Fair Value Measurements | NOTE 6 – Fair Value Measurements We measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including cash equivalents, financial instruments owned, available-for-sale securities, investments, financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased, and derivatives. We generally utilize third-party pricing services to value Level 1 and Level 2 available-for-sale investment securities, as well as certain derivatives designated as cash flow hedges. We review the methodologies and assumptions used by the third-party pricing services and evaluate the values provided, principally by comparison with other available market quotes for similar instruments and/or analysis based on internal models using available third-party market data. We may occasionally adjust certain values provided by the third-party pricing service when we believe, as the result of our review, that the adjusted price most appropriately reflects the fair value of the particular security. Following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies and key inputs used to measure financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The descriptions include an indication of the level of the fair value hierarchy in which the assets or liabilities are classified. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amount of these instruments approximates the estimated fair value. Actively traded money market funds are measured at their reported net asset value, which approximates fair value. As such, we classify the estimated fair value of these instruments as Level 1. Financial Instruments Owned and Available-For-Sale Securities When available, the fair value of financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets and reported in Level 1. Level 1 financial instruments include highly liquid instruments with quoted prices, such as equity securities listed in active markets, corporate fixed income securities, and U.S. government securities. If quoted prices are not available for identical instruments, fair values are obtained from pricing services, broker quotes, or other model-based valuation techniques with observable inputs, such as the present value of estimated cash flows, and reported as Level 2. The nature of these financial instruments include instruments for which quoted prices are available but traded less frequently, instruments whose fair value has been derived using a model where inputs to the model are directly observable in the market, or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, and instruments that are fair valued using other financial instruments, the parameters of which can be directly observed. Level 2 financial instruments include U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, corporate fixed income securities infrequently traded, state and municipal securities, asset-backed securities, and equity securities not actively traded. We have identified Level 3 financial instruments to include certain corporate fixed income securities with unobservable pricing inputs and certain state and municipal securities, which include auction rate securities (“ARS”). Level 3 financial instruments have little to no pricing observability as of the report date. These financial instruments do not have active two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. ARS are valued based upon our expectations of issuer redemptions and using internal discounted cash flow models that utilize unobservable inputs. Investments Investments carried at fair value primarily include corporate equity securities, ARS, investments in mutual funds, U.S. government securities, and investments in public companies, private equity securities, and partnerships, which are classified as other in the following tables. Corporate equity securities, mutual funds, and U.S. government securities are valued based on quoted prices in active markets and reported in Level 1. ARS for which the market has been dislocated and largely ceased to function are reported as Level 3 assets. The methods used to value ARS are discussed above. Investments in partnerships and other investments include our general and limited partnership interests in investment partnerships and direct investments in non-public companies. The net assets of investment partnerships consist primarily of investments in non-marketable securities. The value of these investments is at risk to changes in equity markets, general economic conditions, and a variety of other factors. We estimate fair value for private equity investments based on our percentage ownership in the net asset value of the entire fund, as reported by the fund or on behalf of the fund, after indication that the fund adheres to applicable fair value measurement guidance. The valuation of these investments requires significant management judgment due to the absence of quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity, and long-term nature of these assets. As a result, these values cannot be determined with precision, and the calculated fair value estimates may not be realizable in a current sale or immediate settlement of the instrument. For those funds where the net asset value is not reported by the fund, we derive the fair value of the fund by estimating the fair value of each underlying investment in the fund. In addition to using qualitative information about each underlying investment, as provided by the fund, we give consideration to information pertinent to the specific nature of the debt or equity investment, such as relevant market conditions, offering prices, operating results, financial conditions, exit strategy, and other qualitative information, as available. The lack of an independent source to validate fair value estimates, including the impact of future capital calls and transfer restrictions, is an inherent limitation in the valuation process. Commitments to fund additional investments in nonmarketable equity securities recorded at fair value were $11.4 million and $11.5 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Financial Instruments Sold, But Not Yet Purchased Financial instruments sold, but not purchased, recorded at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets and other observable market data include highly liquid instruments with quoted prices, such as U.S. government securities, corporate fixed income securities, and equity securities listed in active markets, which are reported as Level 1. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are obtained from pricing services, broker quotes, or other model-based valuation techniques with observable inputs, such as the present value of estimated cash flows, and reported as Level 2. The nature of these financial instruments include instruments for which quoted prices are available but traded less frequently, instruments whose fair value has been derived using a model where inputs to the model are directly observable in the market, or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, and instruments that are fair valued using other financial instruments, the parameters of which can be directly observed. Level 2 financial instruments include U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities not actively traded, and corporate fixed income securities. Derivatives Derivatives are valued using quoted market prices for identical instruments when available or pricing models based on the net present value of estimated future cash flows. The valuation models used require market observable inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit curves, and measures of volatility. We manage credit risk for our derivative positions on a counterparty-by-counterparty basis and calculate credit valuation adjustments, included in the fair value of these instruments, on the basis of our relationships at the counterparty portfolio/master netting agreement level. These credit valuation adjustments are determined by applying a credit spread for the counterparty to the total expected exposure of the derivative after considering collateral and other master netting arrangements. We have classified our interest rate swaps as Level 2. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015, are presented below (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Cash equivalents $ 91,268 $ 91,268 $ — $ — Financial instruments owned: U.S. government securities 45,167 45,167 — — U.S. government agency securities 116,949 — 116,949 — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 205,473 — 205,473 — Non-agency 33,319 — 31,843 1,476 Corporate securities: - Fixed income securities 203,910 13,203 190,707 — Equity securities 31,642 29,388 1,635 619 State and municipal securities 112,983 — 112,983 — Total financial instruments owned 749,443 87,758 659,590 2,095 Available-for-sale securities: U.S. government agency securities 1,698 — 1,698 — State and municipal securities 74,167 — 74,167 — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 304,893 — 304,893 — Commercial 11,310 — 11,310 — Non-agency 2,518 — 2,518 — Corporate fixed income securities 319,408 — 319,408 — Asset-backed securities 915,913 — 915,913 — Total available-for-sale securities 1,629,907 — 1,629,907 — Investments: Corporate equity securities 30,737 26,436 — 4,301 Mutual funds 15,493 15,493 — — U.S. government securities 102 102 — — Auction rate securities: Equity securities 55,710 — 5,268 50,442 Municipal securities 1,315 — — 1,315 Other 1 77,660 4,911 2,873 69,876 Total investments 181,017 46,942 8,141 125,934 $ 2,651,635 $ 225,968 $ 2,297,638 $ 128,029 1 Includes $54.5 million of partnership interests, $14.6 million of private company investments, and $2.8 million of private equity and other investments. December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Liabilities: Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased: U.S. government securities $ 186,030 $ 186,030 $ — $ — U.S. government agency securities — — — — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 50,830 — 50,830 Non-agency — — — — Corporate securities: Fixed income securities 255,700 3,601 252,099 — Equity securities 29,184 22,894 6,290 — State and municipal securities — — — — Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased 521,744 212,525 309,219 — Derivative contracts 2 3,591 — 3,591 — $ 525,335 $ 212,525 $ 312,810 $ — 2 Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2014, are presented below (in thousands): December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets: Cash equivalents $ 122,875 $ 122,875 $ — $ — Financial instruments owned: U.S. government securities 58,992 58,992 — — U.S. government agency securities 101,439 — 101,439 — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 159,057 — 159,057 — Non-agency 13,366 189 12,371 806 Corporate securities: Fixed income securities 245,909 75,236 168,680 1,993 Equity securities 77,548 76,316 88 1,144 State and municipal securities 130,544 — 130,544 — Total financial instruments owned 786,855 210,733 572,179 3,943 Available-for-sale securities: U.S. government agency securities 1,610 — 1,610 — State and municipal securities 74,401 — 74,401 — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 209,206 — 209,206 — Commercial 107,644 — 107,644 — Non-agency 3,137 — 3,137 — Corporate fixed income securities 337,406 50,892 286,514 — Asset-backed