(d)Amend the articles of incorporation of the corporation except as may be necessary to document a determination of the relative rights, preferences, and limitations of a series of shares as permitted by paragraph (h) below;
(e)Adopt, amend, or repeal the bylaws of the corporation;
(f)Approve a plan of merger not requiring shareholder approval;
(g)Authorize or approve reacquisition of shares, except within limits presented by the board of directors; or
(h)Authorize or approve the issuance or sale or contract for sale of shares, or determine the designation and relative rights, preferences, and limitations of a class or series of shares, except that the board of directors may authorize a committee or an officer of the corporation to do so:
1.Pursuant to a stock option or other stock compensation plan; or
2.By approving the maximum number of shares to be issued and delegating the authority to determine all or any part of the terms of the issuance or sale or contract of sale and the designation and relative rights, preferences, and limitations of the class or series of shares.
The creation of or delegation of authority to, or action by such a committee of the board of directors will not operate to relieve the board of directors, or any of its members, of any responsibility imposed by law.
SECTION 3
Officers
3.1Officers Enumerated; Election.The officers of the corporation will include a chief executive officer, president, secretary, and treasurer and one or more vice presidents, as well as any assistants to the officers as the board of directors may determine. The offices of president and chief executive officer may be held by two (2) individuals as co-presidents and co-chief executive officers. The board of directors, in its discretion, may also elect a chairman of the board and a vice chairman of the board from among the members of the board who shall not be deemed an officer of the corporation unless so designated by the board of directors. All officers will be elected by the board of directors.
3.2Qualifications.None of the officers of the corporation need be a director. Any two or more offices may be held by the same person.
3.3Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board.The chairman of the board, if any, or, in the chairman’s absence, the vice chairman of the board, if any, will preside at all meetings of the board of directors and of the shareholders at which he or she is present, and will perform any other duties assigned by the board of directors from time to time.
3.4Chief Executive Officer.Subject to the authority of the board of directors, the chief executive officer will have general charge, supervision, and control over the business and affairs of the corporation and will be responsible for its management. The chief executive officer shall have the power and shall perform the duties as are regularly and customarily performed by the chief executive officer of a corporation and may delegate such duties as appropriate to other officers of the corporation. The chief executive officer will submit a report of the operations of the corporation for the preceding year to the shareholders at their annual meeting. If no chairman of the board is elected by the board of directors or in the absence of the chairman of the board, the chief executive officer will preside at all meetings of the shareholders, and of the board of directors if he or she is a member of the shareholders, and of the board of directors if he or she is a member of the board. Any shares of stock of another corporation held by the corporation will be voted by the chief executive officer subject to direction from the board of directors. The chief executive officer will perform any other duties assigned to that office from time to time by the board of directors.
3.5Co-Chief Executive Officers.The office of chief executive officer may be shared by two (2) individuals. In the event that two persons hold office as co-chief executive officers, the co-chief executive officers shall determine between themselves those areas of which each shall have primary responsibility, it being understood that both of them shall be involved in and be responsible for all major policy decisions and both of them shall have general oversight over the business and affairs of the Combined Corporation. Any matters upon which the co-chief executive officers are unable to agree shall be referred to the Executive Committee. If one co-chief executive officer is absent or disabled, the other shall exercise all the duties of that office.
3.6President.The president, who also may be the chief executive officer of the corporation, shall have such authority and shall exercise such duties as shall, from time to time, be assigned to that office by the board of directors or, as appropriate, the chief executive officer.
3.7Co-Presidents.The office of president may be shared by two (2) individuals, one of whom or both of whom may also be the chief executive officer or co-chief executive officers of the corporation. In the event that two persons hold office as co-presidents, the board of directors or, as appropriate, the chief executive officer or co-chief executive officers shall determine those areas of which each co-president shall have primary responsibility. Any matters upon which the co-presidents are unable to agree shall be referred to the chief executive officer or co-chief executive officers, if such person or persons are not also a co-president or co-presidents, and otherwise to the Executive Committee. If one co-president is absent or disabled, the other shall exercise all the duties of that office.
