protection has been purchased on securities, primarily CLOs.

The credit spreads of the counterparty providing protection are unobservable at the required maturity. The derivative positions are valued with reference to the price of the underlying security. As the security and derivative are hedged, the net present value of the derivative increases as the net present value of the security decreases. The derivative valuation is then adjusted to reflect the credit quality of the counterparty.

Non-asset backed debt instruments

These are government bonds, US agency bonds, corporate bonds, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, convertible bonds, notes and other non-asset backed bonds. Within this population, valuation inputs are unobservable for certain convertible bonds, corporate bonds and issued notes.

Exchange traded government bonds are classified as Level 1. Less liquid, government bonds, US agency bonds, corporate bonds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit are valued using observable market prices which are sourced from broker quotes, inter-dealer prices or other reliable pricing services. Where there are not observable market prices, fair value is determined by reference to either issuances or CDS spreads of the same issuer as proxy inputs to obtain discounted cash flows to value the bond. In the absence of observable bond or CDS spreads for the respective issuer, similar reference assets or sector averages are applied as a proxy.

Convertible bonds are valued using prices observed through broker sources, market data services and trading activity. Prices are validated against liquid external sources. Where liquid external sources are not available, fair value is determined using a spread to the equity conversion value or the value of the bond without the additional equity conversion. The spread level is determined with reference to similar proxy assets.

Most fixed and floating rate notes issued are valued using models that discount expected future cash flows. These models calculate fair value based on observable interest rates and funding or credit spreads. The interest rates are derived from broker and bank notes rates. In certain emerging markets, funding spreads may be unobservable. Funding spreads up to five years are sourced from negotiable commercial deposit rates in the market as a proxy. Funding spreads greater than five years are determined by applying extrapolation techniques.

Equity Linked Notes valuations are determined using industry standard models. The models calculate fair value based on input parameters such as stock prices, dividends, volatilities, interest rates, equity repo curves and, for multi-asset products, correlations. In general, input parameters are observable, with unobservable inputs having an insignificant impact on the valuation.

The valuation for fund linked notes is consistent with the valuation of the underlying (see the ‘Funds and fund–linked products’ section below).

Equity products

This category includes listed equities, exchange traded equity derivatives, OTC equity derivatives, preference shares and contracts for difference.

OTC equity derivatives valuations are determined using industry standard models. The models calculate fair value based on input parameters such as stock prices, dividends, volatilities, interest rates, equity repo curves and, for multi-asset products, correlations. In general, input parameters are deemed observable up to liquid maturities which are determined separately for each parameter and underlying instrument. Unobservable model inputs are set by reference to liquid market instruments and applying extrapolation techniques to match the risk profile of the trading portfolio. These are validated against consensus market data services for the same or similar underlying instrument.

Private equity

Private equity investments are valued in accordance with the ‘International Private Equity and Venture Capital Valuation Guidelines’. This requires the use of a number of individual pricing benchmarks such as the prices of recent transactions in the same or similar instruments, discounted cashflow analysis, and comparison with the earnings multiples of listed comparative companies. Unobservable inputs include earnings estimates, multiples of comparative companies, marketability discounts and discount rates. Model inputs are based on market conditions at the reporting date. The valuation of unquoted equity instruments is subjective by nature. However, the relevant methodologies are commonly applied by other market participants and have been consistently applied over time. Full valuations are performed bi-annually, with the portfolio reviewed on a monthly basis for material events that might impact upon fair value.

257

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Funds and fund-linked products

This category includes holdings in hedge funds, funds of funds, and fund derivatives. Fund derivatives are derivatives whose underlyings include mutual funds, hedge funds, fund indices and multi-asset portfolios. They are valued using underlying fund prices, yield curves and other available market information.

In general fund holdings are valued based on the latest available valuation received from the fund administrator. Funds are deemed unobservable where the fund is either suspended, in wind-down, has a redemption restriction that severely affects liquidity, or where the latest net asset value from the fund administrators is more than three months old. In the case of illiquid fund holdings the valuation will take account of all available information in relation to the underlying fund or collection of funds and maybe adjusted relative to the performance of relevant index benchmarks.

Foreign exchange products

These products are derivatives linked to the foreign exchange market. This category includes forward contracts, FX swaps and FX options. Exotic derivatives are valued using industry standard and bespoke models.

Fair value is based on input parameters that include FX rates, interest rates, FX volatilities, interest rate volatilities, FX interest rate correlations and other model parameters. Certain correlations and long dated forward and volatilities are unobservable. Unobservable model inputs are set by referencing liquid market instruments and applying extrapolation techniques to match the risk profile of the trading portfolio. These are validated against consensus market data services.

Interest rate products

These are products linked to interest rates or inflation indices. This category includes interest rate and inflation swaps, swaptions, caps, floors, inflation options, balance guaranteed swaps and other exotic interest rate derivatives. Interest rate products are valued using standard discounted cash flow techniques.

Interest rate derivative cash flows are valued using interest rates yield curves whereby observable market data is used to construct the term structure of forward rates. This is then used to project and discount future cash flows based on the parameters of the trade. An instrument with optionality is valued using a volatility surface constructed from market observable inputs. Exotic interest rate derivatives are valued using industry standard and bespoke models based on observable market parameters which are determined separately for each parameter and underlying instrument. Where unobservable, a parameter will be set with reference to an observable proxy.

For inflation swaps, the inflation adjusted yield curve is the most significant input in the overall valuation. In an inflation swap, an inflation based cash flow is swapped for either a fixed or floating interest rate cash flow. Flows on the inflation leg of the trades are projected using the relevant inflation forward curve and discounted. Any floating rates will be projected using the relevant interest rate yield curve and discounted. Inflation forward curves and interest rate yield curves are extrapolated beyond observable tenors and verified against any available market data.

Balance guaranteed swaps are valued using industry standard cash flow models that calculate fair value based on loss projections, prepayment, recovery and discount rates. These parameters are determined by reference to underlying asset performance, independent research, ABX indices, broker quotes, observable trades on similar securities and third party pricing sources. Prepayment is projected based on observing historic prepayment.

During 2010, in line with changes in market practice, the methodology for valuing certain collateralised interest rate products was updated to make use of more relevant interest rate yield curves to discount cash flows. For certain collateralised vanilla swaps, inflation derivatives and other linear fixed income derivatives Overnight Indexed Swap (OIS) rates were used rather than other market reference rates such as LIBOR.

Commodity products

These products are exchange traded and OTC derivatives based on an underlying commodity such as metals, oil and oil related, agriculturals, power and natural gas.

Valuation inputs of certain commodity swaps and options are determined using models incorporating discounting of cash flows and other industry standard modelling techniques. Fair value is calculated using inputs such as forward curves, volatility surfaces and tenor correlation. Unobservable inputs are set with reference to similar observable products or by applying extrapolation techniques from the observable market.

Other

This category is largely made up of fixed rate loans, which are valued using models that discount expected future cash flows. These models calculate the fair value based on observable interest rates and unobservable funding or credit spreads. Unobservable funding or credit spreads are determined by applying extrapolation of observable spreads.

The receivables resulting from the acquisition of the North American businesses of Lehman Brothers is included within ‘Other’. For more details, refer to Note 26 Legal Proceedings.

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41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Fair value adjustments

The main adjustments to model or system balances to arrive at a fair value are described below:

Bid-Offer valuation adjustments

Portfolios are valued to reflect the most advantageous market price to which Barclays has immediate access. For assets and liabilities where the firm is not a market maker, mid prices are adjusted to bid and offer prices respectively. The bid-offer adjustment factors reflect the expected close out strategy and, for derivatives, that they are managed on a portfolio basis. The methodology for determining the bid-offer adjustment for a derivative portfolio will generally involve netting between long and short positions and the bucketing of risk by strike and term in accordance with hedging strategy. Bid-offer levels are derived from market sources, such as broker data, and are reviewed periodically. For those assets and liabilities where the firm is a market maker (which is the case for certain equity, bond and vanilla derivative markets), since the bid-offer spread does not represent a transaction cost, mid prices are used.

Uncertainty adjustments

Market data input for exotic derivatives may not have a directly observable bid offer spread. In such instances, an uncertainty adjustment is applied as a proxy for the bid offer adjustment. An example of this is correlation risk where an adjustment is required to reflect the possible range of values that market participants apply. The uncertainty adjustment may be determined by calibrating to derivative prices, or by scenario analysis or historical analysis.

Model Valuation adjustments

New valuation models are reviewed under the firm’s Trade Approval Procedures and Model Validation Policy. This process identifies the assumptions used and any model limitations (for example, if the model does not incorporate volatility skew). Where necessary, fair value adjustments will be applied to take these factors into account. Model valuation adjustments are dependant on the size of portfolio, complexity of the model, whether the model is market standard and to what extent it incorporates all known risk factors. All models and model valuation adjustments are subject to review on at least an annual basis.

Credit and debit valuation adjustments

Credit valuation adjustments (CVAs) and Debit valuation adjustments (DVAs) are incorporated into derivative valuations to reflect the impact on the fair value of counterparty risk and Barclays own credit quality respectively. These adjustments are modelled for OTC derivatives across all asset classes.

Probability of Default (PD) and Loss Given Default (LGD) are applied to expected exposures at a counterparty level to arrive at a CVA and DVA adjustment.

Monoline credit valuation adjustments

Barclays determines its internal credit ratings for Monolines based upon its independent, fundamental credit analysis in conjunction with a cross reference to external ratings where available. These internal credit ratings can, and at times do, differ from the publicly available ratings.

For Monolines where a default has either occurred, is imminent or there is a possibility of regulatory intervention, an adjustment may be made to the internal credit rating. This will be based on the estimated recovery from a range of potential scenarios.

The PD used to calculate the CVA is derived from the relevant internal credit rating and is based on internal simulations of credit factor indices by region and industry designations, calibrated to historical time-series and forecast on the basis of current values. The LGD used is a function of available historical data, the Monoline’s credit quality and risk concentration, and recovery values observed in executed commutation settlements.

The CVA for all Monolines is based upon an expected exposure methodology. Expected exposure is calculated by simulating default losses on the underlying assets, calibrated to market observable parameters and forward looking market research. This exposure is then further adjusted for any spread between prices derived from observable proxies. Barclays will then apply the PD of the Monoline to this expected exposure and multiply the result by the LGD to determine the CVA for each Monoline.

259

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Other credit and debit valuation adjustments

Derivative CVAs and DVAs for non-Monoline exposures are calculated using Monte-Carlo simulation to generate an expected exposure profile. The expected exposure is calculated at a counterparty level after netting and collateral are applied. The PD and LGD are derived from a combination of single name credit default swap prices where observable, industry curves, indices, and loan/note pricing taking into account geographic factors, internal credit ratings, loss assumptions and ratings agency data.

For counterparties with an observable credit market, the PD and LGD are derived from single name credit default swap prices. For counterparties with no observable credit market, the PD and LGD are derived from either a generic or a specific curve. The PD and LGD is derived from internal credit ratings and the appropriate geographic index. Specific curves will incorporate any relevant additional factors into the generic curve.

Where the curve is unobservable and the CVA is significant to the overall value of the underlying derivative, the full value of the derivative and its associated credit valuation adjustment is deemed unobservable.

CVAs are not incorporated into the fair value of certain counterparties where it has been observed that the market does not apply a credit charge. The categories of counterparties excluded are as follows:

– Strongly collateralised counterparties – this is any counterparty with a collateral agreement with minimum weekly calls and the collateral threshold plus minimum transfer amount below a defined level;

– Certain highly-rated sovereigns, supra-nationals and government agencies; and

– Liquidity providers – when trading on the interbank market with certain collateralised market making counterparties no counterparty spreads are applied.

Where counterparty credit quality and exposure to that counterparty are linked, wrong way risk may arise. In these instances, wrong way risk suggests that exposure to the counterparty is likely to increase as counterparty credit quality deteriorates. Exposure to ‘wrong way risk’ is limited via internal governance processes and deal pricing.

Barclays Capital uses credit default swap spreads to determine the impact of Barclays own credit quality on the fair value of derivative liabilities. At 31st December 2010, cumulative adjustments of £352m (31st December 2009: £307m) were recorded against derivative liabilities. The impact of these adjustments in both periods was more than offset by the impact of the credit valuation adjustments to reflect counterparty creditworthiness that were netted against derivative assets.

Own credit adjustments

The carrying amount of issued notes that are designated under the IAS 39 fair value option is adjusted to reflect the effect of changes in own credit spreads. The resulting gain or loss is recognised in the income statement.

For funded instruments such as issued notes, credit spreads on Barclays issued bonds represent the most appropriate basis for this adjustment.

At 31st December 2010, the own credit adjustment arose from the fair valuation of £96.0bn (31st December 2009: £86.0bn) of Barclays Capital’s financial liabilities designated at fair value. Barclays credit spreads widened during 2010, leading to a profit of £391m (2009: loss £1,820m) from the fair value of changes primarily in own credit but also from the effects of foreign exchange rates, time decay and trade activity.

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41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Unrecognised gains as a result of the use of valuation models using unobservable inputs

The amount that has yet to be recognised in income that relates to the difference between the transaction price (the fair value at initial recognition) and the amount that would have arisen had valuation models using unobservable inputs been used on initial recognition, less amounts subsequently recognised, was as follows:

Year ended 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m
Opening balance		99			128
Additions		56			39
Amortisation and releases		(18	)		(68	)
Closing balance		137			99

Sensitivity analysis of valuations using unobservable inputs

	Fair value					Favourable changes				Unfavourable changes
Product type	Total assets £m		Total liabilities £m			Profit and loss £m		Equity £m		Profit and loss £m			Equity £m
As at 31st December 2010
Commercial real estate loans		5,424		–			183		–		(167	)		–
Asset backed products		4,628		(1,912	)		317		11		(289	)		(11	)
Other credit products		1,097		(1,318	)		38		–		(66	)		–
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		1,449		–			78		–		(230	)		–
Non-asset backed debt instruments		2,956		(2,719	)		56		–		(55	)		–
Equity products		1,478		(1,895	)		156		8		(154	)		(8	)
Private equity		2,844		–			279		111		(280	)		(69	)
Funds and fund-linked products		1,084		–			275		–		(275	)		–
Foreign exchange products		506		(241	)		51		–		(52	)		–
Interest rate products		2,407		(1,079	)		38		–		(52	)		–
Commodity products		493		(629	)		30		–		(55	)		–
Other		4,651		(199	)		51		–		(55	)		–
Total		29,017		(9,992	)		1,552		130		(1,730	)		(88	)
As at 31st December 2009
Commercial real estate loans		7,170		–			429		–		(437	)		–
Asset backed products		5,840		(2,334	)		175		4		(175	)		(4	)
Other credit products		2,020		(2,827	)		171		–		(152	)		–
Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers		2,027		–			336		–		(532	)		–
Non-asset backed debt instruments		3,127		(3,202	)		145		2		(141	)		(2	)
Equity products		1,536		(1,922	)		28		15		(28	)		(15	)
Private equity		1,978		–			267		73		(339	)		(95	)
Funds and fund-linked products		1,241		–			100		–		(100	)		–
Foreign exchange products		761		(379	)		33		–		(33	)		–
Interest rate products		2,357		(1,775	)		78		–		(78	)		–
Commodity products		748		(581	)		36		–		(36	)		–
Other		1,451		–			52		–		(52	)		–
Total		30,256		(13,020	)		1,850		94		(2,103	)		(116	)

As part of risk management processes, an analysis is performed on products with significant unobservable parameters (Level 3) to generate a range of reasonably possible alternative valuations.

The effect of stressing unobservable inputs to a range of reasonably possible alternatives would be to increase fair values by up to £1.7bn (2009: £1.9bn) or to decrease fair values by up to £1.8bn (2009: £2.2bn) with substantially all the potential effect impacting profit and loss rather than equity.

The stresses applied take account of the nature of valuation techniques used, as well as the availability and reliability of observable proxy and historic data.

Sensitivity methodologies are based on a range, standard deviation or spread data of a reliable reference source or a scenario based on alternative market views. The level of shift or scenarios applied is considered for each product and varied according to the quality of the data and variability of underlying market. The approach adopted in determining these sensitivities has continued to evolve during the year, in the context of changing market conditions.

261

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Commercial real estate loans

Unobservable inputs include, but are not limited to, market quoted origination spreads, internal credit ratings and loan subordination. The sensitivity is determined by applying a +/- 3% shift for each underlying position based on the largest upward and downward price movement of observable published indices of a similar nature in the preceding 12-month period.

Asset backed products

For non-agency RMBS, non-investment grade MBS, mortgage related asset backed credit derivatives and other ABS, the price movements on appropriate indices are used. Sensitivity is based on the average of the largest upward and downward price movement in the preceding 12-month period.

Other credit products

The sensitivity of valuations of the illiquid CDS portfolio is determined by applying a +/- 0.2% stress to the DV01 for each underlying reference asset. The stress is based upon the average bid offer spreads observed in the market for similar CDS.

Derivative exposure to Monoline insurers

The main unobservable input for these exposures is the credit quality of the relevant Monoline insurers. The approach to determine sensitivity is dependent on the credit quality of the Monoline insurer. Sensitivity is computed by shifting the internal credit rating of the Monoline insurer based on scenario analysis determined by evaluating estimated counterparty ratings in the event of a decline in the market environment.

Non-asset backed debt instruments

The sensitivity for convertible bonds, is determined by applying a +/- 1% shift to each underlying position. This shift is based upon the bid offer spreads observed in the market for similar bonds.

The sensitivity for corporate bonds portfolio is determined by applying a +/- 1% shift to each underlying position. This shift is based upon a multiplier to the average bid offer spreads observed in the market for similar bonds.

The sensitivity for fixed and floating rate notes is calculated using a +/- 1% shift in credit spreads.

Equity products

The sensitivity is estimated based on the dispersion of consensus data services either directly or through proxies.

Private equity

The relevant valuation models are sensitive to each of a number of key assumptions, such as projected future earnings, comparator multiples, marketability discounts and discount rates. Valuation sensitivity is estimated by flexing such assumptions to reasonable alternative levels and determining the impact on the resulting valuation.

Funds and fund-linked products

The sensitivity is calculated on an individual fund basis using a loss based scenario approach which factors in the underlying assets of the specific fund and assumed recovery rates.

Foreign exchange products

The sensitivity is based on the statistical spread of consensus data services, calculated using 2 standard deviations of the mid correlation dispersion.

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41 Fair value of financial instrumentscontinued

Interest rate products

Uncertainty relating to the valuation of the products is mainly driven from the range and the standard deviation of the consensus data used for price testing.

For base rate derivatives, the sensitivity is based on bid offer spreads of base rates swaps. The sensitivity was determined by applying a +/- 0.12% shift on the net PV01.

Commodity products

Sensitivity is determined primarily by measuring historical variability over two years. The estimate has been calculated using data for short dated parameter curves to generate best and worst case scenarios. Where historical data is unavailable or uncertainty is due to volumetric risk, sensitivity is measured by applying appropriate stress scenarios or using proxy bid-offer spread levels.

Other

The sensitivity for fixed rate loans is calculated using a +/- 1% shift in credit spreads, except for certain loans within Barclays Corporate where the sensitivity is calculated using a shift in credit spreads of +/- 0.02% – 0.11%.

No stress has been applied to the receivables relating to the Lehman acquisition. As outlined in Note 26, it is possible to identify a maximum loss. However, due to the uncertainty inherent in such legal proceedings, it is not possible to identify reasonable upside and downside stresses on a basis comparable with the other assets analysed.

Valuation control framework

The Independent Valuation Control function is responsible for independent price verification, oversight of fair value adjustments and escalation of valuation issues. This process covers all fair value positions and is a key control in ensuring the material accuracy of valuations.

Price verification uses independently sourced data that is deemed most representative of the market. The reliability of the data source is assessed in determining the independent valuation. The characteristics against which the data source is assessed are independence, reliability, consistency with other sources and evidence that the data represents an executable price. The most current data available at balance sheet date is used. Where significant variances are noted in the independent price verification process, an adjustment is taken to the fair value position. Additional fair value adjustments may be taken to reflect such factors as bid-offer spreads, market data uncertainty, model limitations and counterparty risk.

Independent price verification results and fair value adjustments are reported on a monthly basis to the Valuation Committee. This committee is responsible for overseeing valuation and fair value adjustment policy within Barclays Capital and this is the forum to which valuation issues are escalated.

The Valuation Committee delegates more detailed review to the following five Sub-Committees: Independent Valuations, Primary Commercial Real Estate, Available for Sale and Other Assets, Models and Governance.

The Independent Valuations sub-committee reviews the results of the independent price verification and fair value adjustments process on a monthly basis. This includes, but is not limited to, reviewing fair value adjustments and methodologies, independent price verification results, limits and valuation uncertainty. The Primary Commercial Real Estate and Available for Sale and Other Assets sub-committees focus on independent price verification results specific to the asset classes. The Available for Sale and Other Assets sub-committee also assesses contingent risks and examines counterparty related issues.