securities 780,074 — 736,029 44,045 Total available-for-sale securities 1,513,478 50,892 1,418,541 44,045 Investments: Corporate equity securities 59,203 35,123 24,080 — Mutual funds 18,144 18,144 — — U.S. government securities 6,555 104 6,451 — Auction rate securities: Equity securities 46,197 — — 46,197 Municipal securities 1,326 — — 1,326 Other 1 78,830 1,283 4,557 72,990 Total investments 210,255 54,654 35,088 120,513 $ 2,633,463 $ 439,154 $ 2,025,808 $ 168,501 1 Includes $42.1 million of partnership interests, $16.4 million of private company investments, and $14.3 million of private equity and other investments. December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Liabilities: Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased: U.S. government securities $ 146,592 $ 146,592 $ — $ — U.S. government agency securities 10,029 — 10,029 — Mortgage-backed securities: Agency 28,067 — 28,067 — Non-agency 4,556 401 4,155 — Corporate securities: Fixed income securities 293,008 17,116 275,892 — Equity securities 105,013 105,013 — — Total financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased 587,265 269,122 318,143 — Derivative contracts 2 5,641 — 5,641 — $ 592,906 $ 269,122 $ 323,784 $ — 2 Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The following table summarizes the changes in fair value carrying values associated with Level 3 financial instruments during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 Financial instruments owned Available- for-sale securities Mortgage- Backed Securities – Non-Agency Corporate Fixed Income Securities Equity Securities Asset- Backed Securities Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 806 $ 1,993 $ 1,144 $ 44,045 Unrealized gains/(losses): Included in changes in net assets 2 (241 ) 84 — — Included in OCI 3 — — — 342 Realized gains/(losses) 2 127 53 — (2,136 ) Purchases — 11,643 — — Sales — (13,773 ) (525 ) (42,251 ) Redemptions (332 ) — — — Transfers: Into Level 3 1,116 — — — Out of Level 3 — — — — Net change 670 (1,993 ) (525 ) (44,045 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 1,476 $ — $ 619 $ — Year Ended December 31, 2015 Investments Corporate Equity Securities Auction Rate Securities – Equity Auction Rate Securities – Municipal Other 1 Balance at December 31, 2014 $ — $ 46,197 $ 1,326 $ 72,990 Unrealized gains/(losses): Included in changes in net assets 2 1,410 (413 ) (11 ) 1,241 Included in OCI 3 — — — (1,381 ) Realized gains 2 — — — — Purchases — 15,176 — 26,659 Sales — — — (16,245 ) Redemptions — (5,250 ) — (4,770 ) Transfers: Into Level 3 7,732 — — — Out of Level 3 (4,841 ) (5,268 ) — (8,618 ) Net change 4,301 4,245 (11 ) (3,114 ) Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 4,301 $ 50,442 $ 1,315 $ 69,876 1 Includes partnership interests, private company investments, and private equity investments. 2 Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to financial instruments owned and investments are reported in other income in the consolidated statements of operations. 3 Unrealized gains/(losses) related to available-for-sale securities are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Financial instruments owned Available- for-sale securities Mortgage- Backed Securities – Non-Agency Corporate Fixed Income Securities Equity Securities State & Municipal Securities Balance at December 31, 2013 $ — $ 2,039 $ 241 $ 6,200 Unrealized gains/(losses): Included in changes in net assets 2 (127 ) (445 ) (494 ) — Included in OCI 3 — — — 62 Realized gains/(losses) 2 13 (1,320 ) 4,965 — Purchases — 8,549 1,394 — Sales — (5,783 ) (5,205 ) — Redemptions (44 ) (88 ) — — Transfers: Into Level 3 964 — 243 — Out of Level 3 — (959 ) — (6,262 ) Net change 806 (46 ) 903 (6,200 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 806 $ 1,993 $ 1,144 $ — Year Ended December 31, 2014 Investments Asset Backed Securities Auction Rate Securities – Equity Auction Rate Securities – Municipal Other 1 Balance at December 31, 2013 $ 58,078 $ 56,693 $ 10,939 $ 97,768 Unrealized gains/(losses): Included in changes in net assets 2 — 604 688 (18 ) Included in OCI 3 (530 ) — — — Realized gains 2 1,322 — — 3,412 Purchases — 25 1,650 3,630 Sales (4,825 ) (1,725 ) (10,324 ) (25,030 ) Redemptions (10,000 ) (9,400 ) (1,627 ) (4,413 ) Transfers: Into Level 3 — — — 1,524 Out of Level 3 — — — (3,883 ) Net change (14,033 ) (10,496 ) (9,613 ) (24,778 ) Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 44,045 $ 46,197 $ 1,326 $ 72,990 1 Includes partnership interests, private company investments, and private equity investments. 2 Realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to financial instruments owned and investments are reported in other income in the consolidated statements of operations. 3 Unrealized gains/(losses) related to available-for-sale securities are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The results included in the table above are only a component of the overall investment strategies of our company. The table above does not present Level 1 or Level 2 valued assets or liabilities. The changes to our company’s Level 3 classified instruments were principally a result of sales of private equity investments and ARS, offset by ARS purchases during the year ended December 31, 2015. The changes in unrealized gains/(losses) recorded in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2015, relating to Level 3 assets still held at December 31, 2015, were immaterial. The following table summarizes quantitative information related to the significant unobservable inputs utilized in our company’s Level 3 recurring fair value measurements as of December 31, 2015. Valuation technique Unobservable input