3.8Vice President.If the president is absent or disabled, the vice president will have and may exercise and perform the authority and duties of the president. In addition, the vice president will perform any other duties assigned to that office by the board of directors, the chief executive officer, or president from time to time. If more than one vice president is elected, the vice presidents will have the titles, seniority, and duties established for them by the board of directors.
3.9Secretary.The secretary will prepare and keep minutes of meetings of shareholders and directors, will be responsible for authenticating records of the corporation, and will exercise the usual authority pertaining to the office of secretary. The secretary will keep and, when proper, affix the seal of the corporation, if any, and will perform any other duties assigned to that office by the board of directors, the CEO, or president from time to time.
3.10Treasurer.The treasurer, who may also be the chief financial officer, will have charge and custody of and be responsible for all funds and securities of the corporation. The treasurer will deposit all such funds in the name of the corporation in the depositories or invest them in the investments designated or approved by the board of directors, and will authorize disbursements of the funds of the corporation in payment of just demands against the corporation or as may be ordered by the board of directors on securing proper vouchers. The treasurer will render to the board of directors from time to time, as may be required, an account of all transactions as treasurer; and will perform any other duties assigned to that office from time to time by the board of directors, the CEO, or president.
3.11Other Officers and Agents.The board of directors may appoint other officers and agents as it deems necessary or expedient. These other officers and agents will exercise the authority and perform the duties prescribed for them by the board of directors, which authority and duties may include, in the case of the other officers, one or more of the duties of the named officers of the corporation.
3.12Removal of Officers.Any officer or agent may be removed by the board of directors whenever in its judgment the best interests of the corporation will be served by doing so. Removal will be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person removed. Election or appointment of an officer or agent will not of itself create contract rights.
3.13Vacancies.Vacancies in any office arising from any cause may be filled by the board of directors at any regular or special meeting.
3.14Salaries.Salaries of all officers of the corporation appointed by the board of directors will be fixed by the board of directors or by a person or committee authorized by the board of directors.
SECTION 4
Business of the Corporation
4.1Obligations.Any agreements or other documents requiring Board approval will be valid if approved by the Board and signed by the chief executive officer, president, or vice president and attested by the secretary or an assistant secretary.
4.2Contracts.The board of directors may authorize any officer or agent to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name and on behalf of the corporation. This authority may be general or confined to specific instances.
4.3Loans to Corporation.No loans will be contracted on behalf of the corporation, and no evidence of indebtedness will be issued in its name, unless authorized by the board of directors. This authority may be general or confined to specific instances.
4.4Checks and Drafts.All checks, drafts, or other orders for the payment of money, notes, or other evidence of indebtedness issued in the name of the corporation will be signed by the officer(s) or agent(s) of the corporation and in the manner prescribed from time to time by the board of directors.
SECTION 5
Indemnification
5.1Definitions.As used in this Section, whether capitalized or not:
(a)“Act” means the Oregon Business Corporations Act, now or hereafter in force.
(b)“Corporation” means this corporation, and any domestic or foreign predecessor entity which, in a merger or other transaction, ceased to exist.
(c)“Director” means an individual who is or was a director of the corporation or an individual who, while a director of the corporation, is or was serving at the corporation’s request as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan, or other enterprise.“Director” includes the estate or personal representative of a director, unless the context requires otherwise.
(d)“Disinterested Director” means a director of the Corporation who is not and was not a party to the matter in respect of which indemnification is sought by the Indemnitee.
(e)“Expenses” include counsel fees.
(f)“Indemnitee” means an individual who possesses indemnification rights pursuant to the Articles ofIncorporation, these bylaws, or other corporate action authorized by these bylaws. It also includes the heirs, executors, and other successors in interest of the above individuals.
(g)“Independent Counsel” means a law firm, or member of a law firm, or an independent practitioner, that is experienced in matters of corporation law and shall include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing, would not have a conflict of interest in representing either the corporation or the Indemnitee in an action to determine the Indemnitee’s rights under these bylaws.