The Models sub-committee is responsible for overseeing policies and controls related to the use of valuation models. This includes but is not limited to reviewing (i) global model risk reports and defining associated procedures and controls (ii) output from pipeline meetings and approximate booking meetings, and the trade approval process (iii) issues arising from model review (iv) population of valuation adjustments (v) defining policies and procedures relating to valuation models and (vi) instances of independent price verification variances or collateral disputes relating to model usage.

The Governance sub-committee is responsible for the governance of valuation processes, policies and procedures. This sub-committee oversees each sub-committee to ensure that the objectives set out in each committee’s terms of reference are being achieved. Regulatory and accounting issues related to fair value are also assessed by the Governance sub-committee.

263

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

42 Reclassification of financial assets held for trading

Prior to 2010, the Group reclassified certain financial assets, originally classified as held for trading that were deemed to be not held for trading purposes, and thus considered as loans and receivables.

There were no additional reclassifications of financial assets during 2010.

The carrying value of the securities previously reclassified into loans and receivables has decreased from £9,378m to £8,625m as a result of sales, paydowns and maturities of the underlying securities, offset by foreign exchange movements and increases due to reversal of the discount on reclassification.

Sales of securities from the 16th December 2008 reclassification totalled £390m (2009: £1,280m) and sales of securities from the 25th November 2009 reclassification totalled £178m (2009: nil).

The following table provides a summary of the assets reclassified from held for trading to loans and receivables.

	2010		2009
	Carrying value £m	Fair value £m	Carrying value £m	Fair value £m
As at 31st December
Trading assets reclassified to loans and receivables
Reclassification 25th November 2009	8,081	7,842	8,099	7,994
Reclassification 16th December 2008	544	545	1,279	1,335
Total financial assets reclassified to loans and receivables	8,625	8,387	9,378	9,329

The reclassified financial assets contributed £359m (2009: £192m) to interest income. If the reclassifications had not been made, the Group’s income statement for 2010 would have additional losses on the reclassified trading assets of £189m (2009: loss of £49m).

43 Segmental reporting

Since 1st January 2010, for management reporting purposes, we have reorganised our activities under the following business structure:

– UK Retail Banking is a leading UK high street bank providing current account and savings products and Woolwich branded mortgages. UK Retail Banking also provides unsecured loans, protection products and general insurance as well as banking and money transmission services to small and medium enterprises.

– Barclaycard is an international payments services provider for consumer and business customers including credit cards and consumer lending.

– Western Europe Retail Banking provides retail banking and credit card services in Spain, Italy, Portugal and France.

– Barclays Africa provides retail, corporate and credit card services across Africa and the Indian Ocean as well as tailored banking services (including mobile banking and Sharia-compliant products).

– Absa provides a full range of retail banking services and insurance products through a variety of distribution channels. It also offers customised business solutions for commercial and large corporate customers.

– Barclays Capital is the investment banking division of Barclays. It provides large corporate, government and institutional clients with a full spectrum of solutions to meet their strategic advisory, financing and risk management needs.

– Barclays Corporate provides integrated banking solutions to large corporates, financial institutions and multinationals in the UK & Ireland, Continental Europe and New Markets.

– Barclays Wealth is the wealth management division of Barclays. It focuses on private and intermediary clients worldwide, providing international and private banking, investment management, fiduciary services and brokerage.

– Investment Management manages the Group’s 19.9% economic interest in BlackRock, Inc. and the residual elements relating to Barclays Global Investors, which was sold on 1st December 2009.

– Head Office Functions and Other Operations comprise head office and central support functions, businesses in transition and consolidation adjustments.

Comparatives have been restated to reflect this new Group structure, as detailed in our announcement on 22nd March 2010.

Products and services offered to customers are organised by business segment as described above.

264         

43 Segmental reportingcontinued

This segmental presentation is consistent with the information provided to Barclays chief operating decision-maker to make decisions about allocating resources to, and assessing the performance of, operating segments and is measured in accordance with IFRSs. The financial information shown below includes the effects of intra-Barclays transactions between operating segments which are conducted on an arm’s length basis and eliminated in a separate row. Shared costs are included in operating segments on the basis of the actual recharges made.

As at 31st December 2010	UK Retail Banking £m			Barclaycard £m			Western Europe Retail Banking £m			Barclays Africa £m			Absa £m			Barclays Capital £m			Barclays Corporate £m			Barclays Wealth £m			Investment Manage- ment £m			Head Office Functions and Other Operations £m			Total Continuing Operations £m
Interest income from external customers		2,949			2,653			591			534			1,554			684			1,749			668			(56	)		1,197			12,523
Other income from external customers		1,617			1,337			573			265			1,366			12,414			1,276			947			134			(1,012	)		18,917
Income from external customers, net of insurance claims		4,566			3,990			1,164			799			2,920			13,098			3,025			1,615			78			185			31,440
Inter-segment income		(48	)		34			–			2			(21	)		502			(51	)		(55	)		–			(363	)		–
Total income net of insurance claims		4,518			4,024			1,164			801			2,899			13,600			2,974			1,560			78			(178	)		31,440
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(819	)		(1,688	)		(314	)		(82	)		(480	)		(543	)		(1,696	)		(48	)		–			(2	)		(5,672	)
Segment expenses – external		(2,682	)		(1,609	)		(1,265	)		(718	)		(1,902	)		(8,330	)		(1,560	)		(1,160	)		–			(745	)		(19,971	)
Inter-segment expenses		(127	)		39			232			110			92			35			(347	)		(189	)		(11	)		166			–
Total expenses		(2,809	)		(1,570	)		(1,033	)		(608	)		(1,810	)		(8,295	)		(1,907	)		(1,349	)		(11	)		(579	)		(19,971	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		(1	)		25			15			–			3			18			(2	)		–			–			–			58
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			–			–			77			4			–			–			–			–			–			81
Gain on acquisitions		100			–			29			–			–			–			–			–			–			–			129
Business segment profit before tax		989			791			(139	)		188			616			4,780			(631	)		163			67			(759	)		6,065
Additional information
Depreciation and amortisation		176			171			98			70			145			415			87			52			–			13			1,227
Impairment loss – intangible assets		7			5			1			–			–			21			39			–			–			–			73
Impairment of goodwill		–			–			–			–			–			–			243			–			–			–			243
Investments in associates and joint ventures		3			58			88			1			56			199			(6	)		–			–			119			518
Total assets		121,590			30,324			53,609			7,891			52,373			1,094,799			85,735			17,849			4,612			20,863			1,489,645
Total liabilities		118,799			5,960			31,078			7,551			29,938			1,032,758			79,558			48,743			263			72,735			1,427,383

265

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

43 Segmental reporting continued

As at 31st December 2009	UK Retail Banking £m			Barclaycard £m			Western Europe Retail Banking £m			Barclays Africa £m			Absa £m			Barclays Capital £m			Barclays Corporate £m			Barclays Wealth £m			Investment Manage- ment £m			Head Office Functions and Other Operations £m			Total Continuing Operations £m
Interest income from external customers		2,623			2,573			800			523			1,385			1,002			1,891			470			(37	)		688			11,918
Other income from external customers		1,638			1,455			518			216			1,170			10,097			1,219			955			76			(139	)		17,205
Income from external customers, net of insurance claims		4,261			4,028			1,318			739			2,555			11,099			3,110			1,425			39			549			29,123
Inter-segment income		15			13			–			–			(2	)		526			71			(103	)		1			(521	)		–
Total income net of insurance claims		4,276			4,041			1,318			739			2,553			11,625			3,181			1,322			40			28			29,123
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(1,031	)		(1,798	)		(338	)		(121	)		(567	)		(2,591	)		(1,558	)		(51	)		–			(16	)		(8,071	)
Segment expenses – external		(2,324	)		(1,522	)		(1,224	)		(775	)		(1,520	)		(6,559	)		(1,094	)		(1,016	)		2			(683	)		(16,715	)
Inter-segment expenses		(214	)		(5	)		337			237			69			(33	)		(372	)		(113	)		(19	)		113			–
Total expenses		(2,538	)		(1,527	)		(887	)		(538	)		(1,451	)		(6,592	)		(1,466	)		(1,129	)		(17	)		(570	)		(16,715	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		3			8			4			–			(4	)		22			–			–			–			1			34
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			3			157			24			(3	)		–			–			1			(1	)		7			188
Gain on acquisitions		–			–			26			–			–			–			–			–			–			–			26
Business segment profit before tax		710			727			280			104			528			2,464			157			143			22			(550	)		4,585
Additional information
Depreciation and amortisation		157			143			95			71			122			452			90			51			–			25			1,206
Impairment loss – intangible assets		4			17			1			1			2			–			1			–			–			1			27
Impairment of goodwill		–			–			–			–			–			–			1			–			–			–			1
Investments in associates and joint ventures		2			(5	)		92			–			34			170			(5	)		–			–			134			422
Total assets		109,327			30,274			51,027			7,893			45,765			1,019,120			88,798			14,889			5,406			6,430			1,378,929
Total liabilities		107,354			5,575			42,428			7,478			25,698			951,192			78,236			41,458			416			60,616			1,320,451

266         

  43 Segmental reportingcontinued

As at   31st December 2008	UK Retail Banking £m			Barclaycard £m			Western Europe Retail Banking £m			Barclays Africa £m			Absa £m			Barclays Capital £m			Barclays Corporate £m			Barclays Wealth £m			Investment Manage- menta £m			Head Office Functions and Other Operations £m			Total Continuing Operations £m
Interest income from external customers		3,051			1,677			614			422			1,223			2,026			1,772			494			(52	)		242			11,469
Other income from external customers		1,800			1,493			547			303			936			2,989			1,139			904			(26	)		(355	)		9,730
Income from external customers, net of insurance claims		4,851			3,170			1,161			725			2,159			5,015			2,911			1,398			(78	)		(113	)		21,199
Inter-segment income		(31	)		51			(2	)		1			28			216			81			(86	)		6			(264	)		–
Total income net of insurance claims		4,820			3,221			1,159			726			2,187			5,231			2,992			1,312			(72	)		(377	)		21,199
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		(642	)		(1,097	)		(172	)		(71	)		(347	)		(2,423	)		(593	)		(44	)		–			(30	)		(5,419	)
Segment expenses – external		(2,313	)		(1,523	)		(1,139	)		(744	)		(1,338	)		(3,789	)		(960	)		(809	)		(256	)		(520	)		(13,391	)
Inter-segment expenses		(315	)		76			332			269			55			15			(369	)		(114	)		(18	)		69			–
Total expenses		(2,628	)		(1,447	)		(807	)		(475	)		(1,283	)		(3,774	)		(1,329	)		(923	)		(274	)		(451	)		(13,391	)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		8			(3	)		–			–			5			6			(2	)		–			–			–			14
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		–			–			–			–			1			–			–			326			–			–			327
Gain on acquisitions		–			92			52			–			–			2,262			–			–			–			–			2,406
Business segment profit before tax		1,558			766			232			180			563			1,302			1,068			671			(346	)		(858	)		5,136
Additional information
Depreciation and amortisation		122			122			74			51			101			272			68			40			1			31			882
Impairment loss – intangible assets		–			–			–			–			–			–			–			(3	)		–			–			(3	)
Impairment of goodwill		–			37			–			–			–			74			–			–			1			–			112
Investments in associates and joint ventures		1			(13	)		–			–			84			150			(3	)		–			–			122			341
Total assets		105,873			30,985			52,007			8,472			40,279			1,629,117			98,529			13,232			71,340			3,146			2,052,980
Total liabilities		109,004			3,014			35,108			7,907			20,724			1,603,093			74,936			45,816			68,372			37,595			2,005,569

Note

a At 31st December 2008 includes assets of the disposal group.

267

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

43 Segmental reportingcontinued

Geographical information

(i) A geographical analysis of revenues from external customers is presented below:

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
Continuing operations
UK and Ireland		12,807		12,946		12,023
Europe region		4,735		4,359		4,009
Americas		7,742		6,531		51
Africa		4,697		4,016		3,587
Asia		1,459		1,271		1,529
Total		31,440		29,123		21,199

Individual countries which represent more than 5% of income from external customers are as follows:

	2010 £m		2009 £m		2008 £m
UK		12,714		12,850		11,958
US		7,172		5,547		(471	)
South Africa		3,684		2,980		2,618

In 2009, discontinued operations of the Barclays Global Investors business included £432m (2008: £319m) relating to UK and Ireland, £1,084m (2008: £1,181m) relating to Americas and £347m (2008: £416m) relating to Rest of the World.

44 Financial risks, liquidity and capital management

The disclosures required under IFRS relating to financial risks and capital resources have been included within the Risk management and governance section on pages 58 to 119.

This move has been to improve transparency and ease of reference, by concentrating related information in one place, and to reduce duplication. The relevant disclosures have been marked as audited and can be found as follows:

– credit risk, on pages 58 to 93;

– market risk, on pages 94 to 101;

– capital resources, on pages 102 to 106; and

– liquidity risk, on pages 107 to 112.

45 Critical accounting estimates

The Group’s accounting policies are set out on pages 193 to 204. Certain of these policies, as well as estimates made by management, are considered to be important to an understanding of the Group’s financial condition since they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgements and estimates, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. The following accounting policies include estimates which are particularly sensitive in terms of judgements and the extent to which estimates are used. Other accounting policies involve significant amounts of judgements and estimates, but the total amounts involved are not significant to the financial statements. Management has discussed the accounting policies and critical accounting estimates with the Board Audit Committee.

Fair value of financial instruments

Some of the Group’s financial instruments are carried at fair value through profit or loss, such as those held for trading, designated by management under the fair value option and non-cash flow hedging derivatives.

Other non-derivative financial assets may be designated as available for sale. Available for sale financial investments are initially recognised at fair value and are subsequently held at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair value of such assets are included as a separate component of equity.

An analysis of financial instruments carried at fair value by valuation hierarchy, particulars of the valuation techniques used and a sensitivity analysis of valuations using unobservable inputs is included in Note 41. This note also includes a discussion of the more judgemental aspects of valuation in the period, including: credit valuation adjustments on monoline exposures, commercial real estate loans, private equity investments, and fair value loans to government and business and other services.

Approximately £2.6bn of the assets acquired as part of the 2008 acquisition of the North American business of Lehman Brothers had not been received by 31st December 2010. Approximately £2.0bn of this amount was recognised as part of the acquisition accounting and is included as an available for sale asset in the balance sheet. As discussed in Note 26, on 22nd February 2011 the Court issued its Opinion in relation to the related legal proceedings. This Opinion holds that Barclays is not entitled to receive approximately £1.3bn, and is only conditionally entitled to receive approximately £0.5bn, of the undelivered assets. In addition, the Opinion holds that Barclays is not entitled to approximately £1.3bn of assets it has already received.

268         

45 Critical accounting estimatescontinued

The anticipated final Order, referred to in Note 26, should clarify the precise impact of the decisions set forth in the Opinion, and may be the subject of further proceedings or appeals by one or more of the parties concerned. Barclays has considered the Opinion, the decisions contained therein and its possible actions with respect thereto. As a result, there is significant judgement involved in the valuation of this asset. There is uncertainty relating to the interpretation of the Opinion and also the potential for further proceedings or appeals by the parties involved. The Group takes the view that the effective allowance of £0.6bn that is reflected in its estimate of fair value is appropriate. If the Opinion were to be unaffected by future proceedings and appeals, Barclays estimates that its maximum possible loss, based on its worst case reading of the Opinion, would be approximately £2.6bn, after taking into account the £0.6bn effective provision. The appropriate valuation of this asset will be kept under review as legal proceedings progress.

Allowances for impairment

Allowances for loan impairment represent management’s estimate of the losses incurred in the loan portfolios as at the balance sheet date. Changes to the allowances for loan impairment and changes to the provisions for undrawn contractually committed facilities and guarantees provided are reported in the consolidated income statement as part of the impairment charge. Provision is made for undrawn loan commitments and similar facilities if it is probable that the facility will be drawn and result in recognition of an asset at an amount less than the amount advanced.

Within the retail and small businesses portfolios, which comprise large numbers of small homogeneous assets with similar risk characteristics where credit scoring techniques are generally used, statistical techniques are used to calculate impairment allowances on a portfolio basis, based on historical recovery rates and assumed emergence periods. These statistical analyses use as primary inputs the extent to which accounts in the portfolio are in arrears and historical information on the eventual losses encountered from such delinquent portfolios. There are many such models in use, each tailored to a product, line of business or customer category. Judgement and knowledge is needed in selecting the statistical methods to use when the models are developed or revised. The impairment allowance reflected in the financial statements for these portfolios is therefore considered to be reasonable and supportable. The impairment charge reflected in the income statement for these retail portfolios is £3,296m (2009: £3,919m) and amounts to 59% (2009: 53%) of the total impairment charge on loans and advances in 2010.

For individually significant assets, impairment allowances are calculated on an individual basis and all relevant considerations that have a bearing on the expected future cash flows are taken into account, for example, the business prospects for the customer, the realisable value of collateral, the Group’s position relative to other claimants, the reliability of customer information and the likely cost and duration of the work-out process. The level of the impairment allowance is the difference between the value of the discounted expected future cash flows (discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate), and its carrying amount. Subjective judgements are made in the calculation of future cash flows. Furthermore, judgements change with time as new information becomes available or as work-out strategies evolve, resulting in frequent revisions to the impairment allowance as individual decisions are taken. Changes in these estimates would result in a change in the allowances and have a direct impact on the impairment charge. The impairment charge reflected in the financial statements in relation to wholesale portfolios is £2,329m (2009: £3,439m) and amounts to 41% (2009: 47%) of the total impairment charge on loans and advances. Further information on impairment allowances and related credit information is set out within the credit risk management section on page 73.

The fair value of the Group’s 19.9% holding in BlackRock, Inc. was £4.6bn as at 31st December 2010, as compared to £5.4bn as at 31st December 2009 and £5.1bn at original acquisition date (1st December 2009). For an available-for-sale equity instrument, impairment should be recognised if any decline in fair value is significant or prolonged. The observed decline is not considered either significant or prolonged, in light of an increase in share price through the second half of the year and ongoing price volatility.

The Group’s loan to Protium Finance LP, as detailed on pages 90 to 92, is collateralised by underlying financial assets of the borrower. The cash flow expected to be generated by Protium’s assets over their contractual term would be sufficient to enable loan repayment. However, following a reassessment of the period over which the loan is expected to be realised, it is considered appropriate to record an impairment calculated by reference to the fair value of these assets. This has resulted in the recognition of an impairment charge of £532m as at 31st December 2010.

Goodwill

Management have to consider at least annually whether the current carrying value of goodwill is impaired. The first step of the process requires the identification of independent cash generating units and the allocation of goodwill to these units. This allocation is based on the areas of the business expected to benefit from the synergies derived from the acquisition. The allocation is reviewed following business reorganisation. The carrying value of the unit, including the allocated goodwill, is compared to its fair value to determine whether any impairment exists. If the fair value of a unit is less than its carrying value, goodwill will be impaired. Detailed calculations may need to be carried out taking into consideration changes in the market in which a business operates (e.g. competitive activity, regulatory change). In the absence of readily available market price data this calculation is based upon discounting expected pre-tax cash flows at a risk adjusted interest rate appropriate to the operating unit, the determination of both of which requires the exercise of judgement. The estimation of pre-tax cash flows is sensitive to the periods for which detailed forecasts are available and to assumptions regarding the long-term sustainable cash flows. While forecasts are compared with actual performance and external economic data, expected cash flows naturally reflect management’s view of future performance. The most significant amounts of goodwill relate to UK Retail Banking and Absa, where goodwill impairment testing performed in 2010 indicated that this goodwill was not impaired. An analysis of goodwill by cluster, together with key assumptions underlying the impairment testing, is included in Note 19 on page 217.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets that derive their value from contractual customer relationships or that can be separated and sold and have a finite useful life are amortised over their estimated useful life. Determining the estimated useful life of these finite life intangible assets requires an analysis of circumstances, and judgement by the Group’s management. At each balance sheet date, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances dictate, intangible assets are assessed for indications of impairment. If indications are present, these assets are subject to an impairment review. The impairment review comprises a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset with its recoverable amount: the higher of the asset’s or the cash-generating unit’s net selling price and its value in use. Net selling price is calculated by reference to the amount at which the asset could be disposed of in a binding sale agreement in an arm’s length transaction evidenced by an active market or recent transactions for similar assets. Value in use is calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows obtainable as a result of the asset’s continued use, including those resulting from its ultimate disposal, at a market-based discount rate on a pre-tax basis. The most significant amounts of intangible assets relate to Absa and Lehman Brothers North American businesses.

269

Notes to the financial statements

For the year ended 31st December 2010 continued

45 Critical accounting estimates continued

Retirement benefit obligations

The Group provides pension plans for employees in most parts of the world. Arrangements for staff retirement benefits vary from country to country and are made in accordance with local regulations and customs. For defined contribution schemes, the pension cost recognised in the income statement represents the contributions payable to the scheme. For defined benefit schemes, actuarial valuation of each of the scheme’s obligations using the projected unit credit method and the fair valuation of each of the scheme’s assets are performed annually in accordance with the requirements of IAS 19.

