LOANS AND LEASES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES | LOANS / LEASES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Except for loans which are accounted for at fair value, loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, net of unamortized premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs and purchase accounting adjustments, which resulted in a net premium of $120 million and $262 million , at December 31, 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Loans and leases with a fair value of $15 billion were acquired by Huntington as part of the FirstMerit acquisition. The fair values of the loans were estimated using discounted cash flow analyses using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms (Level 3). Of the total acquired loans and leases, Huntington has elected the fair value option for $56 million of consumer loans. These loans will subsequently be measured at fair value with any changes in fair value recognized in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Direct Financing Leases Huntington’s loan and lease portfolio includes lease financing receivables consisting of direct financing leases on equipment, which are included in C&I loans. Net investments in lease financing receivables by category at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: At December 31, (dollar amounts in thousands) 2016 2015 Commercial and industrial: Lease payments receivable $ 1,881,596 $ 1,551,885 Estimated residual value of leased assets 797,611 711,181 Gross investment in commercial lease financing receivables 2,679,207 2,263,066 Net deferred origination costs 12,683 7,068 Deferred fees (253,423 ) (208,669 ) Total net investment in commercial lease financing receivables $ 2,438,467 $ 2,061,465 The future lease rental payments due from customers on direct financing leases at December 31, 2016 , totaled $1.9 billion and therefore were as follows: $0.6 billion in 2017 , $0.5 billion in 2018 , $0.3 billion in 2019 , $0.2 billion in 2020 , $0.1 billion in 2021 , and $0.2 billion thereafter. Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans The following table reflects the contractually required payments receivable, cash flows expected to be collected, and fair value of the credit impaired FirstMerit loans at acquisition date: (dollar amounts in thousands) August 16, Contractually required payments including interest $ 283,947 Less: nonaccretable difference (84,315 ) Cash flows expected to be collected 199,632 Less: accretable yield (17,717 ) Fair value of loans acquired $ 181,915 The following table presents a rollforward of the accretable yield for purchased credit impaired FirstMerit loans for the year ended December 31, 2016 : and 2015 : (dollar amounts in thousands) 2016 Balance, beginning of period $ — Impact of acquisition/purchase on August 16, 2016 17,717 Accretion (5,401 ) Reclassification (to) from nonaccretable difference 24,353 Balance at December 31, $ 36,669 The following table reflects the ending and unpaid balances of the FirstMerit purchased credit-impaired loans at December 31, 2016 : 2015 December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands) Ending Unpaid Commercial and industrial $ 68,338 $ 100,031 Commercial real estate 34,042 56,320 Total $ 102,380 $ 156,351 Loan Purchases and Sales The following table summarizes significant portfolio loan purchase and sale activity for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 . The table below excludes mortgage loans originated for sale. (dollar amounts in thousands) 2016 2015 Portfolio loans and leases purchased or transferred from held for sale: Commercial and industrial $ 394,579 $ 316,252 Commercial real estate — — Automobile — — Home equity — — Residential mortgage 16,045 20,463 RV and marine finance — — Other consumer — — Total $ 410,624 $ 336,715 Portfolio loans and leases sold or transferred to loans held for sale: Commercial and industrial $ 1,293,711 (1 ) $ 380,713 Commercial real estate 76,965 (2 ) — Automobile 1,544,642 764,540 (3) Home equity — 96,786 Residential mortgage — — RV and marine finance — — Other consumer — — Total $ 2,915,318 $ 1,242,039 (1) Reflects the transfer of approximately $1.0 billion of loans to loans held-for-sale in the 2016 third quarter, net of approximately $341 million of loans transferred back to loans held for investment in the 2016 fourth quarter. (2) Reflects the transfer of approximately $124 million of loans to loans held-for-sale in the 2016 third quarter, net of approximately $47 million of loans transferred back to loans held for investment in the 2016 fourth quarter. (3) Reflects the transfer of approximately $1.0 billion of loans to loans