Range Weighted average Investments: Auction rate securities: Equity securities Discounted cash flow Discount rate 2.3% - 13.4% 7.2% Workout period 1 - 3 years 2.3 years Municipal securities Discounted cash flow Discount rate 0.3% - 12.7% 7.7% Workout period 1 - 4 years 2.8 years The fair value of certain Level 3 assets was determined using various methodologies, as appropriate, including net asset values (“NAVs”) of underlying investments, third-party pricing vendors and broker quotes. These inputs are evaluated for reasonableness through various procedures, including due diligence reviews of third-party pricing vendors, variance analyses, consideration of current market environment, and other analytical procedures. The fair value for our auction rate securities was determined using an income approach based on an internally developed discounted cash flow model. The discounted cash flow model utilizes two significant unobservable inputs: discount rate and workout period. The discount rate was calculated using credit spreads of the underlying collateral or similar securities. The workout period was based on an assessment of publicly available information on efforts to re-establish functioning markets for these securities and our company’s own redemption experience. Significant increases in any of these inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower fair value. On an ongoing basis, management verifies the fair value by reviewing the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model and its significant inputs. General and limited partnership interests in investment partnerships totaled $52.5 million and $42.1 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The general and limited partnership interests in investment partnerships were primarily valued based upon NAVs received from third-party fund managers. The various partnerships are investment companies, which record their underlying investments at fair value based on fair value policies established by management of the underlying fund. Fair value policies at the underlying fund generally require the funds to utilize pricing/valuation information, including independent appraisals, from third-party sources. However, in some instances, current valuation information for illiquid securities or securities in markets that are not active may not be available from any third-party source or fund management may conclude that the valuations that are available from third-party sources are not reliable. In these instances, fund management may perform model-based analytical valuations that may be used as an input to value these investments. Direct investments in private equity companies totaled $17.4 million and $21.2 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Direct investments in private equity companies may be valued using the market approach and were valued based on an assessment of each underlying investment, incorporating evaluation of additional significant third-party financing, changes in valuations of comparable peer companies, the business environment of the companies, market indices, assumptions relating to appropriate risk adjustments for nonperformance, and legal restrictions on disposition, among other factors. The fair value derived from the methods used are evaluated and weighted, as appropriate, considering the reasonableness of the range of values indicated. Under the market approach, fair value may be determined by reference to multiples of market-comparable companies or transactions, including earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”) multiples. For securities utilizing the market comparable companies valuation technique, a significant increase (decrease) in the EBITDA multiple in isolation could result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. Transfers Within the Fair Value Hierarchy We assess our financial instruments on a quarterly basis to determine the appropriate classification within the fair value hierarchy. Transfers between fair value classifications occur when there are changes in pricing observability levels. Transfers of financial instruments among the levels are deemed to occur at the beginning of the reporting period. There were $3.5 million of transfers of financial assets from Level 2 to Level 1 during the year ended December 31, 2015. There were $9.6 million of transfers of financial assets from Level 1 to Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2015, related to primarily related to corporate fixed income securities for which there were low volumes of recent trade activity observed. There were $1.3 million of transfers of financial assets into Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2015. There were $6.3 million of transfers of financial assets out of Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily related to other investments for which market trades were observed that provided transparency into the valuation of these assets. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following reflects the fair value of financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, whether or not recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition at fair value (in thousands). December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Carrying Value Estimated Fair Value Financial assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 811,019 $ 811,019 $ 689,782 $ 689,782 Cash segregated for regulatory purposes 227,727 227,727 49,646 49,646 Securities purchased under agreements to resell 160,423 160,423 55,078 55,078 Financial instruments owned 749,443 749,443 786,855 786,855 Available-for-sale securities 1,629,907 1,629,907 1,513,478 1,513,478 Held-to-maturity securities 1,855,399 1,874,998 1,177,565 1,211,976 Loans held for sale 189,921 189,921 121,939 121,939 Bank loans 3,143,515 3,188,402 2,065,420 2,086,864 Investments 181,017 181,017 210,255 210,255 Financial liabilities: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 278,674 $ 278,674 $ 39,180 $ 39,180 Bank deposits 6,638,356 6,627,818 4,790,081 4,246,214 Financial instruments sold, but not yet purchased 521,744 521,744 587,265 587,265 Derivative contracts 1 3,591 3,591 5,641 5,641 Borrowings 237,084 237,084 — — Senior notes 750,000 745,999 625,000 638,690 Debentures to Stifel Financial Capital Trusts 82,500 72,371 82,500 76,714 1 Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The following table presents the estimated fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial assets: Cash $ 719,751 $ 719,751 $ — $ — Cash segregated for regulatory purposes 227,727 227,727 — — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 160,423 160,423 — — Held-to-maturity securities 1,874,998 — 1,317,582 557,416 Loans held for sale 189,921 — 189,921 — Bank loans 3,188,402 — 3,188,402 — Financial liabilities: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 278,674 $ 278,674 $ — $ — Bank deposits 6,627,818 — 6,627,818 — Borrowings 237,084 — 237,054 — Senior notes 745,999 745,999 — — Debentures to Stifel Financial Capital Trusts 72,371 — — 72,371 December 31, 2014 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Financial assets: Cash $ 566,907 $ 566,907 $ — $ — Cash segregated for regulatory purposes 49,646 49,646 — — Securities purchased under agreements to resell 55,078 44,996 10,082 — Held-to-maturity securities 1,211,976 — 969,913 242,063 Loans held for sale 121,939 — 121,939 — Bank loans 2,086,864 — 2,086,864 — Financial liabilities: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase $ 39,180 $ 39,180 $ — $ — Bank deposits 4,246,214 — 4,246,214 — Borrowings — — — — Senior notes 638,690 638,690 — — Debentures to Stifel Financial Capital Trusts 76,714 — — 76,714 The following, as supplemented by the discussion above, describes the valuation techniques used in estimating the fair value of our financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Financial Assets Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell Securities purchased under agreements to resell are collateralized financing transactions that are recorded at their contractual amounts plus accrued interest. The carrying values at December 31, 2015 and 2014 approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. Held-to-Maturity Securities Securities held to maturity are recorded at amortized cost based on our company’s positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. Securities held to maturity include agency mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, consisting of corporate obligations, collateralized debt obligation securities, and corporate fixed income securities. The estimated fair value, included in the above table, is determined using several factors; however, primary weight is given to discounted cash flow modeling techniques that incorporated an estimated discount rate based upon recent observable debt security issuances with similar characteristics. Loans Held for Sale Loans held for sale consist of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential real estate mortgage loans intended for sale. Loans held for sale are stated at lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is determined based on prevailing market prices for loans with similar characteristics or on sale contract prices. Bank Loans The fair values of mortgage loans and commercial loans were estimated using a discounted cash flow method, a form of the income approach. Discount rates were determined considering rates at which similar portfolios of loans would be made under current conditions and considering liquidity spreads applicable to each loan portfolio based on the secondary market. Financial Liabilities Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are collateralized financing transactions that are recorded at their contractual amounts plus accrued interest. The carrying values at December 31, 2015 and 2014 approximate fair value due to the short-term nature. Bank Deposits The fair value of interest-bearing deposits, including certificates of deposits, demand deposits, savings, and checking accounts, was calculated by discounting the future cash flows using discount rates based on the replacement cost of funding of similar structures and terms. Borrowings The carrying amount of borrowings approximates fair value due to the relative short-term nature of such borrowings, some of which are day-to-day. The portion of borrowings which are not “day-to-day” are primarily comprised of Stifel Bank’s borrowings from the FHLB which, by their nature, reflect terms that approximate current market rates for similar borrowings. Senior Notes The fair value of our senior notes is estimated based upon quoted market prices. Debentures to Stifel Financial Capital Trusts The fair value of our trust preferred securities is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. We have assumed a discount rate based on the coupon achieved in our 5.375% senior notes due 2022. These fair value disclosures represent our best estimates based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. Fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected losses, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of the various instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in the above methodologies and assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. |