The actuarial valuation is dependent upon a series of assumptions, the key ones being interest rates, mortality, investment returns and inflation. Mortality estimates are based on standard industry and national mortality tables, adjusted where appropriate to reflect the Group’s own experience. The returns on fixed interest investments are set to market yields at the valuation date (less an allowance for risk) to ensure consistency with the asset valuation. The returns on UK and overseas equities are based on the long-term outlook for global equities at the calculation date having regard to current market yields and dividend growth expectations. The inflation assumption reflects long-term expectations of retail price inflation.

The Group’s IAS 19 pension deficit across all schemes as at 31st December 2010 was £2,896m (2009: £3,946m). There are net recognised liabilities of £239m (2009: £698m) and unrecognised actuarial losses of £2,657m (2009: £3,248m). The net recognised liabilities comprised retirement benefit liabilities of £365m (2009: £769m) and assets of £126m (2009: £71m).

The Group’s IAS 19 pension deficit in respect of the main UK scheme as at 31st December 2010 was £2,552m (2009: £3,534m). The reduction in the deficit resulted principally from better than expected asset performance, contributions paid in excess of the pension expense and a credit to past service costs following amendments to the treatment of minimum defined benefits.

Further information on retirement benefit obligations, including the sensitivity of principal assumptions, is included on pages 227 to 232.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognises a financial asset, or a portion of a financial asset, where the contractual rights to that asset have expired. Derecognition is also appropriate where the rights to further cash flows from the asset have been transferred to a third party and, with them, either:

(i) substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset; or

(ii) significant risks and rewards, along with the unconditional ability to sell or pledge the asset.

Where significant risks and rewards have been transferred, but the transferee does not have the unconditional ability to sell or pledge the asset, the Group continues to account for the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement (‘continuing involvement accounting’).

To assess the extent to which risks and rewards have been transferred, it is often necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. Such an analysis will compare the Group’s exposure to variability in asset cash flows before the transfer with its retained exposure after the transfer.

A cash flow analysis of this nature typically involves significant judgement. In particular, it is necessary to estimate the asset’s expected future cash flows as well as potential variability around this expectation. The method of estimating expected future cash flows depends on the nature of the asset, with market and market-implied data used to the greatest extent possible. The potential variability around this expectation is typically determined by stressing underlying parameters to create reasonable alternative upside and downside scenarios. Probabilities are then assigned to each scenario. Stressed parameters may include default rates, loss severity or prepayment rates.

Where neither derecognition nor continuing involvement accounting is appropriate, the Group continues to recognise the asset in its entirety and recognises any consideration received as a financial liability.

Income taxes

The Group is subject to income taxes in numerous jurisdictions and the calculation of the Group’s tax charge and worldwide provisions for income taxes necessarily involves a degree of estimation and judgement. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax treatment is uncertain and cannot be determined until resolution has been reached with the relevant tax authority. The Group recognises liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due after taking into account external advice where appropriate. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities in the period in which such determination is made. These risks are managed in accordance with the Group’s Tax Principal Risk Framework.

46 Events after the balance sheet date

On 22 February 2011, the US Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York issued its opinion in relation to Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.. Further information is provided on page 226.

On 1st March 2011, Barclays agreed to acquire Egg’s UK credit card assets. Under the terms of the transaction, Barclays will purchase Egg’s UK credit card accounts, consisting of approximately 1.15 million credit card accounts with approximately £2.3bn of gross receivables. Completion is subject to competition clearance, and is expected to occur during the first half of 2011.

270         

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Report

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of

Directors and Shareholder of Barclays Bank PLC:

In our opinion, the accompanying Consolidated income statement and the related Consolidated statement of comprehensive income, Consolidated balance sheets, Consolidated statements of changes in equity and Consolidated cash flow statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Barclays Bank PLC and its subsidiaries at 31 December 2010 and 31 December 2009, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended 31 December 2010 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

London, United Kingdom

10 March 2011

271

Barclays Bank PLC data

272 Consolidated income statement

273 Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

274 Consolidated balance sheet

275 Consolidated statement of changes in equity

276 Consolidated cash flow statement

277 Notes to the accounts

286 Financial data

Barclays Bank PLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays PLC and is the Group’s main licensed deposit taking institution under the Financial Services and Markets Act. The consolidated results and financial position of Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays PLC are materially the same, with the key differences being that, in accordance with IFRS:

• Barclays PLC shares held by the Group in employee share schemes and for trading purposes are deducted from reserves in Barclays PLC but recognised as available for sale and trading portfolio assets within Barclays Bank PLC; and

• Preference shares issued by Barclays Bank PLC are included within share capital and share premium in Barclays Bank PLC Group but represent non-controlling interests in Barclays PLC; and

• Certain issuances of reserve capital instruments and capital notes by Barclays Bank PLC are included within other shareholders’ equity in Barclays Bank PLC, but represent non-controlling interests in Barclays PLC.

The risk exposures and business performance for Barclays Bank PLC are materially the same as those in Barclays PLC.

272         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Consolidated income statement

For the year ended 31st December	Notes		2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Continuing operations
Interest income		a		20,035			21,236			28,010
Interest expense		a		(7,517	)		(9,567	)		(16,595)
Net interest income				12,518			11,669			11,415
Fee and commission income		b		10,368			9,946			7,573
Fee and commission expense		b		(1,497	)		(1,528	)		(1,082)
Net fee and commission income				8,871			8,418			6,491
Net trading income		c		8,080			6,994			1,270
Net investment income		d		1,490			283			680
Net premiums from insurance contracts				1,137			1,172			1,090
Gains on debt buy backs and extinguishments				–			1,249			24
Other income				118			140			420
Total income				32,214			29,925			21,390
Net claims and benefits incurred on insurance contracts				(764	)		(831	)		(237)
Total income net of insurance claims				31,450			29,094			21,153
Impairment charges and other credit provisions		6		(5,672	)		(8,071	)		(5,419)
Net operating income				25,778			21,023			15,734
Staff costs		7		(11,916	)		(9,948	)		(7,204)
Administration and general expenses		e		(6,581	)		(5,557	)		(5,189)
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		20		(790	)		(759	)		(606)
Amortisation of intangible assets		19		(437	)		(447	)		(276)
Impairment of goodwill		19		(243	)		(1	)		(112)
Operating expenses				(19,967	)		(16,712	)		(13,387)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures				58			34			14
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		33		81			188			327
Gain on acquisitions		35		129			26			2,406
Profit before tax from continuing operations				6,079			4,559			5,094
Tax		f		(1,516	)		(1,047	)		(449)
Profit after tax from continuing operations				4,563			3,512			4,645
Profit after tax for the year from discontinued operations, including gain on disposal		34		–			6,777			604
Profit after tax				4,563			10,289			5,249
Profit attributable to equity holders of the Parent from:
Continuing operations				4,172			3,228			4,259
Discontinued operations				–			6,765			587
Total				4,172			9,993			4,846
Profit attributable to non-controlling interests		l		391			296			403

The note numbers refer to the notes on pages 193 to 269, whereas the note letters refer to Barclays Bank PLC supplementary notes on pages 277 to 285.

Barclays Bank PLC supplementary notes provided on pages 277 to 285 cover the line items where there is a difference to Barclays PLC.

	273
Barclays Bank PLC data Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

For the year ended 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Profit after tax		4,563			10,289			5,249
Other comprehensive income from continuing operations:
Currency translation reserve
– Currency translation differences		1,177			(853	)		2,233
– Tax		–			(2	)		840
Available for sale reserve
– Net (losses)/gains from changes in fair value		(152	)		1,487			(1,747)
– Net gains transferred to net profit on disposal		(1,020	)		(649	)		(210)
– Net losses transferred to net profit due to impairment		53			672			382
– Changes in insurance liabilities		31			(67	)		–
– Net gains transferred to net profit due to fair value hedging		(308	)		(123	)		(2)
– Tax		141			(177	)		207
Cash flow hedging reserve
– Net gains from changes in fair value		601			285			305
– Net gains transferred to net profit		(684	)		(120	)		71
– Tax		39			(65	)		(194)
Other		59			217			(58)
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax, from continuing operations		(63	)		605			1,827
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax, from discontinued operations		–			(58	)		114
Total comprehensive income for the year		4,500			10,836			7,190
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Parent		3,609			10,286			6,654
Non-controlling interests		891			550			536
		4,500			10,836			7,190

274         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Consolidated balance sheet

As at 31st December	Notes		2010 £m		2009 £m
Assets
Cash and balances at central banks				97,630		81,483
Items in the course of collection from other banks				1,384		1,593
Trading portfolio assets		g		168,930		151,395
Financial assets designated at fair value		13		41,485		42,568
Derivative financial instruments		14		420,319		416,815
Loans and advances to banks		15		37,799		41,135
Loans and advances to customers		15		427,942		420,224
Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured lending		17		205,772		143,431
Available for sale financial investments		h		65,440		56,651
Current tax assets		f		196		349
Prepayments, accrued income and other assets				5,269		6,358
Investments in associates and joint ventures		18		518		422
Goodwill and intangible assets		19		8,697		8,795
Property, plant and equipment		20		6,140		5,626
Deferred tax assets		9		2,517		2,303
Total assets				1,490,038		1,379,148
Liabilities
Deposits from banks				77,975		76,446
Items in the course of collection due to other banks				1,321		1,466
Customer accounts				345,802		322,455
Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing		17		225,534		198,781
Trading portfolio liabilities		12		72,693		51,252
Financial liabilities designated at fair value		21		97,729		87,881
Derivative financial instruments		14		405,516		403,416
Debt securities in issue				156,623		135,902
Accruals, deferred income and other liabilities		22		13,233		14,241
Current tax liabilities		f		646		964
Subordinated liabilities		23		28,499		25,816
Deferred tax liabilities		9		514		470
Provisions		24		947		590
Retirement benefit liabilities		28		365		769
Total liabilities				1,427,397		1,320,449
Shareholders’ equity
Shareholders’ equity excluding non-controlling interests				59,174		55,925
Non-controlling interests		l		3,467		2,774
Total shareholders’ equity				62,641		58,699
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity				1,490,038		1,379,148

The note numbers refer to the notes on pages 193 to 269, whereas the note letters refer to those on pages 277 to 285.

These financial statements have been approved for issue by the Board of Directors on 10th March 2011.

275

Barclays Bank PLC data

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

	Called up share capital and share premiuma £m		Available for sale reserveb £m			Cash flow hedging reserveb £m			Currency translation reserveb £m			Other shareholders’ equityc £m			Retained earnings £m			Total £m			Non- controlling interests £m			Total equity £m
Balance as at 1st January 2010		14,494		(84	)		252			1,615			2,559			37,089			55,925			2,774			58,699
Profit after tax		–		–			–			–			–			4,172			4,172			391			4,563
Other comprehensive income net of tax:
Currency translation movements		–		–			–			742			–			–			742			435			1,177
Available for sale investments		–		(1,264	)		–			–			–			–			(1,264	)		9			(1,255)
Cash flow hedges		–		–			(100	)		–			–			–			(100	)		56			(44)
Other		–		–			–			–			45			14			59			–			59
Total comprehensive income for the year		–		(1,264	)		(100	)		742			45			4,186			3,609			891			4,500
Equity settled share schemes		–		–			–			–			–			830			830			–			830
Vesting of Barclays PLC shares under share-based payment schemes		–		–			–			–			–			(718	)		(718	)		–			(718)
Capital injection from Barclays PLC		–		–			–			–			–			1,214			1,214			–			1,214
Dividends paid		–		–			–			–			–			(235	)		(235	)		(158	)		(393)
Dividends on preference shares and other shareholders’ equity		–		–			–			–			–			(645	)		(645	)		–			(645)
Net decrease in other shareholders’ equity arising on acquisitions, disposals and capital issuances		–		–			–			–			(487	)		–			(487	)		–			(487)
Other reserve movements		–		–			–			–			(48	)		(271	)		(319	)		(40	)		(359)
Balance as at 31st December 2010		14,494		(1,348	)		152			2,357			2,069			41,450			59,174			3,467			62,641
Balance as at 1st January 2009		14,458		(1,249	)		132			2,840			2,564			22,457			41,202			2,372			43,574
Profit after tax		–		–			–			–			–			9,993			9,993			296			10,289
Other comprehensive income net of tax from continuing operations:
Currency translation movements		–		–			–			(1,140	)		–			–			(1,140	)		285			(855)
Available for sale investments		–		1,155			–			–			–			–			1,155			(12	)		1,143
Cash flow hedges		–		–			119			–			–			–			119			(19	)		100
Other		–		–			–			–			47			170			217			–			217
Other comprehensive income net of tax from discontinued operations		–		10			–			(85	)		–			17			(58	)		–			(58)
Total comprehensive income for the year		–		1,165			119			(1,225	)		47			10,180			10,286			550			10,836
Issue of new ordinary shares		25		–			–			–			–			–			25			–			25
Equity settled share schemes		–		–			–			–			–			298			298			–			298
Vesting of Barclays PLC shares under share-based payment schemes		–		–			–			–			–			(80	)		(80	)		–			(80)
Capital injection from Barclays PLC		–		–			–			–			–			4,850			4,850			–			4,850
Dividends paid		–		–			–			–			–			(103	)		(103	)		(132	)		(235)
Dividends on preference shares and other shareholders’ equity		–		–			–			–			–			(599	)		(599	)		–			(599)
Net increase/(decrease) in non-controlling interests arising on acquisitions, disposals and capital issuances		–		–			–			–			–			–			–			(82	)		(82)
Other reserve movements		11		–			1			–			(52	)		86			46			66			112
Balance as at 31st December 2009		14,494		(84	)		252			1,615			2,559			37,089			55,925			2,774			58,699

Notes

a For further details refer to Note i.

b For further details refer to Note j.

c For further details refer to Note k.

276         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Consolidated cash flow statement

For the year ended 31st December	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Continuing operations
Reconciliation of profit before tax to net cash flows from operating activities:
Profit before tax		6,079			4,559			5,094
Adjustment for non-cash items:
Allowance for impairment		5,672			8,071			5,419
Depreciation, amortisation and impairment of property, plant, equipment and intangibles		1,346			1,196			885
Other provisions, including pensions		914			428			804
Net profit on disposal of investments and property, plant and equipment		(1,057	)		(610	)		(371	)
Net profit from disposal of subsidiaries		(77	)		(191	)		(327	)
Net gains on acquisitions		(129	)		(26	)		(2,406	)
Other non-cash movementsa		(6,680	)		4,224			980
Changes in Operating assets and Liabilities
Net (increase)/decrease in loans and advances to banks and customers		(63,212	)		25,482			(58,432	)
Net increase/(decrease) in deposits and debt securities in issue		63,699			(49,014	)		76,886
Net (increase)/decrease in derivative financial instruments		(1,298	)		3,321			(17,529	)
Net (increase)/decrease in trading assets		(17,517	)		34,292			26,945
Net increase/(decrease) in trading liabilities		21,441			(8,222	)		(5,928	)
Net decrease in financial investments		11,126			20,459			5,229
Net decrease/(increase) in other assets		1,366			(465	)		(3,013	)
Net decrease in other liabilities		(2,521	)		(907	)		(492	)
Corporate income tax paid		(1,430	)		(1,176	)		(1,398	)
Net Cash from Operating activities		17,722			41,421			32,346
Purchase of available for sale investments		(76,418	)		(78,420	)		(57,756	)
Proceeds from sale or redemption of available for sale investments		71,251			88,931			51,429
Net addition of intangible assets		(217	)		(226	)		(666	)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(1,767	)		(1,150	)		(1,643	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment		556			372			799
Acquisitions of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired		886			(28	)		(961	)
Disposal of subsidiaries, net of cash disposed		81			339			238
Disposal of discontinued operation, net of cash disposed		-			2,469			-
Other cash flows associated with investing activities		1			(27	)		(102	)
Net Cash from investing activities		(5,627	)		12,260			(8,662	)
Dividends paid		(1,011	)		(590	)		(1,446	)
Proceeds of borrowings and issuance of debt securities		2,131			3,549			9,645
Repayments of borrowings and redemption of debt securities		(1,211	)		(4,383	)		(1,207	)
Net issue of shares and other equity instruments		-			14			1,339
Capital injection from Barclays PLC		1,214			800			5,137
Net issue of shares to non-controlling interests		-			-			11
Net Cash from financing activities		1,123			(610	)		13,479
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents		3,842			(2,864	)		(6,018	)
Net cash from discontinued operations		-			(376	)		286
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		17,060			49,831			31,431
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		114,340			64,509			33,078
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		131,400			114,340			64,509
Cash and cash equivalents comprise:
Cash and balances at central banks		97,630			81,483			30,019
Loans and advances to banks with original maturity less than three months		31,934			30,461			32,279
Available for sale treasury and other eligible bills with original maturity less than three months		1,667			2,244			2,100
Trading portfolio assets with original maturity less than three months		169			152			111
		131,400			114,340			64,509

Note

a Other non-cash movements principally comprise movements in exchange rates less subordinated hedging.

277

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts

a Net interest income

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Cash and balances with central banks		271			131			174
Available for sale investments		1,483			1,937			2,355
Loans and advances to banks		440			513			1,267
Loans and advances to customers		17,677			18,456			23,754
Other interest income		164			199			460
Interest income		20,035			21,236			28,010
Deposits from banks		(370	)		(634	)		(2,189	)
Customer accounts		(1,415	)		(2,720	)		(6,714	)
Debt securities in issue		(3,632	)		(4,134	)		(5,947	)
Subordinated liabilities		(1,778	)		(1,718	)		(1,349	)
Other interest expense		(322	)		(361	)		(396	)
Interest expense		(7,517	)		(9,567	)		(16,595	)
Net interest income		12,518			11,669			11,415
Interest income includes £213m (2009: £185m, 2008: £135m) accrued on impaired loans. Other interest income principally includes interest income relating to reverse repurchase agreements. Similarly, other interest expense principally includes interest expense relating to repurchase agreements and hedging activity. Included in net interest income is hedge ineffectiveness as detailed in Note 14. b Net fee and commission income
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Banking and credit related fees and commissions		10,063			9,578			7,208
Brokerage fees		77			88			56
Investment management fees		79			133			120
Foreign exchange commission		149			147			189
Fee and commission income		10,368			9,946			7,573
Fee and commission expense		(1,497	)		(1,528	)		(1,082	)
Net fee and commission income		8,871			8,418			6,491
c Net trading income
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Trading income		7,019			8,132			(1,665	)
Gain on foreign exchange dealings		670			682			1,272
Own credit gain/(charge)		391			(1,820	)		1,663
Net trading income		8,080			6,994			1,270
d Net investment income
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Net gain from disposal of available for sale assets		1,027			576			212
Dividend income		129			6			196
Net gain/(loss) from financial instruments designated at fair value		274			(208	)		33
Other investment income/(losses)		60			(91	)		239
Net investment income		1,490			283			680

278         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

e Administration and general expenses

	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Property and equipment		1,813			1,641			1,356
Outsourcing and professional services		1,704			1,495			1,471
Operating lease rentals		637			639			520
Marketing, advertising and sponsorship		631			492			591
Subscriptions, publications and stationery		584			519			458
Travel and accommodation		358			273			275
Other administration and general expenses		729			437			488
Impairment of property, equipment and intangible assets		125			61			30
Administration and general expenses		6,581			5,557			5,189
In June 2010, the UK Government announced its intention to introduce a bank levy, which will apply to elements of the Group’s consolidated liabilities and equity held as at 31st December 2011. The draft legislation is expected to be enacted by the UK Parliament later this year. Based on the 31st December 2010 balance sheet position and the draft requirements, we estimate that the bank levy would result in an annual charge to the income statement of approximately £400m from 2011 onwards. f Tax Tax charge
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Current tax charge/(credit)
Current year		1,413			1,235			1,197
Adjustment for prior years		(20	)		(131	)		98
		1,393			1,104			1,295
Deferred tax charge/(credit)
Current year		118			45			(577	)
Adjustment for prior years		5			(102	)		(269	)
		123			(57	)		(846	)
Tax charge		1,516			1,047			449
Tax relating to each component of other comprehensive income can be found in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income on page 273, including within Other, tax credits of £59m (2009: £218; 2008: £2m charge) principally relating to share based payments. Factors impacting income tax charge for the year The table below shows the reconciliation between the tax charge that would result from applying the standard UK corporation tax rate to the Group’s profit before tax and the actual tax charge.
	2010 £m			2009 £m			2008 £m
Profit before tax from continuing operations		6,079			4,560			5,094
Tax charge based on the standard UK corporation tax rate of 28% (2009:28%, 2008:28.5%)		1,702			1,277			1,452
Adjustments for prior years		(15	)		(233	)		(171	)
Effect of overseas tax rates different from the standard UK tax ratea		(135	)		(27	)		175
Non-taxable gains and incomeb		(156	)		(119	)		(851	)
Impact of share price movements on share-based payments		41			(38	)		201
Deferred tax assets (previously not recognised)/not recognised		(160	)		27			(504	)
Change in tax ratesc		34			(12	)		(1	)
Non-deductible expenses and other items		205			172			148
Tax charge		1,516			1,047			449
Effective tax rated		25%			23%			9%

The introduction of the UK bank levy is expected to result in a charge to operating expenses in 2011 (refer to note 8).