held-for-sale during the 2015 first quarter, net of approximately $262 million of loans transferred to loans and leases in the 2015 second quarter. NALs and Past Due Loans The following table presents NALs by loan class at December 31, 2016 and 2015 : December 31, (dollar amounts in thousands) 2016 2015 Commercial and industrial $ 234,184 $ 175,195 Commercial real estate 20,508 28,984 Automobile 5,766 6,564 Home equity 71,798 66,278 Residential mortgage 90,502 94,560 RV and marine finance 245 — Other consumer — — Total nonaccrual loans $ 423,003 $ 371,581 The amount of interest that would have been recorded under the original terms for total NAL loans was $24 million , $20 million , and $21 million for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. The total amount of interest recorded to interest income for these loans was $17 million , $10 million , and $8 million in 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. The following table presents an aging analysis of loans and leases, including past due loans and leases, by loan class at December 31, 2016 and 2015 (1): December 31, 2016 Past Due Loans Accounted for Under the Fair Value Option Total Loans 90 or (dollar amounts in thousands) 30-59 60-89 90 or Total Current Purchased Credit Impaired Commercial and industrial $ 42,052 $ 20,136 $ 74,174 $ 136,362 $ 27,854,012 $ 68,338 $ — $ 28,058,712 $ 18,148 (2) Commercial real estate 21,187 3,202 29,659 54,048 7,212,811 34,042 — 7,300,901 17,215 Automobile loans and leases 76,283 17,188 10,442 103,913 10,862,715 — 2,154 10,968,782 10,182 Home equity 38,899 23,903 53,002 115,804 9,986,697 — 3,273 10,105,774 11,508 Residential mortgage 122,469 37,460 116,682 276,611 7,373,414 — 74,936 7,724,961 66,952 RV and marine finance 10,009 2,230 1,566 13,805 1,831,123 — 1,519 1,846,447 1,462 Other consumer 9,442 4,324 3,894 17,660 938,322 — 437 956,419 3,895 Total loans and leases $ 320,341 $ 108,443 $ 289,419 $ 718,203 $ 66,059,094 $ 102,380 $ 82,319 $ 66,961,996 $ 129,362 December 31, 2015 Past Due Total Loans 90 or (dollar amounts in thousands) 30-59 60-89 90 or Total Current Commercial and industrial $ 44,715 $ 13,580 $ 46,978 $ 105,273 $ 20,454,561 $ 20,559,834 $ 8,724 (2) Commercial real estate 9,232 5,721 21,666 36,619 5,232,032 5,268,651 9,549 Automobile loans and leases 69,553 14,965 7,346 91,864 9,388,814 9,480,678 7,162 Home equity 36,477 16,905 56,300 109,682 8,360,800 8,470,482 9,044 Residential mortgage 102,773 34,298 119,354 256,425 5,741,975 5,998,400 69,917 RV and marine finance — — — — — — — Other consumer 6,469 1,852 1,395 9,716 553,338 563,054 1,394 Total loans and leases $ 269,219 $ 87,321 $ 253,039 $ 609,579 $ 49,731,520 $ 50,341,099 $ 105,790 (1) NALs are included in this aging analysis based on the loan’s past due status. (2) Amounts include Huntington Technology Finance administrative lease delinquencies. Allowance for Credit Losses The ACL is increased through a provision for credit losses that is charged to earnings, based on the Company’s quarterly evaluation of the factors disclosed in Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies and is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries, and the ACL associated with loans sold or transferred to held-for-sale. The following table presents ALLL and AULC activity by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 : (dollar amounts in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total Year ended December 31, 2016: ALLL balance, beginning of period $ 398,753 $ 199,090 $ 597,843 Loan charge-offs (91,914 ) (135,400 ) (227,314 ) Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 73,138 45,280 118,418 Provision (reduction in allowance) for loan and lease losses 84,381 85,026 169,407 Allowance for loans sold or transferred to loans held for sale (13,267 ) (6,674 ) (19,941 ) ALLL balance, end of period $ 451,091 $ 187,322 $ 638,413 AULC balance, beginning of period $ 63,448 $ 8,633 $ 72,081 Provision (reduction in allowance) for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit 18,692 2,703 21,395 AULC recorded at acquisition 4,403 — 4,403 AULC balance, end of period $ 86,543 $ 11,336 $ 97,879 ACL balance, end of period $ 537,634 $ 198,658 $ 736,292 Year ended December 31, 2015: ALLL balance, beginning of period $ 389,834 $ 215,362 $ 605,196 Loan charge-offs (97,800 ) (120,081 ) (217,881 ) Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 86,419 43,669 130,088 Provision (reduction in allowance) for loan and lease losses 20,300 68,379 88,679 Allowance for loans sold or transferred to loans held for sale — (8,239 ) (8,239 ) ALLL balance, end of period $ 398,753 $ 199,090 $ 597,843 AULC balance, beginning of period $ 55,029 $ 