LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES | NOTE 4 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoffs, are reported at their outstanding principal balances adjusted for any charge-offs, the allowance for loan losses, any deferred fees or costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans. Interest income is reported on the interest method and includes amortization of net deferred loan fees and costs over the loan term. Generally, all loan classes are placed on nonaccrual status not later than 90 days past due, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection. All interest accrued, but not collected, for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. The allowance for loan losses is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for loan losses charged to income. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the non-collectability of a loan balance is probable. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as new information becomes available. The allowance consists of allocated and general components. The allocated component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For those loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers nonclassified loans and is based on historical charge-off experience and expected loss given default derived from the Company’s internal risk rating process. Other adjustments may be made to the allowance for pools of loans after an assessment of internal or external influences on credit quality that are not fully reflected in the historical loss or risk rating data. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that State Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration each of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial, agricultural, and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When State Bank moves a loan to nonaccrual status, total unpaid interest accrued to date is reversed from income. Subsequent payments are applied to the outstanding principal balance with the interest portion of the payment recorded on the balance sheet as a contra-loan. Interest received on impaired loans may be realized once all contractual principal amounts are received or when a borrower establishes a history of six consecutive timely principal and interest payments. It is at the discretion of management to determine when a loan is placed back on accrual status upon receipt of six consecutive timely payments. Large groups of smaller balance homogenous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, State Bank does not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment measurements, unless such loans are the subject of a restructuring agreement due to financial difficulties of the borrower. Categories of loans at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 include: Total Loans Nonaccrual Loans ($ in thousands) June 2022 December 2021 June 2022 December 2021 Commercial & industrial $ 127,434 $ 122,250 $ 140 $ 143 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 129,496 118,891 88 88 Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 274,583 262,277 271 466 Agricultural 60,490 57,403 - - Residential real estate 241,776 206,424 3,176 2,484 Home equity line of credit (HELOC) 44,142 41,682 291 464 Consumer 17,303 13,474 32 7 Total loans $ 895,224 $ 822,401 $ 3,998 $ 3,652 Net deferred costs (fees) $ 387 $ 313 Total loans, net deferred costs (fees) $ 895,611 $ 822,714 Allowance for loan losses $ (13,801 ) $ (13,805 ) The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows: Commercial & Industrial and Agricultural Commercial & industrial and agricultural loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets, such as accounts receivable or inventory, and may include a personal guarantee. Short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Commercial Real Estate (Owner and Nonowner Occupied) Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The characteristics of properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse, but with geographic location almost entirely in the Company’s market area. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. In general, the Company avoids financing single purpose projects unless other underwriting factors are present to help mitigate risk. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied versus non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. Construction loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders, sales of developed property or an interim loan commitment from the Company until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, general economic conditions and the availability of long-term financing. Residential Real Estate, HELOC and Consumer Residential and consumer loans consist of two segments – residential mortgage loans and personal loans. Residential mortgage loans are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner-occupied, and the Company generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. HELOCs are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences, and consumer personal loans are secured by consumer personal assets, such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer personal loans are unsecured, such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas, such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties. Risk is mitigated by the fact that these loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers. The following tables present the activity in the allowance for loan losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021, and the recorded investment in loans based on portfolio segment and impairment method as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. ($ in thousands) For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Beginning balance $ 1,892 $ 6,883 $ 547 $ 3,502 $ 980 $ 13,804 Charge offs - - - - (9 ) (9 ) Recoveries - - - - 6 6 Provision (64 ) (212 ) 13 249 14 - Ending balance $ 1,828 $ 6,671 $ 560 $ 3,751 $ 991 $ 13,801 For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Beginning balance $ 1,890 $ 6,781 $ 599 $ 3,515 $ 1,020 $ 13,805 Charge offs - - - - (18 ) (18 ) Recoveries - - - - 14 14 Provision (62 ) (110 ) (39 ) 236 (25 ) - Ending balance $ 1,828 $ 6,671 $ 560 $ 3,751 $ 991 $ 13,801 