Notes

a Includes a deferred tax benefit of £205m in 2010 arising from the reorganisation of Spanish securitisation financing.

b Non-taxable gains and income is net of £42m relating to £58m withholding tax on the intra-group return of capital. Revenue of £58m has been recognised in relation to related payments received.

c The UK has passed legislation to reduce the UK tax rate from 28% to 27% from 1st April 2011. This reduced the value of the net UK deferred tax asset at 31st December 2010 resulting in a tax charge of £14m (2009: £nil) included in the £34m for the impact of change in tax rates.

d The low effective tax rate of 9% in 2008 mainly resulted from the Lehman Brothers North American business acquisition.

279

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

Current tax assets and liabilities

Movements on current tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

	2010 £m			2009 £m
Assets		349			389
Liabilities		(964	)		(1,215	)
As at 1st January		(615	)		(826	)
Income statement		(1,393	)		(1,125	)
Equity		180			(109	)
Corporate income tax paid		1,430			1,282
Acquisitions and disposals		(4	)		(33	)
Exchange and other adjustments		(48	)		196
		(450	)		(615	)
Assets		196			349
Liabilities		(646	)		(964	)
As at 31st December		(450	)		(615	)
g Trading portfolio assets
	2010 £m			2009 £m
Debt securities and other eligible bills		139,240			126,520
Equity securities		25,676			19,653
Traded loans		2,170			2,962
Commodities		1,844			2,260
Trading portfolio assets		168,930			151,395
h Available for sale financial investments
	2010 £m			2009 £m
Debt securities and other eligible bills		59,629			49,807
Equity securities		5,811			6,844
Available for sale financial investments		65,440			56,651

280         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

i Called up share capital

Ordinary Shares

The issued ordinary share capital of Barclays Bank PLC, as at 31st December 2010, comprised 2,342 million ordinary shares of £1 each (2009: 2,342 million).

Preference Shares

The issued preference share capital of Barclays Bank PLC, as at 31st December 2010, comprised 1,000 sterling Preference Shares of £1 each (2009: 1,000); 240,000 Euro Preference Shares of€100 each (2009: 240,000); 75,000 Sterling Preference Shares of £100 each (2009: 75,000); 100,000 US Dollar Preference Shares of US$100 each (2009: 100,000); 237 million US Dollar Preference Shares of US$0.25 each (2009: 237 million).

Share capital	2010 £m		2009 £m
Called up ordinary share capital, alloted and fully paid
As at 1st January		2,342		2,338
Issued for cash		-		4
As at 31st December		2,342		2,342
Called up preference share capital, allotted and fully paid as at 1st January and 31st December		60		60
Called up share capital		2,402		2,402
Share premium	2010 £m		2009 £m
As at 1st January		12,092		12,060
Ordinary shares issued for cash		-		21
Preference shares – other movement		-		11
As at 31st December		12,092		12,092

Sterling £1 Preference Shares

1,000 sterling cumulative callable preference shares of £1 each (the £1 Preference Shares) were issued on 31st December 2004 at nil premium.

The £1 Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive Sterling cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, semi-annually at a rate reset semi-annually equal to the Sterling interbank offered rate for six-month sterling deposits.

Barclays Bank PLC shall be obliged to pay such dividends if: (1) it has profits available for the purpose of distribution under the Companies Act 2006 as at each dividend payment date; and (2) it is solvent on the relevant dividend payment date, provided that a capital regulations condition is satisfied on such dividend payment date. The dividends shall not be due and payable on the relevant dividend payment date except to the extent that Barclays Bank PLC could make such payment and still be solvent immediately thereafter. Barclays Bank PLC shall be considered solvent on any date if: (1) it is able to pay its debts to senior creditors as they fall due; and (2) its auditors have reported within the previous six months that its assets exceed its liabilities. If Barclays Bank PLC shall not pay, or shall pay only in part, a dividend for a period of seven days or more after the due date for payment, the holders of the £1 Preference Shares may institute proceedings for the winding-up of Barclays Bank PLC. No remedy against Barclays Bank PLC shall be available to the holder of any £1 Preference Shares for the recovery of amounts owing in respect of £1 Preference Shares other than the institution of proceedings for the winding-up of Barclays Bank PLC and/or proving in such winding-up.

On a winding-up or other return of capital (other than a redemption or purchase by Barclays Bank PLC of any of its issued shares, or a reduction of share capital, permitted by the Articles of Barclays Bank PLC and under applicable law), the assets of Barclays Bank PLC available to shareholders shall be applied in priority to any payment to the holders of ordinary shares and any other class of shares in the capital of Barclays Bank PLC then in issue ranking junior to the £1 Preference Shares on such a return of capital and pari passu on such a return of capital with the holders of any other class of shares in the capital of Barclays Bank PLC then in issue (other than any class of shares in the capital of Barclays Bank PLC then in issue ranking in priority to the £1 Preference Shares on a winding-up or other such return of capital), in payment to the holders of the £1 Preference Shares of a sum equal to the aggregate of: (1) an amount equal to the dividends accrued thereon for the then current dividend period (and any accumulated arrears thereof) to the date of the commencement of the winding-up or other such return of capital; and (2) an amount equal to £1 per £1 Preference Share. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the holders of the £1 Preference Shares will have no right or claim to any of the remaining assets of Barclays Bank PLC and will not be entitled to any further participation in such return of capital.

The £1 Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, subject to the Companies Act 2006 and its Articles. Holders of the £1 Preference Shares are not entitled to receive notice of, or to attend, or vote at, any general meeting of Barclays Bank PLC.

281

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

Euro Preference Shares

100,000 Euro 4.875% non-cumulative callable preference shares of€100 each (the 4.875% Preference Shares) were issued on 8th December 2004 for a consideration of€993.6m (£688.4m), of which the nominal value was€10m and the balance was share premium. The 4.875% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive Euro non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, annually at a fixed rate of 4.875% per annum on the amount of€10,000 per preference share until 15th December 2014, and thereafter quarterly at a rate reset quarterly equal to 1.05% per annum above the Euro interbank offered rate for three-month Euro deposits.

The 4.875% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, on 15th December 2014, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at€10,000 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

140,000 Euro 4.75% non-cumulative callable preference shares of€100 each (the 4.75% Preference Shares) were issued on 15th March 2005 for a consideration of€1,383.3m (£966.7m), of which the nominal value was€14m and the balance was share premium. The 4.75% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive Euro non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, annually at a fixed rate of 4.75% per annum on the amount of€10,000 per preference share until 15th March 2020, and thereafter quarterly at a rate reset quarterly equal to 0.71% per annum above the Euro interbank offered rate for three-month Euro deposits.

The 4.75% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, on 15th March 2020, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at€10,000 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

Sterling Preference Shares

75,000 Sterling 6.0% non-cumulative callable preference shares of £100 each (the 6.0% Preference Shares) were issued on 22nd June 2005 for a consideration of £743.7m, of which the nominal value was £7.5m and the balance was share premium. The 6.0% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive Sterling non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, annually at a fixed rate of 6.0% per annum on the amount of £10,000 per preference share until 15th December 2017, and thereafter quarterly at a rate reset quarterly equal to 1.42% per annum above the London interbank offered rate for three-month Sterling deposits.

The 6.0% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, on 15th December 2017, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at £10,000 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

US Dollar Preference Shares

100,000 US Dollar 6.278% non-cumulative callable preference shares of US$100 each (the 6.278% Preference Shares), represented by 100,000 American Depositary Shares, Series 1, were issued on 8th June 2005 for a consideration of US$995.4m (£548.1m), of which the nominal value was US$10m and the balance was share premium. The 6.278% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive US Dollar non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, semi-annually at a fixed rate of 6.278% per annum on the amount of US$10,000 per preference share until 15th December 2034, and thereafter quarterly at a rate reset quarterly equal to 1.55% per annum above the London interbank offered rate for three-month US Dollar deposits.

The 6.278% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, on 15th December 2034, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at US$10,000 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

30 million US Dollar 6.625% non-cumulative callable preference shares of US$0.25 each (the 6.625% Preference Shares), represented by 30 million American Depositary Shares, Series 2, were issued on 25th and 28th April 2006 for a consideration of US$727m (£406m), of which the nominal value was US$7.5m and the balance was share premium. The 6.625% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive US Dollar non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, quarterly at a fixed rate of 6.625% per annum on the amount of US$25 per preference share.

The 6.625% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole but not in part only, on 15th September 2011, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at US$25 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

55 million US Dollar 7.1% non-cumulative callable preference shares of US$0.25 each (the 7.1% Preference Shares), represented by 55 million American Depositary Shares, Series 3, were issued on 13th September 2007 for a consideration of US$1,335m (£657m), of which the nominal value was US$13.75m and the balance was share premium. The 7.1% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive US Dollar non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, quarterly at a fixed rate of 7.1% per annum on the amount of US$25 per preference share.

The 7.1% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole or in part, on 15th December 2012, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at US$25 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

282         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

46 million US Dollar 7.75% non-cumulative callable preference shares of US$0.25 each (the 7.75% Preference Shares), represented by 46 million American Depositary Shares, Series 4, were issued on 7th December 2007 for a consideration of US$1,116m (£550m), of which the nominal value was US$11.5m and the balance was share premium. The 7.75% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive US Dollar non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, quarterly at a fixed rate of 7.75% per annum on the amount of US$25 per preference share.

The 7.75% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole or in part, on 15th December 2013, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at US$25 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

106 million US Dollar 8.125% non-cumulative callable preference shares of US$0.25 each (the 8.125% Preference Shares), represented by 106 million American Depositary Shares, Series 5, were issued on 11th April 2008 and 25th April 2008 for a total consideration of US$2,650m (£1,345m), of which the nominal value was US$26.5m and the balance was share premium. The 8.125% Preference Shares entitle the holders thereof to receive US Dollar non-cumulative cash dividends out of distributable profits of Barclays Bank PLC, quarterly at a fixed rate of 8.125% per annum on the amount of US$25 per preference share.

The 8.125% Preference Shares are redeemable at the option of Barclays Bank PLC, in whole or in part, on 15th June 2013, and on each dividend payment date thereafter at US$25 per share plus any dividends accrued for the then current dividend period to the date fixed for redemption.

No redemption or purchase of any 4.875% Preference Shares, the 4.75% Preference Shares, the 6.0% Preference Shares, the 6.278% Preference Shares, the 6.625% Preference Shares, the 7.1% Preference Shares, the 7.75% Preference Shares and the 8.125% Preference Shares (together, the Preference Shares) may be made by Barclays Bank PLC without the prior notification to the UK FSA and any such redemption will be subject to the Companies Act 2006 and the Articles of Barclays Bank PLC.

On a winding-up of Barclays Bank PLC or other return of capital (other than a redemption or purchase of shares of Barclays Bank PLC, or a reduction of share capital), a holder of Preference Shares will rank in the application of assets of Barclays Bank PLC available to shareholders: (1) junior to the holder of any shares of Barclays Bank PLC in issue ranking in priority to the Preference Shares; (2) equally in all respects with holders of other preference shares and any other shares of Barclays Bank PLC in issue ranking pari passu with the Preference Shares; and (3) in priority to the holders of ordinary shares and any other shares of Barclays Bank PLC in issue ranking junior to the Preference Shares.

The holders of the £400m 6% Callable Perpetual Core Tier One Notes and the US$1,000m 6.86% Callable Perpetual Core Tier One Notes of Barclays Bank PLC (together, the TONs) and the holders of the US$1,250m 8.55% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the US$750m 7.375% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the€850m 7.50% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the £500m 5.3304% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the US$1,350m 5.926% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the £500m 6.3688% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments, the US$1,250m 7.434% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments and the £3,000m 14% Step-up Callable Perpetual Reserve Capital Instruments of Barclays Bank PLC (together, the RCIs) would, for the purposes only of calculating the amounts payable in respect of such securities on a winding-up of Barclays Bank PLC, subject to limited exceptions and to the extent that the TONs and the RCIs are then in issue, rank pari passu with the holders of the most senior class or classes of preference shares then in issue in the capital of Barclays Bank PLC. Accordingly, the holders of the preference shares would rank equally with the holders of such TONs and RCIs on such a winding-up of Barclays Bank PLC (unless one or more classes of shares of Barclays Bank PLC ranking in priority to the preference shares are in issue at the time of such winding-up, in which event the holders of such TONs and RCIs would rank equally with the holders of such shares and in priority to the holders of the preference shares).

Subject to such ranking, in such event, holders of the preference shares will be entitled to receive out of assets of Barclays Bank PLC available for distributions to shareholders, liquidating distributions in the amount of€10,000 per 4.875% Preference Share,€10,000 per 4.75% Preference Share, £10,000 per 6.0% Preference Share, US$10,000 per 6.278% Preference Share, US$25 per 6.625% Preference Share, US$25 per 7.1% Preference Share, US$25 per 7.75% Preference Share and US$0.25 per 8.125% Preference Share, plus, in each case, an amount equal to the accrued dividend for the then current dividend period to the date of the commencement of the winding-up or other such return of capital. If a dividend is not paid in full on any preference shares on any dividend payment date, then a dividend restriction shall apply.

This dividend restriction will mean that neither Barclays Bank PLC nor Barclays PLC may (a) declare or pay a dividend (other than payment by Barclays PLC of a final dividend declared by its shareholders prior to the relevant dividend payment date, or a dividend paid by Barclays Bank PLC to Barclays PLC or to a wholly owned subsidiary) on any of their respective ordinary shares, other preference shares or other share capital or (b) redeem, purchase, reduce or otherwise acquire any of their respective share capital, other than shares of Barclays Bank PLC held by Barclays PLC or a wholly owned subsidiary, until the earlier of: (1) the date on which Barclays Bank PLC next declares and pays in full a preference dividend; and (2) the date on or by which all the preference shares are redeemed in full or purchased by Barclays Bank PLC.

Holders of the preference shares are not entitled to receive notice of, or to attend, or vote at, any general meeting of Barclays Bank PLC. Barclays Bank PLC is not permitted to create a class of shares ranking as regards participation in the profits or assets of Barclays Bank PLC in priority to the preference shares, save with the sanction of a special resolution of a separate general meeting of the holders of the preference shares (requiring a majority of not less than three-fourths of the holders of the preference shares voting at the separate general meeting) or with the consent in writing of the holders of three-fourths of the preference shares.

Except as described above, the holders of the preference shares have no right to participate in the surplus assets of Barclays Bank PLC.

283

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

j Reserves

Available for Sale Reserve

The available for sale reserve represents the unrealised change in the fair value of available for sale investments since initial recognition.

The available for sale reserve movement of £1,255m was driven by the decrease in the fair value of the Group’s investment in BlackRock Inc. of £764m, partially offset by increases in the fair value of other available for sale assets as markets recovered.

The movement also includes the net gains transferred to net profit on disposal that arose on the disposal of the structural hedge portfolio, sovereign positions that were no longer eligible for liquidity purposes and excess Euro, US Dollar and Japanese Yen government securities.

Cash Flow Hedge Reserve

The cash flow hedging reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses on effective cash flow hedging instruments that will be recycled to the income statement when the hedged transactions affect profit or loss.

Movements in the cash flow hedge reserve principally reflected increases in the fair value of interest rate swaps held for hedging purposes more than offset by related gains transferred to net profit.

Currency Translation Reserve

The currency translation reserve represents the cumulative gains and losses on the retranslation of the Group’s net investment in foreign operations, net of the effects of hedging. Currency translation differences of £1,177m, including £435m associated with non-controlling interests, is largely due to the appreciation in the Rand and US Dollar, offset by the depreciation in the Euro.

During the year, £279m of the currency translation reserve was recognised in the income statement, principally as a result of the restructuring of group entities based in the US and repatriation of capital from overseas.

k Other shareholders’ equity

	2010 £m		2009 £m
As at 1st January		2,559		2,564
Tax Credits		45		47
Other Movements		(48)		(52)
Redemption		(487)		-
As at 31st December		2,069		2,559

Included in other shareholders’ equity are:

Issuances of reserve capital instruments which bear a fixed rate of interest ranging between 7.375%-8.55% until 2010 or 2011. After these dates, in the event that the reserve capital instruments are not redeemed, they will bear interest at rates fixed periodically in advance, based on London or European interbank rates. These instruments are repayable, at the option of the Bank, in whole on any coupon payment date falling in or after June or December 2010 or 2011. The Bank may elect to defer any payment of interest on the reserve capital instruments for any period of time. Whilst such deferral is continuing, neither the Bank nor Barclays PLC may declare or pay a dividend, subject to certain exceptions, on any of its ordinary shares or preference shares. The reserve capital instruments which matured during 2010 were redeemed in full, resulting in a reduction in other shareholders’ equity of £487m.

Issuance of capital notes which bear interest at rates fixed periodically in advance, based on London interbank rates. These notes are repayable in each case, at the option of the Bank, in whole on any interest payment date. The Bank is not obliged to make a payment of interest on its capital notes if, in the preceding six months, a dividend has not been declared or paid on any class of shares of Barclays PLC.

284         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

l Non-controlling interests

	Profit attributable to Non-controlling interests				Equity attributable to Non-controlling interests
	2010 £m		2009 £m		2010 £m		2009 £m
Absa Group Limited		362		272		3,208		2,539
Other		29		24		259		235
Total		391		296		3,467		2,774

The increase in Absa Group Limited non-controlling interest is attributed to £362m share of net profit and £436m upward foreign exchange movement, partially offset by £138m dividend payment.

m Dividends

Dividends paid in the year were:

	2010 £m		2009 £m
On ordinary shares
Final dividend		-		-
Interim dividend		235		103
Dividends		235		103

These dividends are paid to enable Barclays PLC to fund its dividends to its shareholders and in 2009, to fund the repurchase by Barclays PLC of ordinary share capital.

Dividends per ordinary share for 2010 were 10p (2009: 4p). Dividends paid on the 4.75%€100 preference shares amounted to £433.27 per share (2009: £441.42). Dividends paid on the 4.875%€100 preference shares amounted to £408.11 per share (2009: £439.34). Dividends paid on the 6.0% £100 preference shares amounted to £600.00 per share (2009: £600.00). Dividends paid on the 6.278% US$100 preference shares amounted to £413.25 per share (2009: £385.59). Dividends paid on the 6.625% US$0.25 preference shares amounted to £1.09 per share (2009: £1.06). Dividends paid on the 7.1% US$0.25 preference shares amounted to £1.17 per share (2009: £1.13). Dividends paid on the 7.75% US$0.25 preference shares amounted to £1.28 per share (2009: £1.24). Dividends paid on the 8.125% US$0.25 preference shares amounted to £1.34 per share (2009: £1.30).

Dividends paid on preference shares amounted to £485m (2009: £477m). Dividends paid on other equity instruments as detailed in Note k amounted to £160m (2009: £122m).

n Financial risks, liquidity and capital management

The only significant financial instruments that are held by Barclays Bank PLC and not Barclays PLC are investments in Barclays PLC ordinary shares, dealt with as trading portfolio equity assets, debt securities and available for sale financial investments as appropriate.

There consequently are no significant differences in exposures to market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and the fair value of financial instruments between Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC, and no differences in the manner in which these financial risks are managed. The disclosures required under IFRS relating to financial risks and capital resources have been included within the Risk management and governance section on pages 42 to 119.

This move has been to improve transparency and ease of reference, by concentrating related information in one place, and to reduce duplication. The relevant disclosures have been marked as audited and can be found as follows:

– credit risk, on pages 58 to 93;

– market risk, on pages 94 to 101;

– liquidity risk, on pages 107 to 112; and

– capital resources, on pages 102 to 106.

o Capital

The Barclays Bank PLC Group’s policies and objectives for managing capital are the same as those for the Barclays PLC Group, disclosed on pages 102 to 106.

The table below provides details of the Barclays Bank PLC Group at 31st December 2010 and 2009.

Regulatory Capital
	Basel II 2010 £m		Basel II 2009 £m
Total qualifying Tier 1 Capital		53,729		49,722
Total qualifying Tier 2 Capital		15,823		14,620
Total Deductions		(2,250)		(880)
Total net Capital resources		67,302		63,462

p Related Parties

Executive Directors and Officers of Barclays Bank PLC as a Group (involving 14 persons) held, at 31st December 2010, options to purchase 2,977,914 Barclays PLC ordinary shares of 25p each at prices ranging from 255p to 470p under Sharesave and ranging from 317p to 520p under the Incentive Share Option Plan, respectively.

The aggregate emoluments of all Directors and Officers of Barclays Bank PLC who held office during the year (2010: 27 persons, 2009: 29 persons, 2008: 25 persons) for the year ended 31st December 2010 amounted to £122.0m (2009: £30.1m, 2008: £26.9m). In addition, the aggregate amount set aside by the Bank and its subsidiaries for the year ended 31st December 2010, to provide pension benefits for the Directors and Officers amounted to £1.0m (2009: £0.7m , 2008: £0.9m).