(h)“Liability” means the obligation to pay a judgment, settlement, penalty, fine, including any excise tax assessed with respect to an employee benefit plan, or reasonable expenses incurred with respect to a proceeding.
(i)“Officer” means an individual who is or was an officer of the corporation or an individual who, while an officer of the corporation, is or was serving at the corporation’s request as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee or agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise. “Officer” includes, unless the context requires otherwise, the estate or personal representative of an officer.
(j)“Party” includes an individual who was, is, or is threatened to be named a defendant or respondent in a proceeding.
(k)“Proceeding” means any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, or proceeding whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative and whether formal or informal.
5.2Directors and Officers.The corporation will indemnify its directors and officers to the full extent permitted by the Act. For the avoidance of doubt, such indemnification shall include the obligation of the corporation, subject to section 5.4(a) below, to such directors and officers to pay the expenses of such directors and officers in connection with a Proceeding, promptly as incurred and in advance of the conclusion of the Proceeding. However, the indemnity will not apply on account of:
(a)Acts or omissions of a director or officer finally adjudged to be intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
(b)A proceeding by or in the right of the corporation in which the director or officer was adjudged liable to the corporation; or
(c)Any proceeding charging improper personal benefit to the director or officer in which the director or officer was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received by the director or officer.
The corporation will advance expenses for such persons pursuant to the terms set forth in these bylaws, in a resolution of the board of directors, or in a contract with any such person.
5.3Employees and Agents.The corporation may, by action of the board of directors, grant rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses to any current or former employees and agents of the corporation within the same scope and effect allowed by the provisions of this Section with respect to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of directors and officers of the corporation or by the Act or otherwise.
5.4Procedure for Seeking Indemnification or Advance.
(a)Notification and Defense of Claim.An Indemnitee will promptly notify the corporation in writing of any proceeding for which indemnification is sought under this Section, provided that the failure of an Indemnitee to so notify the corporation shall not relieve the corporation of its obligations in respect of such Indemnitee hereunder except to the extent that the corporation shows that it has been actually prejudiced by such failure. In addition, the Indemnitee will provide the corporation with information and cooperation that the corporation may reasonably require and which is within the Indemnitee’s power.
With respect to any proceeding of which the Indemnitee has notified the corporation:
1.The corporation will be entitled to participate in the proceeding at its own expense; and
2.Except as otherwise provided below, to the extent that it may wish, the corporation, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, will be entitled to assume the defense of the proceeding, with counsel satisfactory to the Indemnitee. The Indemnitee’s consent to such counsel will not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed.
The corporation will not be entitled to assume the defense of any proceeding brought by or on behalf of the corporation or as to which Indemnitee has reasonably concluded that a conflict of interest exists or is likely to arise between the corporation and the Indemnitee in the conduct of the defense.
After notice from the corporation to the Indemnitee of its election to assume the defense, the corporation will not be liable to the Indemnitee under this Section for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by the Indemnitee in connection with the defense. However, the fees and expenses of the Indemnitee’s counsel will be paid by the corporation if:
1.The employment of counsel by the Indemnitee has been authorized by the corporation; or
2.Indemnitee reasonably concludes that a conflict of interest may exist between the corporation and the Indemnitee in the conduct of the defense;
3.The corporation did not in fact employ counsel to assume the defense of the Proceeding.
Notwithstanding the assumption of defense by the corporation in any Proceeding, the Indemnitee will continue to have the right to employ its counsel in the Proceeding, at the Indemnitee’s expense.
(b)Information Required and Determination of Indemnification. For purposes of pursuing rights to indemnification under this Section, the Indemnitee will submit to the board of directors an Indemnification Statement, consisting of:
1.A sworn statement requesting indemnification; and
2.Any evidence that the Board may reasonably request of all amounts for which indemnification is requested.