For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Beginning balance $ 2,959 $ 6,177 $ 473 $ 2,608 $ 1,109 $ 13,326 Charge offs - - - (22 ) (4 ) (26 ) Recoveries - - - - 6 6 Provision (1,241 ) 495 21 839 (114 ) - Ending balance $ 1,718 $ 6,672 $ 494 $ 3,425 $ 997 $ 13,306 For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Beginning balance $ 3,074 $ 5,451 $ 496 $ 2,534 $ 1,019 $ 12,574 Charge offs - - - (43 ) (35 ) (78 ) Recoveries - - - 49 11 60 Provision (1,356 ) 1,221 (2 ) 885 2 750 Ending balance $ 1,718 $ 6,672 $ 494 $ 3,425 $ 997 $ 13,306 Loans Receivable at June 30, 2022 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Allowance: Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ - $ - $ - $ 167 $ 4 $ 171 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 1,828 $ 6,671 $ 560 $ 3,584 $ 987 $ 13,630 Totals $ 1,828 $ 6,671 $ 560 $ 3,751 $ 991 $ 13,801 Loans: Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 117 $ 295 $ - $ 2,997 $ 131 $ 3,540 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 127,317 $ 403,784 $ 60,490 $ 238,779 $ 61,314 $ 891,684 Totals $ 127,434 $ 404,079 $ 60,490 $ 241,776 $ 61,445 $ 895,224 Loans Receivable at December 31, 2021 Commercial & Commercial Agricultural Residential Consumer Total Allowance: Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ - $ 10 $ - $ 120 $ 3 $ 133 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 1,890 $ 6,771 $ 599 $ 3,395 $ 1,017 $ 13,672 Totals $ 1,890 $ 6,781 $ 599 $ 3,515 $ 1,020 $ 13,805 Loans: Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment $ 118 $ 354 $ - $ 2,307 $ 135 $ 2,914 Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment $ 122,132 $ 380,814 $ 57,403 $ 204,117 $ 55,021 $ 819,487 Totals $ 122,250 $ 381,168 $ 57,403 $ 206,424 $ 55,156 $ 822,401 Credit Risk Profile The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis includes loans with an outstanding balance greater than $100,000 and non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Pass (grades 1 – 4): Special Mention (5): Substandard (6): Doubtful (7): Loss (8): The following tables present the credit risk profile of the Company’s loan portfolio based on rating category as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. ($ in thousands) Commercial & Commercial Commercial Agricultural Residential HELOC Consumer Total Pass (1 - 4) $ 126,532 $ 126,444 $ 269,015 $ 60,490 $ 238,272 $ 43,851 $ 17,272 $ 881,876 Special Mention (5) 600 2,964 5,292 - - - - 8,856 Substandard (6) 161 - 5 - 3,479 291 31 3,967 Doubtful (7) 141 88 271 - 25 - - 525 Loss (8) - - - - - - - - Total Loans $ 127,434 $ 129,496 $ 274,583 $ 60,490 $ 241,776 $ 44,142 $ 17,303 $ 895,224 December 31, 2021 Commercial & Commercial Commercial Agricultural Residential HELOC Consumer Total Pass (1 - 4) $ 121,285 $ 111,232 $ 253,269 $ 57,403 $ 203,295 $ 41,218 $ 13,467 $ 801,169 Special Mention (5) 659 7,571 5,694 - - - - 13,924 Substandard (6) 188 - 2,848 - 3,102 464 7 6,609 Doubtful (7) 118 88 466 - 27 - - 699 Loss (8) - - - - - - - - Total Loans $ 122,250 $ 118,891 $ 262,277 $ 57,403 $ 206,424 $ 41,682 $ 13,474 $ 822,401 The Company evaluates the loan risk grading system definitions and allowance for loan loss methodology on an ongoing basis. The following tables present the Company’s loan portfolio aging analysis as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. ($ in thousands) 30-59 Days 60-89 Days Greater Than Total Past Total Loans June 30, 2022 Past Due Past Due Past Due Due Current Receivable Commercial & industrial $ 156 $ - $ 140 $ 296 $ 127,138 $ 127,434 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 48 - 88 136 129,360 129,496 Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 255 - 71 326 274,257 274,583 Agricultural - - - - 60,490 60,490 Residential real estate 23 374 1,361 1,758 240,018 241,776 HELOC 118 94 134 346 43,796 44,142 Consumer 18 19 22 59 17,244 17,303 Total Loans $ 618 $ 487 $ 1,816 $ 2,921 $ 892,303 $ 895,224 30-59 Days 60-89 Days Greater Than Total Past Total Loans December 31, 2021 Past Due Past Due Past Due Due Current Receivable Commercial & industrial $ 166 $ 25 $ 118 $ 309 $ 121,941 $ 122,250 Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - 88 88 118,803 118,891 Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 221 233 246 700 261,577 262,277 Agricultural - - - - 57,403 57,403 Residential real estate 265 716 1,344 2,325 204,099 206,424 HELOC 53 80 248 381 41,301 41,682 Consumer 20 14 7 41 13,433 13,474 Total Loans $ 725 $ 1,068 $ 2,051 $ 3,844 $ 818,557 $ 822,401 All loans past due 90 days are systematically placed on nonaccrual status. A loan is considered impaired, in accordance with the impairment accounting guidance (ASC 310-10-35-16), when based on current information and events, it is probable State Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due from the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Impaired loans include nonperforming commercial loans but also include loans modified in troubled debt restructurings where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions intended to maximize collection. The following tables present impaired loan information as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021: ($ in thousands) Recorded Unpaid Related Average Interest Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Investment Balance Allowance Investment Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial $ 117 $ 202 $ - $ 216 $ 1 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 88 88 - 88 - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 207 207 - 350 11 Agricultural - - - - - Residential real estate 1,750 1,816 - 2,011 35 HELOC 19 19 23 1 Consumer - - - - - With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial - - - - - Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - - - - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied - - - - - Agricultural - - - - - Residential real estate 1,247 1,247 167 1,279 1 HELOC 112 112 4 125 1 Consumer - - - - - Totals: Commercial & industrial $ 117 $ 202 $ - $ 216 $ 1 Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 88 $ 88 $ - $ 88 $ - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied $ 207 $ 207 $ - $ 350 $ 11 Agricultural $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Residential real estate $ 2,997 $ 3,063 $ 167 $ 3,290 $ 