5,777 $ 60,806 Provision (reduction in allowance) for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit 8,419 2,856 11,275 AULC recorded at acquisition — — — AULC balance, end of period $ 63,448 $ 8,633 $ 72,081 ACL balance, end of period $ 462,201 $ 207,723 $ 669,924 Year ended December 31, 2014: ALLL balance, beginning of period $ 428,358 $ 219,512 $ 647,870 Loan charge-offs (101,358 ) (145,243 ) (246,601 ) Recoveries of loans previously charged-off 78,602 43,372 121,974 Provision (reduction in allowance) for loan and lease losses (15,768 ) 98,850 83,082 Allowance for loans sold or transferred to loans held for sale — (1,129 ) (1,129 ) ALLL balance, end of period $ 389,834 $ 215,362 $ 605,196 AULC balance, beginning of period $ 59,487 $ 3,412 $ 62,899 Provision (reduction in allowance) for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit (4,458 ) 2,365 (2,093 ) AULC recorded at acquisition — — — AULC balance, end of period $ 55,029 $ 5,777 $ 60,806 ACL balance, end of period $ 444,863 $ 221,139 $ 666,002 Credit Quality Indicators To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality for C&I and CRE loans, and for purposes of determining an appropriate ACL level for these loans, Huntington utilizes the following internally defined categories of credit grades: Pass - Higher quality loans that do not fit any of the other categories described below. OLEM - The credit risk may be relatively minor yet represent a risk given certain specific circumstances. If the potential weaknesses are not monitored or mitigated, the loan may weaken or the collateral may be inadequate to protect Huntington’s position in the future. For these reasons, Huntington considers the loans to be potential problem loans. Substandard - Inadequately protected loans by the borrower’s ability to repay, equity, and/or the collateral pledged to secure the loan. These loans have identified weaknesses that could hinder normal repayment or collection of the debt. It is likely Huntington will sustain some loss if any identified weaknesses are not mitigated. Doubtful - Loans that have all of the weaknesses inherent in those loans classified as Substandard, with the added elements of the full collection of the loan is improbable and that the possibility of loss is high. The categories above, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of the loan or lease and subsequently updated as appropriate. Commercial loans categorized as OLEM, Substandard, or Doubtful are considered Criticized loans. Commercial loans categorized as Substandard or Doubtful are both considered Classified loans. For all classes within consumer loan portfolios, each loan is assigned a specific PD factor that is partially based on the borrower’s most recent credit bureau score, which we update quarterly. A credit bureau score is a credit score developed by Fair Isaac Corporation based on data provided by the credit bureaus. The credit bureau score is widely accepted as the standard measure of consumer credit risk used by lenders, regulators, rating agencies, and consumers. The higher the credit bureau score, the higher likelihood of repayment and therefore, an indicator of higher credit quality. Huntington assesses the risk in the loan portfolio by utilizing numerous risk characteristics. The classifications described above, and also presented in the table below, represent one of those characteristics that are closely monitored in the overall credit risk management processes. The following table presents each loan and lease class by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2016 and 2015 : December 31, 2016 Credit Risk Profile by UCS Classification (dollar amounts in thousands) Pass OLEM Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial and industrial $ 26,211,885 $ 810,287 $ 1,028,819 $ 7,721 $ 28,058,712 Commercial real estate 7,042,304 96,975 159,098 2,524 7,300,901 Credit Risk Profile by FICO Score (1), (2) 750+ 650-749 <650 Other (3) Total Automobile 5,369,085 4,043,611 1,298,460 255,472 10,966,628 Home equity 6,280,328 2,891,330 637,560 293,283 10,102,501 Residential mortgage 4,662,777 2,285,121 615,067 87,060 7,650,025 RV and marine finance 1,064,143 644,039 72,995 63,751 1,844,928 Other consumer 346,867 455,959 133,243 19,913 955,982 December 31, 2015 Credit Risk Profile by UCS Classification (dollar amounts in thousands) Pass OLEM Substandard Doubtful Total Commercial and industrial $ 19,257,789 $ 399,339 $ 895,577 $ 7,129 $ 20,559,834 Commercial real estate 5,066,054 79,787 121,167 1,643 5,268,651 Credit Risk Profile by FICO Score (1), (2) 750+ 650-749 <650 Other (3) Total Automobile 4,680,684 3,454,585 1,086,914 258,495 9,480,678 Home equity 5,210,741 