Submission of an Indemnification Statement to the Board will create a presumption that the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification and, if requested in accordance with the following Subsection, advancement of expenses. The corporation will, within sixty (60) calendar days after submission of the Indemnification Statement (or twenty (20) calendar days in the case of advancement of expenses), make the payments requested in the Indemnification Statement to or for the benefit of the Indemnitee, unless within sixty (60) or twenty (20) day period the corporation determines (in the manner provided below) that the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Section by reason of not having met the standard of conduct required to be eligible therefor and gives the Indemnitee notice in writing of such determination, which notice will disclose with particularity the evidence on which the determination is based. Such determination will be based on clear and convincing evidence, sufficient to rebut the foregoing presumption.
Upon submission of an Indemnification Statement, a determination, if required by applicable law, with respect to the Indemnitee’s entitlement thereto shall be made as follows: (1) if requested by the Indemnitee, by Independent Counsel, or (2) if no request is made by the Indemnitee for a determination by Independent Counsel, (i) by the board of directors by a majority vote of a quorum consisting of Disinterested Directors, or (ii) if a quorum of the board of directors consisting of Disinterested Directors is not obtainable, or even if obtainable, such quorum of Disinterested Directors so directs, by either (a) a majority vote of a committee duly designated by the board of directors consisting solely of two or more Disinterest Directors, or (b) Independent Counsel in a written opinion to the board of directors, a copy of which shall be delivered to Indemnitee. In the event the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel at the request of the Indemnitee, the Independent Counsel shall be selected by the board of directors or a duly designated committee under clause (2)(ii)(a) of the preceding sentence.
Any determination that the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification and any failure to make the payments requested in the Indemnification Statement will be subject to judicial review by any court of competent jurisdiction.
(c)Effect of Determination.If a determination shall have been made pursuant to paragraph (b) of this Section 5.4 that the Indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, the corporation shall be bound by such determination in any judicial proceeding commenced pursuant to paragraph (d) of Section 5.5 of these bylaws.
(d)Special Procedure Regarding Advances. An Indemnitee seeking payment or reimbursement of expenses in advance of a final disposition of the proceeding must furnish the corporation, as part of the Indemnification Statement, with:
1.A written affirmation of the Indemnitee’s good faith belief that the Indemnitee has met the standard of conduct required to be eligible for indemnification; and
2.If the Act requires, a written undertaking, constituting an unlimited general obligation of theIndemnitee, to repay the advance if it is ultimately determined that the Indemnitee did not meet the required standard of conduct.
(e)Settlement. The corporation is not liable to indemnify Indemnitee for any amounts paid in settlement of any proceeding without the corporation’s written consent. The corporation will not settle any proceeding in any manner which would impose any penalty or limitation on Indemnitee without Indemnitee’s written consent.
5.5Contract and Related Rights.
(a)Contract Rights. The right of an Indemnitee to indemnification and advancement of expenses conferred in these bylaws is a contract right that vests at the time of such person’s service to or at the request of the corporation on which the Indemnitee will be presumed to have relied in determining to serve or continue to serve in his or her capacity with the corporation. Such right will continue as long as Indemnitee is subject to any possible proceeding. Any amendment to or repeal of this Section will not diminish or adversely affect any right or protection of any current or former Indemnitee with respect to any acts or omissions of the Indemnitee occurring or alleged to have occurred prior to the amendment or repeal. The right to indemnification and the payment of expenses incurred in defending a proceeding in advance of its final disposition conferred in these bylaws (i) shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the articles of incorporation, agreement, vote of stockholders or Disinterested Directors or otherwise and (ii) cannot be terminated or diminished by the Corporation, the board of directors or the stockholders of the corporation with respect to a person’s service or capacity prior to the date of such purported termination or diminishment.
(b)Optional Insurance, Contracts, and Funding.The corporation may:
1.Maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any Indemnitee against any liability, whether or not the corporation would have power to indemnify the individual against the same liability under the Act;
2.Enter into contracts with any Indemnitee in furtherance of this Section and consistent with the Act; and
3.Create a trust fund, grant a security interest, or use other means (including, without limitation, a letter of credit) to ensure the payment of amounts that may be necessary to effect indemnification as provided in this Section.
(c)Severability.If any provision or application of this Section is invalid or unenforceable, the remainder of this Section and its remaining applications will not be affected thereby and will continue in full force and effect.
(d)Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit.If a claim under this Section for indemnification is not paid in full by the corporation within sixty (60) days, or for advancement of expenses is not paid in full by the corporation within twenty (20) days, after an Indemnification Statement setting forth the claim has been received by the corporation, the Indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. To the extent such suit is successful, the Indemnitee will be entitled to recover from the corporation the expense (to be prorated if the Indemnitee is only partially successful) of prosecuting the claim. It shall be a defense to any such action that the Indemnitee has not met the standard of conduct which makes it permissible under the Act for the corporation to indemnify the Indemnitee for the amount claimed, but the burden of proving such defense shall be on the Corporation.
Neither (1) the failure of the corporation (including its board of directors or Independent Counsel) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of a proceeding that indemnification of, or reimbursement or advance of expenses to, the Indemnitee is proper in the circumstances, nor (2) an actual determination by the corporation (including its board of directors or Independent Counsel) that the Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or to the reimbursement or advancement of expenses, will create a presumption that the Indemnitee is not so entitled.
(e)No Assertion of Invalidity of Bylaws.The corporation shall be precluded from asserting in any judicial proceeding commenced pursuant to paragraph (d) of this Section 5.5 that the procedures and presumptions of these bylaws are not valid, binding and enforceable and shall stipulate in such proceeding that the corporation is bound by all provisions of these bylaws.
5.6Exceptions.Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section, the corporation will not be obligated pursuant to the terms of these bylaws to indemnify or advance expenses to Indemnitee with respect to any proceeding:
(a)Claims Initiated by Indemnitee.Initiated or brought voluntarily by Indemnitee and not by way of defense, except with respect to proceedings brought to establish or enforce a right of indemnification under these bylaws or any other statute or law or as otherwise required under the Act. However, indemnification or advancement of expenses may be provided by the corporation in specific cases if the board of directors finds it to be appropriate.
(b)Lack of Good Faith.Initiated or brought voluntarily by Indemnitee to enforce or interpret these bylaws if a court of competent jurisdiction determines that each of the material assertions made by Indemnitee in such proceeding was not made in good faith or was frivolous.
(c)Insured Claims.For which any of the expenses or liabilities for indemnification being sought have been paid directly to Indemnitee by an insurance carrier under a policy of insurance maintained by the corporation.
(d)Prohibited by Law.If the corporation is prohibited by the Act, or other applicable law as then in effect from paying such indemnification and/or advancement of expenses.
5.7Service for Other Entities.The indemnification and advancement of Expenses provided under this Section will apply to directors and officers and, to the extent rights to indemnification are granted under Section 5.3 above, employees, or agents of the corporation for both (a) service in such capacities for the corporation, and (b) service at the corporation’s request as a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan, or other enterprise, regardless of whether there is alleged in any Proceeding action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee, or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee or agent. A person is considered to be serving an employee benefit plan at the corporation’s request if that person’s duties to the corporation also impose duties on, or otherwise involve services by, that person to the plan or to participants or beneficiaries of the plan.
SECTION 6
Stock
6.1Certificate of Stock.Certificates of stock will be issued in numerical order. Each shareholder will be entitled to a certificate signed, either manually or in facsimile, by the president or vice president and the secretary, or by the board of directors. The certificate may be sealed with the corporate seal. Every certificate of stock will state:
(a)The name of the corporation and the fact that the corporation is incorporated under the laws of the State of Oregon;
(b)The name of the registered holder of the shares represented by the certificate; and
(c)The number and class of the shares and the designation of the series, if any, represented by the certificate.
6.2Transfer.Subject to any legend appearing on the certificate, shares of stock may be transferred by delivery of the certificate, accompanied by either an assignment in writing on the back of the certificate or a separate written assignment and power of attorney to transfer the same, which in either event is signed by the record holder of the certificate. No transfer will be valid, except as between the parties to the transfer, until the transfer is made on the books of the corporation. Except as otherwise specifically provided in these bylaws, no shares of stock will be transferred on the books of the corporation until the outstanding certificate or certificates representing the transferred stock have been surrendered to the corporation accompanied by an assignment as above.