285

Barclays Bank PLC data

Notes to the accounts continued

q Segmental reporting

Segmental reporting by Barclays Bank PLC is the same as that presented in Note 43 to the Barclays PLC financial statements, except for:

– the difference in profit before tax of £14m (2009: £26m) between Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC is included in Head Office Functions and Other Operations ; and

– the difference in total assets of £393m (2009: £219m) is represented by holdings of Barclays PLC shares held by the businesses.

286         

Barclays Bank PLC data

Financial data

Selected financial statistics	IFRS
	2010 %		2009 %		2008 %		2007 %		2006 %
Attributable profit from continuing operations as a percentage of:
- average total assets		0.3		0.2		0.3		0.4		0.4
- average shareholders’ equity		6.8		6.5		12.1		14.5		18.8
Average shareholders’ equity as a percentage of average total assets		4.0		2.9		2.0		2.2		2.2
Selected income statement data	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Continuing operations
Interest income		20,035		21,236		28,010		25,296		21,795
Interest expense		(7,517)		(9,567)		(16,595)		(15,707)		(12,662)
Non-interest income		19,696		18,256		9,975		11,948		11,433
Operating expenses		(19,967)		(16,712)		(13,387)		(12,096)		11,723
Impairment charges		(5,672)		(8,071)		(5,419)		(2,795)		(2,154)
Share of post-tax results of associates and joint ventures		58		34		14		42		46
Profit on disposal of subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures		81		188		327		28		323
Gain on acquisitions		129		26		2,406		-		-
Profit before tax from continuing operations		6,079		4,559		5,094		6,254		6,483
Profit for the year from discontinued operations, including gain on disposal		-		6,777		604		571		384
Profit attributable to equity holders of the Parent from:
Continuing operations		4,172		3,228		4,259		4,218		4,578
Discontinued operations		-		6,765		587		531		336
Selected balance sheet data	£m		£m		£m		£m		£m
Total shareholders’ equity		62,641		58,699		43,574		31,821		27,106
Subordinated liabilities		28,499		25,816		29,842		18,150		13,786
Deposits from banks, customer accounts and debt securities in issue		580,400		534,803		603,869		506,623		447,453
Loans and advances to banks and customers		465,741		461,359		509,522		385,518		313,226
Total assets		1,490,038		1,379,148		2,053,029		1,227,583		996,503

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges – Barclays Bank Plc

	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
			(In £m except for ratios)
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges
Fixed charges
Interest expense		20,516		20,962		38,197		37,903		30,385
Rental expense		254		256		235		158		135
Total fixed charges		20,770		21,218		38,432		38,061		30,520
Earnings
Income before taxes and non-controlling interests		6,079		4,559		5,094		6,254		6,483
Less: unremitted pre-tax income of associated companies and joint ventures		(49)		(43)		(19)		(45)		(41)
		6,030		4,516		5,075		6,209		6,442
Fixed charges		20,770		21,218		38,432		38,061		30,520
Total earnings including fixed charges		26,800		25,734		43,507		44,270		36,962
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges		1.29		1.21		1.13		1.16		1.21

Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preference shares – Barclays Bank Plc

	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
			(In £m except for ratios)
Combined fixed charges, preference share dividends and similar appropriations
Interest expense		20,516		20,962		38,197		37,903		30,385
Rental expense		254		256		235		158		135
Fixed charges		20,770		21,218		38,432		38,061		30,520
Preference share dividends and similar appropriations		594		646		583		345		395
Total fixed charges		21,364		21,864		39,015		38,406		30,915
Earnings
Income before taxes and non-controlling interests		6,079		4,559		5,094		6,254		6,483
Less: unremitted pre-tax income of associated companies and joint ventures		(49)		(43)		(19)		(45)		(41)
		6,030		4,516		5,075		6,209		6,442
Fixed charges		21,364		21,864		39,015		38,406		30,915
Total earnings including fixed charges		27,394		26,380		44,090		44,615		37,357
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges, preference share dividends and similar appropriations		1.28		1.21		1.13		1.16		1.21

287

Shareholder information

Dividends on the ordinary shares of Barclays PLC

Barclays PLC has paid dividends on its ordinary shares every year since its incorporation in 1896.

Since December 2009 Barclays has declared and paid dividends on a quarterly basis. A final dividend for the full year ended 31st December 2009 of 1.5p was paid in March 2010 and there were three equal payments in June, September and December 2010 of 1p per ordinary share. A final cash dividend for the full-year ended
31st December 2010 of 2.5p was announced on 15th February 2011 for payment on 18th March 2011.

The dividends declared for each of the last five years were:

Pence per 25p ordinary share	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
Interim		3.0		1.00		11.50		11.50		10.50
Final		2.5		1.50		–		22.50		20.50
Total		5.5		2.50		11.50		34.00		31.00
US Dollars per 25p ordinary share	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
Interim		0.05		0.02		0.20		0.23		0.20
Final		0.04		0.02		–		0.45		0.41
Total		0.09		0.04		0.20		0.68		0.61
The gross dividends applicable to an American Depositary Share (ADS) representing four ordinary shares, before deduction of withholding tax, are as follows:
US Dollars per American Depositary Share	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
Interim		0.18		0.07		0.82		0.93		0.80
Final		0.16		0.09		–		1.78		1.64
Total		0.34		0.16		0.82		2.71		2.44

For years prior to 2009, final dividends expressed in Dollars have been translated at the Noon Buying Rates in New York City for cable transfers in Pounds Sterling as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the Noon Buying Rate). From January 2009, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York discontinued the publication of Noon Buying Rates. The final dividend for 2010 is expressed in Dollars translated at the closing spot rate for Pounds Sterling as determined by Bloomberg at 5pm in New York City (the ‘Closing Spot Rate’) on 4th March 2011 (the latest practicable date for inclusion in this report). No representation is made that Pounds Sterling amounts have been, or could have been, or could be, converted into Dollars at these rates.

Trading market for ordinary shares of Barclays PLC

The principal trading market for Barclays PLC ordinary shares is the London Stock Exchange. At the close of business on 31st December 2010, 12,181,940,871 ordinary shares were in issue.

Ordinary share listings were also obtained on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with effect from 9th September 1986. Trading on the NYSE is in the form of ADSs under the symbol ‘BCS’. Each ADS represents four ordinary shares and is evidenced by an American Depositary Receipt (ADR). The ADR depositary is J P Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. Details of trading activity are published in the stock tables of leading daily newspapers in the US.

There were 791 ADR holders and 1,612 recorded holders of ordinary shares with US addresses at 31st December 2010, whose shareholdings represented approximately 2.85% of total outstanding ordinary shares on that date. Since certain of the ordinary shares and ADRs were held by brokers or other nominees, the number of recorded holders in the US may not be representative of the number of beneficial holders or of their country of residence.

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The following table shows the high and low sales price for the ordinary shares during the periods indicated, based on mid-market prices at close of business on the London Stock Exchange and the high and low sale price for ADSs as reported on the NYSE composite tape.

Sale prices for ordinary shares	25p ordinary shares				American Depositary  Shares
	High		Low		High		Low
	p		p		US$		US$
2011
By month:
January		311.0		272.8		19.8		16.6
February		333.6		298.5		21.7		19.1
2010
By month:
July		339.6		255.4		21.4		15.4
August		344.0		298.0		22.0		18.2
September		325.0		299.6		20.3		18.8
October		308.8		274.6		19.8		17.5
November		297.0		256.2		19.2		15.9
December		276.0		259.8		17.5		16.1
By quarter:
First quarter		367.6		262.0		22.2		16.3
Second quarter		383.2		267.4		24.1		15.7
Third quarter		344.0		255.4		22.0		15.4
Fourth quarter		308.8		256.2		19.8		15.9
2009
First quarter		184.6		51.2		11.0		3.1
Second quarter		316.3		157.0		20.5		9.3
Third quarter		380.3		287.0		25.4		18.4
Fourth quarter		383.6		264.3		25.2		17.4
2009
2008		506.4		127.7		41.4		7.4
2007		790.0		474.5		62.5		39.9
2006		737.0		586.0		61.5		41.8
2005		615.0		520.0		47.0		37.2

This section incorporates information on the prices at which securities of Barclays PLC have traded. It is emphasised that past performance cannot be relied upon as a guide to future performance.

Shareholdings at 31st December 2010a	Number ofshareholders		Percentageof holders		Shares held		Percentageof capital
Classification of shareholders
Personal holders		319,583		94.53		500,485,255		4.11
Banks and nominees		16,613		4.91		11,046,633,158		90.68
Other companies		1,842		0.54		634,705,904		5.21
Insurance companies		11		0.00		102,293		0.00
Pensions funds		11		0.00		14,261		0.00
Totals		338,060		100		12,181,940,871		100
Shareholding range
1-100		18,785		5.56		771,751		0.01
101-250		78,862		23.33		16,264,958		0.13
251-500		90,031		26.63		31,281,722		0.26
501-1,000		55,015		16.27		39,759,461		0.33
1,001-5,000		69,449		20.54		152,623,678		1.25
5,001-10,000		13,667		4.04		96,870,207		0.80
10,001-25,000		8,163		2.41		123,584,716		1.01
25,001-50,000		1,933		0.57		66,180,910		0.54
50,001 and over		2,155		0.64		11,654,603,468		95.67
Totals		338,060		100		12,181,940,871		100
United States holdings		1,612		0.48		3,513,522		0.03

Note

a These figures include Barclays Sharestore members.

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Currency of presentation

In this report, unless otherwise specified, all amounts are expressed in Pound Sterling. For the months of September 2010 through to February 2011, the highest and lowest closing spot rates as determined by Bloomberg at 5:00 p.m (New York time) (the “Closing Spot Rate”), expressed in US Dollars per Pound Sterling were:

	(US Dollars per Pound Sterling)
	February		January		December		November		October		September
	2011				2010
High		1.63		1.60		1.59		1.63		1.60		1.58
Low		1.60		1.55		1.54		1.56		1.57		1.54

For the years 2005 through to 2008 the average of the noon buying rates on the last day of each month is shown in the table below. From January 2009, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York discontinued the publication of Noon Buying Rates. For 2009 the average Closing Spot Rate on the last day of each month is shown in the table below.

	(US Dollars per Pound Sterling)
	2010		2009		2008		2007		2006
Average		1.54		1.57		1.84		2		1.86

On 4^th March 2011, the Closing Spot Rate in Pound Sterling was $1.63.

No representation is made that Pounds Sterling amounts have been, or could have been, or could be, converted into US Dollars at any of the above rates. For the purpose of presenting financial information in this report, exchange rates other than those shown above may have been used.

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Articles of Association

The Company was incorporated in England on 20th July 1896 under the Companies Acts 1862 to 1890 as a company limited by shares and was reregistered in 1982 as a public limited company under the Companies Acts 1948 to 1980. The Company is registered under company number 48839. The Company was reregistered as Barclays PLC on 1st January 1985.

Under the Companies Act 2006 (Act) a company’s Memorandum of Association now need only contain the names of the subscribers and the number of shares each subscriber has agreed to take. For companies in existence as of 1st October 2009, all other provisions which were contained in the company’s Memorandum of Association, including the company’s objects, are now deemed to be contained in the company’s articles. The Act also states that a company’s objects are unrestricted unless that company’s articles provide otherwise. Barclays PLC adopted new Articles of Association at its Annual General Meeting (AGM) on 30th April 2010 to reflect these changes and as a result its objects are now unrestricted.

The Company may, by Special Resolution, amend its Articles of Association. In addition to the changes referred to above, the Articles of Association adopted at the 2010 AGM updated the Articles of Association to reflect the implementation of the remaining provisions of the Companies Act 2006. The following is a summary of the current Articles of Association (Articles):

Directors

(i)     The minimum number of Directors (excluding alternate Directors) is five. There is no maximum limit. There is no age limit for Directors.

(ii)    Excluding executive remuneration and any other entitlement to remuneration for extra services (including service on board committees) under the Articles, a Director is entitled to a fee at a rate determined by the Board but the aggregate fees paid to all Directors shall not exceed £2,000,000 per annum or such higher amount as may be approved by an ordinary resolution of the Company. Each Director is entitled to reimbursement for all travelling, hotel and other expenses properly incurred by him/her in or about the performance of his/her duties.

(iii)   No Director may act (either himself/herself or through his/her firm) as an auditor of the Company. A Director may hold any other office of the Company on such terms as the Board shall determine.

(iv)   At each AGM of the Company, one third of the Directors (rounded down) are required to retire from office by rotation and may offer themselves for re-election. The Directors so retiring are those who have been longest in office (and in the case of equality of service length are selected by lot). Other than a retiring Director, no person shall (unless recommended by the Board) be eligible for election unless a member notifies the Company Secretary in advance of his/her intention to propose a person for election.

(v)    The Board has the power to appoint additional Directors or to fill a casual vacancy amongst the Directors. Any Director so appointed holds office until the next AGM, when he/she may offer himself/herself for re-election. He/she is not taken into account in determining the number of Directors retiring by rotation.

(vi)  The Board may appoint any Director to any executive position or employment in the Company on such terms as they determine.

(vii) A Director may appoint either another Director or some other person approved by the Board to act as his/her alternate with power to attend Board meetings and generally to exercise the functions of the appointing Director in his/her absence (other than the power to appoint an alternate).

(viii) The Board may authorise any matter in relation to which a Director has, or can have, a direct interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict with, the Company’s interests. Only Directors who have no interest in the matter being considered will be able to authorise the relevant matter and they may impose limits or conditions when giving authorisation if they think this is appropriate.

(ix)   A Director may hold positions with or be interested in other companies and, subject to legislation applicable to the Company and the FSA’s requirements, may contract with the Company or any other company in which the Company is interested. A Director may not vote or count towards the quorum on any resolution concerning any proposal in which he/she (or any person connected with him/her) has a material interest (other than by virtue of his/her interest in securities of the Company) or if he/she has a duty which conflicts or may conflict with the interests of the Company, unless the resolution relates to any proposal:

(a)     to indemnify a Director or provide him/her with a guarantee or security in respect of money lent by him/her to, or any obligation incurred by him/her or any other person for the benefit of (or at the request of), the Company (or any other member of the Group);

(b)     to indemnify or give security or a guarantee to a third party in respect of a debt or obligation of the Company (or any other member of the Group) for which the Director has personally assumed responsibility;

(c)     to obtain insurance for the benefit of Directors;

(d)     involving the acquisition by a Director of any securities of the Company pursuant to an offer to existing holders of securities or to the public;

(e)     that the Director underwrite any issue of securities of the Company (or any of its subsidiaries);

(f)     concerning any other company in which the Director is interested as an officer or creditor or shareholder but, broadly, only if he/she (together with his/her connected persons) is directly or indirectly interested in less than 1% of either any class of the issued equity share capital or of the voting rights of that company; and

(g)    concerning any other arrangement for the benefit of employees of the Company (or any other member of the Group) under which the Director benefits or stands to benefit in a similar manner to the employees concerned and which does not give the Director any advantage which the employees to whom the arrangement relates would not receive.

(x)    A Director may not vote or be counted in the quorum on any resolution which concerns his/her own employment or appointment to any office of the Company or any other company in which the Company is interested.

(xi)   Subject to applicable legislation, the provisions described in sub-paragraphs (ix) and (x) may be relaxed or suspended by an ordinary resolution of the members of the Company or any applicable governmental or other regulatory body.

(xii)  A Director is required to hold an interest in ordinary shares having a nominal value of at least £500, which currently equates to 2,000 Ordinary Shares unless restricted from acquiring or holding such interest by any applicable law or regulation or any applicable governmental or other regulatory body. A Director may act before acquiring those shares but must acquire the qualification shares within two months from his/her appointment. Where a Director is unable to acquire the requisite number of shares within that time owing to law, regulation or requirement of any governmental or other relevant authority, he/she must acquire the shares as soon as reasonably practicable once the restriction(s) end.

(xiii) The Board may exercise all of the powers of the Company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital and to issue debentures and other securities.

Classes of Shares

The Company only has Ordinary Shares in issue. The Articles also provide for sterling preference shares of £100 each, dollar preference shares of $100 each, dollar preference shares of $0.25 each, euro preference shares of€100 each and yen preference shares of ¥10,000 each (together, the Preference Shares). In accordance with the authority granted at the AGM, Preference Shares may be issued by the Board from time to time in one or more series with such rights and subject to such restrictions and limitations as the Board may determine. No Preference Shares have been issued to date. The Articles contain provisions to the following effect:

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(i) Dividends

Subject to the provisions of the Articles and applicable legislation, the Company in General Meeting may declare dividends on the Ordinary Shares by ordinary resolution, but such dividend may not exceed the amount recommended by the Board. The Board may also pay interim or final dividends if it appears they are justified by the Company’s financial position.

Each Preference Share confers the right to a non-cumulative preferential dividend (Preference Dividend) payable in such currency at such rates (whether fixed or calculated by reference to or in accordance with a specified procedure or mechanism), on such dates and on such other terms as may be determined by the Board prior to allotment thereof.

The Preference Shares rank in regard to payment of dividend in priority to the holders of Ordinary Shares and any other class of shares in the Company ranking junior to the Preference Shares.

Dividends may be paid on the Preference Shares if, in the opinion of the Board, the Company has sufficient distributable profits, after payment in full or the setting aside of a sum to provide for all dividends payable on (or in the case of shares carrying a cumulative right to dividends, before) the relevant dividend payment date on any class of shares in the Company ranking pari passu with or in priority to the relevant series of Preference Shares as regards participation in the profits of the Company.

If the Board considers that the distributable profits of the Company available for distribution are insufficient to cover the payment in full of Preference Dividends, Preference Dividends shall be paid to the extent of the distributable profits on a pro rata basis.

Notwithstanding the above, the Board may, at its absolute discretion, determine that any Preference Dividend which would otherwise be payable may either not be payable at all or only payable in part.

If any Preference Dividend on a series of Preference Shares is not paid, or is only paid in part, for the reasons described above, holders of Preference Shares will not have a claim in respect of such nonpayment.

If any dividend on a series of Preference Shares is not paid in full on the relevant dividend payment date, a dividend restriction shall apply. The dividend restriction means that, subject to certain exceptions, neither the Company nor Barclays Bank may (a) pay a dividend on, or (b) redeem, purchase, reduce or otherwise acquire, any of their respective ordinary shares, other preference shares or other share capital ranking equal or junior to the relevant series of Preference Shares until the earlier of such time as the Company next pays in full a dividend on the relevant series of Preference Shares or the date on which all of the relevant series of Preference Shares are redeemed.

All unclaimed dividends payable in respect of any share may be invested or otherwise made use of by the Board for the benefit of the Company until claimed. If a dividend is not claimed after 12 years of it becoming payable, it is forfeited and reverts to the Company.

The Board may (although it currently does not), with the approval of an ordinary resolution of the Company, offer shareholders the right to choose to receive an allotment of additional fully paid Ordinary Shares instead of cash in respect of all or part of any dividend.

(ii) Voting

Every member who is present in person or by proxy or represented at any general meeting of the Company, and who is entitled to vote, has one vote on a show of hands (when a proxy is appointed by more than one member, the proxy will have one vote for and one vote against a resolution if he has received instructions to vote for the resolution by one or more members and against the resolution by one or more members). On a poll, every member who is present or represented and who is entitled to vote has one vote for every share held. In the case of joint holders, only the vote of the senior holder (as determined by order in the share register) or his proxy may be counted. If any sum payable remains unpaid in relation to a member’s shareholding, that member is not entitled to vote that share or exercise any other right in relation to a meeting of the Company unless the Board otherwise determine.

If any member, or any other person appearing to be interested in any of the Company’s Ordinary Shares, is served with a notice under Section 793 of the Act and does not supply the Company with the information required in the notice, then the Board, in its absolute discretion, may direct that that member shall not be entitled to attend or vote at any meeting of the Company. The Board may further direct that if the shares of the defaulting member represent 0.25% or more of the issued shares of the relevant class, that dividends or other monies payable on those shares shall be retained by the Company until the direction ceases to have effect and that no transfer of those shares shall be registered (other than certain specified ‘excepted transfers’). A direction ceases to have effect seven days after the Company has received the information requested, or when the Company is notified that an ‘excepted transfer’ of all of the relevant shares to a third party has occurred, or as the Board otherwise determines.

(iii) Transfers

Ordinary Shares may be held in either certificated or uncertificated form. Certificated Ordinary Shares shall be transferred in writing in any usual or other form approved by the Board and executed by or on behalf of the transferor. Transfers of uncertificated Ordinary Shares shall be made in accordance with the Act and Uncertificated Securities Regulations.

The Board is not bound to register a transfer of partly paid Ordinary Shares, or fully paid shares in exceptional circumstances approved by the FSA. The Board may also decline to register an instrument of transfer of certificated Ordinary Shares unless it is duly stamped and deposited at the prescribed place and accompanied by the share certificate(s) and such other evidence as reasonably required by the Board to evidence right to transfer, it is in respect of one class of shares only, and it is in favour of not more than four transferees (except in the case of executors or trustees of a member).

Preference Shares may be represented by share warrants to bearer or be in registered form.