2,466,425 582,326 210,990 8,470,482 Residential mortgage 3,564,064 1,813,779 567,984 52,573 5,998,400 RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 233,969 269,746 49,650 9,689 563,054 (1) Excludes loans accounted for under the fair value option. (2) Reflects most recent customer credit scores. (3) Reflects deferred fees and costs, loans in process, loans to legal entities, etc. Impaired Loans For all classes within the C&I and CRE portfolios, all loans with an obligor balance of $1 million or greater are evaluated on a quarterly basis for impairment. Generally, consumer loans within any class are not individually evaluated on a regular basis for impairment. All TDRs, regardless of the outstanding balance amount, are also considered to be impaired. Loans acquired with evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination for which it is probable at acquisition that all contractually required payments will not be collected are also considered to be impaired. Once a loan has been identified for an assessment of impairment, the loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected. This determination requires significant judgment and use of estimates, and the eventual outcome may differ significantly from those estimates. The following tables present the balance of the ALLL attributable to loans by portfolio segment individually and collectively evaluated for impairment and the related loan and lease balance for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 : (dollar amounts in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total ALLL at December 31, 2016: Portion of ALLL balance: Attributable to loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 10,525 $ 11,021 $ 21,546 Attributable to loans collectively evaluated for impairment 440,566 176,301 616,867 Total ALLL balance $ 451,091 $ 187,322 $ 638,413 Loan and Lease Ending Balances at December 31, 2016: (1) Portion of loan and lease ending balance: Attributable to purchased credit-impaired loans $ 102,380 $ — $ 102,380 Individually evaluated for impairment 415,624 457,890 873,514 Collectively evaluated for impairment 34,841,609 31,062,174 65,903,783 Total loans and leases evaluated for impairment $ 35,359,613 $ 31,520,064 $ 66,879,677 (1) Excludes loans accounted for under the fair value option. (dollar amounts in thousands) Commercial Consumer Total ALLL at December 31, 2015: Portion of ALLL balance: Attributable to purchased credit-impaired loans $ 2,602 $ 127 $ 2,729 Attributable to loans individually evaluated for impairment 27,428 35,008 62,436 Attributable to loans collectively evaluated for impairment 368,723 163,955 532,678 Total ALLL balance: $ 398,753 $ 199,090 $ 597,843 Loan and Lease Ending Balances at December 31, 2015: (1) Portion of loan and lease ending balances: Attributable to purchased credit-impaired loans $ 34,775 $ 1,506 $ 36,281 Individually evaluated for impairment 626,010 651,778 1,277,788 Collectively evaluated for impairment 25,167,700 23,859,330 49,027,030 Total loans and leases evaluated for impairment $ 25,828,485 $ 24,512,614 $ 50,341,099 (1) Excludes loans accounted for under the fair value option. The following tables present by class the ending, unpaid principal balance, and the related ALLL, along with the average balance and interest income recognized only for impaired loans and leases and purchased credit-impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (1): Year Ended December 31, 2016 December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands) Ending Balance Unpaid Principal Balance (4) Related Allowance Average Balance Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 299,606 $ 358,712 $ — $ 292,567 $ 9,401 Commercial real estate 88,817 126,152 — 73,040 4,191 Automobile — — — — — Home equity — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer — — — — — With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial (2) 406,243 448,121 22,259 301,598 8,124 Commercial real estate (3) 97,238 107,512 3,434 68,865 2,978 Automobile 30,961 31,298 1,850 31,722 2,162 Home equity 319,404 352,722 15,032 277,692 13,410 Residential mortgage (5) 327,753 363,099 12,849 348,158 11,945 RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 3,897 3,897 260 4,481 233 Total Commercial and industrial 705,849 806,833 22,259 594,165 17,525 Commercial real estate 186,055 233,664 3,434 141,905 7,169 Automobile 30,961 31,298 1,850 31,722 2,162 Home equity 319,404 352,722 15,032 277,692 13,410 Residential mortgage 327,753 363,099 12,849 348,158 11,945 RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 3,897 3,897 260 4,481 233 Year Ended December 31, 2015 December 31, 2015 (dollar amounts in thousands) Ending Balance Unpaid Principal Balance (4) Related Allowance Average Balance Interest Income Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 255,801 $ 279,551 $ — $ 114,389 $ 2,584 Commercial real estate 68,260 125,814 — 88,173 7,199 Automobile — — — — — Home equity — — — — — Residential mortgage — — — — — RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 52 101 — 51 17 With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial (2) 246,249 274,203 21,916 267,662 15,110 Commercial real estate (3) 90,475 104,930 8,114 114,019 4,833 Automobile 31,304 31,878 1,779 30,163 2,224 Home equity 248,839 284,957 16,242 292,014 13,092 Residential mortgage (5) 368,449 411,114 16,938 373,573 12,889 RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 4,640 4,649 176 4,675 254 Total Commercial and industrial 502,050 553,754 21,916 382,051 17,694 Commercial real estate 158,735 230,744 8,114 202,192 12,032 Automobile 31,304 31,878 1,779 30,163 2,224 Home equity 248,839 284,957 16,242 292,014 13,092 Residential mortgage 368,449 411,114 16,938 373,573 12,889 RV and marine finance — — — — — Other consumer 4,692 4,750 176 4,726 271 (1) All automobile, home equity, residential mortgage, and other consumer impaired loans included in these tables are considered impaired due to their status as a TDR. (2) At December 31, 2016 , $293 million of the $406 million C&I loans with an allowance recorded were considered impaired due to their status as a TDR. At December 31, 2015 , $91 million of the $246 million C&I loans with an allowance recorded were considered impaired due to their status as a TDR. (3) At December 31, 2016 , $81 million of the $97 million CRE loans with an allowance recorded were considered impaired due to their status as a TDR. At December 31, 2015 , $35 million of the $90 million CRE loans with an allowance recorded were considered impaired due to their status as a TDR. (4) The differences between the ending balance and unpaid principal balance amounts represent partial charge-offs. (5) At December 31, 2016 , $29 million of the $328 million residential mortgage loans with an allowance recorded were guaranteed by the U.S. government. At December 31, 2015 , $29 million of the $368 million residential mortgage loans with an allowance recorded were guaranteed by the U.S. government. TDR Loans The amount of interest that would have been recorded under the original terms for total accruing TDR loans was $49 million , $46 million , and $45 million for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. The total amount of actual interest recorded to interest income for these loans was $40 million , $41 million , and $39 million for 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , respectively. TDR Concession Types The Company’s standards relating to loan modifications consider, among other factors, minimum verified income requirements, cash flow analyses, and collateral valuations. Each potential loan modification is reviewed individually and the terms of the loan are modified to meet a borrower’s specific circumstances at a point in time. All commercial TDRs are reviewed and approved by our SAD. The types of concessions provided to borrowers include: • Interest rate reduction: A reduction of the stated interest rate to a nonmarket rate for the remaining original life of the debt. • Amortization or maturity date change beyond what the collateral supports, including any of the following: • Lengthens the amortization period of the amortized principal beyond market terms. This concession reduces the minimum monthly payment and could increase the amount of the balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. Principal is generally not forgiven. • Reduces the amount of loan principal to be amortized and increases the amount of the balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. This concession also reduces the minimum monthly payment. Principal is generally not forgiven. • Extends the maturity date or dates of the debt beyond what the collateral supports. This concession generally applies to loans without a balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. • Chapter 7 bankruptcy: A bankruptcy court’s discharge of a borrower’s debt is considered a concession when the borrower does not reaffirm the discharged debt. • Other: A concession that is not categorized as one of the concessions described above. These concessions include, but are not limited to: principal forgiveness, collateral concessions, covenant concessions, and reduction of accrued interest. Principal forgiveness may result from any TDR modification of any concession type. However, the aggregate amount of principal forgiven as a result of loans modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 , was not significant. Following is a description of TDRs by the different loan types: Commercial loan TDRs – Commercial accruing TDRs often result from loans receiving a concession with terms that are not considered a market transaction to Huntington. The TDR remains in accruing status as long as the customer is less than 90 -days past due on payments per the restructured loan terms and no loss is expected. Commercial nonaccrual TDRs result from either: (1) an accruing commercial TDR being placed on nonaccrual status, or (2) a workout where an existing commercial NAL is restructured and a concession is given. At times, these workouts restructure the NAL so that two or more new notes are created. The primary note is underwritten based upon our normal underwriting standards and is sized so projected cash flows are sufficient to repay contractual principal and interest. The terms on the secondary note(s) vary by situation, and may include notes that defer principal and interest payments until after the primary note is repaid. Creating two or more notes often allows the borrower to continue a project and allows Huntington to right-size a loan based upon the current expectations for a borrower’s or project’s performance. Our strategy involving TDR borrowers includes working with these borrowers to allow them to refinance elsewhere, as well as allow them time to improve their financial position and remain a Huntington customer through refinancing their notes according to market terms and conditions in the future. A subsequent refinancing or modification of a loan may occur when either the loan matures according to the terms of the TDR-modified agreement or the borrower requests a change to the loan agreements. At that time, the loan is evaluated to determine if the borrower is creditworthy. It is subjected to the normal underwriting standards and processes for other similar credit extensions, both new and existing. The refinanced note is evaluated to determine if it is considered a new loan or a continuation of the prior loan. A new loan is considered for removal of the TDR designation, whereas a continuation of the prior note requires a continuation of the TDR designation. In order for a TDR designation to be removed, the borrower must no longer be experiencing financial difficulties and the terms of the refinanced loan must not represent a concession. Consumer loan TDRs – Residential mortgage TDRs represent loan modifications associated with traditional first-lien mortgage loans in which a concession has been provided to the borrower. The primary concessions given to residential mortgage borrowers are amortization or maturity date changes and interest rate reductions. Residential mortgages identified as TDRs involve borrowers unable to refinance their mortgages through the Company’s normal mortgage origination channels or through other independent sources. Some, but not all, of the loans may be delinquent. The Company may make similar interest rate, term, and principal concessions for Automobile, Home Equity, RV and Marine Finance and Other Consumer loan TDRs. TDR Impact on Credit Quality Huntington’s ALLL is largely determined by updated risk ratings assigned to commercial loans, updated borrower credit scores on consumer loans, and borrower delinquency history in both the commercial and consumer portfolios. These updated risk ratings and credit scores consider the default history of the borrower, including payment redefaults. As such, the provision for credit losses is impacted primarily by changes in borrower payment performance rather than the TDR classification. TDRs can be classified as either accrual or nonaccrual loans. Nonaccrual TDRs are included in NALs whereas accruing TDRs are excluded from NALs as it is probable that all contractual principal and interest due under the restructured terms will be collected. The Company's TDRs may include multiple concessions and the disclosure classifications are presented based on the primary concession provided to the borrower. The majority of the concessions for the C&I and CRE portfolios are the extension of the maturity date, but could also include an increase in the interest rate. In these instances, the primary concession is the maturity date extension. TDR concessions may also result in the reduction of the ALLL within the C&I and CRE portfolios. This reduction is derived from payments and the resulting application of the reserve calculation within the ALLL. The transaction reserve for non-TDR C&I and CRE loans is calculated based upon several estimated probability factors, such as PD and LGD. Upon the occurrence of a TDR