6.3Shareholders of Record.The corporation will be entitled to treat the holder of record on the books of the corporation of any share or shares of stock as the holder in fact of those shares for all purposes, including the payment of dividends on and the right to vote the stock, unless provided otherwise by the board of directors.
6.4Loss or Destruction of Certificates.If any certificate of stock is lost or destroyed, another may be issued in its place on proof of loss or destruction and on the giving of a satisfactory bond of indemnity to the corporation. A new certificate may be issued without requiring any bond when, in the judgment of the board of directors, it is proper to do so.
6.5Record Date and Transfer Books.For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of or vote at any meeting of shareholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend, or in order to make a determination of shareholders for any other proper purpose, or in order to make a determination of shareholders for any other proper purpose, the board of directors will make in advance a record date for any such determination of shareholders. The record date in any case will not be more than seventy (70) days and, in the case of a meeting of shareholders, not less than ten (10) days prior to the date on which the particular action requiring the determination of shareholders is to be taken. If no record date is fixed for these purposes, the date on which notice of the meeting is mailed or the date on which the resolution of the board of directors declaring the dividend is adopted, as the case ma be, will be the record date for the determination of shareholders.
6.6Regulations.The board of directors will have the power and authority to make all rules and regulations it deems expedient concerning the issue, transfer, conversion, and registration of certificates for shares of stock of the corporation not inconsistent with these bylaws, the articles of incorporate, or the laws of the United States or the State of Oregon.
SECTION 7
Books and Records
7.1Records of the Corporate Meetings and Share Register.The corporation will keep at either its principal place of business, its registered office, or another place permitted by law, as the board of directors may designate, (a) books and records of account and minutes or records of all of the proceedings of the board of directors, director committees, and shareholders, and (b) a record of shareholders, giving the name of the shareholders and showing their respective addresses and the number and class of shares held by each.
7.2Reliance of Records.Any person dealing with the corporation may rely on a copy of any of the records of the proceedings, resolutions, or votes of the board of directors, director committees, or shareholders when certified by the president, vice president, or secretary.
7.3Form of Records.All books and records may be kept on paper or in electronic or other format.
SECTION 8
Corporate Seal
The corporation may adopt, but will not be required to adopt, a corporate seal. If a seal is adopted, it will be circular and will include the name of the corporation and the words “corporate seal.”
SECTION 9
Amendments
9.1Action by Board.The board of directors may amend or repeal the bylaws unless:
(a)The articles of incorporation or the provisions of law reserve this power exclusively to the shareholders in whole or in part; or
(b)The shareholders in amending or adopting a particular bylaw provide expressly that the board of directors may not amend or repeal that bylaw.
9.2Amendment by Shareholders. The shareholders may amend or repeal the bylaws even though the bylaws may also be amended and repealed by its board of directors.
9.3Amendments to Shareholder Quorum Requirements.If expressly authorized by the articles of incorporation, the shareholders may adopt or amend a bylaw that fixes a greater quorum or voting requirement for shareholders, or voting groups of shareholders, than is required by law. The adoption or amendment of a bylaw that adds, changes, or deletes a greater quorum or voting requirement for shareholders must meet the same quorum requirement and be adopted by the same vote and voting groups required to take action under the quorum and voting requirement then in effect or the quorum or voting requirement proposed to be adopted, whichever is greater. A bylaw that fixes a greater quorum or voting requirement for shareholders under this Section 9.3 may not be adopted, amended, or repealed by the board of directors.
9.4Amendments to Board Quorum Requirements.A bylaw provision that fixes a greater quorum or voting requirement for the board of directors may be amended or repealed:
(a)If the provision was originally adopted by the shareholders, only by the shareholders; or
(b)If the provision was originally adopted by the board of directors, either by the shareholders or by the board of directors.
A bylaw provision adopted or amended by the shareholders that fixes a greater quorum or voting requirement for the board of directors may provide that it may be amended or repealed only by a specified vote of either the shareholders or the board of directors.