36 HELOC $ 131 $ 131 $ 4 $ 148 $ 2 Consumer $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - ($ in thousands) Average Interest Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Investment Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial $ 216 $ 1 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 88 - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 348 6 Agricultural - - Residential real estate 2,002 16 HELOC 21 - Consumer - - With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial - - Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied - - Agricultural - - Residential real estate 1,278 15 HELOC 123 1 Consumer - - Totals: Commercial & industrial $ 216 $ 1 Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 88 $ - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied $ 348 $ 6 Agricultural $ - $ - Residential real estate $ 3,280 $ 31 HELOC $ 144 $ 1 Consumer $ - $ - ($ in thousands) Recorded Unpaid Related Average Interest Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021 Investment Balance Allowance Investment Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial $ 118 $ 204 $ - $ 217 $ 2 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 88 88 - 88 - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 223 223 - 357 28 Agricultural - - - - - Residential real estate 1,391 1,458 - 1,663 60 HELOC 33 33 41 2 Consumer - - - - - With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial - - - - - Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - - - - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 43 173 10 173 - Agricultural - - - - - Residential real estate 916 916 120 933 20 HELOC 102 102 3 124 5 Consumer - - - - - Totals: Commercial & industrial $ 118 $ 204 $ - $ 217 $ 2 Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 88 $ 88 $ - $ 88 $ - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied $ 266 $ 396 $ 10 $ 530 $ 28 Agricultural $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Residential real estate $ 2,307 $ 2,374 $ 120 $ 2,596 $ 80 HELOC $ 135 $ 135 $ 3 $ 165 $ 7 Consumer $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Six Months Ended Three Months Ended ($ in thousands) Average Interest Average Interest June 30, 2021 Investment Recognized Investment Recognized With no related allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial $ 855 $ 22 $ 849 $ 11 Commercial real estate - owner occupied 88 - 88 - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 532 15 531 8 Agricultural - - - - Residential real estate 1,453 26 1,447 13 HELOC 46 1 44 - Consumer 6 - 5 - With a specific allowance recorded: Commercial & industrial - - - - Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - - - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied 579 - 579 - Agricultural - - - - Residential real estate 645 9 644 4 HELOC 129 3 127 1 Consumer - - - - Totals: Commercial & industrial $ 855 $ 22 $ 849 $ 11 Commercial real estate - owner occupied $ 88 $ - $ 88 $ - Commercial real estate - nonowner occupied $ 1,111 $ 15 $ 1,110 $ 8 Agricultural $ - $ - $ - $ - Residential real estate $ 2,098 $ 35 $ 2,091 $ 17 HELOC $ 175 $ 4 $ 171 $ 1 Consumer $ 6 $ - $ 5 $ - Impaired loans less than $100,000 are included in groups of homogenous loans. These loans are evaluated based on delinquency status. Interest income recognized on a cash basis does not materially differ from interest income recognized on an accrual basis. Troubled Debt Restructured (TDR) Loans TDRs are modified loans where a concession was provided to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Loan modifications are considered TDRs when the concessions provided are not available to the borrower through either normal channels or other sources. However, not all loan modifications are TDRs. TDR Concession Types The Company’s standards relating to loan modifications consider, among other factors, minimum verified income requirements, cash flow analysis, and collateral valuations. Each potential loan modification is reviewed individually and the terms of the loan are modified to meet a borrower’s specific circumstances at a point in time. All loan modifications, including those classified as TDRs, are reviewed and approved by management. The types of concessions provided to borrowers include: ● Interest rate reduction: A reduction of the stated interest rate to a nonmarket rate for the remaining original life of the loan. The Company also may grant interest rate concessions for a limited timeframe on a case by case basis. ● Amortization or maturity date change: A change in the amortization or maturity date beyond what the collateral supports, including a concession that does any of the following: (1) Lengthens the amortization period of the amortized principal beyond market terms. This concession reduces the minimum monthly payment and increases the amount of the balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. Principal is generally not forgiven. (2) Reduces the amount of loan principal to be amortized. This concession also reduces the minimum monthly payment and increases the amount of the balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. Principal is generally not forgiven. (3) Extends the maturity date or dates of the debt beyond what the collateral supports. This concession generally applies to loans without a balloon payment at the end of the term of the loan. In addition, there may be instances where renewing loans potentially require non-market terms and would then be reclassified as TDRs. ● Other: A concession that is not categorized as one of the concessions described above. These concessions include, but are not limited to: principal forgiveness, collateral concessions, covenant concessions, and reduction of accrued interest. Principal forgiveness may result from any TDR modification of any concession type. The Company had no new TDR activity in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and June 30, 2021, respectively. The Company had one TDR, a residential loan with a recorded balance of $62,000,that during the past twelve months defaulted on its modified contractual agreement. On March 22, 2020, a statement was issued by the Company’s bank regulators and titled the “Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus” (the “Interagency Statement”) that |