in our C&I and CRE portfolios, the reserve is measured based on discounted expected cash flows or collateral value, less anticipated selling costs, of the modified loan in accordance with ASC 310-10. The resulting TDR ALLL calculation often results in a lower ALLL amount because (1) the discounted expected cash flows or collateral value, less anticipated selling costs, indicate a lower estimated loss, (2) if the modification includes a rate increase, the discounting of the cash flows on the modified loan, using the pre-modification interest rate, exceeds the carrying value of the loan, or (3) payments may occur as part of the modification. The ALLL for C&I and CRE loans may increase as a result of the modification, as the discounted cash flow analysis may indicate additional reserves are required. TDR concessions on consumer loans may increase the ALLL. The concessions made to these borrowers often include interest rate reductions, and therefore, the TDR ALLL calculation results in a greater ALLL compared with the non-TDR calculation as the reserve is measured based on the estimation of the discounted expected cash flows or collateral value, less anticipated selling costs, on the modified loan in accordance with ASC 310-10. The resulting TDR ALLL calculation often results in a higher ALLL amount because (1) the discounted expected cash flows or collateral value, less anticipated selling costs, indicate a higher estimated loss or, (2) due to the rate decrease, the discounting of the cash flows on the modified loan, using the pre-modification interest rate, indicates a reduction in the present value of expected cash flows or collateral value, less anticipated selling costs. However, in certain instances, the ALLL may decrease as a result of payments made in connection with the modification. Commercial loan TDRs – In instances where the bank substantiates that it will collect its outstanding balance in full, the note is considered for return to accrual status upon the borrower showing a sustained period of repayment performance for a six -month period of time. This six -month period could extend before or after the restructure date. If a charge-off was taken as part of the restructuring, any interest or principal payments received on that note are applied to first reduce the bank’s outstanding book balance and then to recoveries of charged-off principal, unpaid interest, and/or fee expenses while the TDR is in nonaccrual status. Consumer loan TDRs – Modified consumer loans identified as TDRs are aggregated into pools for analysis. Cash flows and weighted average interest rates are used to calculate impairment at the pooled-loan level. Once the loans are aggregated into the pool, they continue to be classified as TDRs until contractually repaid or charged-off. Residential mortgage loans not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the FHA, VA, and the USDA, including TDR loans, are reported as accrual or nonaccrual based upon delinquency status. Nonaccrual TDRs are those that are greater than 150 -days contractually past due. Loans guaranteed by U.S. government organizations continue to accrue interest on guaranteed rates upon delinquency. The following table presents by class and by the reason for the modification the number of contracts, post-modification outstanding balance, and the financial effects of the modification for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 : New Troubled Debt Restructurings During The Year Ended (1) December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 (dollar amounts in thousands) Number of Contracts Post-modification Outstanding Balance (2) Financial effects of modification (3) Number of Contracts Post-modification Outstanding Balance (2) Financial effects of modification (3) Commercial and industrial: Interest rate reduction 4 161 5 13 8,243 (1,042 ) Amortization or maturity date change 872 490,488 (8,751 ) 765 524,356 (5,853 ) Other 20 1,951 (13.996 ) 16 29,842 (449 ) Total Commercial and industrial 896 492,600 (8,760 ) 794 562,441 (7,344 ) Commercial real estate: Interest rate reduction 2 223 — 4 2,249 (4 ) Amortization or maturity date change 111 69,192 (1,868 ) 143 141,238 (1,249 ) Other 4 315 16 11 480 (30 ) Total commercial real estate: 117 69,730 (1,852 ) 158 143,967 (1,283 ) Automobile: Interest rate reduction 17 212 12 41 121 5 Amortization or maturity date change 1,593 14,542 1,065 1,591 12,268 533 Chapter 7 bankruptcy 1,059 8,418 400 926 7,390 423 Other — — — — — — Total Automobile 2,669 23,172 1,477 2,558 19,779 961 Home equity: Interest rate reduction 55 2,928 110 55 4,399 161 Amortization or maturity date change 578 32,006 (3,709 ) 1,591 79,023 (10,639 ) Cha |