Preference Shares represented by share warrants to bearer are transferred by delivery of the relevant warrant. Preference Shares in registered form shall be transferred in writing in any usual or other form approved by the Board and executed by or on behalf of the transferor. The Company’s registrar shall register such transfers of Preference Shares in registered form by making the appropriate entries in the register of Preference Shares.

Each Preference Share shall confer, in the event of a winding up or any return of capital by reduction of capital (other than, unless otherwise provided by their terms of issue, a redemption or purchase by the Company of any of its issued shares, or a reduction of share capital), the right to receive out of the surplus assets of the Company available for distribution amongst the members and in priority to the holders of the Ordinary Shares and any other shares in the Company ranking junior to the relevant series of Preference Shares and pari passu with any other class of Preference Shares, repayment of the amount paid up or treated as paid up in respect of the nominal value of the Preference Share together with any premium which was paid or treated as paid when the Preference Share was issued in addition to an amount equal to accrued and unpaid dividends.

(iv) Redemption and Purchase

Subject to applicable legislation and the rights of the other shareholders, any share may be issued on terms that it is, at the option of the Company or the holder of such share, redeemable. The Directors are authorised to determine the terms, conditions and manner of redemption of any such shares under the Articles. While the Company currently has no redeemable shares in issue, any series of Preference Shares issued in the future will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the option of the Company on a date not less than five years after the date on which such series of Preference Shares was first issued. Note that under the Companies Act 1985, in addition to obtaining shareholder approval, companies required specific enabling provisions in their articles to purchase their own shares. Following implementation of the Act, this enabling provision is now included in the Act and is therefore no longer included in the Articles. Shareholder approval is still required under the Act in order to purchase shares.

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(v) Calls on capital

The Directors may make calls upon the members in respect of any monies unpaid on their shares. A person upon whom a call is made remains liable even if the shares in respect of which the call is made have been transferred. Interest will be chargeable on any unpaid amount called at a rate determined by the Board (of not more than 20% per annum).

If a member fails to pay any call in full (following notice from the Board that such failure will result in forfeiture of the relevant shares), such shares (including any dividends declared but not paid) may be forfeited by a resolution of the Board, and will become the property of the Company. Forfeiture shall not absolve a previous member for amounts payable by him/her (which may continue to accrue interest).

The Company also has a lien over all partly paid shares of the Company for all monies payable or called on that share and over the debts and liabilities of a member to the Company. If any monies which are the subject of the lien remain unpaid after a notice from the Board demanding payment, the Company may sell such shares.

(vi) Variation of Rights

The rights attached to any class of shares may be varied either with the consent in writing of the holders of at least 75% in nominal value of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

The rights of shares shall not (unless expressly provided by the rights attached to such shares) be deemed varied by the creation of further shares ranking equally with them.

Annual and other general meetings

The Company is required to hold an AGM in addition to such other general meetings as the Directors think fit. The type of the meeting will be specified in the notice calling it. Under the Companies Act 2006, the AGM must be held within six months of the financial year end. A general meeting may be convened by the Board on requisition in accordance with the applicable legislation.

In the case of an AGM, a minimum of 21 clear days’ notice is required. The notice must be in writing and must specify the place, the day and the hour of the meeting, and the general nature of the business to be transacted. A notice convening a meeting to pass a special resolution shall specify the intention to propose the resolution as such. The accidental failure to give notice of a general meeting or the non-receipt of such notice will not invalidate the proceedings at such meeting.

Subject as noted above, all shareholders are entitled to attend and vote at general meetings. The Articles do, however, provide that arrangements may be made for simultaneous attendance at a satellite meeting place or, if the meeting place is inadequate to accommodate all members and proxies entitled to attend, another meeting place may be arranged to accommodate such persons other than that specified in the notice of meeting, in which case shareholders may be excluded from the principal place.

Holders of Preference Shares have no right to receive notice of, attend or vote at, any general meetings of the Company as a result of holding Preference Shares.

Limitations on foreign shareholders

There are no restrictions imposed by the Articles or (subject to the effect of any economic sanctions that may be in force from time to time) by current UK laws which relate only to non-residents of the UK and which limit the rights of such non-residents to hold or (when entitled to do so) vote the Company's Ordinary Shares.

Notices

A document or information may be sent by the Company in hard copy form, electronic form, by being made available on a website, or by another means agreed with the recipient, in accordance with the provisions set out in the Act. Accordingly, a document or information may only be sent in electronic form to a person who has agreed to receive it in that form or, in the case of a company, who has been deemed to have so agreed pursuant to applicable legislation. A document or information may only be sent by being made available on a website if the recipient has agreed to receive it in that form or has been deemed to have so agreed pursuant to applicable legislation, and has not revoked that agreement.

In respect of joint holdings, documents or information shall be sent to the joint holder whose name stands first in the register.

A member who (having no registered address within the UK) has not supplied an address in the UK at which documents or information may be sent is not entitled to have documents or information sent to him/her.

In addition, the Company may cease to send notices to any member who has been sent documents on two consecutive occasions over a period of at least 12 months and when each of those documents is returned undelivered or notification is received that they have not been delivered.

Capitalisation of profits

The Company may, by ordinary resolution, upon the recommendation of the Board capitalise all or any part of an amount standing to the credit of a reserve or fund to be set free for distribution provided that amounts from the share premium account, capital redemption reserve or any profits not available for distribution should be applied only in paying up unissued shares to be allotted to members credited as fully paid and no unrealised profits shall be applied in paying up debentures of the Company or any amount unpaid on any share in the capital of the Company.

Indemnity

Subject to applicable legislation, every current and former Director or other officer of the Company (other than any person engaged by the company as auditor) shall be indemnified by the Company against any liability in relation to the Company, other than (broadly) any liability to the Company or a member of the Croup, or any criminal or regulatory fine.

Officers of the Group	Date of appointment as officer
Lawrence Dickinson	Company Secretary	2002
Mark Harding	Group General Counsel	2003
Antony Jenkins	Chief Executive of Global Retail Banking	2009
Tom Kalaris	Chief Executive of Barclays Wealth	2009
Robert Le Blanc	Group Risk Officer	2004
Jerry del Missier	Co-Chief Executive of Barclays Capital and Co-Chief Executive of Corporate and Investment Banking	2009
Maria Ramos	Group Chief Executive, Absa	2009
Rich Ricci	Co-Chief Executive of Barclays Capital and Co-Chief Executive of Corporate and Investment Banking	2009
Cathy Turner	Group Human Resources Director	2009
John Wortha	Group Financial Controller	2011

Note

a John Worth held the position of Interim Group Financial Controller during 2010.

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Taxation of UK holders

The following is a summary of certain UK tax issues which are Iikely to be material to the holding and disposal of Ordinary Shares of Barclays PLC (the “Bank”), Preference Shares of Barclays Bank PLC, or ADSs representing such Ordinary Shares or Preference Shares (together the “Shares”).

It is based on current law and the practice of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (“HMRC”), which may be subject to change, possibly with retrospective effect. It is a general guide for information purposes and should be treated with appropriate caution. It is not intended as tax advice and it does not purport to describe all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a prospective purchaser, holder or disposer of Shares. In particular, the summary deals with shareholders who are resident in the UK for UK tax purposes, who are absolute beneficial owners of the Shares, and who hold the Shares as capital assets for tax purposes. It does not discuss the tax treatment classes of shareholder subject to special rules such as dealers in securities.

Persons who are in any doubt as to their tax position should consult their professional advisers. Persons who may be liable to taxation in jurisdictions other than the United Kingdom in respect of their acquisition, holding or disposal of Shares are particularly advised to consult their professional advisers as to whether they are so liable.

(i) Taxation of dividends

In accordance with UK law, Barclays PLC or Bank (as the case may be) pays dividends on the Shares without any deduction or withholding tax in respect of any taxes imposed by the UK government or any UK taxing authority.

UK resident individuals receiving a dividend will generally be entitled to a tax credit in respect of such dividend which may used by certain shareholders to set against any liability they may have to UK income tax on that dividend. The value of the tax credit is currently equal to one-ninth of the amount of the cash dividend. The cash dividend received plus the related tax credit (together, the “gross dividend”) will be part of the shareholder’s total income for UK income tax purposes. It will be regarded as the top slice of the shareholder’s income, and will be subject to UK income tax at a special rate (see below).

If the shareholder is a UK resident individual liable to income tax only at the basic rate, then he/she will be liable to UK income tax of 10% of the gross dividend. Since the tax credit will fully match this liability, there should be no further tax liability in respect of the dividend received. If, however, the individual shareholder is subject to income tax at the higher or additional rates, there will be a further liability to tax because the tax credit will not fully match the tax liability. Higher/additional rate taxpayers are taxable on the gross dividend at a special rate (currently 32.5%/ 42.5% respectively) against which the tax credit may be set.

Subject to special rules for small companies, UK resident shareholders within the charge to UK corporation tax will be subject to UK corporation tax on the dividends paid on the Shares unless the dividend falls within an exempt class and certain conditions are met.

UK resident shareholders are not entitled to any repayment of tax credits. A non-UK resident shareholder will not generally be entitled to any payment from HMRC of a tax credit in respect of a UK dividend paid on the Shares. Some non-UK resident shareholders may be able to recover some or all of the tax credit under an applicable double tax treaty and should consult their own professional advisers as to whether they are so entitled and as to the process for making such a claim.

(ii) Taxation of shares under the Dividend Reinvestment Plan

Where a shareholder elects to purchase shares using their cash dividend, the individual will generally be Iiable for income tax on dividends reinvested in the Dividend Reinvestment Plan on the same basis as if they had received the cash and arranged the investment themselves. They should accordingly include the dividend received in their annual tax return in the

normal way. The tax consequences for a UK individual are the same as described in “Taxation of dividends” above.

(iii) Taxation of capital gains

Where shares are disposed of, a liability to tax on capital/chargeable gains may arise, depending on the shareholder’s circumstances. Where shares are sold, a liability to tax may result if the disposal proceeds exceed the sum of the base cost of the shares sold and any other allowable deductions such as share dealing costs and indexation relief (up to 5th April 1998). To arrive at the total base cost of any Barclays PLC shares held, in appropriate cases the amount subscribed for rights taken up in 1985 and 1988 must be added to the cost of all other shares held. For this purpose, current legislation permits the market valuation at 31st March 1982 to be substituted for the original cost of shares purchased before that date. Shareholders other than those within the charge to corporation tax should note that, following the Finance Act 2008, no indexation allowance will be available. Shareholders within the charge to UK corporation tax may be eligible for indexation allowance.

The calculations required to compute chargeable capital gains may be complex. Capital gains may also arise from the gifting of shares to connected parties such as relatives (although not spouses or civil partners) and family trusts. Shareholders are advised to consult their personal financial adviser if further information regarding a possible tax liability in respect of their holdings of Barclays PLC shares is required.

(iv) Stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax

Dealings in Shares will generally be subject to stamp duty or stamp duty reserve tax (although see the comments below as regards ADSs in the section “Taxation of US holders – Stamp Duty”. The transfer on sale of Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares will generally be liable to stamp duty at 0.5% of the consideration paid for that transfer. An unconditional agreement to transfer Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares, or any interest therein, will generally be subject to stamp duty reserve tax at 0.5% of the consideration given. Such liability will be cancelled, or a right to a repayment (generally, with interest) in respect of the stamp duty reserve tax liability will arise, if the agreement Is completed by a duty stamped transfer within six years of the agreement having become unconditional. Both stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax are normally the liability of the transferee.

Paperless transfers of Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares within CREST are liable to stamp duty reserve tax rather than stamp duty. Stamp duty reserve tax on transactions settled within the CREST system or reported through it for regulatory purposes will be collected by CREST.

Special rules apply to certain categories of person, including intermediaries, market makers, brokers, dealers and persons connected with depositary arrangements and clearance services.

(v) Inheritance tax

An individual may be liable to inheritance tax on the transfer of Shares. Where an individual is liable, inheritance tax may be charged on the amount by which the value of his or her estate is reduced as a result of any transfer by way of gift or other gratuitous transaction made by them or treated as made by them.

Taxation of US holders

The following is a summary of the principal US tax consequences for US holders of Ordinary Shares of Barclays PLC, Preference Shares of Barclays Bank PLC (the “Bank”), or ADSs representing such Ordinary Shares or Preference Shares, and who are citizens or residents of the US, or otherwise who are subject to US federal income tax on a net income basis in respect of such securities, that own the shares of ADSs as capital assets for tax purposes. It is not, however, a comprehensive analysis of all the potential tax consequences for such holders and it does not discuss the tax consequences of members of special classes of holders subject to special rules, including (i) dealers in securities, (ii) traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings, (iii) tax-exempt organizations, (iv) life insurance companies, (v) holders liable

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for alternative minimum tax, (vi) holders that actually or constructively own 10% or more of Barclays voting stock, (vii) holders that hold shares or ADSs as part of a straddle or a hedging or conversion transaction, or (viii) US holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the US dollar. Investors are advised to consult their tax advisers regarding the tax implications of their particular holdings, including the consequences under applicable state and local law, and in particular whether they are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, as defined below.

A US holder is a beneficial owner of shares or ADSs that is, for US federal income tax purposes, (i) a citizen or resident of the US, (ii) a US domestic corporation, (iii) an estate whose income is subject to US federal income tax regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust if a US court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more US persons are authorised to control all substantial decisions of the trust. If a partnership holds the shares or ADSs, the United States federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the tax treatment of the partnership. A partner in a partnership holding the shares or ADSs should consult its tax adviser with regard to the United States federal income tax treatment of an investment in the shares or ADSs.

This section is also based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations, published rulings and court decisions (the Code), and on the Double Taxation Convention between the UK and the US as entered into force in March 2003 (the “Treaty”), all of which are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.

This section is based in part upon the representations of the ADR Depositary and the assumption that each obligation of the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.

For the purposes of the Treaty, the Estate and Gift Tax Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States, and the Code, the holders of ADRs evidencing ADSs will be treated as owners of the underlying ordinary shares or preference shares, as the case may be. Generally, exchanges of shares for ADRs and ADRs for shares will not be subject to US federal income tax or to UK capital gains tax.

(i) Taxation of dividends

Subject to PFIC rules discussed below, a US holder is subject to US federal income taxation on the gross amount of any dividend paid by Barclays PLC or Barclays Bank PLC, as applicable, out of its current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for US federal income tax purposes). Dividends paid to a non-corporate US holder in taxable years beginning before 1st January 2013 that constitute qualified dividend income will be taxable to the holder at a maximum tax rate of 15%, provided that the holder has a holding period of the shares or ADSs of more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date (or, in the case of preference shares or ADSs relating thereto, if the dividend is attributable to a period or periods aggregating over 366 days, provided that the holder holds the shares or ADSs for more than 90 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before the ex-dividend date) and meets certain other holding period requirements. Dividends paid by Barclays, with respect to the ordinary or preference shares or ADSs will generally be qualified dividend income.

A US holder will not be subject to UK withholding tax. The US holder will include in gross income for US federal income tax purposes the amount of the dividend actually received. Dividends must be included in income when the US holder, in the case of shares, or the Depositary, in the case of ADSs, actually or constructively receives the dividend, and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to US corporations in respect of dividends received from other US corporations. For foreign tax credit purposes, dividends will generally be income from sources outside the United States and will, depending on a US holder’s circumstances, be either ‘passive’ or ‘general’ income for purposes of computing the foreign tax credit allowable to a US holder,

The amount of the dividend distribution includable in income will be the US Dollar value of the Pound Sterling payments made, determined at the spot Pound Sterling/US Dollar rate on the date the dividend distribution is includable in income, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into US Dollars. Generally, any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date the dividend payment is includable in income to the date the payment is converted into US Dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss and, for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, from sources within the US and will not be eligible for the special tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income.

Distributions in excess of current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for US federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of the US holder’s basis in the shares or ADSs and thereafter as capital gain.

(ii) Taxation of capital gains

Subject to PFIC rules discussed below, generally, US holders will not be subject to UK tax, but will be subject to US tax on capital gains realised on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, preference shares or ADSs. Generally, a US holder will recognise capital gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the US dollar value of the amount realised and a US holder’s tax basis, determined in US Dollars, in its shares or ADSs. Capital gain of a noncorporate US holder is generally taxed at preferential rates where the holder has a holding period of greater than one year. The gain or loss will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

(iii) Taxation of premium on redemption or purchase of shares

No refund of tax will be available under the Treaty in respect of any premium paid on a redemption of preference shares by Barclays Bank PLC or on a purchase by Barclays PLC of its own shares. For US tax purposes, redemption premium generally will be treated as an additional amount realised in the calculation of gain or loss.

(iv) Taxation of passive foreign investment companies (PFICs)

Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC believe that their respective shares and ADSs should not be treated as stock of a PFIC for US federal income tax purposes, but this conclusion is a factual determination that is made annually and thus may be subject to change. If Barclays PLC or Barclays Bank PLC were to be treated as a PFIC, unless a US holder elects to be taxed annually on a mark to market basis with respect to the shares or ADSs, gain realised on the sale or other disposition of their shares or ADSs would in general not be treated as capital gain. Instead, for a US holder, such gain and certain ‘excess distributions’ would be treated as having been realised rateably over the holding period for the shares or ADSs and would be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for each such year to which the gain was allocated, together with an interest charge in respect of the tax attributable to each such year. With certain exceptions, a US holder’s shares or ADSs will be treated as stock in a PFIC if Barclays PLC or Barclays Bank PLC was a PFIC at any time during such holder’s holding period in their shares or ADSs. Dividends that a US holder receives will not be eligible for the special tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income if Barclays PLC or Barclays Bank PLC are treated as a PFIC with respect to such US holder either in the taxable year of the distribution or the preceding taxable year, but instead will be taxable at rates applicable to ordinary income.

(v) Stamp duty

No UK stamp duty is payable on the transfer of an ADS, provided that the separate instrument of transfer is not executed in, and remains at all times outside, the UK.

(vi) Estate and gift tax

Under the Estate and Gift Tax Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States, a US holder generally is not subject to UK inheritance tax.

295

Shareholder information

continued

Exchange controls and other limitations affecting security holders

Other than certain economic sanctions which may be in force from time to time, there are currently no UK laws, decrees or regulations which would affect the transfer of capital or remittance of dividends, interest and other payments to holders of Barclays securities who are not residents of the UK. There are also no restrictions under the Articles of Association of either Barclays PLC or Barclays Bank PLC, or (subject to the effect of any such economic sanctions) under current UK laws, which relate only to non-residents of the UK, and which limit the right of such non-residents to hold Barclays securities or, when entitled to vote, to do so.

Documents on display

It is possible to read and copy documents that have been filed by Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC with the US Securities and Exchange Commission at the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s office of Investor Education and Advocacy located at 100 F Street, NE Washington DC 20549. Please call the US Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms and their copy charges. Filings with the US Securities and Exchange Commission are also available to the public from commercial document retrieval services, and from the website maintained by the US Securities and Exchange Commission at www.sec.gov.

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Shareholder information

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Fees and Charges Payable by a Holder of ADSs

The ADR depositary collects fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing ordinary shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them.

The charges of the ADR depositary payable by investors are as follows:

Type of Service	ADR Depositary Actions		Fee
ADR depositary or substituting the underlying shares	Issuance of ADSs against the deposit of ordinary shares, including deposits and issuances in respect of:		$5.00 or less per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the new ADSs delivered
	–	Share distributions, stock splits, rights issues, mergers
	–	Exchange of securities or other transactions or event or other distribution affecting the ADSs or deposited securities
Receiving or distributing cash dividends	Distribution of cash dividends		No fee currently payable
Selling or exercising rights	Distribution or sale of securities, the fee being in an amount equal to the fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities		$5.00 or less per each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof)
Withdrawing an underlying ordinary share	Acceptance of ADSs surrendered for withdrawal of deposited ordinary shares		$5.00 or less for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the ADSs surrendered
General depositary services, particularly those charged on an annual basis	Other services performed by the ADS depositary in administering the ADS program		No fee currently payable
Expenses of the ADR depositary	Expenses incurred on behalf of Holders in connection with:		Expenses payable at the sole discretion of the ADR depositary by billing Holders or by deducting charges from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions
	–	Taxes and other governmental charges
	–	Cable, telex and facsimile transmission/delivery
	–	Transfer or registration fees, if applicable, for the registration of transfers or underlying ordinary shares
	–	Expenses of the Depositary in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into US dollars (which are paid out of such foreign currency)
	–	Any other charge payable by ADR depositary or its agents

Fees and Payments made by the ADR depositary to Barclays

The ADR depositary has agreed to reimburse certain Barclays expenses related to the Barclays ADS program and incurred by Barclays in connection with the program. In the year ended 31 December 2010, the ADR depositary reimbursed to Barclays, or paid amounts on its behalf to third parties, a total sum of $937,242. The table below sets out the expenses that the ADR depositary reimbursed and the amounts reimbursed in the year ended 31 December 2010, which include certain expenses paid by the ADR depositary to third parties on behalf of Barclays:

Category of expense reimbursed to Barclays
	Amount Reimbursed for the Year ended 31 December 2010 (000s)
Legal fees	$372
Investor relations	$280
Distribution of voting documentation – AGM	$158
NYSE listing fees	$127
Total	$937

Under certain circumstances, including removal of the ADR depositary or termination of the ADR program by Barclays, Barclays is required to repay the ADR depositary certain amounts reimbursed and/or expenses paid to or on behalf of Barclays.

