Although typically not presenting an opportunity for improper personal benefit, conflicts arise from, or as a result of, the contractual relationship between each of the Funds and Saturna, for which the Covered Officers may also serve as trustees, officers, or employees. As
a
result,
this
SOX
Code
recognizes
that
the
Covered
Officers
will,
in
the
normal
course
of their duties (whether formally for a Fund or for Saturna, or for both), be involved in establishing policies and implementing decisions
that will have different effects on Saturna and each of the Funds. The participation of the Covered Officers in such activities is inherent in the contractual relationship between each of the Funds and Saturna and is consistent with the
performance
by the
Covered
Officers of their
duties as
officers of
one
or more Funds and, if
addressed
in conformity with
the provisions of
the Investment Company Act and the Investment Advisers Act, will be deemed to have been handled ethically. In addition, it is recognized by the Boards of Trustees of each Trust
(collectively, the “Board of Trustees”) that the Covered Officers may also be directors, officers, or employees of Saturna and are covered by this SOX Code and by a separate code of ethics.
Other
conflicts of interest are covered
by this
SOX Code,
even
if such
conflicts of interest are not
subject
to
provisions
in
the
Investment
Company
Act
and
the
Investment
Advisers
Act. In reading the following examples of conflicts of interest under this SOX Code, Covered
Officers
should
keep
in
mind
that
such
a
list
cannot
ever
be
exhaustive
and
cannot
consider
every
possible
scenario.
As
such,
the
overarching
principle
that
the
personal
interest
of
a Covered
Officer
should
not
be
placed
improperly
before
the
interest
of
a
Fund
shall
govern and
shall
be
the standard
by
which
a
Covered
Officer’s
conduct
is judged under
this SOX
Code.
A direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, transaction charges, or spreads paid by a Fund for effecting portfolio transactions or for selling or