The ADR depositary has agreed to waive certain of its fees chargeable to the Company with respect to standard costs associated with the administration of the ADR program.

297

Shareholder enquiries

Investors who have any questions about their investment in Barclays,

or about Barclays in general, may write to the Director, Investor Relations

at our Head office as follows:

Director, Investor Relations

Barclays PLC

1 Churchill Place

London

E14 5HP

or, in the United States of America,

The Corporate Communications Department

Barclays Bank PLC

745 Seventh Avenue

New York, NY 10019, USA

Registered and Head office

1 Churchill Place

London

E14 5HP

Tel: +44 (0) 20 7116 1000

Registrar

The Registrar to Barclays

Aspect House

Spencer Road

Lancing

West Sussex

BN99 6DA

Tel: 0871 384 2055*

or +44 (0) 121 415 7004 (from overseas)

Email: questions@share-registers.co.uk

ADR Depositary

JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.

PO Box 64504

St. Paul

MN 55164-0504

USA

Tel: 1-800-990-1135 (toll-free for US domestic callers)

or +1 651 453 2128

Email: jpmorgan.adr@wellsfargo.com

*Calls to this number are charged at 8p per minute if using a BT landline.

  Call charges may vary if using other telephone providers.

298         

Index

Absa
29-30	business analysis
29	business description
Accounting
204	developments
193-204	policies
184	presentation
Acquisitions
237	notes to the accounts
Allowance for impairment
268	notes to the accounts
73	risk management
128	Annual General Meeting
186	Annual Report and Accounts (approval)
Assets
263-266	by class of business
Auditors
185	report
215	Available for sale investments
Balance sheet
188	consolidated
Barclaycard
23-24	business analysis
23	business description
Barclays Africa
27-28	business analysis
27	business description
Barclays Capital
31-32	business analysis
31	business description
Barclays Corporate
33-34	business analysis
33	business description
Barclays Wealth
35-36	business analysis
35	business description
Capital adequacy data
102-106	capital management and resources
15	capital ratios
Cash flow statement
190	consolidated
39-41	Citizenship
227	Competition and regulatory matters
61-62	Concentrations of credit risk
225-226	Contingent liabilities and commitments
Corporate governance
130-146	corporate governance report
133	attendance at board meetings
58-93	Credit risk
267-269	Critical accounting estimates
194	Currency of presentation
100	Currency risk

Derivatives and other financial instruments
86	credit risk
212-215	notes to the accounts
Directors and officers
120-123	biographies
125	emoluments
125	interests
246-248	notes to the accounts
124-129	Directors’ report
210	Dividends
210	Earnings per share
105-106	Economic capital
Employees
126	diversity and inclusion
126	involvement
269	Events after the balance sheet date
249-262	Fair value of financial instruments
211	Financial assets designated at fair value
220	Financial liabilities designated at fair value
8-38	Financial review
267	Financial risks
300-306	Glossary
217-218	Goodwill
Head Office and Other Operations
38	business analysis
38	business description
Impairment charges
206	notes to the accounts
63	risk management
Income statement
186	consolidated
217-218	Intangible assets
97-99	Interest rate risk
216	Investment in associates and joint ventures
Investment Management
37	business analysis
37	business description
2-5	Key performance indicators
239	Leasing
226	Legal proceedings

299

Liabilities
220	other
107-112	Liquidity risk
215	Loans and advances to banks
215	Loans and advances to customers
94-101	Market risk
290-292	Memorandum and Articles of Association
234	Non-controlling interests
Net fee and commission income
205	notes to the accounts
9	summary
Net interest income
205	notes to the accounts
9	summary
241-243	Off-balance sheet arrangements
Operating expenses
206-207	administration and general expenses
206	staff costs
11	summary
Ordinary shares, share premiums, and other equity
233	called up
Other income
9	summary
191-192	Parent Company accounts (Barclays PLC)
Pensions
154	Directors
227-233	notes to the accounts
74	Potential credit risk loans
184	Presentation of information
219	Property, plant and equipment
224	Provisions
246-248	Related party transactions
147-163	Remuneration report
233	Reserves
19-38	Results by business
49-57	Risk factors

Risk management
42-48	Barclays approach to risk management
50-57	principal risks
58-93	credit risk management
94-101	market risk management
102-106	capital risk management
107-112	liquidity risk management
113-114	operational risk management
115-119	supervision and regulation
104	Risk weighted assets
216	Securities borrowing, securities lending, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements
238	Securitisation
Segmental reporting
263-266	by class of business
267	by geographical segments
242-245	Share-based payments
287-296	Shareholder information
Statement of comprehensive income
187	consolidated
221-224	Subordinated liabilities
Tax
206	bank payroll tax and bank levy
41	tax contributions
57	tax risk
193-269	notes to the accounts
16	Total assets
211	Trading portfolio
UK Retail Banking
21-22	business analysis
21	business description
Western Europe Retail Banking
25-26	business analysis
25	business description

300         

Glossary of terms

Term used in Annual Report	US equivalent or brief description
Accounts	Financial Statements
Allotted	Issued
Attributable profit	Net income
Called up share capital	Ordinary shares, issued and fully paid
Capital allowances	Tax term equivalent to US tax depreciation allowances
Cash at bank and in hand	Cash
Class of business	Industry segment
Finance lease	Capital lease
Freehold	Ownership with absolute rights in perpetuity
Loans and advances	Lendings
Loan capital	Long-term debt
Net asset value	Book value
Net operating income	Net revenue
Profit	Income
Share capital	Ordinary shares, capital stock or common stock issued and fully paid
Share premium account	Additional paid-up capital or paid-in surplus (not distributable)
Shares in issue	Shares outstanding
Write-offs	Charge-offs

‘Absa’ The South African segment of Barclays PLC, comprising Absa Group Limited, but excluding Absa Capital, Absa Card and Absa Wealth which are reported within Barclays Capital, Barclaycard, and Barclays Wealth respectively.

‘Absa Card’ The portion of Absa's results that arises from the Absa credit card business and is reported within Barclaycard.

‘Absa Capital’ The portion of Absa's results that is reported by Barclays within the Barclays Capital business.

‘Absa Group Limited’ Refers to the consolidated results of the South African group which is listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in which Barclays owns a controlling stake.

‘ABS CDO Super Senior’ The super senior tranches of debt linked to collateralised debt obligations of asset backed securities (defined below). Payment of super senior tranches takes priority over other obligations. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Adjusted Cross Leverage’ The multiple of adjusted total tangible assets over total qualifying Tier 1 capital. Adjusted total tangible assets are total assets less derivative counterparty netting, assets under management on the balance sheet, settlement balances and cash collateral on derivative liabilities, goodwill and intangible assets. See 'Tier 1 Capital' below.

‘Adjusted profit before tax’ Profit before tax excluding the gain on own credit of £391m (2009:£1,820m charge), gains on acquisitions and disposals of £210m (2009:£214m) and gains on debt buy-backs and extinguishments of £nil (2009: £1,429m).

‘Africa’ The geographic segment comprising countries where Barclays operates within Africa and the Indian Ocean.

‘Alt-A’ Loans regarded as lower risk than sub-prime, but with higher risk characteristics than lending under normal criteria. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Americas’ The geographic segment comprising the USA, Canada and countries where Barclays operates within Latin America.

‘Annual Earnings at Risk (AEaR)’ The sensitivity of annual earnings to shocks in market rates, at approximately 99th percentile for change over one year. For interest rates this equates to a 2% parallel shift in rates. For equity indices, it equates to a 25% change from one-year end to the next, or 15% from one-year end to the next year's average.

‘Arrears’ Customers are said to be in arrears when they are behind in fulfilling their obligations with the result that an outstanding loan is unpaid or overdue. Such a customer is also said to be in a state of delinquency. When a customer is in arrears, his entire outstanding balance is said to be delinquent, meaning that delinquent balances are the total outstanding loans on which payments are overdue.

‘Asia’ The geographic segment comprising countries where Barclays operates within Asia (including Singapore, Japan, China and India), Australasia and the Middle East.

‘Asset backed products’ As used in Note 41 'Fair value of financial instruments', asset backed products are debt and derivative products that are linked to the cash flow of a referenced asset. This category includes asset backed loans; collateralised debt obligations (CDOs); collateralised loan obligations (CLOs); asset backed credit derivatives (ABS CDS); asset backed and mortgage backed securities.

‘Asset Backed Securities (ABS)’ Securities that represent an interest in an underlying pool of referenced assets. The referenced pool can comprise any assets which attract a set of associated cash flows but are commonly pools of residential or commercial mortgages and, in the case of Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs), the referenced pool may be ABS or other classes of assets. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Assets margin’ Interest earned on customer assets relative to the average internal funding rate, divided by average customer assets, expressed as an annualised percentage.

‘Average customer balances’ Balances in the average balance sheet which are based on daily averages for most UK banking operations and monthly averages outside the UK.

‘Average Daily Value at Risk’ The average Daily Value at Risk (defined below) for a specified period of time.

‘Average LTV on new mortgages’ The ratio of all new mortgage balances disbursed in the period to the appraised property value of those mortgages, i.e. total amount disbursed year-to-date divided by total amount of appraised property value.

301

‘Bank levy’ The levy that will apply to certain UK banks, building societies and the UK operations of foreign banks from 1st January 2011. The levy is payable based on a percentage of the chargeable equity and liabilities of the bank as at the balance sheet date.

‘Barclays Business’ The business unit within UK Retail Banking providing banking services to small and medium enterprises.

‘Barclays Corporate’ A business unit that provides global banking services across 10 countries grouped into three regions: UK & Ireland, Continental Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal and France) and New Markets (India, Pakistan, Russia and the UAE).

‘Backstop facility’ A standby facility, that is a liquidity arrangement whereby another party agrees to make a payment should the primary party not do so.

‘Basel III leverage ratio’ The ratio of Tier 1 capital to certain on and off balance sheet exposures, calculated in accordance with the methodology set out in the Basel III guidelines published in December 2010.

‘Basis point’ One hundredth of a per cent (0.01%), so 100 basis points is 1%. Used in quoting movements in interest rates or yields on securities.

‘BCBS’ Basel Committee of Banking Supervisors (‘BCBS’, or ‘The Basel Committee’), a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters which develops global supervisory standards for the banking industry. Its members are officials from central banks or prudential supervisors from 27 countries and territories.

‘Capital ratios’ Key financial ratios measuring the Group’s capital adequacy or financial strength. These include the Core Tier 1 ratio, Tier 1 ratio and Risk asset ratio.

‘Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs)’ Securities issued by a third party which reference Asset Backed Securities (ABSs) (defined above) and/or certain other related assets purchased by the issuer. CDOs may feature exposure to sub-prime mortgage assets through the underlying assets. CDO² securities represent investments in CDOs that have been securitised by a third party. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Collateralised Loan Obligation (CLO)’ A security backed by the repayments from a pool of commercial loans. The payments may be made to different classes of owners (in tranches). See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Collateralised Synthetic Obligation (CSO)’ A form of synthetic collateralised debt obligation (CDO) that does not hold assets like bonds or loans but invests in credit default swaps (CDSs) or other non-cash assets to gain exposure to a portfolio of fixed income assets.

‘Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities (CMBS)’ Securities that represent interests in a pool of commercial mortgages. Investors in these securities have the right to cash received from future mortgage payments (interest and/or principal). See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Commercial Real Estate’ Includes office buildings, industrial property, medical centres, hotels, malls, retail stores, shopping centres, farm land, multifamily housing buildings, warehouses, garages, and industrial properties. Commercial real estate loans are those backed by a package of commercial real estate assets. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Commercial Paper’ An unsecured promissory note issued to finance short-term credit needs. It specifies the face amount paid to investors on the maturity date.

‘Commodity products’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these products are exchange traded and OTC derivatives based on a commodity underlying (e.g. metals, precious metals, oil and oil related, power and natural gas).

‘Compensation:income ratio’ Staff compensation based costs compared to total income.

‘Conduits’ A financial vehicle that holds asset-backed debt such as mortgages, vehicle loans, and credit card receivables, all financed with short-term loans (generally commercial paper) that use the asset-backed debt as collateral. The profitability of a conduit depends on the ability to roll over maturing short-term debt at a cost that is lower than the returns earned from asset-backed securities held in the portfolio. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Continental Europe’ See Barclays Corporate.

‘Core Tier 1 capital’ Called-up share capital and eligible reserves plus equity non-controlling interests, less intangible assets and deductions relating to the excess of expected loss over regulatory impairment allowance and securitisation positions, as specified by the FSA.

‘Core Tier 1 capital ratio’ Core Tier 1 capital as a percentage of risk weighted assets.

‘Corporate income tax paid’ Tax paid during the year on taxable profits, including withholding tax deducted from income.

‘Cost:income ratio’ Operating expenses compared to total income net of insurance claims.

‘Cost:net income ratio’ Operating expenses compared to net operating income less other credit provisions.

‘Cost of Equity’ The rate of return targeted by the equity holders of the company.

‘Coverage ratio (CRL)’ Impairment allowances as a percentage of CRL balances.

‘Covered bonds’ Debt securities backed by a portfolio of mortgages that i segregated from the issuer’s other assets solely for the benefit of the holders of the covered bonds.

‘Credit Default Swaps (CDS)’ A credit derivative is an arrangement whereby the credit risk of an asset (the reference asset) is transferred from the buyer to the seller of protection. A credit default swap is a contract where the protection seller receives premium or interest-related payments in return for contracting to make payments to the protection buyer in the event of a defined credit event. Credit events normally include bankruptcy, payment default on a reference asset or assets, or downgrades by a rating agency.

‘Credit Derivative Product Company (CDPC)’ A company that sells protection on credit derivatives. CDPCs are similar to monoline insurers. However, unlike monoline insurers, they are not regulated as insurers. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Credit market exposures’ Relates to commercial real estate and leveraged finance businesses that have been significantly impacted by the deterioration in the global credit markets. The exposures include positions subject to fair value movements in the Income Statement, positions that are classified as loans and advances and available for sale.

302         

Glossary of terms

continued

‘Credit Risk Loans (CRLs)’ A loan becomes a credit risk loan when evidence of deterioration has been observed, for example a missed payment or other breach of covenant. A loan may be reported in one of three categories: impaired loans, accruing past due 90 days or more or impaired and restructured loans. These may include loans which, while impaired, are still performing but have associated individual impairment allowances raised against them.

‘Credit spread’ The yield spread between securities with the same coupon rate and maturity structure but with different associated credit risks, with the yield spread rising as the credit rating worsens. It is the premium over the benchmark or risk-free rate required by the market to accept a lower credit quality.

‘Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA)’ The difference between the risk-free value of a portfolio of trades and the market value which takes into account the counterparty’s risk of default. The CVA therefore represents an estimate of the adjustment to fair value that a market participant would make to incorporate the credit risk of the counterparty due to any failure to perform on contractual agreements.

‘Customer deposits’ Money deposited by all individuals and companies that are not credit institutions. Such funds are recorded as liabilities in the Croup’s balance sheet under Customer Accounts.

‘Daily Value at Risk (DVaR)’ An estimate of the potential loss which might arise from market movements under normal market conditions, if the current positions were to be held unchanged for one business day, measured to a confidence level. (Also see VaR).

‘Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA)’ The opposite of credit valuation adjustment (CVA). It is the difference between the risk-free value of a portfolio of trades and the market value which takes into account Barclays Croup’s risk of default. The DVA, therefore, represents an estimate of the adjustment to fair value that a market participant would make to incorporate the credit risk of Barclays Group due to any failure to perform on contractual agreements. The DVA decreases the value of a liability to take into account a reduction in the remaining balance that would be settled should Barclays Group default or not perform in terms of contractual agreements.

‘Debt restructuring’ This is when the terms and provisions of outstanding debt agreements are changed. This is often done in order to improve cash flow and the ability of the borrower to repay the debt. It can involve altering the repayment schedule as well as reducing the debt or interest charged on the loan.

‘Debt securities in issue’ Transferable certificates of indebtedness of the Croup to the bearer of the certificates. These are liabilities of the Group and include certificates of deposits.

‘Delinquency’ See ‘Arrears’.

‘Dividend payout ratio’ Yearly dividends paid per share as a fraction of earnings per share.

‘Equities and Prime Services’ The Barclays Capital trading businesses encompassing Cash Equities, Equity Derivatives & Equity Financing.

‘Equity products’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these products are linked to equity markets. This category includes listed equities, exchange traded derivatives, equity derivatives, preference shares and contract for difference (CFD) products.

‘Equity structural hedge’ An interest rate hedge which functions to reduce the impact of the volatility of short-term interest rate movements on equity positions on the balance sheet that do not reprice with market rates.

‘Europe region’ The geographic segment comprising countries in which Barclays operates within the EU (excluding UK & Ireland), Northern, Continental and Eastern Europe, including Russia.

‘Expected loss’ The Group measure of anticipated loss for exposures captured under an internal ratings based credit risk approach for capital adequacy calculations. It is measured as the Barclays modelled view of anticipated loss based on Probability of Default (PD), Loss Given Default (LCD) and Exposure at Default (EAD), with a one-year time horizon.

‘Exposure in the event of default (EAD)’ The estimation of the extent to which Barclays may be exposed to a customer or counterparty in the event of, and at the time of, that counterparty’s default. At default, the customer may not have drawn the loan fully or may already have repaid some of the principal, so that exposure is typically less than the approved loan limit.

‘First/Second Lien’ First lien: debt that places its holder first in line to collect compensation from the sale of the underlying collateral in the event of a default on the loan. Second lien: debt that is issued against the same collateral as higher lien debt but that is subordinate to it. In the case of default, compensation for this debt will only be received after the first lien has been repaid and thus represents a riskier investment than the first lien. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Fixed charge’ Security taken over a specific asset of a borrower to secure the repayment of a loan. In this arrangement the asset is signed over to the creditor and the borrower would need the lender’s permission to sell it. The lender also registers a charge against the asset which remains in force until the loan is repaid.

‘Fixed Income, Currency and Commodities’ The Barclays Capital trading businesses encompassing Rates, Credit, Emerging Markets, Commodities, Foreign Exchange & Fixed Income Financing.

‘Forbearance’ Forbearance Programmes that assist customers in financial difficulty through agreements to accept less than contractual amounts due where financial distress would otherwise prevent satisfactory repayment within the original terms and conditions of the contract. These agreements may be initiated by the customer, Barclays or a third party and include approved debt counselling plans, minimum due reductions, interest rate concessions and switches from capital and interest repayments to interest-only payments.

‘FSA-eligible pool assets (liquid assets buffer)’ High quality unencumbered assets that meet the FSAs requirements for liquidity. These assets include, for example, high quality government or central bank securities, certain sight deposits with central banks, and securities issued by designated multilateral development banks.

‘Full time equivalent’ Full time equivalent employee units are the on-job hours paid for employee services divided by the number of ordinary-time hours normally paid for a full-time staff member when on the job (or contract employee where applicable).

‘Funds and fund-linked products’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, this category includes holdings in mutual funds, hedge funds, fund of funds and fund linked derivatives.

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‘Funded/unfunded’ Exposures where the notional amount of the transaction is either funded or unfunded. Represents exposures where a commitment to provide future funding has been made and the funds have been released/not released.

‘FX products’As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these products are derivatives linked to the foreign exchange market. This category includes FX spot and forward contracts; FX swaps; FX options.

‘Gain on acquisition’ The amount by which the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities, recognised in a business combination, exceeds the cost of the acquisition.

‘Global Retail Banking (GRB)’ UK Retail Banking, Barclaycard, Western Europe Retail Banking and Barclays Africa.

‘Gross new UK lending’ New lending advanced to UK customers during the year.

‘Home Loans’ Loans to purchase a residential property which is then used as collateral to guarantee repayment of the loan. The borrower gives the lender a lien against the property, and the lender can foreclose on the property if the borrower does not repay the loan per the agreed terms. Also known as a residential mortgage.

‘Impaired loans’ Loans are reported as Credit Risk Loans (defined above) and comprise loans where individual identified impairment allowance has been raised and also include loans which are fully collateralised or where indebtedness has already been written down to the expected realisable value. The impaired loan category may include loans, which, while impaired, are still performing.

‘Impairment allowances’ Provisions held on the balance sheet as a result of the raising of a charge against profit for the incurred loss inherent in the lending book. An impairment allowance may either be identified or unidentified and individual or collective.

‘Income’ Total income net of insurance claims, unless otherwise specified.

‘Incremental Default Risk Charge (IDRC)’ The IDRC captures default risk. This means the potential for a direct loss due to an obligor’s default as well as the potential for indirect losses that may arise from a default event.

‘Individually/Collectively Assessed’ Impairment is measured individually for assets that are individually significant, and collectively where a portfolio comprises homogenous assets and where appropriate statistical techniques are available.

‘Individual liquidity guidance (ILG)’ Guidance given to a firm about the amount, quality and funding profile of liquidity resources that the FSA has asked the firm to maintain.

‘Interchange income’ A fee that is paid to a credit card issuer in the clearing and settlement of a sales or cash advance transaction.

‘Interest rate products’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these are products with a payoff linked to interest rates. This category includes interest rate swaps, swaptions, caps and exotic interest rate derivatives.

‘Internal funds pricing’ The Group’s mechanism for pricing intra-group funding and liquidity.

‘Investment banking’ Fee generating businesses encompassing Advisory, Debt and Equity Origination within Barclays Capital.

‘Investment grade’ A debt security, treasury bill or similar instrument with a credit rating measured by external agencies of AAA to BBB.

‘Leveraged Finance’ Loans or other financing agreements provided to companies whose overall level of debt is high in relation to their cash flow (net debt: EBITDA) typically arising from private equity sponsor led acquisitions of the businesses concerned.

‘Liabilities margin’ Interest paid on customer liabilities relative to the average internal funding rate, divided by average customer liabilities. Expressed as an annualised percentage.

‘Liquidity and Credit enhancements’ Credit enhancement facilities are used to enhance the creditworthiness of financial obligations and cover losses due to asset default. Two general types of credit enhancement are third-party loan guarantees and self-enhancement through over collateralization. Liquidity enhancement makes funds available if required, for ther reasons than asset default, e.g. to ensure timely repayment of maturing commercial paper.

‘Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)’ The ratio of the stock of high quality liquid assets to expected net cash outflows over the following 30 days. High-quality liquid assets should be unencumbered, liquid in markets during a time of stress and, ideally, be central bank eligible. These include, for example, cash and claims on central governments and central banks. The Basel III guidelines require this ratio to be at least 100% and it is expected to apply from 2015.

‘Liquidity pool/buffer’ The Group liquidity pool comprises cash at central banks and highly liquid collateral specifically held by the Group as contingency to enable the bank to meet cash outflows in the event of stressed market conditions.

‘Loan loss rate’ Defined as total credit impairment charge (excluding available for sale assets and reverse repurchase agreements) divided by gross loans and advances to customers and banks (at amortised cost).

‘Loan to deposit ratio’ The ratio of loans and advances to customer accounts. This excludes certain liabilities issued by the retail business that have characteristics comparable to retail deposits (for example, structured CDs and retail bonds), which are included within debt securities in issue.

‘Loan to deposit and long term funding ratio’ The ratio of wholesale and retail loans and advances to customers net of impairment allowance, divided by the total of customer accounts, long term debt (due after 1 year) and equity.

‘Loan funding ratio’ The ratio of wholesale and retail loans and advances to customers net of impairment allowance, divided by the total of customer accounts, long-term debt (>1 yr) and equity.

‘Loan to value ratio (LTV)’ Expresses the amount borrowed against an asset (e.g. a mortgage) as a percentage of the appraised value. The ratio is used in assessing the appropriate level of risk for the loan and is generally reported as an average for new mortgages or an entire portfolio.

‘Loan to value of new mortgage lending’ See Average LTV in new mortgage.

‘Loans past due’ Loans are past due when a counterparty has failed to make a payment when contractually due.

‘Loss Given Default (LGD)’ The fraction of Exposure at Default (EAD) (defined above) that will not be recovered following default. LGD comprises the actual loss (the part that is not expected to be recovered), together with the economic costs associated with the recovery process.

‘Medium Term Notes (MTNs)’ Corporate notes continuously offered by a company to investors through a dealer. Investors can choose from differing maturities, ranging from nine months to 30 years.

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‘Monoline’ An entity which specialises in providing credit protection to the holders of debt instruments in the event of default by a debt security counterparty. This protection is typically held in the form of derivatives such as credit default swaps (CDS) referencing the underlying exposures held. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Monoline Wrapped’ Debt instruments for which credit enhancement or protection by a monoline insurer has been obtained. The wrap is credit protection against the notional and principal interest cash flows due to the holders of debt instruments in the event of default in payment of these by the underlying counterparty. Therefore, if a security is monoline wrapped its payments of principal and interest are guaranteed by a monoline insurer. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS)’ Securities that represent interests in a group of mortgages. Investors in these securities have the right to cash received from future mortgage payments (interest and/or principal). See Risk Management section – Credit Market Exposures.

‘Mortgage vintage’ The year the mortgage was issued.

‘Mortgage related securities’ Securities which are referenced to underlying mortgages. See RMBS, CMBS and MBS.

‘Net Interest Income’ The difference between interest received on assets and interest paid on liabilities including the interest income on Group equity.

‘Net Interest Margin’ The margin is expressed as annualised net interest income for Global Retail Banking, Absa, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth divided by the sum of the average assets and average liabilities for those businesses.

‘Net Investment Income’ Includes the net result of revaluing financial instruments designated at fair value, dividend income and the net result on disposal of available for sale assets.

‘Net Operating Income’ Total income net of insurance claims less impairment changes.

‘Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)’ The ratio of available stable funding to required stable funding over a one year time horizon, assuming a stressed scenario. The ratio is required to be over 100% with effect from 2015. Available stable funding would include such items as equity capital, preferred stock with a maturity of over 1 year, or liabilities with a maturity of over 1 year. The required amount of stable funding is calculated as the sum of the value of the assets held and funded by the institution, multiplied by a specific required stable funding (RSF) factor assigned to each particular asset type, added to the amount of potential liquidity exposure multiplied by its associated RSF factor.

‘Net Trading Income’ Income arising from trading positions which are held at fair value, including market-making and customer business. The resulting gains and losses are included in the income statement together with interest, dividends and funding costs relating to trading activities.

‘New Markets’ See Barclays Corporate.

‘Non-asset backed debt instruments’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these products are debt instruments. This category includes government bonds; US agency bonds; corporate bonds: commercial paper; certificates of deposit; convertible bonds; corporate bonds and issued notes.

‘Non-investment grade’ A debt security, treasury bill or similar instrument with a credit rating measured by external agencies of BB+ or below.

‘Non-performing loans’ A loan that is in default or close to being in default because interest or capital payments are not made on time.

‘Other credit products’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, these are products linked to the credit risk of a referenced entity, index or a basket. This category includes collateralised synthetic obligations (non-asset backed CDOs) and OTC derivatives. The OTC derivatives are namely, CDS single name; CDS index; CDS index tranche and Nth to default basket swaps (in which the payout is linked to one in a series of defaults, such as first-, second- or third-to-default, with the contract terminating at that point).

‘Over the counter derivatives (OTC)’ Contracts that are traded (and privately negotiated) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary. They offer flexibility because, unlike standardised exchange-traded products, they can be tailored to fit specific needs.

‘Own Credit’ The effect of the Group’s own credit standing on the fair value of financial liabilities.

‘Performance costs’ The accounting charge recognised in the period for performance awards. For deferred incentives and long-term incentives the accounting charge is spread over the relevant periods in which the employee delivers service.

‘Performance awards’Annual performance incentives (including deferred incentives), long-term incentive awards and commission payments. A detailed description of the Group’s incentive plans is provided in the Directors’ Remuneration Report.

‘PCRL Coverage ratio’ Impairment allowances as a percentage of total CRL (credit risk loan) & PPL (potential problem loan) balances. See CRL and PPL.

‘Portfolio MTM LTV’ The ratio of the total outstanding balance to the current value of the security, which is estimated using one or more external house price indices, i.e. total outstanding balance divided by total current property value (mark to market).

‘Potential Credit Risk Loans (PCRLs)’ Comprise the outstanding balances to Potential Problem Loans (defined below) and the three categories of Credit Risk Loans (defined above).

‘Potential Problem Loans (PPLs)’ Loans where serious doubt exists as to the ability of the borrowers to continue to comply with repayment terms in the near future.

‘Prime’ Loans of a higher credit quality and would be expected to satisfy the criteria for inclusion into Government programmes.

‘Principal Investments’ Private Equity Investments.

‘Prior year compensation deferrals’ The accounting charge recognised for service delivered in the current period in respect of deferred incentives and long-term incentives previously awarded.

‘Private equity investments’ As used in Note 41 ‘Fair value of financial instruments’, private equity is equity securities in operating companies not quoted on a public exchange. Investment in private equity often involves the investment of capital in private companies or the acquisition of a public company that results in the delisting of public equity. Capital for private equity investment is raised by retail or institutional investors and used to fund investment strategies such as leveraged buyouts, venture capital, growth capital, distressed investments and mezzanine capital.

‘Private-label securitisation’ Residential mortgage-backed security transactions sold or guaranteed by entities that are not sponsored or owned by the government.

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‘Probability of default (PD)’ The likelihood that a loan will not be repaid and will fall into default. PD may be calculated for each client who has a loan (normally applicable to wholesale customers/clients) or for a portfolio of clients with similar attributes (normally applicable to retail customers). To calculate PD, Barclays assesses the credit quality of borrowers and other counterparties and assigns them an internal risk rating. Multiple rating methodologies may be used to inform the rating decision on individual large credits, such as internal and external models, rating agency ratings, and for wholesale assets market information such as credit spreads. For smaller credits, a single source may suffice such as the result from an internal rating model.

‘Product structural hedge’ An interest rate hedge which functions to reduce the impact of the volatility of short-term interest rate movements on-balance sheet positions that can be matched to a specific product, e.g. customer balances that do not reprice with market rates.

‘Proprietary trading’ When a bank, brokerage or other financial institution trades on its own account, at its own risk, rather than on behalf of customers, so as to make a profit for itself.

‘Renegotiated loans’ Loans and advances are generally renegotiated either as part of an ongoing customer relationship or in response to an adverse change in the circumstances of the borrower. In the latter case renegotiation can result in an extension of the due date of payment or repayment plans under which the Group offers a concessionary rate of interest to genuinely distressed borrowers. This will result in the asset continuing to be overdue and will be individually impaired where the renegotiated payments of interest and principal will not recover the original carrying amount of the asset. In other cases, renegotiation will lead to a new agreement, which is treated as a new loan.

‘Repo/Reverse repo’ A repurchase agreement that allows a borrower to use a financial security as collateral for a cash loan at a fixed rate of interest. In a repo, the borrower agrees to sell a security to the lender subject to a commitment to repurchase the asset at a specified price on a given date. For the party selling the security (and agreeing to repurchase it in the future) it is a repo; for the party on the other side of the transaction (buying the security and agreeing to sell in the future) it is a reverse repurchase agreement or reverse repo.

‘Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS)’ Securities that represent interests in a group of residential mortgages. Investors in these securities have the right to cash received from future mortgage payments (interest and/or principal). See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Restructured loans’ ‘Impaired and restructured loans’ comprises loans where, for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties, a concession has been granted to the debtor that would not otherwise be considered. Where the concession results in the expected cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate being less than the loan’s carrying value, an impairment allowance will be raised.

‘Retail Loans’ Loans to individuals rather than institutions as well as loans to certain smaller business customers. This includes both secured and unsecured loans such as mortgages and credit card balances.

‘Return on average risk weighted assets’ Calculated as profit after tax for the year divided by average risk weighted assets for the year.

‘Risk asset ratio’ A measure of the risk attached to the assets of a business using definitions of capital and risk weightings established in accordance with the Basel Capital Accord as implemented by the FSA.

‘Risk weighted assets’ A measure of a bank’s assets adjusted for their associated risks. Risk weightings are established in accordance with the Basel Capital Accord as implemented by the FSA.

‘Securitisation’ A process by which debt instruments are aggregated into a pool, which is used to back new securities. A company may sell assets to an SPV (special purpose vehicle) which then issues securities backed by the assets based on their value. This allows the credit quality of the assets to be separated from the credit rating of the original company and transfers risk to external investors.

‘SIV Lites’ Vehicles which invest in diversified portfolios of interest earning assets to take advantage of the spread differentials between the assets in the SIV and the funding cost. Unlike SIVs they are not perpetual, making them look more like CDOs, which have fixed maturity dates. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Special Purpose Entities (SPEs)/Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs)’ Entities created to accomplish a narrow and well defined objective. There are often specific restrictions or limits around their ongoing activities. Transactions with SPEs/SPVs take a number of forms, including:

– The provision of financing to fund asset purchases, or commitments to provide finance for future purchases.

– Derivative transactions to provide investors in the SPE/SPV with a specified exposure.

– The provision of liquidity or backstop facilities which may be drawn upon if the SPE/SPV experiences future funding difficulties.

– Direct investment in the notes issued by SPEs/SPVs.

‘Spot Daily Value at Risk’The Daily Value at Risk (defined above) recorded for a specified day.

‘Structural hedge’An interest rate hedge which functions to reduce the impact of the volatility of short-term interest rate movements on positions that exist within the balance sheet that carry interest rates that do not reprice with market rates. See also equity structural hedge and product structural hedge.

‘Structured Investment Vehicles (SIVs)’Entities which invest in diversified portfolios of interest earning assets to take advantage of the spread differentials between the assets in the SIV and the funding cost. See Risk Management section – Barclays Capital Credit Market Exposures.

‘Structural liquidity’The liquidity available from current positions – principally unpledged marketable assets and holdings of term liabilities with long remaining lives.

‘Structured finance/notes’A structured note is an investment tool which pays a return linked to the value or level of a specified asset or index and sometimes offers capital protection if the value declines. Structured notes can be linked to equities, interest rates, funds, commodities and foreign currency.

‘Subordination’The state of prioritising repayments of principal and interest on debt to a creditor lower than repayments to other creditors by the same debtor. That is, claims of a security are settled by a debtor to a creditor only after the claims of securities held by other creditors of the same debtor have been settled.

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continued

‘Subordinated liabilities’ Liabilities which, in the event of insolvency or liquidation of the issuer, are subordinated to the claims of depositors and other creditors of the issuer.

‘Sub-Prime’ Defined as loans to borrowers typically having weakened credit histories that include payment delinquencies and potentially more severe problems such as court judgements and bankruptcies. They may also display reduced repayment capacity as measured by credit scores, high debt-to-income ratios, or other criteria indicating heightened risk of default. See Risk Management section – Credit Market Exposures.

‘Tax paid’All amounts paid to taxation authorities during the year in respect of taxes borne and collected by the Group. This includes corporate income tax paid, taxes paid on behalf of employees, irrecoverable VAT and other taxes.

‘Tier 1 capital’A measure of a bank’s financial strength defined by the FSA. It captures Core Tier 1 capital plus other Tier 1 securities in issue, but is subject to a deduction in respect of material holdings in financial companies.

‘Tier 1 capital ratio’The ratio expresses Tier 1 capital as a percentage of risk weighted assets.

‘Tier 2 capital’A capital measure defined by the FSA. Broadly it includes qualifying subordinated debt and other Tier 2 securities in issue, eligible collective impairment allowances, unrealised available for sale equity gains and revaluation reserves. It is subject to deductions relating to the excess of expected loss over regulatory impairment allowance, securitisation positions and material holdings in financial companies.

‘Top-line income’Income before own credit gains/losses and credit market write downs.

‘Total shareholder return (TSR)’ Defined as the value created for shareholders through share price appreciation, plus reinvested dividend payments.

‘UK & Ireland’See Barclays Corporate.

‘US Credit Card Act’Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (CARD Act). Legislation signed into US law on 22nd ay 2009 to provide changes to credit card industry practices in the US including significantly restricting credit card issuers’ ability to change interest rates and assess fees to reflect individual consumer risk, change the way payments are applied and requiring changes to consumer credit card disclosures. The majority of the provisions became effective in February 2010.

‘Value at Risk (VaR)’ An estimate of the potential loss which might arise from market movements under normal market conditions, if the current positions were to be held unchanged for one business day, measured to a confidence level. (Also see DVaR).

‘Whole loans’A mortgage loan sold in its entirety when the buyer assumes the entire loan along with its rights and responsibilities. A whole loan is differentiated from investments in which the buyer becomes part owner of a pool of mortgages. See Risk Management section – Credit Market Exposures.

‘Wholesale Loans’Lending to larger businesses, financial institutions and sovereign entities.

‘Write down’After an advance has been identified as impaired and is subject to an impairment allowance, the stage may be reached whereby it is concluded that there is no realistic prospect of further recovery. Write downs will occur when, and to the extent that, the whole or part of a debt is considered irrecoverable.

Signatures

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorised the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Date March 18th, 2011	Barclays PLC (Registrant)
	By	/s/ Chris Lucas
		Chris Lucas, Group Finance Director

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorised the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Date March 18th, 2011	Barclays Bank PLC (Registrant)
	By	/s/ Chris Lucas
		Chris Lucas, Group Finance Director

EXHIBIT INDEX

EXHIBIT NUMBER	DESCRIPTION
1.1	Articles of Association of Barclays PLC (incorporated by reference to the Form 6-K filed on May 13th, 2010)
1.2	Articles of Association of Barclays Bank PLC (incorporated by reference to the Form 6-K filed on May 13th, 2010)
2.1	Long term debt instruments
4.0	Rules of the Barclays Group Performance Share Plan (2005) (incorporated by reference to the 2006 Form 20-F filed on March 26th, 2007)
4.1	Rules of the Barclays PLC Renewed 1986 Executive Share Option Scheme (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008)
4.2	Rules of the Barclays PLC Approved Incentive Share Option Plan (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008)
4.3	Rules of the Barclays PLC Unapproved Incentive Share Option Plans (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008)
4.4	Rules of the Barclays PLC Executive Share Award Scheme (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008)
4.5	Rules of the Barclays Group Special Award Performance Share Plan (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008
4.6	Rules of the Barclays Group Incentive Share Plan (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-153723) filed on September 29th, 2008)
4.7	Rules of Barclays Bank PLC 1999 Directors Deferred Compensation Plan (amended and restated, effective January 1, 2008) (incorporated by reference to Barclays Bank PLC’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-149301) filed on February 19th, 2008)
4.8	Rules of Barclays Bank PLC Senior Management Deferred Compensation Plan (amended and restated, effective January 1, 2008) (incorporated by reference to Barclays Bank PLC’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-149302) filed on February 19th, 2008)
4.9	Rules of the Barclays Group Share Value Plan (incorporated by reference to the Barclays PLC Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File no. 333-167232) filed on June 1st, 2010).
4.10	Service Contract – Robert E. Diamond Jr
4.11	Contract of Employment – Christopher Lucas (incorporated by reference to the 2006 Form 20-F filed on March 26th, 2007)
4.12	Appointment Letter and Subsequent Amendment to appoint as Senior Independent Director – Sir Richard Broadbent (incorporated by reference to the 2004 Form 20-F filed on March 24th, 2005)
4.13	Appointment Letter – Sir Andrew Likierman (incorporated by reference to the 2004 Form 20-F filed on March 24th, 2005)

4.14	Appointment Letter - Dambisa Moyo
4.15	Appointment Letter - Alison Carnwath
4.16	Appointment Letter – John Sunderland (incorporated by reference to the 2005 Form 20-F filed on March 29th, 2006)
4.17	Appointment Letter – Marcus Agius (incorporated by reference to the 2006 Form 20-F filed on March 26th, 2007)
4.18	Appointment Letter – Fulvio Conti (incorporated by reference to the 2006 Form 20-F filed on March 26th, 2007)
4.19	Appointment Letter – David Booth (incorporated by reference to the 2007 20-F filed on March 26th, 2008)
4.20	Appointment Letter – Sir Michael Rake (incorporated by reference to the 2007 20-F filed on March 26th, 2008)
4.21	Appointment Letter – Simon Fraser (incorporated by reference to the 2008 Form 20-F filed on March 24th, 2008)
4.22	Appointment Letter – Reuben Jeffery III (incorporated by reference to the 2009 Form 20-F filed on March 19, 2010)
4.23	Indemnity Letter – Robert E. Diamond Jr
4.24	Indemnity Letter – Sir Richard Broadbent (incorporated by reference to the 2005 Form 20-F filed on March 29th, 2006)
4.25	Indemnity Letter – Sir Andrew Likierman (incorporated by reference to the 2005 Form 20-F filed on March 29th, 2006)
4.26	Indemnity Letter – John Sunderland (incorporated by reference to the 2005 Form 20-F filed on March 29th, 2006)
4.27	Term sheet for Barclays PLC Warrants (incorporated by reference to the 2008 Form 20-F filed March 24th, 2008)
4.28	Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2009, by and among Barclays Bank PLC, Barclays PLC (solely for the purposes of Section 6.16, Section 6.18 and Section 6.24) and BlackRock, Inc. (incorporated by reference to the 2009 Form 20-F filed on March 19th, 2010)
4.29	Stockholder Agreement, dated as of December 1, 2009, by and among BlackRock, Inc., Barclays Bank PLC and Barclays BR Holdings S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to the 2009 Form 20-F filed on March 19th, 2010)
7.1	Ratios of earnings to fixed charges
7.2	Ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges, preference share dividends and similar appropriations
8.1	List of subsidiaries
11.1	Code of Ethics
12.1	Certifications filed pursuant to 17 CFR 240. 13(a)-14(a)
13.1	Certifications filed pursuant to 17 CFR 240. 13(a) and 18 U.S.C 1350(a) and 1350(b)

15.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for incorporation by reference of reports in certain securities registration statements of Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC.