Donegal (DGICA) 10-K 6 Mar 24 2023 FY Annual report Financial data

Document and Entity Information

Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 01, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	0-15341
Entity Registrant Name	DONEGAL GROUP INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000800457
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	23-2424711
Entity Address, Address Line One	1195 River Road
Entity Address, City or Town	Marietta
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	17547
City Area Code	800
Local Phone Number	877-0600
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	No
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 231,869,446
Auditor Firm ID	185
Auditor Name	KPMG LLP
Auditor Location	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Common Class A [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	DGICA
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		27,816,654
Common Class B [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	DGICB
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		5,576,775

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $611,526,338 and $598,044,681; net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,325,847 and $0)	$ 679,497,038	$ 688,439,360
Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $629,727,513 and $571,912,727)	589,348,243	523,791,931
Equity securities, at fair value	25,902,956	35,104,840
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value	32,305,408	57,321,111
Total investments	1,327,053,645	1,304,657,242
Cash	23,792,273	25,123,332
Accrued investment income	9,945,714	8,861,292
Premiums receivable	179,591,821	173,846,294
Reinsurance receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,394,074 and $0)	441,431,334	456,522,223
Deferred policy acquisition costs	75,043,404	73,170,230
Deferred tax asset, net	19,532,525	21,603,017
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	168,724,465	160,591,399
Property and equipment, net	2,633,405	2,755,105
Accounts receivable - securities	1,501,079	1,842
Federal income taxes recoverable	8,102,321	8,510,897
Due from affiliate	1,907,527	0
Goodwill	5,625,354	5,625,354
Other intangible assets	958,010	958,010
Other	451,011	1,123,098
Total assets	2,266,293,888	2,243,349,335
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	1,126,156,838	1,121,045,758
Unearned premiums	599,411,468	577,653,130
Accrued expenses	3,946,974	4,226,390
Reinsurance balances payable	8,758,976	3,495,824
Borrowings under lines of credit	35,000,000	35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	$ 5,569,992	$ 5,296,990
Other Liability, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	Affiliated Entity [Member]	Affiliated Entity [Member]
Total liabilities	$ 1,786,548,534	$ 1,759,756,323
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	335,694,478	325,601,647
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(32,881,822)	(41,703,747)
Retained earnings	217,794,917	240,563,774
Treasury stock, at cost	(41,226,357)	(41,226,357)
Total stockholders' equity	479,745,354	483,593,012
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	2,266,293,888	2,243,349,335
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock value	307,646	301,203
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock value	56,492	56,492
Related Party [Member]
Liabilities
Other	0	5,173,289
Nonrelated Party [Member]
Liabilities
Other	$ 7,704,286	$ 7,864,942

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, fair value	$ 611,526,338	$ 598,044,681
Held to maturity, allowance for expected credit losses	1,325,847	0
Available for sale, amortized cost	629,727,513	571,912,727
Reinsurance receivable, allowance for expected credit losses	$ 1,394,074	$ 0
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	30,764,555	30,120,263
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	27,761,967	27,117,675
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	5,649,240	5,649,240
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	5,576,775	5,576,775

Consolidated Statements of Inco

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Net premiums earned (includes affiliated reinsurance of $237,903,029, $232,105,306 and $212,591,341 - see note 3)	$ 882,071,386	$ 822,489,450	$ 776,015,201
Investment income, net of investment expenses	40,853,215	34,016,112	31,125,631
Installment payment fees	894,137	1,516,330	2,416,873
Lease income	346,439	383,451	430,800
Net investment gains (losses) (includes ($2,242,190), ($979,972) and $382,602 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassification)	3,172,807	(10,184,797)	6,477,286
Total revenues	927,337,984	848,220,546	816,465,791
Expenses
Net losses and loss expenses (includes affiliated reinsurance of $150,198,479, $177,849,040 and $131,367,599 - see note 3)	609,177,699	564,078,993	520,709,542
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	154,214,000	142,430,000	128,733,000
Other underwriting expenses	151,747,579	137,923,739	129,367,893
Policyholder dividends	5,313,430	5,560,407	5,198,515
Interest	619,813	620,558	895,605
Other, net	1,201,987	1,244,948	1,222,728
Total expenses	922,274,508	851,858,645	786,127,283
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	5,063,476	(3,638,099)	30,338,508
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes ($470,860), ($205,794) and $80,346 income tax (benefit) expense from reclassification items)	637,972	(1,678,694)	5,084,334
Net income (loss)	4,425,504	(1,959,405)	25,254,174
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Net income (loss)	4,425,504	(1,959,405)	25,254,174
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:
Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $1,285,390, ($12,164,443) and ($2,008,078)	4,246,693	(45,761,476)	(7,544,805)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (loss), net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($470,860), ($205,794) and $80,346	1,771,330	774,178	(302,256)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	6,018,023	(44,987,298)	(7,847,061)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 10,443,527	$ (46,946,703)	$ 17,407,113
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.14	$ (0.06)	$ 0.83
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Diluted (in dollars per share)	0.14	(0.06)	0.83
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	0.11	(0.07)	0.74
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ (0.07)	$ 0.74

Consolidated Statements of In_2

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues
Net premiums earned - affiliated reinsurance	$ 237,903,029	$ 232,105,306	$ 212,591,341
Net investment gains (losses)	3,172,807	(10,184,797)	6,477,286
Expenses
Net losses and loss expenses - affiliated reinsurance	150,198,479	177,849,040	131,367,599
Income tax expense (benefit)	637,972	(1,678,694)	5,084,334
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:
Income tax (benefit) expense on unrealized holding (loss) gain arising during the period	1,285,390	(12,164,443)	(2,008,078)
Income tax (benefit) expense on reclassification adjustment for losses (gains)	(470,860)	(205,794)	80,346
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Revenues
Net investment gains (losses)	(2,242,190)	(979,972)	382,602
Expenses
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ (470,860)	$ (205,794)	$ 80,346

Consolidated Statements of Stoc

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($)	Common Stock [Member] Class A Common Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member] Class B Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-In Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 276,518	$ 56,492	$ 289,149,567	$ 11,130,612	$ 258,387,288		$ (41,226,357)	$ 517,774,120
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020	27,651,774	5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 1,578		2,161,142					2,162,720
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	157,783
Stock-based compensation	$ 9,466		13,260,855					13,270,321
Stock-based compensation (in shares)	946,646
Net income (loss)					25,254,174			25,254,174
Cash dividends					(19,578,187)			(19,578,187)
Grant of stock options			317,917		(317,917)			0
Other comprehensive income (loss)				(7,847,061)				(7,847,061)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 287,562	$ 56,492	304,889,481	3,283,551	263,745,358		(41,226,357)	531,036,087
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	28,756,203	5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 1,613		2,122,277					2,123,890
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	161,254
Stock-based compensation	$ 12,028		18,252,148					18,264,176
Stock-based compensation (in shares)	1,202,806
Net income (loss)					(1,959,405)			(1,959,405)
Cash dividends					(20,884,438)			(20,884,438)
Grant of stock options			337,741		(337,741)			0
Other comprehensive income (loss)				(44,987,298)				(44,987,298)
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 301,203	$ 56,492	325,601,647	(41,703,747)	240,563,774		(41,226,357)	483,593,012
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	30,120,263	5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 1,504		2,081,186					2,082,690
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	150,426
Stock-based compensation	$ 4,939		7,683,782					7,688,721
Stock-based compensation (in shares)	493,866
Net income (loss)					4,425,504			4,425,504
Cash dividends					(22,166,694)			(22,166,694)
Grant of stock options			327,863		(327,863)			0
Reclassification of held-to-maturity transfer				2,803,902	(2,803,902)			0
Other comprehensive income (loss)				6,018,023				6,018,023
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 307,646	$ 56,492	$ 335,694,478	$ (32,881,822)	$ 217,794,917		$ (41,226,357)	$ 479,745,354
Ending balance (ASU 2016-13 [Member]) at Dec. 31, 2023						$ (1,895,902)			$ (1,895,902)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	30,764,555	5,649,240

Consolidated Statements of Cash

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 4,425,504	$ (1,959,405)	$ 25,254,174
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items	4,326,446	4,841,559	5,837,809
Net investment (gains) losses	(3,172,807)	10,184,797	(6,477,286)
Changes in Assets and Liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses	5,111,080	43,425,457	115,612,864
Unearned premiums	21,758,338	4,694,708	35,768,824
Accrued expenses	(279,416)	197,731	(25,086,539)
Premiums receivable	(5,745,527)	(4,983,714)	733,752
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(1,873,174)	(5,141,857)	(8,871,415)
Deferred income taxes	229,397	(2,958,735)	1,095,306
Reinsurance receivable	13,959,053	(1,111,214)	(46,502,159)
Accrued investment income	(1,084,422)	(646,321)	(278,092)
Amounts due to affiliate	(7,080,816)	7,096,006	(12,216,212)
Reinsurance balances payable	5,263,152	(450,281)	712,582
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(8,133,066)	16,344,443	(7,517,509)
Current income taxes	408,576	(3,219,959)	(2,201,569)
Other, net	511,426	796,805	867,438
Net adjustments	24,198,240	69,069,425	51,477,794
Net cash provided by operating activities	28,623,744	67,110,020	76,731,968
Purchases of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity	(25,226,609)	(74,902,605)	(125,630,220)
Available for sale	(150,423,864)	(151,994,462)	(163,593,018)
Purchases of equity securities	(5,128,994)	(15,862,888)	(25,354,790)
Sales of fixed maturities:
Available for sale	28,154,556	24,381,244	6,281,963
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity	32,923,991	53,747,886	44,211,076
Available for sale	58,277,402	75,759,806	165,867,395
Sales of equity securities	19,745,875	34,973,196	26,585,663
Net (purchases) sales of property and equipment	(44,701)	28,290	1,224,806
Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments	25,015,703	(44,628,770)	8,207,814
Net cash used in investing activities	(16,706,641)	(98,498,303)	(62,199,311)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Issuance of common stock	8,645,530	19,304,956	14,181,702
Cash dividends paid	(21,893,692)	(20,502,716)	(19,099,220)
Payments on subordinated debentures	0	0	(5,000,000)
Payments on lines of credit	0	0	(50,000,000)
Net cash used in financing activities	(13,248,162)	(1,197,760)	(59,917,518)
Net decrease in cash	(1,331,059)	(32,586,043)	(45,384,861)
Cash at beginning of year	25,123,332	57,709,375	103,094,236
Cash at end of year	$ 23,792,273	$ 25,123,332	$ 57,709,375

Summary of Significant Accounti

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Organization and Business Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries are Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary Peninsula Indemnity Company, and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”). Our insurance subsidiaries and their affiliates write commercial and personal lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states. At December 31, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products. Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement (the “pooling agreement”) with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool. In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company (“Southern Mutual”). Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool. Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company (“Mountain States”) with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States’ insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the “Mountain States insurance subsidiaries”), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool. The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues. We refer to Note 3 - Transactions with Affiliates for more information regarding the pooling agreement. Basis of Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” as we use them in the notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the consolidated entity. Use of Estimates In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We make estimates and assumptions that could have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our consolidated financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to our insurance subsidiaries’ reserves for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations. Reclassification We have made certain reclassifications in our prior period financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. Investments We classify our debt securities into the following categories: Held to Maturity - Debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity; reported at amortized cost. Available for Sale - Debt securities not classified as held to maturity; reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from income and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (net of tax effects). Short-term investments are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute investment gains and losses using the specific identification method. We amortize premiums and discounts for mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments. Fair Values of Financial Instruments We use the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value disclosures: Investments - We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values for our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon the general knowledge of our investment personnel of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. We refer to Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements for more information regarding our methods and assumptions in estimating fair values. Cash and Short-Term Investments - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments approximate their fair values. Premiums and Reinsurance Receivables and Payables - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments related to premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values. Revenue Recognition Our insurance subsidiaries recognize insurance premiums as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Our insurance subsidiaries calculate unearned premiums on a daily pro-rata basis. Policy Acquisition Costs We defer our insurance subsidiaries’ policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which our insurance subsidiaries earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss expenses and certain other costs we expect to incur as our insurance subsidiaries earn the premium. Estimates in the calculation of policy acquisition costs have not shown material variability because of uncertainties in applying accounting principles or as a result of sensitivities to changes in key assumptions. Property and Equipment We report property and equipment at depreciated cost that we compute using the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives of the assets. Losses and Loss Expenses Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates. O ur insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses R eserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in 2022 and 2023 due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. While these trend changes have begun to normalize, they caused significant disruption to historical loss patterns and give Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. Our insurance subsidiaries’ personal lines products primarily include standard and preferred risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines products primarily include business offices, wholesalers, service providers, contractors, artisans and light manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities. Income Taxes We currently file a consolidated federal income tax return that includes us and our insurance subsidiaries. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates we expect to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts. Credit Risk Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt to us. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security. Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this business directly to their policyholders, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of business. Our insurance subsidiaries have reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of major unaffiliated reinsurers. Reinsurance Accounting and Reporting Our insurance subsidiaries rely upon reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single risks or risks in concentrated areas and to increase their capacity to write insurance. Reinsurance does not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from liability to their respective policyholders. To the extent that a reinsurer cannot pay losses for which it is liable under the terms of a reinsurance agreement with one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries retain continued liability for such losses. However, in an effort to reduce the risk of non-payment, our insurance subsidiaries require all of their reinsurers to have an A.M. Best rating of A- or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, to have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with an A.M. Best rating of A- or better. We refer to Note 10 - Reinsurance for more information regarding the reinsurance agreements of our insurance subsidiaries. We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. Stock-Based Compensation We measure all share-based payments to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, including grants of stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options we grant to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we realized $139,135, $360,452 and $438,850, respectively, in tax benefits upon the exercise of stock options. Earnings Per Share We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to the declaration and payment of cash dividends that are at least 10% higher than those we declare and pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods.

Impact of New Accounting Standa

Impact of New Accounting Standards	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Impact of New Accounting Standards [Abstract]
Impact of New Accounting Standards	2 - Impact of New Accounting Standards In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

Transactions with Affiliates

Transactions with Affiliates	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Transactions with Affiliates [Abstract]
Transactions with Affiliates	3 - Transactions with Affiliates Our insurance subsidiaries conduct business and have various agreements with Donegal Mutual that we describe in the following subparagraphs: a. Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements Atlantic States, our largest insurance subsidiary, and Donegal Mutual have a pooling agreement under which both companies contribute substantially all of their direct written business to the pool and receive an allocated percentage of the pooled underwriting results, excluding certain reinsurance Donegal Mutual assumes from our insurance subsidiaries. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool. In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual, and Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool. The intent of the pooling agreement is to produce more uniform and stable underwriting results from year to year for each pool participant than they would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the participants based on each participant’s relative amount of surplus and relative access to capital. Each participant in the pool has at its disposal the capacity of the entire pool, rather than being limited to policy exposures of a size commensurate with its own capital and surplus. The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States ceded to the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 332,272,662 $ 314,321,443 $ 305,729,418 Losses and loss expenses 238,055,099 202,228,589 222,737,225 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 161,991,511 154,472,615 152,323,262 Liability for losses and loss expenses 299,947,390 277,641,902 274,033,812 The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States assumed from the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 583,559,746 $ 578,216,706 $ 573,891,394 Losses and loss expenses 409,051,306 395,794,813 383,455,320 Unearned premiums 286,147,727 280,031,908 289,976,879 Liability for losses and loss expenses 507,527,839 496,849,769 455,564,733 Donegal Mutual and MICO had a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Donegal Mutual assumed 25% of the premiums and losses related to the business of MICO for policies effective through December 31, 2021. Donegal Mutual and MICO terminated this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula had a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Donegal Mutual assumed 100% of the premiums and losses related to the workers’ compensation product line of Peninsula in certain states for policies effective through December 31, 2021. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula terminated this reinsurance agreement on a run-off basis effective January 1, 2022. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from MICO and Peninsula into the underwriting pool. The following amounts represent reinsurance ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these quota-share reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 168,243 $ 17,989,939 $ 37,996,474 Losses and loss expenses 2,902,422 5,194,974 20,037,608 Prepaid reinsurance premiums — — 18,548,821 Liability for losses and loss expenses 17,852,153 22,642,908 36,659,853 In 2023, each of our insurance subsidiaries had a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual that provided coverage under any one catastrophic occurrence above a set retention of $3,000,000, with a combined retention of $6,000,000 for a catastrophe involving a combination of our insurance subsidiaries, up to the amount Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retained under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers. Through December 31, 2022, each of our insurance subsidiaries had a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual that provided coverage under any one catastrophic occurrence above a set retention of $2,000,000, with a combined retention of $5,000,000 for a catastrophe involving a combination of our insurance subsidiaries, up to the amount Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retained under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers. The following amounts represent reinsurance that our insurance subsidiaries ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 13,215,814 $ 13,800,018 $ 17,574,161 Losses and loss expenses 17,895,306 10,517,709 9,309,624 Liability for losses and loss expenses 2,497,244 1,271,006 1,658,057 The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net premiums our insurance subsidiaries earned during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Assumed $ 583,559,746 $ 578,216,706 $ 573,891,394 Ceded (345,656,717 ) (346,111,400 ) (361,300,053 ) Net $ 237,903,029 $ 232,105,306 $ 212,591,341 The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net losses and loss expenses our insurance subsidiaries incurred during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Assumed $ 409,051,306 $ 395,790,312 $ 383,452,056 Ceded (258,852,827 ) (217,941,272 ) (252,084,457 ) Net $ 150,198,479 $ 177,849,040 $ 131,367,599 b. Expense Sharing Donegal Mutual provides facilities, management and other services to us and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, Donegal Mutual purchases and maintains the information technology systems that support the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual allocates certain related expenses to Atlantic States in relation to the relative participation of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual in the pooling agreement. Our insurance subsidiaries other than Atlantic States reimburse Donegal Mutual for allocated costs of services Donegal Mutual provides on their behalf based on their proportion of the total direct premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group and other metrics. Donegal Mutual allocates costs related to its development and maintenance of information technology systems over the estimated useful life of those systems (generally five years) and charges a proportionate share of those costs to our insurance subsidiaries based on their percentage of the total net premiums written of the Donegal Insurance Group. Allocated expenses from Donegal Mutual for services it provided to our insurance subsidiaries totaled $218,974,132, $199,177,393 and $186,568,897 for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Donegal Mutual is currently in the midst of a multi-year effort to modernize certain of its key technology infrastructure and application systems. Donegal Mutual placed three releases of new systems into service in 2020, 2021 and 2023, respectively. Donegal Mutual allocated $10.5 million, $7.6 million and $5.1 million of related costs to our insurance subsidiaries in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Donegal Mutual will allocate to our insurance subsidiaries their proportionate share of the remaining $40.9 million of related costs over the next five years. Donegal Mutual incurred an additional $888,904 of deferred costs related to releases under development that were not yet ready for their intended use at December 31, 2023. Our management believes that the allocation methods Donegal Mutual utilizes are reasonable. In addition, Donegal Mutual and we maintain a coordinating committee that consists of two members of our board of directors, neither of whom is a member of Donegal Mutual’s board of directors, and two members of Donegal Mutual’s board of directors, neither of whom is a member of our board of directors. The purpose of the coordinating committee is to maintain a process for an ongoing evaluation of the fairness of the terms of all transactions between Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. c. Lease Agreement We lease office equipment with terms ranging from 3 to 10 years to Donegal Mutual under a lease agreement dated January 1, 2011.

Investments

Investments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Investments [Abstract]
Investments	4 - Investments The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: 2023 Carrying Value Allowance for Credit Losses Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 91,517,359 $ 54,668 $ 91,572,027 $ — $ 8,885,420 $ 82,686,607 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 376,897,952 265,977 377,163,929 1,448,585 46,844,714 331,767,800 Corporate securities 201,847,288 999,685 202,846,973 207,628 14,804,569 188,250,032 Mortgage-backed securities 9,234,439 5,517 9,239,956 — 418,057 8,821,899 Totals $ 679,497,038 $ 1,325,847 $ 680,822,885 $ 1,656,213 $ 70,952,760 $ 611,526,338 2023 Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 89,367,383 $ 199,299 $ 4,146,999 $ 85,419,683 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 41,957,742 11,665 3,853,623 38,115,784 Corporate securities 211,882,285 100,014 15,189,332 196,792,967 Mortgage-backed securities 286,520,103 594,023 18,094,317 269,019,809 Totals $ 629,727,513 $ 905,001 $ 41,284,271 $ 589,348,243 2022 Held to Maturity Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 103,362,028 $ 856 $ 10,566,154 $ 92,796,730 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 382,097,461 1,809,879 60,494,134 323,413,206 Corporate securities 190,948,922 — 20,510,543 170,438,379 Mortgage-backed securities 12,030,949 — 634,583 11,396,366 Totals $ 688,439,360 $ 1,810,735 $ 92,205,414 $ 598,044,681 2022 Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 68,537,456 $ 108,683 $ 5,124,827 $ 63,521,312 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 45,448,157 33,994 5,326,367 40,155,784 Corporate securities 218,040,945 8,315 15,211,215 202,838,045 Mortgage-backed securities 239,886,169 155,278 22,764,657 217,276,790 Totals $ 571,912,727 $ 306,270 $ 48,427,066 $ 523,791,931 At December 31, 2023, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $245.1 At December 31, 2022, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $240.7 We have segregated within accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $284,095, $510,819 and $897,073 in other comprehensive income in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, net unrealized losses of $1.3 million and $4.7 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive loss. We set forth below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Held to maturity Due in one year or less $ 19,007,881 $ 18,869,262 Due after one year through five years 105,894,799 102,016,841 Due after five years through ten years 251,405,744 230,975,966 Due after ten years 295,274,505 250,842,370 Mortgage-backed securities 9,239,956 8,821,899 Total held to maturity $ 680,822,885 $ 611,526,338 Available for sale Due in one year or less $ 35,774,037 $ 35,384,044 Due after one year through five years 175,526,581 166,257,527 Due after five years through ten years 105,858,004 95,629,511 Due after ten years 26,048,788 23,057,352 Mortgage-backed securities 286,520,103 269,019,809 Total available for sale $ 629,727,513 $ 589,348,243 The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows: Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Estimated Fair Value Equity securities $ 18,843,929 $ 7,059,027 $ — $ 25,902,956 The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows: Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Estimated Fair Value Equity securities $ 30,770,633 $ 5,666,467 $ 1,332,260 $ 35,104,840 The amortized cost of fixed maturities on deposit with various regulatory authorities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $10,499,430 We derived net investment income, consisting primarily of interest and dividends, from the following sources: 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities $ 40,445,697 $ 34,945,437 $ 32,343,878 Equity securities 765,881 897,429 1,437,948 Short-term investments 2,471,998 817,428 321,117 Other 29,250 29,250 29,250 Investment income 43,712,826 36,689,544 34,132,193 Investment expenses (2,859,611 ) (2,673,432 ) (3,006,562 ) Net investment income $ 40,853,215 $ 34,016,112 $ 31,125,631 We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments: 2023 2022 2021 Gross realized gains: Fixed maturities $ 1,059,244 $ 1,149,761 $ 676,724 Equity securities 2,662,661 1,765,923 1,430,465 Real estate — 477,287 — 3,721,905 3,392,971 2,107,189 Gross realized losses: Fixed maturities 3,300,351 2,129,736 294,126 Equity securities 732,940 4,113,526 462,335 4,033,291 6,243,262 756,461 Net realized (losses) gains (311,386 ) (2,850,291 ) 1,350,728 Gross unrealized gains on equity securities 3,651,125 258,532 5,627,949 Gross unrealized losses on equity securities (109,125 ) (7,593,038 ) (501,391 ) Increase in allowance for credit losses (57,807 ) — — Net investment gains (losses) $ 3,172,807 $ (10,184,797 ) $ 6,477,286 Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments: Fixed maturities $ 28,839,658 $ (177,147,840 ) $ (27,576,934 ) Equity securities 2,724,820 15,823,189 4,010,973 Totals $ 31,564,478 $ (161,324,651 ) $ (23,565,961 ) We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2023 as follows: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 32,223,934 $ 217,164 $ 116,537,998 $ 12,815,255 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 13,097,410 67,913 307,429,319 50,630,424 Corporate securities 13,065,558 324,293 353,862,937 29,669,608 Mortgage-backed securities 46,964,057 220,436 178,112,881 18,291,938 Totals $ 105,350,959 $ 829,806 $ 955,943,135 $ 111,407,225 We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 90,245,322 $ 5,326,954 $ 47,237,638 $ 10,364,027 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 261,464,427 49,327,324 47,945,038 16,493,177 Corporate securities 298,706,256 22,272,711 72,959,284 13,449,047 Mortgage-backed securities 143,885,626 10,940,722 69,878,986 12,458,518 Totals $ 794,301,631 $ 87,867,711 $ 238,020,946 $ 52,764,769 We held 869 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary. We did not recognize any impairment losses on specific securities in 2023, 2022 or 2021. We had no sales or transfers from our held to maturity portfolio in 2023, 2022 or 2021. We had no derivative instruments or hedging activities during 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements [Abstract]
Fair Value Measurements	5 - Fair Value Measurements We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of inputs, or assumptions, used in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories: Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; Level 2 - directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and Level 3 - unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data. For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services. We classify our fixed maturity investments and non-publicly traded equity securities as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities. At December 31, 2023, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at December 31, 2023, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided. We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. The carrying values in our balance sheet for premium receivables, reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and loss expenses and reinsurance balances payable approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for our borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3. We evaluate our assets and liabilities on a regular basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period. Based on our review of the methodology and summary of inputs the pricing services use, we have concluded that our Level 1 and Level 2 investments were classified properly at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2023: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 85,419,683 $ — $ 85,419,683 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 38,115,784 — 38,115,784 — Corporate securities 196,792,967 — 196,792,967 — Mortgage-backed securities 269,019,809 — 269,019,809 — Equity securities 25,902,956 23,910,968 1,991,988 — Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 615,251,199 $ 23,910,968 $ 591,340,231 $ — The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 63,521,312 $ — $ 63,521,312 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 40,155,784 — 40,155,784 — Corporate securities 202,838,045 — 202,838,045 — Mortgage-backed securities 217,276,790 — 217,276,790 — Equity securities 35,104,840 32,820,452 2,284,388 — Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 558,896,771 $ 32,820,452 $ 526,076,319 $ —

Deferred Policy Acquisition Cos

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Abstract]
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	6 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ deferred policy acquisition costs are as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Balance, January 1 $ 73,170,230 $ 68,028,373 $ 59,156,958 Acquisition costs deferred 156,087,174 147,571,857 137,604,415 Amortization charged to earnings (154,214,000 ) (142,430,000 ) (128,733,000 ) Balance, December 31 $ 75,043,404 $ 73,170,230 $ 68,028,373

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and Equipment	7 - Property and Equipment Property and equipment at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following: 2023 2022 Estimated Useful Life Office equipment $ 8,289,730 $ 8,245,030 3-15 years Automobiles 42,794 42,794 5 years Real estate 2,575,207 2,575,207 5-50 years Software 1,386,936 1,386,936 5 years 12,294,667 12,249,967 Accumulated depreciation (9,661,262 ) (9,494,862 ) $ 2,633,405 $ 2,755,105 Depreciation expense for 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $166,400, $173,535 and $208,641, respectively.

Liability for Losses and Loss E

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses [Abstract]
Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses	8 - Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses The establishment of an appropriate liability for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimates have exceeded their actual liabilities. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received since the prior reporting date. We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liability for losses and loss expenses as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Balance at January 1 $ 1,121,045,758 $ 1,077,620,301 $ 962,007,437 Less reinsurance recoverable (451,184,222 ) (451,261,306 ) (404,818,480 ) Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1 1,131,836 — — Net balance at January 1 670,993,372 626,358,995 557,188,957 Incurred related to: Current year 625,831,043 608,900,206 551,917,571 Prior years (16,653,344 ) (44,821,213 ) (31,208,029 ) Total incurred 609,177,699 564,078,993 520,709,542 Paid related to: Current year 330,290,039 302,272,322 269,316,762 Prior years 260,738,168 218,304,130 182,222,742 Total paid 591,028,207 520,576,452 451,539,504 Net balance at December 31 689,142,864 669,861,536 626,358,995 Plus reinsurance recoverable 437,013,974 451,184,222 451,261,306 Balance at December 31 $ 1,126,156,838 $ 1,121,045,758 $ 1,077,620,301 Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $16.7 million, $44.8 million and $31.2 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2023 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2023. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 7.2% of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2022. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2021 development represented 5.6% of the December 31, 2020 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence in the personal automobile, workers’ compensation and commercial automobile lines of business for accident years prior to 2021. The majority of the 2021 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider our insurance subsidiaries’ material lines of business to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation. Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ IBNR reserves include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during 2023. The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an “ a priori The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method from which the actuaries select loss development factor assumptions. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of estimates each of these methods produce. The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns or economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations. Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date on which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to accurately predict loss frequency and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require. Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business. For purposes of the claim development tables we present below, our insurance subsidiaries count claims on policies they issue even if they eventually close such claims without making a loss payment. Claims our insurance subsidiaries close without making a loss payment typically generate loss expenses. The methods our insurance subsidiaries have used to summarize claim counts have not changed significantly over the time periods we report in the tables below. The following tables present information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims that our insurance subsidiaries included within their net incurred claims amounts. The tables include unaudited information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2022, which we present as supplementary information. Personal Automobile At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 124,426 $ 124,806 $ 124,210 $ 126,200 $ 126,779 $ 126,734 $ 126,861 $ 126,977 $ 127,108 $ 127,148 $ 37 71 2015 137,569 139,333 139,181 142,493 142,408 142,073 142,010 141,965 141,894 61 70 2016 150,216 153,937 157,516 157,943 156,935 156,436 156,227 155,834 192 73 2017 166,690 176,728 175,939 174,784 173,730 173,032 172,712 353 79 2018 186,580 183,358 181,558 180,787 179,732 178,990 627 81 2019 161,056 157,689 156,300 154,805 153,883 1,227 68 2020 111,483 103,585 100,339 99,253 1,543 43 2021 119,364 118,752 114,707 2,792 47 2022 126,203 134,834 5,639 50 2023 152,740 27,416 50 Total $ 1,431,995 Personal Automobile Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Accident 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 85,377 $ 104,736 $ 114,893 $ 120,491 $ 123,815 $ 124,926 $ 125,619 $ 125,762 $ 126,701 $ 127,026 2015 93,611 116,303 128,395 135,027 139,121 140,028 140,892 141,172 141,298 2016 102,433 129,507 143,321 151,159 153,521 154,769 155,521 155,505 2017 111,964 142,372 159,879 166,099 169,190 170,895 171,513 2018 115,585 150,175 163,036 169,651 173,922 176,233 2019 103,101 127,187 141,004 146,667 150,017 2020 66,084 81,783 89,736 94,094 2021 76,477 93,998 103,427 2022 83,616 109,845 2023 99,574 Total 1,328,532 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 994 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 104,457 Homeowners At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 56,916 $ 58,378 $ 57,680 $ 57,332 $ 57,288 $ 57,402 $ 57,367 $ 57,371 $ 57,353 $ 57,362 $ — 17 2015 63,359 63,925 63,053 63,071 63,099 62,993 63,043 63,036 63,042 — 14 2016 62,443 64,064 63,735 63,355 63,279 63,409 63,472 63,478 3 12 2017 79,283 79,911 79,305 79,247 79,065 78,815 78,819 24 17 2018 81,965 83,385 82,905 82,566 82,058 81,977 78 19 2019 73,294 73,554 73,234 72,168 72,176 187 16 2020 61,633 62,718 61,595 61,495 385 14 2021 67,677 66,996 65,451 496 11 2022 82,433 82,045 1,846 10 2023 86,693 8,046 10 Total $ 712,538 Homeowners Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 45,823 $ 56,255 $ 56,990 $ 57,195 $ 56,995 $ 57,243 $ 57,336 $ 57,339 $ 57,318 $ 57,327 2015 51,885 61,542 62,204 62,590 62,844 62,943 62,936 62,938 63,042 2016 50,125 61,145 62,760 63,144 63,162 63,217 63,266 63,296 2017 67,077 77,663 78,006 78,127 78,454 78,528 78,556 2018 70,385 79,892 80,905 81,464 81,568 81,826 2019 58,074 69,145 70,416 70,884 71,209 2020 51,226 60,348 60,809 61,189 2021 52,161 63,920 64,124 2022 63,107 79,187 2023 67,636 Total 687,392 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 148 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 25,294 Commercial Automobile At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 42,760 $ 44,544 $ 47,326 $ 48,213 $ 49,284 $ 49,168 $ 49,308 $ 49,291 $ 49,285 $ 49,212 $ 8 11 2015 46,526 48,323 51,412 54,259 54,517 54,619 53,793 53,477 53,431 33 12 2016 54,302 57,353 65,905 67,127 66,894 66,085 65,922 65,602 71 13 2017 61,484 67,927 67,697 67,249 65,310 64,631 65,022 105 14 2018 79,307 81,396 82,313 83,043 82,226 82,368 207 15 2019 88,864 91,245 90,290 86,140 84,566 729 16 2020 90,367 87,766 85,016 83,590 2,528 14 2021 109,824 99,231 96,947 6,346 14 2022 115,287 108,690 17,627 15 2023 112,135 37,768 14 Total $ 801,563 Commercial Automobile Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 22,707 $ 31,089 $ 39,436 $ 44,374 $ 47,290 $ 48,418 $ 48,603 $ 48,714 $ 48,757 $ 48,829 2015 23,875 35,342 41,678 48,261 51,605 51,992 52,728 53,052 53,047 2016 27,033 38,237 48,837 57,237 60,485 64,421 65,076 65,273 2017 28,707 40,213 49,703 57,128 59,889 62,187 64,074 2018 33,862 47,941 57,451 69,487 74,421 79,308 2019 36,948 53,026 63,575 72,139 80,617 2020 31,884 46,459 60,665 70,669 2021 39,851 56,101 69,908 2022 46,242 67,367 2023 45,387 Total 644,479 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 88 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 157,172 Commercial Multi-Peril At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 48,204 $ 50,135 $ 51,843 $ 52,336 $ 53,294 $ 53,116 $ 52,926 $ 52,933 $ 53,502 $ 53,395 $ — 7 2015 42,070 43,874 44,728 45,104 45,873 45,366 45,420 45,595 46,181 — 6 2016 43,005 46,988 48,267 48,871 48,732 48,823 48,802 48,374 135 6 2017 56,185 56,043 56,517 54,812 55,076 54,244 55,002 187 7 2018 66,265 66,470 67,749 67,810 65,911 65,900 624 7 2019 71,865 73,836 76,326 75,821 76,015 2,093 7 2020 83,195 79,910 76,490 74,796 4,524 8 2021 116,827 117,574 119,321 14,055 7 2022 142,395 141,935 27,544 7 2023 129,069 43,788 5 Total $ 809,988 Commercial Multi-Peril Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 27,920 $ 35,520 $ 40,936 $ 47,021 $ 50,017 $ 51,615 $ 52,103 $ 52,252 $ 52,875 $ 53,074 2015 21,837 29,419 34,323 39,162 42,849 44,090 44,439 44,764 45,572 2016 19,660 29,402 34,612 41,193 43,435 44,944 47,432 48,048 2017 27,399 36,926 42,691 46,361 49,488 51,494 52,422 2018 30,597 42,296 48,050 54,913 59,118 62,253 2019 28,210 41,266 47,522 55,951 63,156 2020 34,729 46,193 52,646 58,754 2021 46,768 69,735 82,580 2022 57,641 86,664 2023 56,238 Total 608,761 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 521 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 201,748 Workers’ Compensation At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 51,508 $ 51,553 $ 49,288 $ 48,537 $ 47,540 $ 47,693 $ 47,849 $ 47,620 $ 47,794 $ 47,623 $ 7 6 2015 53,332 49,615 45,991 44,986 43,006 42,597 42,225 42,043 41,875 141 6 2016 58,814 49,802 47,883 44,969 44,098 43,559 43,484 43,447 387 6 2017 60,450 56,351 52,687 51,464 49,557 48,802 48,668 753 6 2018 62,197 55,291 52,514 47,912 47,007 46,742 924 6 2019 60,998 59,624 57,728 56,480 55,893 1,003 7 2020 57,172 57,850 57,384 56,714 1,824 6 2021 67,035 65,530 64,225 3,550 7 2022 67,046 67,331 6,428 7 2023 62,401 21,881 5 Total $ 534,919 Workers’ Compensation Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 13,932 $ 28,513 $ 36,284 $ 40,393 $ 42,465 $ 43,866 $ 44,403 $ 44,671 $ 45,314 $ 45,905 2015 13,071 27,531 34,192 36,929 37,936 38,596 39,096 39,478 39,762 2016 14,709 30,344 37,178 40,570 41,208 41,543 41,809 42,195 2017 15,581 31,990 39,684 42,954 44,242 45,174 45,935 2018 17,644 31,928 37,072 41,611 43,279 44,359 2019 16,939 33,009 41,740 47,121 50,079 2020 14,591 32,817 44,089 48,259 2021 20,931 42,633 51,781 2022 18,643 41,225 2023 17,546 Total 427,046 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 5,251 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 113,124 The following table presents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claims adjustment expenses in our consolidated balance sheet: At December 31, (in thousands) 2023 Net outstanding liabilities: Personal automobile $ 104,457 Homeowners 25,294 Commercial automobile 157,172 Commercial multi-peril 201,748 Workers ’ 113,124 Other 34,916 636,711 Reinsurance recoverable: Personal automobile $ 98,157 Homeowners 15,325 Commercial automobile 94,517 Commercial multi-peril 118,979 Workers ’ 84,766 Other 6,643 418,387 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses $ 71,059 Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses $ 1,126,157 The following table presents supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2023: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Personal automobile 65.6 % 16.9 % 8.5 % 4.2 % 2.2 % 0.9 % 0.5 % 0.1 % 0.4 % 0.3 % Homeowners 81.1 16.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 — 0.1 — Commercial automobile 42.3 18.1 14.4 11.9 6.2 3.7 1.4 0.4 — 0.1 Commercial multi-peril 44.3 17.6 9.8 10.3 6.6 3.4 2.1 0.8 1.5 0.4 Workers’ compensation 30.9 32.6 15.6 8.1 3.3 1.9 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.2

Borrowings

Borrowings	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Borrowings [Abstract]
Borrowings	9 - Borrowings Lines of Credit In August 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%. Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was outstanding at December 31, 2023. The cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024 March 2021 The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at December 31, 2023. FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement $ 1,591,800 Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $ 42,729,397 45,690,038 Borrowing capacity currently available 5,107,416 Subordinated Debentures In September 2021, upon receipt of approval from the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, MICO repaid in full the $5.0 million surplus note held previously by Donegal Mutual, along with accrued interest of $178,082.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Reinsurance [Abstract]
Reinsurance	10 - Reinsurance Unaffiliated Reinsurers Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual participate in a consolidated third-party reinsurance program, for which the coverage and parameters are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The program utilizes several different reinsurers, all of which have an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries had in place for 2023: • excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered losses over a set retention of $3.0 million for all losses other than workers’ compensation and a retention of $ 2.0 • catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recovered 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $25.0 million up to aggregate losses of $175.0 million per occurrence. As many as 24 reinsurers provided coverage for 2023 on any one treaty with no reinsurer taking more than 17.5% of any one treaty. In order to write automobile insurance in the State of Michigan, MICO is required to be a member of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association (“MCCA”). The MCCA provides reinsurance to MICO for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims in the state of Michigan over a set retention. In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries had a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovered 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $3.0 million up to aggregate losses of $22.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provided additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $6.0 million. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchased facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures in excess of the covered limits of their respective treaty reinsurance. The following amounts represent ceded reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums written $ 43,030,879 $ 37,002,702 $ 38,173,733 Premiums earned 42,416,710 36,947,675 37,984,833 Losses and loss expenses 16,318,760 31,096,016 29,999,528 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 6,732,955 6,118,784 6,063,759 Liability for losses and loss expenses 116,717,187 149,628,406 138,909,584 Total Reinsurance The following amounts represent total ceded reinsurance transactions with both affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 388,073,427 $ 383,059,075 $ 399,284,886 Losses and loss expenses 275,171,587 249,037,288 282,083,985 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 168,724,466 160,591,399 176,935,842 Liability for losses and loss expenses 437,013,974 451,184,222 451,261,306 The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums written for 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Direct $ 702,227,408 $ 641,971,207 $ 609,204,706 Assumed 589,675,724 568,272,026 601,864,198 Ceded (396,206,492 ) (366,714,634 ) (406,802,395 ) Net premiums written $ 895,696,640 $ 843,528,599 $ 804,266,509 The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums earned for 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Direct $ 686,584,907 $ 627,331,528 $ 601,408,581 Assumed 583,559,906 578,216,997 573,891,506 Ceded (388,073,427 ) (383,059,075 ) (399,284,886 ) Net premiums earned $ 882,071,386 $ 822,489,450 $ 776,015,201 Percentage of assumed premiums earned to net premiums earned 66.2 % 70.3 % 74.0 %

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Taxes [Abstract]
Income Taxes	11 - Income Taxes Our provision for income tax expense (benefit) for 2023, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following: 2023 2022 2021 Current federal income tax $ 408,575 $ 1,280,041 $ 3,998,431 Deferred federal income tax 229,397 (2,958,735 ) 1,085,903 Income tax expense (benefit) $ 637,972 $ (1,678,694 ) $ 5,084,334 Our effective tax rate is different from the amount computed at the statutory federal rate of 21%. The reasons for such difference and the related tax effects are as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) $ 5,063,476 $ (3,638,099 ) $ 30,338,508 Tax at federal statutory rate 1,063,330 (764,001 ) 6,371,087 Tax-exempt interest (1,328,312 ) (1,446,102 ) (1,491,154 ) Proration 351,415 384,944 401,717 Dividends received deduction (77,348 ) (93,675 ) (115,713 ) Stock options 595,602 216,893 148,320 Additional tax paid for prior year 159,261 (6,071 ) (15,874 ) Other, net (125,976 ) 29,318 (214,049 ) Income tax expense (benefit) $ 637,972 $ (1,678,694 ) $ 5,084,334 The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: 2023 2022 Deferred tax assets: Unearned premium $ 18,130,477 $ 17,560,126 Loss reserves 10,067,846 9,712,582 Net unrealized losses 8,743,238 11,088,307 Net state operating loss carryforward - DGI Parent 8,072,420 8,068,185 Other 1,492,635 1,472,110 Total gross deferred tax assets 46,506,616 47,901,310 Less valuation allowance (8,072,420 ) (8,068,185 ) Net deferred tax assets 38,434,196 39,833,125 Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred policy acquisition costs 15,759,115 15,365,749 Loss reserve transition adjustment 564,002 856,267 Other 2,578,554 2,008,092 Total gross deferred tax liabilities 18,901,671 18,230,108 Net deferred tax asset $ 19,532,525 $ 21,603,017 We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of a deferred tax asset. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we established a valuation allowance of $8.1 million for our net state operating loss carryforward, which will expire between 2024 and 2043 We are no longer subject to income tax examinations for tax years prior to 2016. In 2019, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) began a federal income tax audit of our consolidated tax returns for tax years 2016 to 2018. No material issues have been raised and no adjustments have been proposed as a result of this ongoing audit.

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	12 - Stockholders’ Equity Each share of our Class A common stock outstanding at the time of the declaration of any dividend or other distribution payable in cash upon the shares of our Class B common stock is entitled to a dividend or distribution payable at the same time and to stockholders of record on the same date in an amount at least 10% greater than any dividend declared upon each share of our Class B common stock. In the event of our merger or consolidation with or into another entity, the holders of our Class A common stock and the holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to receive the same per share consideration in such merger or consolidation. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, any assets available to common stockholders will be distributed pro-rata to the holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock after payment of all of our obligations. On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of the SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2023, 2022 or 2021. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our treasury stock consisted of 3,002,588 and 72,465 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively.

Stock Compensation Plans

Stock Compensation Plans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Stock Compensation Plans [Abstract]
Stock Compensation Plans	13 - Stock Compensation Plans Equity Incentive Plans Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Employees. During 2019, we adopted a plan that made a total of 4,500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates. The plan provides for the granting of awards by our board of directors in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or any combination of the above. The plan provides that stock options may become exercisable up to five years from their date of grant, with an option price not less than fair market value on the date preceding the date of grant. We have not granted any stock appreciation rights. Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Directors. During 2019, we adopted a plan that made 500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to our directors and the directors of our subsidiaries and affiliates. We may make awards in the form of stock options. The plan also provides for the issuance of 500 shares of restricted stock on the first business day of January in each year to each of our directors and each director of Donegal Mutual who does not serve as one of our directors. We issued 8,500 shares of restricted stock on January 3, 2023 under our director plan. We issued 8,500 shares of restricted stock on January 4, 2022 under our director plan. We issued 10,000 shares of restricted stock on January 4, 2021 under our director plan. No further shares are available for future option grants for plans in effect prior to 2019. We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term used as the assumption in the model. We base the expected term of an option award on our historical experience for similar awards. We determine the dividend yield by dividing the per share dividend by the grant date stock price. We base the expected volatility on the volatility of our stock price over a historical period comparable to the expected term. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2023 was $1.51. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 4.12%, an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 20% and an expected dividend yield of 5%. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2022 was $1.48. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 3.91%, an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 22% and an expected dividend yield of 5%. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2021 was $1.21. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 0.91%, an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 20% and an expected dividend yield of 4%. We charged compensation expense for our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of $876,569, $818,853 and $965,701 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $184,079, $171,959 and $202,797. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans was $1.9 million and $1.7 million, respectively. We expect to recognize this cost over a weighted average period of 2.0 years. During 2023, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $6.8 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $139,135 for 2023. During 2022, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $17.4 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $360,452 for 2022. During 2021, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $12.3 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $438,850 for 2021. Information regarding activity in our stock option plans follows: Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share Outstanding at December 31, 2020 9,694,352 $ 15.24 Granted - 2021 906,500 14.39 Exercised - 2021 (946,646 ) 13.00 Forfeited - 2021 (404,664 ) 15.69 Expired - 2021 (1,139,816 ) 16.40 Outstanding at December 31, 2021 8,109,726 15.22 Granted - 2022 956,600 14.08 Exercised - 2022 (1,202,806 ) 14.50 Forfeited - 2022 (545,618 ) 15.35 Expired - 2022 (935,723 ) 16.81 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 6,382,179 14.94 Granted - 2023 959,200 13.87 Exercised - 2023 (493,866 ) 13.79 Forfeited - 2023 (379,288 ) 15.29 Expired - 2023 (1,415,897 ) 15.81 Outstanding at December 31, 2023 5,052,328 $ 14.58 Exercisable at: December 31, 2021 6,297,849 $ 15.43 December 31, 2022 4,627,630 $ 15.21 December 31, 2023 3,234,327 $ 14.90 Shares available for future option grants at December 31, 2023 totaled 569,540 shares under all plans. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023: Grant Date Exercise Price Number of Options Outstanding Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life Number of Options Exercisable December 18, 2014 $ 15.80 883,839 1.0 years 883,839 December 19, 2019 14.98 819,765 1.0 years 819,765 December 17, 2020 14.43 701,024 2.0 years 701,024 January 4, 2021 14.07 10,000 2.0 years 10,000 December 16, 2021 14.39 764,500 3.0 years 509,666 February 9, 2022 14.15 2,000 3.1 years 2,000 April 18, 2022 13.28 10,000 3.3 years 6,667 December 15, 2022 14.09 904,100 4.0 years 301,366 December 21, 2023 13.87 957,100 5.0 years — Total 5,052,328 3,234,327 Employee Stock Purchase Plan Since 1996, we have maintained an Employee Stock Purchase Plan. During 2011, we adopted a plan that made 300,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance, which we amended in 2019 to make 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance. The 2011 plan expired during 2021. During 2021, we adopted a new plan that made 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance and extends over a 10-year period. The plan provides for shares to be offered to all eligible employees at a purchase price equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day before the first day of each enrollment period (June 1 and December 1 of each year) under the plan or 85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day of each subscription period (June 30 and December 31 of each year). A summary of plan activity follows: Shares Issued Price Shares January 1, 2021 $ 11.96 23,336 July 1, 2021 11.88 24,619 January 1, 2022 12.15 24,907 July 1, 2022 11.56 23,454 January 1, 2023 12.07 26,545 July 1, 2023 12.27 28,912 On January 1, 2024, we issued 29,787 shares at a price of $11.89 per share under this plan. Agency Stock Purchase Plan Since 1996, we have maintained an Agency Stock Purchase Plan. During 2018, we adopted a plan that made 350,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance to agents of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. During 2021, we amended the 2018 plan to make 400,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance. The 2018 plan expired in 2021. During 2021, we adopted a new plan that made 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance to agents of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The plan permits an agent to invest up to $12,000 per subscription period (April 1 to September 30 and October 1 to March 31 of each year) under various methods. We issue stock at the end of each subscription period at a price equal to 90% of the average market price during the last ten

Statutory Net Income, Capital a

Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions [Abstract]
Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions	14 - Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions The following table presents selected information, as filed with state insurance regulatory authorities, for our insurance subsidiaries as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such insurance regulatory authorities: 2023 2022 2021 Atlantic States: Statutory capital and surplus $ 273,626,140 $ 263,579,356 $ 278,883,189 Statutory unassigned surplus 167,301,333 158,056,862 174,073,348 Statutory net income (loss) 7,193,716 (3,124,687 ) (7,417,845 ) MICO: Statutory capital and surplus 71,608,571 75,441,871 75,197,207 Statutory unassigned surplus 49,582,271 53,422,483 53,201,571 Statutory net income (loss) 3,298,940 (233,391 ) 7,704,417 Peninsula: Statutory capital and surplus 50,398,403 52,234,684 47,867,789 Statutory unassigned surplus 32,089,203 33,925,484 29,558,589 Statutory net income 4,121,754 4,192,697 3,536,404 Southern: Statutory capital and surplus 68,041,175 64,463,124 64,238,221 Statutory unassigned surplus (8,907,602 ) 7,523,951 7,330,382 Statutory net (loss) income (16,927,267 ) (410,561 ) 6,927,576 Our principal source of cash for payment of dividends is dividends from our insurance subsidiaries. State insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus amounts on a statutory basis. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that may further impact their ability to pay dividends. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2023 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Amounts available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities in 2024 are approximately $27.4 million from Atlantic States, $7.2 million from MICO and $5.0 million from Peninsula, or a total of approximately $39.6 million.

Reconciliation of Statutory Fil

Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements [Abstract]
Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements	15 - Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements Our insurance subsidiaries must file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities using accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by those authorities. We refer to these accounting principles and practices as statutory accounting principles (“SAP”). Accounting principles used to prepare these SAP financial statements differ from those used to prepare financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Reconciliations of statutory net (loss) income and capital and surplus, as determined using SAP, to the net income (loss) and stockholders’ equity amounts included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statutory net (loss) income of insurance subsidiaries $ (2,312,857 ) $ 424,058 $ 10,750,552 Increases (decreases): Deferred policy acquisition costs 1,873,174 5,141,857 8,871,415 Deferred federal income taxes (229,397 ) 2,958,735 (1,085,903 ) Salvage and subrogation recoverable 3,644,800 5,195,800 2,551,800 Consolidating eliminations and adjustments (10,574,579 ) (14,791,466 ) (18,769 ) Parent-only net income (loss) 12,024,363 (888,389 ) 4,185,079 Net income (loss) $ 4,425,504 $ (1,959,405 ) $ 25,254,174 December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statutory capital and surplus of insurance subsidiaries $ 463,674,289 $ 455,719,035 $ 466,186,406 Increases (decreases): Deferred policy acquisition costs 75,043,404 73,170,230 68,028,373 Deferred federal income taxes (13,072,768 ) (23,794,084 ) (21,294,388 ) Salvage and subrogation recoverable 32,351,000 28,706,200 23,510,400 Non-admitted assets and other adjustments, net 1,328,142 712,623 929,862 Fixed maturities (41,036,366 ) (49,367,986 ) 5,958,434 Parent-only equity and other adjustments (38,542,347 ) (1,553,006 ) (12,283,000 ) Stockholders’ equity $ 479,745,354 $ 483,593,012 $ 531,036,087

Supplementary Cash Flow Informa

Supplementary Cash Flow Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Supplementary Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Supplementary Cash Flow Information	16 - Supplementary Cash Flow Information The following table reflects net income taxes and interest we paid during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Income taxes $ — $ 4,500,000 $ 6,200,000 Interest 618,519 623,947 1,150,211

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]
Net Income (Loss) Per Share	17 - Earnings Per Share We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to be paid cash dividends that are at least 10% higher than the cash dividends we pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage reflecting the dividend rights of each class. We present below a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class A common stock: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Basic earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 3,788 $ (1,571 ) $ 21,131 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding 27,469 26,409 25,388 Basic earnings (loss) per share $ 0.14 $ (0.06 ) $ 0.83 Diluted earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 3,788 $ (1,571 ) $ 21,131 Denominator: Number of shares used in basic computation 27,469 26,409 25,388 Weighted-average effect of dilutive securities Add: Director and employee stock options 94 — 146 Number of shares used in per share computations 27,563 26,409 25,534 Diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 0.14 $ (0.06 ) $ 0.83 We used the following information in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class B common stock: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 638 $ (388 ) $ 4,123 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding 5,577 5,577 5,577 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 0.11 $ (0.07 ) $ 0.74 We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted loss per share for 2022 because we sustained a net loss for the period.

Condensed Financial Information

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company [Abstract]
Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company	18 - Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company Condensed Balance Sheets (in thousands) December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Investment in subsidiaries/affiliates (equity method) $ 506,855 $ 509,513 Short-term investments 1,469 7,325 Cash 8,043 3,288 Property and equipment 504 586 Other 4,866 4,589 Total assets $ 521,737 $ 525,301 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Cash dividends declared to stockholders $ 5,570 $ 5,297 Notes payable to subsidiary 35,000 35,000 Other 1,422 1,411 Total liabilities 41,992 41,708 Stockholders’ equity 479,745 483,593 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 521,737 $ 525,301 Condensed Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statements of Income (Loss) Revenues Dividends from subsidiaries $ 13,000 $ — $ 5,000 Other 638 526 481 Total revenues 13,638 526 5,481 Expenses Operating expenses 1,202 1,245 1,223 Interest 787 787 787 Total expenses 1,989 2,032 2,010 Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries 11,649 (1,506 ) 3,471 Income tax benefit (375 ) (618 ) (714 ) Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries 12,024 (888 ) 4,185 Equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries (7,598 ) (1,071 ) 21,069 Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Unrealized gain (loss) - subsidiaries 6,018 (44,988 ) (7,847 ) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 6,018 (44,988 ) (7,847 ) Comprehensive income (loss) $ 10,444 $ (46,947 ) $ 17,407 Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Adjustments: Equity in undistributed net loss (income) of subsidiaries 7,598 1,071 (21,069 ) Other (168 ) (1,972 ) (536 ) Net adjustments 7,430 (901 ) (21,605 ) Net cash provided (used) 11,856 (2,860 ) 3,649 Cash flows from investing activities: Net sale (purchases) of short-term investments 5,856 (7,316 ) — Net purchase of property and equipment (45 ) — (13 ) Investment in subsidiaries (819 ) (768 ) (916 ) Other 30 (28 ) — Net cash received (used) 5,022 (8,112 ) (929 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Cash dividends paid (21,894 ) (20,503 ) (19,099 ) Issuance of common stock 9,771 20,388 15,433 Net cash used (12,123 ) (115 ) (3,666 ) Net change in cash 4,755 (11,087 ) (946 ) Cash at beginning of year 3,288 14,375 15,321 Cash at end of year $ 8,043 $ 3,288 $ 14,375

Segment Information

Segment Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Information [Abstract]
Segment Information	19 - Segment Information We have three reportable segments, which consist of our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. Using independent agents, our insurance subsidiaries market commercial lines of insurance to small and medium-sized businesses and personal lines of insurance to individuals. We evaluate the performance of the commercial lines and personal lines primarily based upon our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results as determined under SAP for our total business. We do not allocate assets to the commercial and personal lines and review the two segments in total for purposes of decision-making. We operate only in the United States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues. Financial data by segment is as follows: 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Revenues: Premiums earned: Commercial lines $ 533,029 $ 521,227 $ 478,966 Personal lines 349,042 301,263 297,049 GAAP premiums earned 882,071 822,490 776,015 Net investment income 40,853 34,016 31,126 Investment gains (losses) 3,173 (10,185 ) 6,477 Other 1,241 1,900 2,848 Total revenues $ 927,338 $ 848,221 $ 816,466 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Income (loss) before income taxes: Underwriting (loss) income: Commercial lines $ (6,998 ) $ (22,665 ) $ (35,174 ) Personal lines (35,118 ) (13,506 ) 17,235 SAP underwriting loss (42,116 ) (36,171 ) (17,939 ) GAAP adjustments 3,735 8,667 9,945 GAAP underwriting loss (38,381 ) (27,504 ) (7,994 ) Net investment income 40,853 34,016 31,126 Investment gains (losses) 3,173 (10,185 ) 6,477 Other (582 ) 35 730 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 5,063 $ (3,638 ) $ 30,339

Guaranty Fund and Other Insuran

Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments [Abstract]
Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments	20 - Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments were $1.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022. These liabilities included $702,261 and $663,883 related to surcharges collected by our insurance subsidiaries on behalf of regulatory authorities for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Allowance for Expected Credit L

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses	21 - Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Pursuant to new accounting guidance we adopted on January 1, 2023, we make estimates with respect to the potential impairment of financial instruments and recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. We refer to Note 2 - Impact of New Accounting Standards for more information regarding the new accounting guidance. We have established allowances for expected credit losses with respect to held-to-maturity debt securities and reinsurance recoverable. Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for 2023. At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 688,439 $ — Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses 1,268 Current period change for expected credit losses 58 Balance at end of period $ 679,497 $ 1,326 Reinsurance Receivable For reinsurance receivable, we establish an allowance for expected credit losses based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for 2023. At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 456,522 $ — Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses 1,132 Current period change for expected credit losses 262 Balance at end of period $ 441,431 $ 1,394

Insider Trading Arrangements

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Insider Trading Arrangements [Line Items]
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY IN

SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION [Abstract]
SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION	DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands) Segment Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Net Losses and Loss Expenses Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Other Underwriting Expenses Net Premiums Written Year Ended December 31, 2023 Commercial lines $ 533,029 $ — $ 345,401 $ 94,842 $ 93,325 $ 528,429 Personal lines 349,042 — 263,777 59,372 58,423 367,268 Investments — 40,853 — — — — $ 882,071 $ 40,853 $ 609,178 $ 154,214 $ 151,748 $ 895,697 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Commercial lines $ 521,227 $ — $ 342,456 $ 91,965 $ 89,056 $ 530,846 Personal lines 301,263 — 221,623 50,465 48,868 312,684 Investments — 34,016 — — — — $ 822,490 $ 34,016 $ 564,079 $ 142,430 $ 137,924 $ 843,530 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Commercial lines $ 478,966 $ — $ 321,483 $ 84,927 $ 85,345 $ 512,674 Personal lines 297,049 — 199,227 43,806 44,023 291,593 Investments — 31,126 — — — — $ 776,015 $ 31,126 $ 520,710 $ 128,733 $ 129,368 $ 804,267 DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION, CONTINUED ($ in thousands) At December 31, Segment Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses Unearned Premiums Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable 2023 Commercial lines $ 42,775 $ 869,393 $ 341,664 $ — Personal lines 32,268 256,764 257,747 — Investments — — — — $ 75,043 $ 1,126,157 $ 599,411 $ — 2022 Commercial lines $ 43,756 $ 859,842 $ 345,437 $ — Personal lines 29,414 261,204 232,216 — Investments — — — — $ 73,170 $ 1,121,046 $ 577,653 $ —

Summary of Significant Accoun_2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Organization and Business	Organization and Business Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries are Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary Peninsula Indemnity Company, and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”). Our insurance subsidiaries and their affiliates write commercial and personal lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states. At December 31, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. At December 31, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products. Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement (the “pooling agreement”) with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool. In addition, Donegal Mutual has a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company (“Southern Mutual”). Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool. Donegal Mutual completed the merger of Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company (“Mountain States”) with and into Donegal Mutual effective May 25, 2017. Donegal Mutual was the surviving company in the merger, and Mountain States’ insurance subsidiaries, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company (collectively, the “Mountain States insurance subsidiaries”), became insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual upon completion of the merger. Upon completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual assumed all of the policy obligations of Mountain States and began to market its products together with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group in four Southwestern states. Donegal Mutual also entered into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with the Mountain States insurance subsidiaries on the merger date. Beginning with policies effective in 2021, Donegal Mutual began to place the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group into the underwriting pool. The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues. We refer to Note 3 - Transactions with Affiliates for more information regarding the pooling agreement.
Basis of Consolidation	Basis of Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” as we use them in the notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the consolidated entity.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We make estimates and assumptions that could have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our consolidated financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to our insurance subsidiaries’ reserves for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.
Reclassification	Reclassification We have made certain reclassifications in our prior period financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.
Investments	Investments We classify our debt securities into the following categories: Held to Maturity - Debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity; reported at amortized cost. Available for Sale - Debt securities not classified as held to maturity; reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from income and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (net of tax effects). Short-term investments are carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute investment gains and losses using the specific identification method. We amortize premiums and discounts for mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.
Fair Values of Financial Instruments	Fair Values of Financial Instruments We use the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value disclosures: Investments - We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values for our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon the general knowledge of our investment personnel of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. We refer to Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements for more information regarding our methods and assumptions in estimating fair values. Cash and Short-Term Investments - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments approximate their fair values. Premiums and Reinsurance Receivables and Payables - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments related to premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Our insurance subsidiaries recognize insurance premiums as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Our insurance subsidiaries calculate unearned premiums on a daily pro-rata basis.
Policy Acquisition Costs	Policy Acquisition Costs We defer our insurance subsidiaries’ policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which our insurance subsidiaries earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss expenses and certain other costs we expect to incur as our insurance subsidiaries earn the premium. Estimates in the calculation of policy acquisition costs have not shown material variability because of uncertainties in applying accounting principles or as a result of sensitivities to changes in key assumptions.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment We report property and equipment at depreciated cost that we compute using the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives of the assets.
Losses and Loss Expenses	Losses and Loss Expenses Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates. O ur insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses R eserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in 2022 and 2023 due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher new and used automobile values, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. While these trend changes have begun to normalize, they caused significant disruption to historical loss patterns and give Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. Our insurance subsidiaries’ personal lines products primarily include standard and preferred risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines products primarily include business offices, wholesalers, service providers, contractors, artisans and light manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes We currently file a consolidated federal income tax return that includes us and our insurance subsidiaries. We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates we expect to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.
Credit Risk	Credit Risk Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt to us. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security. Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this business directly to their policyholders, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of business. Our insurance subsidiaries have reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of major unaffiliated reinsurers.
Reinsurance Accounting and Reporting	Reinsurance Accounting and Reporting Our insurance subsidiaries rely upon reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single risks or risks in concentrated areas and to increase their capacity to write insurance. Reinsurance does not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from liability to their respective policyholders. To the extent that a reinsurer cannot pay losses for which it is liable under the terms of a reinsurance agreement with one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries retain continued liability for such losses. However, in an effort to reduce the risk of non-payment, our insurance subsidiaries require all of their reinsurers to have an A.M. Best rating of A- or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, to have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with an A.M. Best rating of A- or better. We refer to Note 10 - Reinsurance for more information regarding the reinsurance agreements of our insurance subsidiaries. We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation We measure all share-based payments to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, including grants of stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options we grant to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we realized $139,135, $360,452 and $438,850, respectively, in tax benefits upon the exercise of stock options.
Earnings per Share	Earnings Per Share We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to the declaration and payment of cash dividends that are at least 10% higher than those we declare and pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods.

Impact of New Accounting Stan_2

Impact of New Accounting Standards (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Impact of New Accounting Standards [Abstract]
Impact of New Accounting Standards	Impact of New Accounting Standards In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

Transactions with Affiliates (T

Transactions with Affiliates (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Transactions with Affiliates [Abstract]
Schedule of Reinsurance Atlantic States Ceded to Pool	The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States ceded to the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 332,272,662 $ 314,321,443 $ 305,729,418 Losses and loss expenses 238,055,099 202,228,589 222,737,225 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 161,991,511 154,472,615 152,323,262 Liability for losses and loss expenses 299,947,390 277,641,902 274,033,812
Schedule of Reinsurance Atlantic States Assumed from Pool	The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States assumed from the pool during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 583,559,746 $ 578,216,706 $ 573,891,394 Losses and loss expenses 409,051,306 395,794,813 383,455,320 Unearned premiums 286,147,727 280,031,908 289,976,879 Liability for losses and loss expenses 507,527,839 496,849,769 455,564,733
Schedule of Reinsurance Ceded to Donegal Mutual Pursuant to these Quota-Share Reinsurance Agreements	The following amounts represent reinsurance ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these quota-share reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 168,243 $ 17,989,939 $ 37,996,474 Losses and loss expenses 2,902,422 5,194,974 20,037,608 Prepaid reinsurance premiums — — 18,548,821 Liability for losses and loss expenses 17,852,153 22,642,908 36,659,853
Schedule of Insurance Subsidiaries Ceded to Donegal Mutual Pursuant to these Reinsurance Agreements	The following amounts represent reinsurance that our insurance subsidiaries ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these reinsurance agreements during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 13,215,814 $ 13,800,018 $ 17,574,161 Losses and loss expenses 17,895,306 10,517,709 9,309,624 Liability for losses and loss expenses 2,497,244 1,271,006 1,658,057
Schedule of Effect of Affiliated Reinsurance Transactions on Net Premiums of Subsidiaries Earned	The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net premiums our insurance subsidiaries earned during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Assumed $ 583,559,746 $ 578,216,706 $ 573,891,394 Ceded (345,656,717 ) (346,111,400 ) (361,300,053 ) Net $ 237,903,029 $ 232,105,306 $ 212,591,341
Schedule of Effect of Affiliated Reinsurance Transactions on Net Losses and Loss Expenses Insurance Subsidiaries Incurred	The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net losses and loss expenses our insurance subsidiaries incurred during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Assumed $ 409,051,306 $ 395,790,312 $ 383,452,056 Ceded (258,852,827 ) (217,941,272 ) (252,084,457 ) Net $ 150,198,479 $ 177,849,040 $ 131,367,599

Investments (Tables)

Investments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Investments [Abstract]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities	The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: 2023 Carrying Value Allowance for Credit Losses Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value (in thousands) Held to Maturity U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 91,517,359 $ 54,668 $ 91,572,027 $ — $ 8,885,420 $ 82,686,607 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 376,897,952 265,977 377,163,929 1,448,585 46,844,714 331,767,800 Corporate securities 201,847,288 999,685 202,846,973 207,628 14,804,569 188,250,032 Mortgage-backed securities 9,234,439 5,517 9,239,956 — 418,057 8,821,899 Totals $ 679,497,038 $ 1,325,847 $ 680,822,885 $ 1,656,213 $ 70,952,760 $ 611,526,338 2023 Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 89,367,383 $ 199,299 $ 4,146,999 $ 85,419,683 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 41,957,742 11,665 3,853,623 38,115,784 Corporate securities 211,882,285 100,014 15,189,332 196,792,967 Mortgage-backed securities 286,520,103 594,023 18,094,317 269,019,809 Totals $ 629,727,513 $ 905,001 $ 41,284,271 $ 589,348,243 2022 Held to Maturity Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 103,362,028 $ 856 $ 10,566,154 $ 92,796,730 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 382,097,461 1,809,879 60,494,134 323,413,206 Corporate securities 190,948,922 — 20,510,543 170,438,379 Mortgage-backed securities 12,030,949 — 634,583 11,396,366 Totals $ 688,439,360 $ 1,810,735 $ 92,205,414 $ 598,044,681 2022 Available for Sale Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 68,537,456 $ 108,683 $ 5,124,827 $ 63,521,312 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 45,448,157 33,994 5,326,367 40,155,784 Corporate securities 218,040,945 8,315 15,211,215 202,838,045 Mortgage-backed securities 239,886,169 155,278 22,764,657 217,276,790 Totals $ 571,912,727 $ 306,270 $ 48,427,066 $ 523,791,931
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Fixed Maturities by Contractual Maturity	We set forth below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Held to maturity Due in one year or less $ 19,007,881 $ 18,869,262 Due after one year through five years 105,894,799 102,016,841 Due after five years through ten years 251,405,744 230,975,966 Due after ten years 295,274,505 250,842,370 Mortgage-backed securities 9,239,956 8,821,899 Total held to maturity $ 680,822,885 $ 611,526,338 Available for sale Due in one year or less $ 35,774,037 $ 35,384,044 Due after one year through five years 175,526,581 166,257,527 Due after five years through ten years 105,858,004 95,629,511 Due after ten years 26,048,788 23,057,352 Mortgage-backed securities 286,520,103 269,019,809 Total available for sale $ 629,727,513 $ 589,348,243
Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Equity Securities	The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows: Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Estimated Fair Value Equity securities $ 18,843,929 $ 7,059,027 $ — $ 25,902,956 The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows: Cost Gross Gains Gross Losses Estimated Fair Value Equity securities $ 30,770,633 $ 5,666,467 $ 1,332,260 $ 35,104,840
Net Investment Income, consisting Primarily of Interest and Dividends	We derived net investment income, consisting primarily of interest and dividends, from the following sources: 2023 2022 2021 Fixed maturities $ 40,445,697 $ 34,945,437 $ 32,343,878 Equity securities 765,881 897,429 1,437,948 Short-term investments 2,471,998 817,428 321,117 Other 29,250 29,250 29,250 Investment income 43,712,826 36,689,544 34,132,193 Investment expenses (2,859,611 ) (2,673,432 ) (3,006,562 ) Net investment income $ 40,853,215 $ 34,016,112 $ 31,125,631
Gross Investment Gains and Losses before Applicable Income Taxes	We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments: 2023 2022 2021 Gross realized gains: Fixed maturities $ 1,059,244 $ 1,149,761 $ 676,724 Equity securities 2,662,661 1,765,923 1,430,465 Real estate — 477,287 — 3,721,905 3,392,971 2,107,189 Gross realized losses: Fixed maturities 3,300,351 2,129,736 294,126 Equity securities 732,940 4,113,526 462,335 4,033,291 6,243,262 756,461 Net realized (losses) gains (311,386 ) (2,850,291 ) 1,350,728 Gross unrealized gains on equity securities 3,651,125 258,532 5,627,949 Gross unrealized losses on equity securities (109,125 ) (7,593,038 ) (501,391 ) Increase in allowance for credit losses (57,807 ) — — Net investment gains (losses) $ 3,172,807 $ (10,184,797 ) $ 6,477,286 Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments: Fixed maturities $ 28,839,658 $ (177,147,840 ) $ (27,576,934 ) Equity securities 2,724,820 15,823,189 4,010,973 Totals $ 31,564,478 $ (161,324,651 ) $ (23,565,961 )
Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses	We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2023 as follows: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 32,223,934 $ 217,164 $ 116,537,998 $ 12,815,255 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 13,097,410 67,913 307,429,319 50,630,424 Corporate securities 13,065,558 324,293 353,862,937 29,669,608 Mortgage-backed securities 46,964,057 220,436 178,112,881 18,291,938 Totals $ 105,350,959 $ 829,806 $ 955,943,135 $ 111,407,225 We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows: Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 90,245,322 $ 5,326,954 $ 47,237,638 $ 10,364,027 Obligations of states and political subdivisions 261,464,427 49,327,324 47,945,038 16,493,177 Corporate securities 298,706,256 22,272,711 72,959,284 13,449,047 Mortgage-backed securities 143,885,626 10,940,722 69,878,986 12,458,518 Totals $ 794,301,631 $ 87,867,711 $ 238,020,946 $ 52,764,769

Fair Value Measurements (Tables

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements [Abstract]
Investments in Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities	The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2023: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 85,419,683 $ — $ 85,419,683 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 38,115,784 — 38,115,784 — Corporate securities 196,792,967 — 196,792,967 — Mortgage-backed securities 269,019,809 — 269,019,809 — Equity securities 25,902,956 23,910,968 1,991,988 — Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 615,251,199 $ 23,910,968 $ 591,340,231 $ — The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022: Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies $ 63,521,312 $ — $ 63,521,312 $ — Obligations of states and political subdivisions 40,155,784 — 40,155,784 — Corporate securities 202,838,045 — 202,838,045 — Mortgage-backed securities 217,276,790 — 217,276,790 — Equity securities 35,104,840 32,820,452 2,284,388 — Total investments in the fair value hierarchy $ 558,896,771 $ 32,820,452 $ 526,076,319 $ —

Deferred Policy Acquisition C_2

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Abstract]
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ deferred policy acquisition costs are as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Balance, January 1 $ 73,170,230 $ 68,028,373 $ 59,156,958 Acquisition costs deferred 156,087,174 147,571,857 137,604,415 Amortization charged to earnings (154,214,000 ) (142,430,000 ) (128,733,000 ) Balance, December 31 $ 75,043,404 $ 73,170,230 $ 68,028,373

Property and Equipment (Tables)

Property and Equipment (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and Equipment	Property and equipment at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following: 2023 2022 Estimated Useful Life Office equipment $ 8,289,730 $ 8,245,030 3-15 years Automobiles 42,794 42,794 5 years Real estate 2,575,207 2,575,207 5-50 years Software 1,386,936 1,386,936 5 years 12,294,667 12,249,967 Accumulated depreciation (9,661,262 ) (9,494,862 ) $ 2,633,405 $ 2,755,105

Liability for Losses and Loss_2

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses [Abstract]
Summary of Insurance Subsidiaries' Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses	We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liability for losses and loss expenses as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Balance at January 1 $ 1,121,045,758 $ 1,077,620,301 $ 962,007,437 Less reinsurance recoverable (451,184,222 ) (451,261,306 ) (404,818,480 ) Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1 1,131,836 — — Net balance at January 1 670,993,372 626,358,995 557,188,957 Incurred related to: Current year 625,831,043 608,900,206 551,917,571 Prior years (16,653,344 ) (44,821,213 ) (31,208,029 ) Total incurred 609,177,699 564,078,993 520,709,542 Paid related to: Current year 330,290,039 302,272,322 269,316,762 Prior years 260,738,168 218,304,130 182,222,742 Total paid 591,028,207 520,576,452 451,539,504 Net balance at December 31 689,142,864 669,861,536 626,358,995 Plus reinsurance recoverable 437,013,974 451,184,222 451,261,306 Balance at December 31 $ 1,126,156,838 $ 1,121,045,758 $ 1,077,620,301
Incurred and Paid Claims Development, Net of Reinsurance, Cumulative Claim Frequency and Total of IBNR Reserves Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims	The following tables present information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims that our insurance subsidiaries included within their net incurred claims amounts. The tables include unaudited information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2022, which we present as supplementary information. Personal Automobile At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 124,426 $ 124,806 $ 124,210 $ 126,200 $ 126,779 $ 126,734 $ 126,861 $ 126,977 $ 127,108 $ 127,148 $ 37 71 2015 137,569 139,333 139,181 142,493 142,408 142,073 142,010 141,965 141,894 61 70 2016 150,216 153,937 157,516 157,943 156,935 156,436 156,227 155,834 192 73 2017 166,690 176,728 175,939 174,784 173,730 173,032 172,712 353 79 2018 186,580 183,358 181,558 180,787 179,732 178,990 627 81 2019 161,056 157,689 156,300 154,805 153,883 1,227 68 2020 111,483 103,585 100,339 99,253 1,543 43 2021 119,364 118,752 114,707 2,792 47 2022 126,203 134,834 5,639 50 2023 152,740 27,416 50 Total $ 1,431,995 Personal Automobile Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Accident 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 85,377 $ 104,736 $ 114,893 $ 120,491 $ 123,815 $ 124,926 $ 125,619 $ 125,762 $ 126,701 $ 127,026 2015 93,611 116,303 128,395 135,027 139,121 140,028 140,892 141,172 141,298 2016 102,433 129,507 143,321 151,159 153,521 154,769 155,521 155,505 2017 111,964 142,372 159,879 166,099 169,190 170,895 171,513 2018 115,585 150,175 163,036 169,651 173,922 176,233 2019 103,101 127,187 141,004 146,667 150,017 2020 66,084 81,783 89,736 94,094 2021 76,477 93,998 103,427 2022 83,616 109,845 2023 99,574 Total 1,328,532 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 994 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 104,457 Homeowners At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 56,916 $ 58,378 $ 57,680 $ 57,332 $ 57,288 $ 57,402 $ 57,367 $ 57,371 $ 57,353 $ 57,362 $ — 17 2015 63,359 63,925 63,053 63,071 63,099 62,993 63,043 63,036 63,042 — 14 2016 62,443 64,064 63,735 63,355 63,279 63,409 63,472 63,478 3 12 2017 79,283 79,911 79,305 79,247 79,065 78,815 78,819 24 17 2018 81,965 83,385 82,905 82,566 82,058 81,977 78 19 2019 73,294 73,554 73,234 72,168 72,176 187 16 2020 61,633 62,718 61,595 61,495 385 14 2021 67,677 66,996 65,451 496 11 2022 82,433 82,045 1,846 10 2023 86,693 8,046 10 Total $ 712,538 Homeowners Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 45,823 $ 56,255 $ 56,990 $ 57,195 $ 56,995 $ 57,243 $ 57,336 $ 57,339 $ 57,318 $ 57,327 2015 51,885 61,542 62,204 62,590 62,844 62,943 62,936 62,938 63,042 2016 50,125 61,145 62,760 63,144 63,162 63,217 63,266 63,296 2017 67,077 77,663 78,006 78,127 78,454 78,528 78,556 2018 70,385 79,892 80,905 81,464 81,568 81,826 2019 58,074 69,145 70,416 70,884 71,209 2020 51,226 60,348 60,809 61,189 2021 52,161 63,920 64,124 2022 63,107 79,187 2023 67,636 Total 687,392 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 148 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 25,294 Commercial Automobile At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 42,760 $ 44,544 $ 47,326 $ 48,213 $ 49,284 $ 49,168 $ 49,308 $ 49,291 $ 49,285 $ 49,212 $ 8 11 2015 46,526 48,323 51,412 54,259 54,517 54,619 53,793 53,477 53,431 33 12 2016 54,302 57,353 65,905 67,127 66,894 66,085 65,922 65,602 71 13 2017 61,484 67,927 67,697 67,249 65,310 64,631 65,022 105 14 2018 79,307 81,396 82,313 83,043 82,226 82,368 207 15 2019 88,864 91,245 90,290 86,140 84,566 729 16 2020 90,367 87,766 85,016 83,590 2,528 14 2021 109,824 99,231 96,947 6,346 14 2022 115,287 108,690 17,627 15 2023 112,135 37,768 14 Total $ 801,563 Commercial Automobile Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 22,707 $ 31,089 $ 39,436 $ 44,374 $ 47,290 $ 48,418 $ 48,603 $ 48,714 $ 48,757 $ 48,829 2015 23,875 35,342 41,678 48,261 51,605 51,992 52,728 53,052 53,047 2016 27,033 38,237 48,837 57,237 60,485 64,421 65,076 65,273 2017 28,707 40,213 49,703 57,128 59,889 62,187 64,074 2018 33,862 47,941 57,451 69,487 74,421 79,308 2019 36,948 53,026 63,575 72,139 80,617 2020 31,884 46,459 60,665 70,669 2021 39,851 56,101 69,908 2022 46,242 67,367 2023 45,387 Total 644,479 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 88 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 157,172 Commercial Multi-Peril At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 48,204 $ 50,135 $ 51,843 $ 52,336 $ 53,294 $ 53,116 $ 52,926 $ 52,933 $ 53,502 $ 53,395 $ — 7 2015 42,070 43,874 44,728 45,104 45,873 45,366 45,420 45,595 46,181 — 6 2016 43,005 46,988 48,267 48,871 48,732 48,823 48,802 48,374 135 6 2017 56,185 56,043 56,517 54,812 55,076 54,244 55,002 187 7 2018 66,265 66,470 67,749 67,810 65,911 65,900 624 7 2019 71,865 73,836 76,326 75,821 76,015 2,093 7 2020 83,195 79,910 76,490 74,796 4,524 8 2021 116,827 117,574 119,321 14,055 7 2022 142,395 141,935 27,544 7 2023 129,069 43,788 5 Total $ 809,988 Commercial Multi-Peril Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 27,920 $ 35,520 $ 40,936 $ 47,021 $ 50,017 $ 51,615 $ 52,103 $ 52,252 $ 52,875 $ 53,074 2015 21,837 29,419 34,323 39,162 42,849 44,090 44,439 44,764 45,572 2016 19,660 29,402 34,612 41,193 43,435 44,944 47,432 48,048 2017 27,399 36,926 42,691 46,361 49,488 51,494 52,422 2018 30,597 42,296 48,050 54,913 59,118 62,253 2019 28,210 41,266 47,522 55,951 63,156 2020 34,729 46,193 52,646 58,754 2021 46,768 69,735 82,580 2022 57,641 86,664 2023 56,238 Total 608,761 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 521 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 201,748 Workers’ Compensation At December 31, 2023 Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Unaudited (dollars and reported claims in thousands) 2014 $ 51,508 $ 51,553 $ 49,288 $ 48,537 $ 47,540 $ 47,693 $ 47,849 $ 47,620 $ 47,794 $ 47,623 $ 7 6 2015 53,332 49,615 45,991 44,986 43,006 42,597 42,225 42,043 41,875 141 6 2016 58,814 49,802 47,883 44,969 44,098 43,559 43,484 43,447 387 6 2017 60,450 56,351 52,687 51,464 49,557 48,802 48,668 753 6 2018 62,197 55,291 52,514 47,912 47,007 46,742 924 6 2019 60,998 59,624 57,728 56,480 55,893 1,003 7 2020 57,172 57,850 57,384 56,714 1,824 6 2021 67,035 65,530 64,225 3,550 7 2022 67,046 67,331 6,428 7 2023 62,401 21,881 5 Total $ 534,919 Workers’ Compensation Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31, Accident Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Unaudited (in thousands) 2014 $ 13,932 $ 28,513 $ 36,284 $ 40,393 $ 42,465 $ 43,866 $ 44,403 $ 44,671 $ 45,314 $ 45,905 2015 13,071 27,531 34,192 36,929 37,936 38,596 39,096 39,478 39,762 2016 14,709 30,344 37,178 40,570 41,208 41,543 41,809 42,195 2017 15,581 31,990 39,684 42,954 44,242 45,174 45,935 2018 17,644 31,928 37,072 41,611 43,279 44,359 2019 16,939 33,009 41,740 47,121 50,079 2020 14,591 32,817 44,089 48,259 2021 20,931 42,633 51,781 2022 18,643 41,225 2023 17,546 Total 427,046 All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance 5,251 Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance $ 113,124
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development Tables to Liability for Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses	The following table presents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claims adjustment expenses in our consolidated balance sheet: At December 31, (in thousands) 2023 Net outstanding liabilities: Personal automobile $ 104,457 Homeowners 25,294 Commercial automobile 157,172 Commercial multi-peril 201,748 Workers ’ 113,124 Other 34,916 636,711 Reinsurance recoverable: Personal automobile $ 98,157 Homeowners 15,325 Commercial automobile 94,517 Commercial multi-peril 118,979 Workers ’ 84,766 Other 6,643 418,387 Unallocated loss adjustment expenses $ 71,059 Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses $ 1,126,157
Supplementary Information about Average Historical Claims Duration	The following table presents supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2023: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Personal automobile 65.6 % 16.9 % 8.5 % 4.2 % 2.2 % 0.9 % 0.5 % 0.1 % 0.4 % 0.3 % Homeowners 81.1 16.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 — 0.1 — Commercial automobile 42.3 18.1 14.4 11.9 6.2 3.7 1.4 0.4 — 0.1 Commercial multi-peril 44.3 17.6 9.8 10.3 6.6 3.4 2.1 0.8 1.5 0.4 Workers’ compensation 30.9 32.6 15.6 8.1 3.3 1.9 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.2

Borrowings (Tables)

Borrowings (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member]
FHLB of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related	The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at December 31, 2023. FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement $ 1,591,800 Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $ 42,729,397 45,690,038 Borrowing capacity currently available 5,107,416

Reinsurance (Tables)

Reinsurance (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Reinsurance [Abstract]
Ceded Reinsurance Transactions with Unaffiliated Reinsurers	The following amounts represent ceded reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums written $ 43,030,879 $ 37,002,702 $ 38,173,733 Premiums earned 42,416,710 36,947,675 37,984,833 Losses and loss expenses 16,318,760 31,096,016 29,999,528 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 6,732,955 6,118,784 6,063,759 Liability for losses and loss expenses 116,717,187 149,628,406 138,909,584
Total Ceded Reinsurance Transactions with both Affiliated and Unaffiliated Reinsurers	The following amounts represent total ceded reinsurance transactions with both affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Premiums earned $ 388,073,427 $ 383,059,075 $ 399,284,886 Losses and loss expenses 275,171,587 249,037,288 282,083,985 Prepaid reinsurance premiums 168,724,466 160,591,399 176,935,842 Liability for losses and loss expenses 437,013,974 451,184,222 451,261,306
Amounts Represent Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Written	The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums written for 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Direct $ 702,227,408 $ 641,971,207 $ 609,204,706 Assumed 589,675,724 568,272,026 601,864,198 Ceded (396,206,492 ) (366,714,634 ) (406,802,395 ) Net premiums written $ 895,696,640 $ 843,528,599 $ 804,266,509
Amounts Represent Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Earned	The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums earned for 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Direct $ 686,584,907 $ 627,331,528 $ 601,408,581 Assumed 583,559,906 578,216,997 573,891,506 Ceded (388,073,427 ) (383,059,075 ) (399,284,886 ) Net premiums earned $ 882,071,386 $ 822,489,450 $ 776,015,201 Percentage of assumed premiums earned to net premiums earned 66.2 % 70.3 % 74.0 %

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Taxes [Abstract]
Provision for Income Tax Expense (Benefit)	Our provision for income tax expense (benefit) for 2023, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following: 2023 2022 2021 Current federal income tax $ 408,575 $ 1,280,041 $ 3,998,431 Deferred federal income tax 229,397 (2,958,735 ) 1,085,903 Income tax expense (benefit) $ 637,972 $ (1,678,694 ) $ 5,084,334
Reconciliation of Federal Income Tax Rate	Our effective tax rate is different from the amount computed at the statutory federal rate of 21%. The reasons for such difference and the related tax effects are as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit) $ 5,063,476 $ (3,638,099 ) $ 30,338,508 Tax at federal statutory rate 1,063,330 (764,001 ) 6,371,087 Tax-exempt interest (1,328,312 ) (1,446,102 ) (1,491,154 ) Proration 351,415 384,944 401,717 Dividends received deduction (77,348 ) (93,675 ) (115,713 ) Stock options 595,602 216,893 148,320 Additional tax paid for prior year 159,261 (6,071 ) (15,874 ) Other, net (125,976 ) 29,318 (214,049 ) Income tax expense (benefit) $ 637,972 $ (1,678,694 ) $ 5,084,334
Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities	The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows: 2023 2022 Deferred tax assets: Unearned premium $ 18,130,477 $ 17,560,126 Loss reserves 10,067,846 9,712,582 Net unrealized losses 8,743,238 11,088,307 Net state operating loss carryforward - DGI Parent 8,072,420 8,068,185 Other 1,492,635 1,472,110 Total gross deferred tax assets 46,506,616 47,901,310 Less valuation allowance (8,072,420 ) (8,068,185 ) Net deferred tax assets 38,434,196 39,833,125 Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred policy acquisition costs 15,759,115 15,365,749 Loss reserve transition adjustment 564,002 856,267 Other 2,578,554 2,008,092 Total gross deferred tax liabilities 18,901,671 18,230,108 Net deferred tax asset $ 19,532,525 $ 21,603,017

Stock Compensation Plans (Table

Stock Compensation Plans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Stock Compensation Plans [Abstract]
Information Regarding Activity in Stock Option Plans	Information regarding activity in our stock option plans follows: Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share Outstanding at December 31, 2020 9,694,352 $ 15.24 Granted - 2021 906,500 14.39 Exercised - 2021 (946,646 ) 13.00 Forfeited - 2021 (404,664 ) 15.69 Expired - 2021 (1,139,816 ) 16.40 Outstanding at December 31, 2021 8,109,726 15.22 Granted - 2022 956,600 14.08 Exercised - 2022 (1,202,806 ) 14.50 Forfeited - 2022 (545,618 ) 15.35 Expired - 2022 (935,723 ) 16.81 Outstanding at December 31, 2022 6,382,179 14.94 Granted - 2023 959,200 13.87 Exercised - 2023 (493,866 ) 13.79 Forfeited - 2023 (379,288 ) 15.29 Expired - 2023 (1,415,897 ) 15.81 Outstanding at December 31, 2023 5,052,328 $ 14.58 Exercisable at: December 31, 2021 6,297,849 $ 15.43 December 31, 2022 4,627,630 $ 15.21 December 31, 2023 3,234,327 $ 14.90
Summary of Information about Stock Options Outstanding	The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2023: Grant Date Exercise Price Number of Options Outstanding Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life Number of Options Exercisable December 18, 2014 $ 15.80 883,839 1.0 years 883,839 December 19, 2019 14.98 819,765 1.0 years 819,765 December 17, 2020 14.43 701,024 2.0 years 701,024 January 4, 2021 14.07 10,000 2.0 years 10,000 December 16, 2021 14.39 764,500 3.0 years 509,666 February 9, 2022 14.15 2,000 3.1 years 2,000 April 18, 2022 13.28 10,000 3.3 years 6,667 December 15, 2022 14.09 904,100 4.0 years 301,366 December 21, 2023 13.87 957,100 5.0 years — Total 5,052,328 3,234,327
Summary of Plan Activity	A summary of plan activity follows: Shares Issued Price Shares January 1, 2021 $ 11.96 23,336 July 1, 2021 11.88 24,619 January 1, 2022 12.15 24,907 July 1, 2022 11.56 23,454 January 1, 2023 12.07 26,545 July 1, 2023 12.27 28,912

Statutory Net Income, Capital_2

Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions [Abstract]
State Insurance Regulatory Authorities	The following table presents selected information, as filed with state insurance regulatory authorities, for our insurance subsidiaries as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such insurance regulatory authorities: 2023 2022 2021 Atlantic States: Statutory capital and surplus $ 273,626,140 $ 263,579,356 $ 278,883,189 Statutory unassigned surplus 167,301,333 158,056,862 174,073,348 Statutory net income (loss) 7,193,716 (3,124,687 ) (7,417,845 ) MICO: Statutory capital and surplus 71,608,571 75,441,871 75,197,207 Statutory unassigned surplus 49,582,271 53,422,483 53,201,571 Statutory net income (loss) 3,298,940 (233,391 ) 7,704,417 Peninsula: Statutory capital and surplus 50,398,403 52,234,684 47,867,789 Statutory unassigned surplus 32,089,203 33,925,484 29,558,589 Statutory net income 4,121,754 4,192,697 3,536,404 Southern: Statutory capital and surplus 68,041,175 64,463,124 64,238,221 Statutory unassigned surplus (8,907,602 ) 7,523,951 7,330,382 Statutory net (loss) income (16,927,267 ) (410,561 ) 6,927,576

Reconciliation of Statutory F_2

Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements [Abstract]
Reconciliations of Statutory Net Income (Loss) and Capital and Surplus	Reconciliations of statutory net (loss) income and capital and surplus, as determined using SAP, to the net income (loss) and stockholders’ equity amounts included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statutory net (loss) income of insurance subsidiaries $ (2,312,857 ) $ 424,058 $ 10,750,552 Increases (decreases): Deferred policy acquisition costs 1,873,174 5,141,857 8,871,415 Deferred federal income taxes (229,397 ) 2,958,735 (1,085,903 ) Salvage and subrogation recoverable 3,644,800 5,195,800 2,551,800 Consolidating eliminations and adjustments (10,574,579 ) (14,791,466 ) (18,769 ) Parent-only net income (loss) 12,024,363 (888,389 ) 4,185,079 Net income (loss) $ 4,425,504 $ (1,959,405 ) $ 25,254,174 December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statutory capital and surplus of insurance subsidiaries $ 463,674,289 $ 455,719,035 $ 466,186,406 Increases (decreases): Deferred policy acquisition costs 75,043,404 73,170,230 68,028,373 Deferred federal income taxes (13,072,768 ) (23,794,084 ) (21,294,388 ) Salvage and subrogation recoverable 32,351,000 28,706,200 23,510,400 Non-admitted assets and other adjustments, net 1,328,142 712,623 929,862 Fixed maturities (41,036,366 ) (49,367,986 ) 5,958,434 Parent-only equity and other adjustments (38,542,347 ) (1,553,006 ) (12,283,000 ) Stockholders’ equity $ 479,745,354 $ 483,593,012 $ 531,036,087

Supplementary Cash Flow Infor_2

Supplementary Cash Flow Information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Supplementary Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Net Income Taxes and Interest Paid	The following table reflects net income taxes and interest we paid during 2023, 2022 and 2021: 2023 2022 2021 Income taxes $ — $ 4,500,000 $ 6,200,000 Interest 618,519 623,947 1,150,211

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

Earnings Per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]
Reconciliation of Numerators and Denominators Used in Basic and Diluted Per Share Computations	We present below a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class A common stock: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Basic earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 3,788 $ (1,571 ) $ 21,131 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding 27,469 26,409 25,388 Basic earnings (loss) per share $ 0.14 $ (0.06 ) $ 0.83 Diluted earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 3,788 $ (1,571 ) $ 21,131 Denominator: Number of shares used in basic computation 27,469 26,409 25,388 Weighted-average effect of dilutive securities Add: Director and employee stock options 94 — 146 Number of shares used in per share computations 27,563 26,409 25,534 Diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 0.14 $ (0.06 ) $ 0.83 We used the following information in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class B common stock: Year Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share: Numerator: Allocation of net income (loss) $ 638 $ (388 ) $ 4,123 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding 5,577 5,577 5,577 Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share $ 0.11 $ (0.07 ) $ 0.74

Condensed Financial Informati_2

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company [Abstract]
Condensed Balance Sheets	Condensed Balance Sheets (in thousands) December 31, 2023 2022 Assets Investment in subsidiaries/affiliates (equity method) $ 506,855 $ 509,513 Short-term investments 1,469 7,325 Cash 8,043 3,288 Property and equipment 504 586 Other 4,866 4,589 Total assets $ 521,737 $ 525,301 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities Cash dividends declared to stockholders $ 5,570 $ 5,297 Notes payable to subsidiary 35,000 35,000 Other 1,422 1,411 Total liabilities 41,992 41,708 Stockholders’ equity 479,745 483,593 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 521,737 $ 525,301
Condensed Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Condensed Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Statements of Income (Loss) Revenues Dividends from subsidiaries $ 13,000 $ — $ 5,000 Other 638 526 481 Total revenues 13,638 526 5,481 Expenses Operating expenses 1,202 1,245 1,223 Interest 787 787 787 Total expenses 1,989 2,032 2,010 Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries 11,649 (1,506 ) 3,471 Income tax benefit (375 ) (618 ) (714 ) Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries 12,024 (888 ) 4,185 Equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries (7,598 ) (1,071 ) 21,069 Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Unrealized gain (loss) - subsidiaries 6,018 (44,988 ) (7,847 ) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 6,018 (44,988 ) (7,847 ) Comprehensive income (loss) $ 10,444 $ (46,947 ) $ 17,407
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $ 4,426 $ (1,959 ) $ 25,254 Adjustments: Equity in undistributed net loss (income) of subsidiaries 7,598 1,071 (21,069 ) Other (168 ) (1,972 ) (536 ) Net adjustments 7,430 (901 ) (21,605 ) Net cash provided (used) 11,856 (2,860 ) 3,649 Cash flows from investing activities: Net sale (purchases) of short-term investments 5,856 (7,316 ) — Net purchase of property and equipment (45 ) — (13 ) Investment in subsidiaries (819 ) (768 ) (916 ) Other 30 (28 ) — Net cash received (used) 5,022 (8,112 ) (929 ) Cash flows from financing activities: Cash dividends paid (21,894 ) (20,503 ) (19,099 ) Issuance of common stock 9,771 20,388 15,433 Net cash used (12,123 ) (115 ) (3,666 ) Net change in cash 4,755 (11,087 ) (946 ) Cash at beginning of year 3,288 14,375 15,321 Cash at end of year $ 8,043 $ 3,288 $ 14,375

Segment Information (Tables)

Segment Information (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Information [Abstract]
Financial Data by Segment	Financial data by segment is as follows: 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Revenues: Premiums earned: Commercial lines $ 533,029 $ 521,227 $ 478,966 Personal lines 349,042 301,263 297,049 GAAP premiums earned 882,071 822,490 776,015 Net investment income 40,853 34,016 31,126 Investment gains (losses) 3,173 (10,185 ) 6,477 Other 1,241 1,900 2,848 Total revenues $ 927,338 $ 848,221 $ 816,466 2023 2022 2021 (in thousands) Income (loss) before income taxes: Underwriting (loss) income: Commercial lines $ (6,998 ) $ (22,665 ) $ (35,174 ) Personal lines (35,118 ) (13,506 ) 17,235 SAP underwriting loss (42,116 ) (36,171 ) (17,939 ) GAAP adjustments 3,735 8,667 9,945 GAAP underwriting loss (38,381 ) (27,504 ) (7,994 ) Net investment income 40,853 34,016 31,126 Investment gains (losses) 3,173 (10,185 ) 6,477 Other (582 ) 35 730 Income (loss) before income taxes $ 5,063 $ (3,638 ) $ 30,339

Allowance for Expected Credit_2

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities	The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for 2023. At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 688,439 $ — Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses 1,268 Current period change for expected credit losses 58 Balance at end of period $ 679,497 $ 1,326
Reinsurance Receivable	The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at December 31, 2023, the cumulative effect of our adoption of the updated accounting guidance for credit losses on January 1, 2023 and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for 2023. At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 456,522 $ — Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses 1,132 Current period change for expected credit losses 262 Balance at end of period $ 441,431 $ 1,394

Summary of Significant Accoun_3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) State Segment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Organization and Business [Abstract]
Number of operating segments | Segment	3
Premiums and losses related to certain products	66.20%	70.30%	74%
Number of states | State	4
Stock-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Tax benefit for tax deductions related to option exercises | $	$ 139,135	$ 360,452	$ 438,850
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Minimum percentage of class A common stock declared dividend excess over class B dividend	10%
Atlantic States [Member]
Organization and Business [Abstract]
Percentage of share in results of pooled business subsidiary	80%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member]
Organization and Business [Abstract]
Voting power percentage of outstanding common stock	71%
Premiums and losses related to certain products	100%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member] | Class A Common Stock [Member]
Organization and Business [Abstract]
Stock ownership percentage held by major shareholder	44%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member] | Class B Common Stock [Member]
Organization and Business [Abstract]
Stock ownership percentage held by major shareholder	84%

Impact of New Accounting Stan_3

Impact of New Accounting Standards (Details) $ in Millions	36 Months Ended
	Dec. 15, 2022 USD ($)
Impact of New Accounting Standards [Abstract]
After tax decrease in retained earnings	$ 1.9

Transactions with Affiliates, R

Transactions with Affiliates, Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums and losses related to certain products	66.20%	70.30%	74%
Atlantic States [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Percentage of share in results of pooled business subsidiary	80%
Donegal Mutual [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums and losses related to certain products	100%
Percentage of share in results of pooled business owned by third party	20%

Transactions with Affiliates,_2

Transactions with Affiliates, Reinsurance Atlantic States Ceded to Pool (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 388,073,427	$ 383,059,075	$ 399,284,886
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	168,724,465	160,591,399
Affiliated Entity [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	332,272,662	314,321,443	305,729,418
Losses and loss expenses	238,055,099	202,228,589	222,737,225
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	161,991,511	154,472,615	152,323,262
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 299,947,390	$ 277,641,902	$ 274,033,812

Transactions with Affiliates,_3

Transactions with Affiliates, Reinsurance Atlantic States Assumed from Pool (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 583,559,906	$ 578,216,997	$ 573,891,506
Unearned premiums	599,411,468	577,653,130
Liability for losses and loss expenses	636,711,000
Affiliated Entity [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	583,559,746	578,216,706	573,891,394
Losses and loss expenses	409,051,306	395,794,813	383,455,320
Unearned premiums	286,147,727	280,031,908	289,976,879
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 507,527,839	$ 496,849,769	$ 455,564,733

Transactions with Affiliates,_4

Transactions with Affiliates, Reinsurance Ceded to Donegal Mutual Pursuant to Quota-Share Reinsurance Agreements (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums and losses related to certain products	66.20%	70.30%	74%
Premiums earned	$ 388,073,427	$ 383,059,075	$ 399,284,886
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	$ 168,724,465	160,591,399
Donegal Mutual [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums and losses related to business of MICO	25%
Premiums and losses related to certain products	100%
Premiums earned	$ 168,243	17,989,939	37,996,474
Losses and loss expenses	2,902,422	5,194,974	20,037,608
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	0	0	18,548,821
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 17,852,153	$ 22,642,908	$ 36,659,853

Transactions with Affiliates, I

Transactions with Affiliates, Insurance Subsidiaries Ceded to Donegal Mutual Pursuant to Reinsurance Agreements (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 388,073,427	$ 383,059,075	$ 399,284,886
Insurance Subsidiaries [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Coverage under catastrophic occurrence	6,000,000	5,000,000
Premiums earned	345,656,717	346,111,400	361,300,053
Donegal Mutual [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Coverage under catastrophic occurrence	3,000,000	2,000,000
Premiums earned	168,243	17,989,939	37,996,474
Losses and loss expenses	2,902,422	5,194,974	20,037,608
Liability for losses and loss expenses	17,852,153	22,642,908	36,659,853
Catastrophe Reinsurance [Member] | Insurance Subsidiaries [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Premiums earned	13,215,814	13,800,018	17,574,161
Losses and loss expenses	17,895,306	10,517,709	9,309,624
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 2,497,244	$ 1,271,006	$ 1,658,057

Transactions with Affiliates, A

Transactions with Affiliates, Affiliated Reinsurance Transactions on Net Premiums of Insurance Subsidiaries Earned (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Assumed	$ 583,559,906	$ 578,216,997	$ 573,891,506
Ceded	(388,073,427)	(383,059,075)	(399,284,886)
Net	237,903,029	232,105,306	212,591,341
Insurance Subsidiaries [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Assumed	583,559,746	578,216,706	573,891,394
Ceded	(345,656,717)	(346,111,400)	(361,300,053)
Net	$ 237,903,029	$ 232,105,306	$ 212,591,341

Transactions with Affiliates,_5

Transactions with Affiliates, Reinsurance Transactions on Net Losses and Loss Expenses of Insurance Subsidiaries Incurred (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Assumed	$ 589,675,724	$ 568,272,026	$ 601,864,198
Ceded	(396,206,492)	(366,714,634)	(406,802,395)
Net	895,696,640	843,528,599	804,266,509
Insurance Subsidiaries [Member]
Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements [Abstract]
Assumed	409,051,306	395,790,312	383,452,056
Ceded	(258,852,827)	(217,941,272)	(252,084,457)
Net	$ 150,198,479	$ 177,849,040	$ 131,367,599

Transactions with Affiliates, E

Transactions with Affiliates, Expense Sharing (Details) - Donegal Mutual [Member] - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Expense Sharing [Abstract]
Charges for services	$ 218,974,132	$ 199,177,393	$ 186,568,897
Infrastructure related costs allocated	10,500,000	$ 7,600,000	$ 5,100,000
Proportionate share of the remaining infrastructure costs	40,900,000
Deferred costs	$ 888,904

Transactions with Affiliates, L

Transactions with Affiliates, Lease Agreement (Details) - Office Equipment [Member]	Dec. 31, 2023
Minimum [Member]
Lease Agreement [Abstract]
Lease agreement term	3 years
Maximum [Member]
Lease Agreement [Abstract]
Lease agreement term	10 years

Investments, Amortized Cost and

Investments, Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	$ 679,497,038	$ 688,439,360
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	1,325,847	0
Held to maturity, amortized cost	680,822,885
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	1,656,213	1,810,735
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	70,952,760	92,205,414
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	611,526,338	598,044,681
Total available for sale, amortized cost	629,727,513	571,912,727
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	905,001	306,270
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	41,284,271	48,427,066
Available for sale, estimated fair value	589,348,243	523,791,931
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	91,517,359	103,362,028
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	54,668
Held to maturity, amortized cost	91,572,027
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	0	856
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	8,885,420	10,566,154
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	82,686,607	92,796,730
Total available for sale, amortized cost	89,367,383	68,537,456
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	199,299	108,683
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	4,146,999	5,124,827
Available for sale, estimated fair value	85,419,683	63,521,312
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	376,897,952	382,097,461
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	265,977
Held to maturity, amortized cost	377,163,929
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	1,448,585	1,809,879
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	46,844,714	60,494,134
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	331,767,800	323,413,206
Total available for sale, amortized cost	41,957,742	45,448,157
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	11,665	33,994
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	3,853,623	5,326,367
Available for sale, estimated fair value	38,115,784	40,155,784
Corporate Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	201,847,288	190,948,922
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	999,685
Held to maturity, amortized cost	202,846,973
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	207,628	0
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	14,804,569	20,510,543
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	188,250,032	170,438,379
Total available for sale, amortized cost	211,882,285	218,040,945
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	100,014	8,315
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	15,189,332	15,211,215
Available for sale, estimated fair value	196,792,967	202,838,045
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	9,234,439	12,030,949
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	5,517
Held to maturity, amortized cost	9,239,956
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	0	0
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	418,057	634,583
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	8,821,899	11,396,366
Total available for sale, amortized cost	286,520,103	239,886,169
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	594,023	155,278
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	18,094,317	22,764,657
Available for sale, estimated fair value	$ 269,019,809	$ 217,276,790

Investments, Summary (Details)

Investments, Summary (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2013	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Investments [Abstract]
Net unrealized losses arising prior to reclassification date	$ 15,100,000
Amortization of other comprehensive loss		$ 284,095	$ 510,819	$ 897,073
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		$ (32,881,822)	$ (41,703,747)
Minimum [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of which the company held security of any issuer		10%	10%
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Aggregate fair value of bond held		$ 245,100,000	$ 240,700,000
Amortized cost of bond held		278,300,000	283,500,000
Special Revenue Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Aggregate fair value of bond held		124,800,000	122,900,000
Amortized cost of bond held		$ 140,800,000	$ 144,000,000
Education Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of investments in special revenue bonds		47%	48%
Water and Sewer Utility Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of investments in special revenue bonds		35%	35%
Accumulated Net Unrealized Investment Losses [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		$ 1,300,000	$ 4,700,000

Investments, Amortized Cost a_2

Investments, Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Fixed Maturities by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Held To Maturity [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, amortized cost	$ 19,007,881
Due after one year through five years, amortized cost	105,894,799
Due after five years through ten years, amortized cost	251,405,744
Due after ten years, amortized cost	295,274,505
Mortgage-backed securities, amortized cost	9,239,956
Total held to maturity, carrying value	680,822,885
Available For Sale [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, amortized cost	35,774,037
Due after one year through five years, amortized cost	175,526,581
Due after five years through ten years, amortized cost	105,858,004
Due after ten years, amortized cost	26,048,788
Mortgage-backed securities, amortized cost	286,520,103
Total available for sale, amortized cost	629,727,513	$ 571,912,727
Held To Maturity [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, estimated fair value	18,869,262
Due after one year through five years, estimated fair value	102,016,841
Due after five years through ten years, estimated fair value	230,975,966
Due after ten years, estimated fair value	250,842,370
Mortgage-backed securities, estimated fair value	8,821,899
Total held to maturity, estimated fair value	611,526,338	598,044,681
Available For Sale [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, estimated fair value	35,384,044
Due after one year through five years, estimated fair value	166,257,527
Due after five years through ten years, estimated fair value	95,629,511
Due after ten years, estimated fair value	23,057,352
Mortgage-backed securities, estimated fair value	269,019,809
Total available for sale, estimated fair value	$ 589,348,243	$ 523,791,931

Investments, Cost and Estimated

Investments, Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Equity Securities [Abstract]
Cost	$ 18,843,929	$ 30,770,633
Gross gains	7,059,027	5,666,467
Gross losses	0	1,332,260
Estimated fair value	25,902,956	35,104,840
Amortized cost of fixed maturities on deposit with various regulatory authorities	$ 10,499,430	$ 9,473,047

Investments, Net Investment Inc

Investments, Net Investment Income, Consisting Primarily of Interest and Dividends (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Investment Income [Abstract]
Investment income	$ 43,712,826	$ 36,689,544	$ 34,132,193
Investment expenses	(2,859,611)	(2,673,432)	(3,006,562)
Net investment income	40,853,215	34,016,112	31,125,631
Fixed Maturities [Member]
Net Investment Income [Abstract]
Investment income	40,445,697	34,945,437	32,343,878
Short-Term investments [Member]
Net Investment Income [Abstract]
Investment income	2,471,998	817,428	321,117
Equity Securities [Member]
Net Investment Income [Abstract]
Investment income	765,881	897,429	1,437,948
Other [Member]
Net Investment Income [Abstract]
Investment income	$ 29,250	$ 29,250	$ 29,250

Investments, Gross Investment G

Investments, Gross Investment Gains and Losses before Applicable Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	$ 3,721,905	$ 3,392,971	$ 2,107,189
Gross realized losses	4,033,291	6,243,262	756,461
Net realized (losses) gains	(311,386)	(2,850,291)	1,350,728
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities	7,059,027	5,666,467
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities	0	(1,332,260)
Increase in allowance for credit losses	(57,807)	0	0
Net investment gains (losses)	3,172,807	(10,184,797)	6,477,286
Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments	31,564,478	(161,324,651)	(23,565,961)
Fixed Maturities [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	1,059,244	1,149,761	676,724
Gross realized losses	3,300,351	2,129,736	294,126
Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments	28,839,658	(177,147,840)	(27,576,934)
Real Estate [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	0	477,287	0
Equity Securities [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	2,662,661	1,765,923	1,430,465
Gross realized losses	732,940	4,113,526	462,335
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities	3,651,125	258,532	5,627,949
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities	(109,125)	(7,593,038)	(501,391)
Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments	$ 2,724,820	$ 15,823,189	$ 4,010,973

Investments, Fixed Maturities w

Investments, Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) Securities	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	$ 105,350,959	$ 794,301,631
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	829,806	87,867,711
More than 12 months, fair value	955,943,135	238,020,946
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	$ 111,407,225	52,764,769
Number of fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale | Securities	869
Impairment losses	$ 0	0	$ 0
Sales or transfers, held to maturity	0	0	0
Derivative instruments or hedging activities	0	0	$ 0
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	32,223,934	90,245,322
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	217,164	5,326,954
More than 12 months, fair value	116,537,998	47,237,638
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	12,815,255	10,364,027
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	13,097,410	261,464,427
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	67,913	49,327,324
More than 12 months, fair value	307,429,319	47,945,038
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	50,630,424	16,493,177
Corporate Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	13,065,558	298,706,256
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	324,293	22,272,711
More than 12 months, fair value	353,862,937	72,959,284
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	29,669,608	13,449,047
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	46,964,057	143,885,626
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	220,436	10,940,722
More than 12 months, fair value	178,112,881	69,878,986
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	$ 18,291,938	$ 12,458,518

Fair Value Measurements (Detail

Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	$ 589,348,243	$ 523,791,931
Equity securities, at fair value	25,902,956	35,104,840
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	85,419,683	63,521,312
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	38,115,784	40,155,784
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	269,019,809	217,276,790
Recurring Basis [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	25,902,956	35,104,840
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	615,251,199	558,896,771
Recurring Basis [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	85,419,683	63,521,312
Recurring Basis [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	38,115,784	40,155,784
Recurring Basis [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	196,792,967	202,838,045
Recurring Basis [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	269,019,809	217,276,790
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	23,910,968	32,820,452
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	23,910,968	32,820,452
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	1,991,988	2,284,388
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	591,340,231	526,076,319
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	85,419,683	63,521,312
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	38,115,784	40,155,784
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	196,792,967	202,838,045
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	269,019,809	217,276,790
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	0	0
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	$ 0	$ 0

Deferred Policy Acquisition C_3

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs [Abstract]
Beginning Balance	$ 73,170,230	$ 68,028,373	$ 59,156,958
Acquisition costs deferred	156,087,174	147,571,857	137,604,415
Amortization charged to earnings	(154,214,000)	(142,430,000)	(128,733,000)
Ending Balance	$ 75,043,404	$ 73,170,230	$ 68,028,373

Property and Equipment (Details

Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment, Gross	$ 12,294,667	$ 12,249,967
Accumulated depreciation	(9,661,262)	(9,494,862)
Property and equipment, Net	2,633,405	2,755,105
Depreciation expense	166,400	173,535	$ 208,641
Office Equipment [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment, Gross	$ 8,289,730	8,245,030
Office Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Estimated useful life	3 years
Office Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Estimated useful life	15 years
Automobiles [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment, Gross	$ 42,794	42,794
Estimated useful life	5 years
Real Estate [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment, Gross	$ 2,575,207	2,575,207
Real Estate [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Estimated useful life	5 years
Real Estate [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Estimated useful life	50 years
Software [Member]
Property and Equipment [Abstract]
Property and equipment, Gross	$ 1,386,936	$ 1,386,936
Estimated useful life	5 years

Liability for Losses and Loss_3

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses, Summary of Insurance Subsidiaries' Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]
Balance at January 1	$ 1,121,045,758	$ 1,077,620,301	$ 962,007,437
Less reinsurance recoverable	(451,184,222)	(451,261,306)	(404,818,480)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1	1,131,836	0	0
Net balance at January 1	669,861,536	626,358,995	557,188,957
Net balance at January 1	670,993,372
Incurred related to [Abstract]
Current year	625,831,043	608,900,206	551,917,571
Prior years	(16,653,344)	(44,821,213)	(31,208,029)
Total incurred	609,177,699	564,078,993	520,709,542
Paid related to [Abstract]
Current year	330,290,039	302,272,322	269,316,762
Prior years	260,738,168	218,304,130	182,222,742
Total paid	591,028,207	520,576,452	451,539,504
Net balance at end of period		669,861,536	626,358,995
Net balance at period end	689,142,864	670,993,372
Plus reinsurance recoverable	437,013,974	451,184,222	451,261,306
Balance at end of period	$ 1,126,156,838	$ 1,121,045,758	$ 1,077,620,301
Percentage of development	2.50%	7.20%	5.60%

Liability for Losses and Loss_4

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses, Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) Claim	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2015 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2014 USD ($)
Personal Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 1,431,995
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	127,148	$ 127,108	$ 126,977	$ 126,861	$ 126,734	$ 126,779	$ 126,200	$ 124,210	$ 124,806	$ 124,426
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 37
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	71
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 141,894	141,965	142,010	142,073	142,408	142,493	139,181	139,333	137,569
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 61
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	70
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 155,834	156,227	156,436	156,935	157,943	157,516	153,937	150,216
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 192
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	73
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 172,712	173,032	173,730	174,784	175,939	176,728	166,690
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 353
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	79
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 178,990	179,732	180,787	181,558	183,358	186,580
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 627
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	81
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 153,883	154,805	156,300	157,689	161,056
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 1,227
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	68
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 99,253	100,339	103,585	111,483
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 1,543
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	43
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 114,707	118,752	119,364
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 2,792
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	47
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 134,834	126,203
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 5,639
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	50
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 152,740
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 27,416
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	50
Homeowners [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 712,538
Homeowners [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	57,362	57,353	57,371	57,367	57,402	57,288	57,332	57,680	58,378	56,916
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 0
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	17
Homeowners [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 63,042	63,036	63,043	62,993	63,099	63,071	63,053	63,925	63,359
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 0
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Homeowners [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 63,478	63,472	63,409	63,279	63,355	63,735	64,064	62,443
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 3
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	12
Homeowners [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 78,819	78,815	79,065	79,247	79,305	79,911	79,283
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 24
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	17
Homeowners [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 81,977	82,058	82,566	82,905	83,385	81,965
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 78
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	19
Homeowners [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 72,176	72,168	73,234	73,554	73,294
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 187
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	16
Homeowners [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 61,495	61,595	62,718	61,633
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 385
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Homeowners [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 65,451	66,996	67,677
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 496
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	11
Homeowners [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 82,045	82,433
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 1,846
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	10
Homeowners [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 86,693
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 8,046
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	10
Commercial Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 801,563
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	49,212	49,285	49,291	49,308	49,168	49,284	48,213	47,326	44,544	42,760
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 8
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	11
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 53,431	53,477	53,793	54,619	54,517	54,259	51,412	48,323	46,526
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 33
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	12
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 65,602	65,922	66,085	66,894	67,127	65,905	57,353	54,302
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 71
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	13
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 65,022	64,631	65,310	67,249	67,697	67,927	61,484
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 105
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 82,368	82,226	83,043	82,313	81,396	79,307
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 207
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	15
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 84,566	86,140	90,290	91,245	88,864
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 729
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	16
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 83,590	85,016	87,766	90,367
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 2,528
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 96,947	99,231	109,824
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 6,346
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 108,690	115,287
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 17,627
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	15
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 112,135
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 37,768
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	14
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 809,988
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	53,395	53,502	52,933	52,926	53,116	53,294	52,336	51,843	50,135	48,204
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 0
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 46,181	45,595	45,420	45,366	45,873	45,104	44,728	43,874	42,070
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 0
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 48,374	48,802	48,823	48,732	48,871	48,267	46,988	43,005
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 135
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 55,002	54,244	55,076	54,812	56,517	56,043	56,185
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 187
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 65,900	65,911	67,810	67,749	66,470	66,265
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 624
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 76,015	75,821	76,326	73,836	71,865
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 2,093
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 74,796	76,490	79,910	83,195
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 4,524
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	8
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 119,321	117,574	116,827
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 14,055
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 141,935	142,395
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 27,544
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 129,069
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 43,788
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	5
Workers Compensation [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 534,919
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	47,623	47,794	47,620	47,849	47,693	47,540	48,537	49,288	51,553	$ 51,508
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 7
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 41,875	42,043	42,225	42,597	43,006	44,986	45,991	49,615	$ 53,332
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 141
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 43,447	43,484	43,559	44,098	44,969	47,883	49,802	$ 58,814
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 387
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 48,668	48,802	49,557	51,464	52,687	56,351	$ 60,450
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 753
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 46,742	47,007	47,912	52,514	55,291	$ 62,197
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 924
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 55,893	56,480	57,728	59,624	$ 60,998
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 1,003
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 56,714	57,384	57,850	$ 57,172
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 1,824
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	6
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 64,225	65,530	$ 67,035
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 3,550
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 67,331	$ 67,046
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 6,428
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	7
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Incurred claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 62,401
Total IBNR plus expected development on reported claims	$ 21,881
Cumulative number of reported claims | Claim	5

Liability for Losses and Loss_5

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses, Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2015	Dec. 31, 2014
Personal Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 1,328,532
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	994
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	104,457
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	127,026	$ 126,701	$ 125,762	$ 125,619	$ 124,926	$ 123,815	$ 120,491	$ 114,893	$ 104,736	$ 85,377
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	141,298	141,172	140,892	140,028	139,121	135,027	128,395	116,303	93,611
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	155,505	155,521	154,769	153,521	151,159	143,321	129,507	102,433
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	171,513	170,895	169,190	166,099	159,879	142,372	111,964
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	176,233	173,922	169,651	163,036	150,175	115,585
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	150,017	146,667	141,004	127,187	103,101
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	94,094	89,736	81,783	66,084
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	103,427	93,998	76,477
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	109,845	83,616
Personal Automobile [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	99,574
Homeowners [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	687,392
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	148
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	25,294
Homeowners [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	57,327	57,318	57,339	57,336	57,243	56,995	57,195	56,990	56,255	45,823
Homeowners [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	63,042	62,938	62,936	62,943	62,844	62,590	62,204	61,542	51,885
Homeowners [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	63,296	63,266	63,217	63,162	63,144	62,760	61,145	50,125
Homeowners [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	78,556	78,528	78,454	78,127	78,006	77,663	67,077
Homeowners [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	81,826	81,568	81,464	80,905	79,892	70,385
Homeowners [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	71,209	70,884	70,416	69,145	58,074
Homeowners [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	61,189	60,809	60,348	51,226
Homeowners [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	64,124	63,920	52,161
Homeowners [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	79,187	63,107
Homeowners [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	67,636
Commercial Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	644,479
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	88
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	157,172
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	48,829	48,757	48,714	48,603	48,418	47,290	44,374	39,436	31,089	22,707
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	53,047	53,052	52,728	51,992	51,605	48,261	41,678	35,342	23,875
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	65,273	65,076	64,421	60,485	57,237	48,837	38,237	27,033
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	64,074	62,187	59,889	57,128	49,703	40,213	28,707
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	79,308	74,421	69,487	57,451	47,941	33,862
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	80,617	72,139	63,575	53,026	36,948
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	70,669	60,665	46,459	31,884
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	69,908	56,101	39,851
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	67,367	46,242
Commercial Automobile [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	45,387
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	608,761
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	521
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	201,748
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	53,074	52,875	52,252	52,103	51,615	50,017	47,021	40,936	35,520	27,920
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	45,572	44,764	44,439	44,090	42,849	39,162	34,323	29,419	21,837
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	48,048	47,432	44,944	43,435	41,193	34,612	29,402	19,660
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	52,422	51,494	49,488	46,361	42,691	36,926	27,399
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	62,253	59,118	54,913	48,050	42,296	30,597
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	63,156	55,951	47,522	41,266	28,210
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	58,754	52,646	46,193	34,729
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	82,580	69,735	46,768
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	86,664	57,641
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	56,238
Workers Compensation [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	427,046
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	5,251
Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	113,124
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2014 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	45,905	45,314	44,671	44,403	43,866	42,465	40,393	36,284	28,513	$ 13,932
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2015 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	39,762	39,478	39,096	38,596	37,936	36,929	34,192	27,531	$ 13,071
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2016 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	42,195	41,809	41,543	41,208	40,570	37,178	30,344	$ 14,709
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2017 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	45,935	45,174	44,242	42,954	39,684	31,990	$ 15,581
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2018 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	44,359	43,279	41,611	37,072	31,928	$ 17,644
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2019 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	50,079	47,121	41,740	33,009	$ 16,939
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2020 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	48,259	44,089	32,817	$ 14,591
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2021 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	51,781	42,633	$ 20,931
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2022 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	41,225	$ 18,643
Workers Compensation [Member] | 2023 [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Liability for Unpaid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expense, Net [Abstract]
Cumulative paid claims and allocated claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 17,546

Liability for Losses and Loss_6

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses, Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development Tables to Liability for Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	$ 636,711,000
Reinsurance recoverable	418,387,000
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses	71,059,000
Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses	1,126,156,838	$ 1,121,045,758	$ 1,077,620,301	$ 962,007,437
Personal Automobile [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	104,457,000
Reinsurance recoverable	98,157,000
Homeowners [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	25,294,000
Reinsurance recoverable	15,325,000
Commercial Automobile [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	157,172,000
Reinsurance recoverable	94,517,000
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	201,748,000
Reinsurance recoverable	118,979,000
Workers Compensation [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	113,124,000
Reinsurance recoverable	84,766,000
Other [Member]
Reconciliation of Net Incurred and Paid Claims Development [Abstract]
Net outstanding liabilities	34,916,000
Reinsurance recoverable	$ 6,643,000

Liability for Losses and Loss_7

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses, Supplementary Information About Average Historical Claims Duration (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023
Personal Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Abstract]
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 1	65.60%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 2	16.90%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 3	8.50%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 4	4.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 5	2.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 6	0.90%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 7	0.50%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 8	0.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 9	0.40%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 10	0.30%
Homeowners [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Abstract]
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 1	81.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 2	16%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 3	1.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 4	0.50%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 5	0.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 6	0.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 7	0.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 8	0%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 9	0.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 10	0%
Commercial Automobile [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Abstract]
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 1	42.30%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 2	18.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 3	14.40%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 4	11.90%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 5	6.20%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 6	3.70%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 7	1.40%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 8	0.40%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 9	0%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 10	0.10%
Commercial Multi-Peril [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Abstract]
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 1	44.30%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 2	17.60%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 3	9.80%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 4	10.30%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 5	6.60%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 6	3.40%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 7	2.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 8	0.80%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 9	1.50%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 10	0.40%
Workers Compensation [Member]
Short-duration Insurance Contracts, Historical Claims Duration [Abstract]
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 1	30.90%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 2	32.60%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 3	15.60%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 4	8.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 5	3.30%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 6	1.90%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 7	1.10%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 8	0.80%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 9	1%
Average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, year 10	1.20%

Borrowings, Lines of Credit (De

Borrowings, Lines of Credit (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2023	Aug. 31, 2020
FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Federal Home Loan Bank of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related [Abstract]
FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement		$ 1,591,800
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $42,471,534)		45,690,038
Borrowing capacity currently available		5,107,416
FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member] | Asset Pledged as Collateral without Right [Member]
Federal Home Loan Bank of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related [Abstract]
Collateral pledged at carrying value		42,729,397
Lines of Credit [Member] | Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Unsecured demand line of credit			$ 20,000,000
Outstanding borrowings		0
Line of credit facility remaining borrowing capacity		$ 20,000,000
Lines of Credit [Member] | Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company [Member] | SOFR [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Interest rate		2.11%
Lines of Credit [Member] | FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Federal home loan bank, cash advance at fixed rate advances		$ 35,000,000
Fixed interest rate on advances		1.74%
Debt instrument due date	Mar. 31, 2021	Aug. 31, 2024
Debt issued amount	$ 50,000,000
Fixed interest rate	0.83%

Borrowings, Subordinated Debent

Borrowings, Subordinated Debentures (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Subordinated Debentures [Abstract]
Payment on subordinated debentures		$ 0	$ 0	$ 5,000,000
Subordinated Debentures [Member] | MICO [Member]
Subordinated Debentures [Abstract]
Payment on subordinated debentures	$ 5,000,000
Accrued interest	$ 178,082

Reinsurance, Unaffiliated Reins

Reinsurance, Unaffiliated Reinsurers (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) InsuranceCoverage
Unaffiliated Reinsurance [Abstract]
Loss reinsurance agreement contracts retention amount	$ 3
Workers' compensation and retention amount	$ 2
Number of reinsurance coverages | InsuranceCoverage	24
Percentage of reinsurer coverage	17.50%
Third Party Reinsurance [Member]
Unaffiliated Reinsurance [Abstract]
Percentage of accumulation of losses	100%
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	$ 25
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	$ 175
Donegal Mutual [Member]
Unaffiliated Reinsurance [Abstract]
Percentage of accumulation of losses	100%
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	$ 3
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	22
Additional coverage amount	$ 6

Reinsurance, Ceded Reinsurance

Reinsurance, Ceded Reinsurance Transactions with Unaffiliated Reinsurers (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Unaffiliated Reinsurance [Abstract]
Premiums written	$ 396,206,492	$ 366,714,634	$ 406,802,395
Premiums earned	388,073,427	383,059,075	399,284,886
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	168,724,465	160,591,399
Unaffiliated Entity [Member]
Unaffiliated Reinsurance [Abstract]
Premiums written	43,030,879	37,002,702	38,173,733
Premiums earned	42,416,710	36,947,675	37,984,833
Losses and loss expenses	16,318,760	31,096,016	29,999,528
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	6,732,955	6,118,784	6,063,759
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 116,717,187	$ 149,628,406	$ 138,909,584

Reinsurance, Total Ceded Reinsu

Reinsurance, Total Ceded Reinsurance Transactions with both Affiliated and Unaffiliated Reinsurers (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Total Reinsurance [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 388,073,427	$ 383,059,075	$ 399,284,886
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	168,724,465	160,591,399
Affiliated Entity and Unaffiliated Entity [Member]
Total Reinsurance [Abstract]
Premiums earned	388,073,427	383,059,075	399,284,886
Losses and loss expenses	275,171,587	249,037,288	282,083,985
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	168,724,466	160,591,399	176,935,842
Liability for losses and loss expenses	$ 437,013,974	$ 451,184,222	$ 451,261,306

Reinsurance, Amounts Represent

Reinsurance, Amounts Represent Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Written (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Written [Abstract]
Direct	$ 702,227,408	$ 641,971,207	$ 609,204,706
Assumed	589,675,724	568,272,026	601,864,198
Ceded	(396,206,492)	(366,714,634)	(406,802,395)
Net	$ 895,696,640	$ 843,528,599	$ 804,266,509

Reinsurance, Amounts Represen_2

Reinsurance, Amounts Represent Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Earned (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Effect of Reinsurance on Premiums Earned [Abstract]
Direct	$ 686,584,907	$ 627,331,528	$ 601,408,581
Assumed	583,559,906	578,216,997	573,891,506
Ceded	(388,073,427)	(383,059,075)	(399,284,886)
Net premiums earned	$ 882,071,386	$ 822,489,450	$ 776,015,201
Percentage of assumed premiums earned to net premiums earned	66.20%	70.30%	74%

Income Taxes, Provision for Inc

Income Taxes, Provision for Income Tax (Benefit) Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax (Benefit) Expense [Abstract]
Current federal income tax	$ 408,575	$ 1,280,041	$ 3,998,431
Deferred federal income tax	229,397	(2,958,735)	1,085,903
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ 637,972	$ (1,678,694)	$ 5,084,334
Income Taxes [Abstract]
Corporate income tax rate	21%

Income Taxes, Reconciliation of

Income Taxes, Reconciliation of Federal Income Tax Rate (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Abstract]
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	$ 5,063,476	$ (3,638,099)	$ 30,338,508
Tax at federal statutory rate	1,063,330	(764,001)	6,371,087
Tax-exempt interest	(1,328,312)	(1,446,102)	(1,491,154)
Proration	351,415	384,944	401,717
Dividends received deduction	(77,348)	(93,675)	(115,713)
Stock options	595,602	216,893	148,320
Additional tax paid for prior year	159,261	(6,071)	(15,874)
Other, net	(125,976)	29,318	(214,049)
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ 637,972	$ (1,678,694)	$ 5,084,334

Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Asse

Income Taxes, Deferred Tax Assets and Deferred Tax Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Tax Assets [Abstract]
Unearned premium	$ 18,130,477	$ 17,560,126
Loss reserves	10,067,846	9,712,582
Net unrealized losses	8,743,238	11,088,307
Net state operating loss carryforward - DGI Parent	8,072,420	8,068,185
Other	1,492,635	1,472,110
Total gross deferred tax assets	46,506,616	47,901,310
Less valuation allowance	(8,072,420)	(8,068,185)
Net deferred tax assets	38,434,196	39,833,125
Deferred Tax Liabilities [Abstract]
Deferred policy acquisition costs	15,759,115	15,365,749
Loss reserve transition adjustment	564,002	856,267
Other	2,578,554	2,008,092
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	18,901,671	18,230,108
Net deferred tax asset	$ 19,532,525	$ 21,603,017

Income Taxes, Operating Loss Ca

Income Taxes, Operating Loss Carryforward (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Other deferred tax assets, net	$ 38.4	$ 39.8
DGI Parent [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Valuation allowance related to the portion of operating loss carryforwards	$ 8.1	$ 8.1

Stockholders' Equity (Details)

Stockholders' Equity (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended			125 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2023	Jul. 18, 2013
Class of Stock [Abstract]
Minimum percentage of class A common stock declared dividend excess over class B dividend	10%
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Abstract]
Treasury stock (in shares)	72,465	72,465		72,465
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Abstract]
Treasury stock (in shares)	3,002,588	3,002,588		3,002,588
Stock Repurchase Program [Member] | Class A Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Abstract]
Stock repurchased (in shares)	0	0	0	57,658
Maximum [Member] | Stock Repurchase Program [Member] | Class A Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Abstract]
Authority to purchase shares (in shares)					500,000

Stock Compensation Plans, Equit

Stock Compensation Plans, Equity Incentive Plans (Details) - USD ($)				12 Months Ended
	Jan. 03, 2023	Jan. 04, 2022	Jan. 04, 2021	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2019
Equity Incentive Plans [Abstract]
Compensation expense in stock compensation plans				$ 876,569	$ 818,853	$ 965,701
Income tax benefit of stock compensation plans				184,079	171,959	202,797
Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under the plan				$ 1,900,000	1,700,000
Weighted average period of unrecognized compensation expense				2 years
Cash from option exercises				$ 6,800,000	17,400,000	12,300,000
Tax benefit for tax deductions from option exercises				$ 139,135	$ 360,452	$ 438,850
Equity Incentive Plan [Member]
Equity Incentive Plans [Abstract]
Restricted shares issued to directors (in shares)				500
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)				$ 1.51	$ 1.48	$ 1.21
Fair value of risk-free interest rate				4.12%	3.91%	0.91%
Expected life				3 years	3 years	3 years
Expected volatility				20%	22%	20%
Expected dividend yield				5%	5%	4%
Shares available for future option grants (in shares)				569,540
Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Equity Incentive Plans [Abstract]
Exercisable period of stock options				5 years
Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | Class A Common Stock [Member]
Equity Incentive Plans [Abstract]
Common stock available for issuance to employees of subsidiaries and affiliates under identical plan (in shares)							4,500,000
Common stock available for issuance to directors and those of the subsidiaries and affiliates under identical plan (in shares)							500,000
Equity Incentive Plan [Member] | Restricted Stock [Member]
Equity Incentive Plans [Abstract]
Shares issued (in shares)	8,500	8,500	10,000

Stock Compensation Plans, Infor

Stock Compensation Plans, Information Regarding Activity in Stock Option Plans (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Options [Abstract]
Outstanding beginning balance (in shares)	6,382,179	8,109,726	9,694,352
Granted (in shares)	959,200	956,600	906,500
Exercised (in shares)	(493,866)	(1,202,806)	(946,646)
Forfeited (in shares)	(379,288)	(545,618)	(404,664)
Expired (in shares)	(1,415,897)	(935,723)	(1,139,816)
Outstanding ending balance (in shares)	5,052,328	6,382,179	8,109,726
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	3,234,327	4,627,630	6,297,849
Weighted Average Exercise Price [Abstract]
Outstanding beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 14.94	$ 15.22	$ 15.24
Granted (in dollars per share)	13.87	14.08	14.39
Exercised (in dollars per share)	13.79	14.5	13
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	15.29	15.35	15.69
Expired (in dollars per share)	15.81	16.81	16.4
Outstanding ending balance (in dollars per share)	14.58	14.94	15.22
Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 14.9	$ 15.21	$ 15.43

Stock Compensation Plans, Summa

Stock Compensation Plans, Summary of Information about Stock Options Outstanding (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	5,052,328
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	3,234,327	4,627,630	6,297,849
December 18, 2014 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 15.8
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	883,839
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	1 year
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	883,839
December 19, 2019 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.98
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	819,765
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	1 year
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	819,765
December 17, 2020 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.43
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	701,024
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	2 years
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	701,024
January 4, 2021 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.07
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	10,000
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	2 years
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	10,000
December 16, 2021 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.39
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	764,500
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	3 years
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	509,666
February 9, 2021 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.15
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	2,000
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	3 years 1 month 6 days
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	2,000
April 18, 2022 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 13.28
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	10,000
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	3 years 3 months 18 days
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	6,667
December 15, 2022 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 14.09
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	904,100
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	4 years
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	301,366
December 21, 2023 [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options [Abstract]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 13.87
Number of options outstanding (in shares)	957,100
Weighted-average remaining contractual life	5 years
Number of options exercisable (in shares)	0

Stock Compensation Plans, Emplo

Stock Compensation Plans, Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Member] - $ / shares		12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2011
Employee Stock Purchase Plan [Abstract]
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)				500,000	500,000	300,000
Exercisable period of stock options		10 years
Percentage of purchase price of shares		85%	85%
Subsequent Event [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)	$ 11.89
Shares issued (in shares)	29,787
January 1, 2021 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 11.96
Shares issued (in shares)		23,336
July 1, 2021 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 11.88
Shares issued (in shares)		24,619
January 1, 2022 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 12.15
Shares issued (in shares)		24,907
July 1, 2022 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 11.56
Shares issued (in shares)		23,454
January 1, 2023 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 12.07
Shares issued (in shares)		26,545
July 1, 2023 [Member]
Shares Granted or Issued, Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Shares issued price (in dollars per share)		$ 12.27
Shares issued (in shares)		28,912

Stock Compensation Plans, Agenc

Stock Compensation Plans, Agency Stock Purchase Plan (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2018
Agency Stock Purchase Plan [Member]
Agency Stock Purchase Plan [Abstract]
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		400,000		350,000
Investment on per subscription	$ 12,000
Percentage of purchase price of shares	90%
Number of trading days of subscription period	10 days
Shares issued (in shares)	86,469	104,393	99,828
New Plan [Member]
Agency Stock Purchase Plan [Abstract]
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		500,000

Statutory Net Income, Capital_3

Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statutory Accounting Practices [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus	$ 463,674,289	$ 455,719,035	$ 466,186,406
Statutory net income (loss)	(2,312,857)	424,058	10,750,552
Available for distribution as dividends	39,600,000
Atlantic States [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus	273,626,140	263,579,356	278,883,189
Statutory unassigned surplus	167,301,333	158,056,862	174,073,348
Statutory net income (loss)	7,193,716	(3,124,687)	(7,417,845)
Available for distribution as dividends	27,400,000
MICO [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus	71,608,571	75,441,871	75,197,207
Statutory unassigned surplus	49,582,271	53,422,483	53,201,571
Statutory net income (loss)	3,298,940	(233,391)	7,704,417
Available for distribution as dividends	7,200,000
Peninsula [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus	50,398,403	52,234,684	47,867,789
Statutory unassigned surplus	32,089,203	33,925,484	29,558,589
Statutory net income (loss)	4,121,754	4,192,697	3,536,404
Available for distribution as dividends	5,000,000
Southern [Member]
Statutory Accounting Practices [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus	68,041,175	64,463,124	64,238,221
Statutory unassigned surplus	(8,907,602)	7,523,951	7,330,382
Statutory net income (loss)	$ (16,927,267)	$ (410,561)	$ 6,927,576

Reconciliation of Statutory F_3

Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements, (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements [Abstract]
Statutory net (loss) income of insurance subsidiaries	$ (2,312,857)	$ 424,058	$ 10,750,552
Increases (Decreases): [Abstract]
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,873,174	5,141,857	8,871,415
Deferred federal income taxes	(229,397)	2,958,735	(1,085,903)
Salvage and subrogation recoverable	3,644,800	5,195,800	2,551,800
Consolidating eliminations and adjustments	(10,574,579)	(14,791,466)	(18,769)
Parent-only net income (loss)	12,024,363	(888,389)	4,185,079
Net income (loss)	4,425,504	(1,959,405)	25,254,174
Statutory Capital and Surplus of Insurance Subsidiaries [Abstract]
Statutory capital and surplus of insurance subsidiaries	463,674,289	455,719,035	466,186,406
Deferred policy acquisition costs	75,043,404	73,170,230	68,028,373	$ 59,156,958
Deferred federal income taxes	(13,072,768)	(23,794,084)	(21,294,388)
Salvage and subrogation recoverable	32,351,000	28,706,200	23,510,400
Non-admitted assets and other adjustments, net	1,328,142	712,623	929,862
Fixed maturities	(41,036,366)	(49,367,986)	5,958,434
Parent-only equity and other adjustments	(38,542,347)	(1,553,006)	(12,283,000)
Stockholders' equity	$ 479,745,354	$ 483,593,012	$ 531,036,087	$ 517,774,120

Supplementary Cash Flow Infor_3

Supplementary Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Supplementary Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Income taxes	$ 0	$ 4,500,000	$ 6,200,000
Interest	$ 618,519	$ 623,947	$ 1,150,211

Earnings Per Share (Details)

Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]
Minimum percentage of class A common stock declared dividend excess over class B dividend	10%
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ 3,788	$ (1,571)	$ 21,131
Denominator: [Abstract]
Weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	27,469	26,409	25,388
Basic earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.14	$ (0.06)	$ 0.83
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ 3,788	$ (1,571)	$ 21,131
Denominator: [Abstract]
Number of shares used in basic computation (in shares)	27,469	26,409	25,388
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities [Abstract]
Director and employee stock options (in shares)	94	0	146
Number of shares used in diluted computation (in shares)	27,563	26,409	25,534
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.14	$ (0.06)	$ 0.83
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ 638	$ (388)	$ 4,123
Denominator: [Abstract]
Weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	5,577	5,577	5,577
Basic earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ (0.07)	$ 0.74
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ 638	$ (388)	$ 4,123
Denominator: [Abstract]
Number of shares used in basic computation (in shares)	5,577	5,577	5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities [Abstract]
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.11	$ (0.07)	$ 0.74

Condensed Financial Informati_3

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company, Condensed Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Assets [Abstract]
Short-term investments	$ 32,305,408	$ 57,321,111
Cash	23,792,273	25,123,332
Property and equipment	2,633,405	2,755,105
Other	451,011	1,123,098
Total assets	2,266,293,888	2,243,349,335
Liabilities [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	5,569,992	5,296,990
Total liabilities	1,786,548,534	1,759,756,323
Stockholders' equity	479,745,354	483,593,012	$ 531,036,087	$ 517,774,120
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	2,266,293,888	2,243,349,335
Parent Company [Member]
Assets [Abstract]
Investment in subsidiaries/affiliates (equity method)	506,855,000	509,513,000
Short-term investments	1,469,000	7,325,000
Cash	8,043,000	3,288,000	$ 14,375,000	$ 15,321,000
Property and equipment	504,000	586,000
Other	4,866,000	4,589,000
Total assets	521,737,000	525,301,000
Liabilities [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	5,570,000	5,297,000
Notes payable to subsidiary	35,000,000	35,000,000
Other	1,422,000	1,411,000
Total liabilities	41,992,000	41,708,000
Stockholders' equity	479,745,000	483,593,000
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 521,737,000	$ 525,301,000

Condensed Financial Informati_4

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company, Condensed Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues [Abstract]
Total revenues	$ 927,337,984	$ 848,220,546	$ 816,465,791
Expenses [Abstract]
Interest	619,813	620,558	895,605
Total expenses	922,274,508	851,858,645	786,127,283
Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries	5,063,476	(3,638,099)	30,338,508
Income tax benefit	637,972	(1,678,694)	5,084,334
Net income (loss)	4,425,504	(1,959,405)	25,254,174
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	4,425,504	(1,959,405)	25,254,174
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) - subsidiaries	4,246,693	(45,761,476)	(7,544,805)
Comprehensive income (loss)	10,443,527	(46,946,703)	17,407,113
Parent Company [Member]
Revenues [Abstract]
Dividends from subsidiaries	13,000,000	0	5,000,000
Other	638,000	526,000	481,000
Total revenues	13,638,000	526,000	5,481,000
Expenses [Abstract]
Operating expenses	1,202,000	1,245,000	1,223,000
Interest	787,000	787,000	787,000
Total expenses	1,989,000	2,032,000	2,010,000
Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries	11,649,000	(1,506,000)	3,471,000
Income tax benefit	(375,000)	(618,000)	(714,000)
Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries	12,024,000	(888,000)	4,185,000
Equity in undistributed net (loss) income of subsidiaries	(7,598,000)	(1,071,000)	21,069,000
Net income (loss)	4,426,000	(1,959,000)	25,254,000
Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	4,426,000	(1,959,000)	25,254,000
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) - subsidiaries	6,018,000	(44,988,000)	(7,847,000)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	6,018,000	(44,988,000)	(7,847,000)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ 10,444,000	$ (46,947,000)	$ 17,407,000

Condensed Financial Informati_5

Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company, Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash Flows from Operating Activities [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ 4,425,504	$ (1,959,405)	$ 25,254,174
Adjustments [Abstract]
Other	511,426	796,805	867,438
Net adjustments	24,198,240	69,069,425	51,477,794
Net cash provided by operating activities	28,623,744	67,110,020	76,731,968
Cash Flows from Investing Activities [Abstract]
Net sale (purchases) of short-term investments	25,015,703	(44,628,770)	8,207,814
Net cash used in investing activities	(16,706,641)	(98,498,303)	(62,199,311)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities [Abstract]
Cash dividends paid	(21,893,692)	(20,502,716)	(19,099,220)
Issuance of common stock	8,645,530	19,304,956	14,181,702
Net cash used in financing activities	(13,248,162)	(1,197,760)	(59,917,518)
Net decrease in cash	(1,331,059)	(32,586,043)	(45,384,861)
Cash at beginning of year	25,123,332
Cash at end of year	23,792,273	25,123,332
Parent Company [Member]
Cash Flows from Operating Activities [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	4,426,000	(1,959,000)	25,254,000
Adjustments [Abstract]
Equity in undistributed net loss (income) of subsidiaries	7,598,000	1,071,000	(21,069,000)
Other	(168,000)	(1,972,000)	(536,000)
Net adjustments	7,430,000	(901,000)	(21,605,000)
Net cash provided by operating activities	11,856,000	(2,860,000)	3,649,000
Cash Flows from Investing Activities [Abstract]
Net sale (purchases) of short-term investments	5,856,000	(7,316,000)	0
Net purchase of property and equipment	(45,000)	0	(13,000)
Investment in subsidiaries	(819,000)	(768,000)	(916,000)
Other	30,000	(28,000)	0
Net cash used in investing activities	5,022,000	(8,112,000)	(929,000)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities [Abstract]
Cash dividends paid	(21,894,000)	(20,503,000)	(19,099,000)
Issuance of common stock	9,771,000	20,388,000	15,433,000
Net cash used in financing activities	(12,123,000)	(115,000)	(3,666,000)
Net decrease in cash	4,755,000	(11,087,000)	(946,000)
Cash at beginning of year	3,288,000	14,375,000	15,321,000
Cash at end of year	$ 8,043,000	$ 3,288,000	$ 14,375,000

Segment Information, Reportable

Segment Information, Reportable Segments (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 Segment
Segment Information [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	3

Segment Information, Financial

Segment Information, Financial Data by Segment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 882,071,386	$ 822,489,450	$ 776,015,201
Net investment income	40,853,215	34,016,112	31,125,631
Investment gains (losses)	3,172,807	(10,184,797)	6,477,286
Total revenues	927,337,984	848,220,546	816,465,791
Underwriting (loss) income [Abstract]
Net investment income	40,853,215	34,016,112	31,125,631
Net investment gains (losses)	3,172,807	(10,184,797)	6,477,286
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	5,063,476	(3,638,099)	30,338,508
Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	882,071,000	822,490,000	776,015,000
Net investment income	40,853,000	34,016,000	31,126,000
Investment gains (losses)	3,173,000	(10,185,000)	6,477,000
Other	1,241,000	1,900,000	2,848,000
Total revenues	927,338,000	848,221,000	816,466,000
Underwriting (loss) income [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	(42,116,000)	(36,171,000)	(17,939,000)
GAAP adjustments	3,735,000	8,667,000	9,945,000
GAAP underwriting loss	(38,381,000)	(27,504,000)	(7,994,000)
Net investment income	40,853,000	34,016,000	31,126,000
Net investment gains (losses)	3,173,000	(10,185,000)	6,477,000
Other	(582,000)	35,000	730,000
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	5,063,000	(3,638,000)	30,339,000
Commercial Lines [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	533,029,000	521,227,000	478,966,000
Underwriting (loss) income [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	(6,998,000)	(22,665,000)	(35,174,000)
Personal Lines [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	349,042,000	301,263,000	297,049,000
Underwriting (loss) income [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	$ (35,118,000)	$ (13,506,000)	$ 17,235,000

Guaranty Fund and Other Insur_2

Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments [Abstract]
Insurance subsidiaries' liabilities for guaranty fund and other insurance	$ 1,900,000	$ 1,900,000
Surcharges collected by insurance subsidiaries	$ 702,261	$ 663,883

Allowance for Expected Credit_3

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses, Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 688,439,360
Balance at end of period	679,497,038	$ 688,439,360
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 0
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]
Current period change for expected credit losses	$ 58,000
Balance at end of period	1,325,847	$ 0
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 1,268,000
Balance at end of period		$ 1,268,000

Allowance for Expected Credit_4

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses, Reinsurance Receivable (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 456,522,223
Balance at end of period	441,431,334	$ 456,522,223
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 0
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]
Current period change for expected credit losses	$ 262,000
Balance at end of period	1,394,074	$ 0
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at end of period	$ 1,132,000

SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY _2

SCHEDULE III - SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Supplementary Insurance Information by Segment [Abstract]
Net Premiums Earned	$ 882,071	$ 822,490	$ 776,015
Net Investment Income	40,853	34,016	31,126
Net Losses and Loss Expenses	609,178	564,079	520,710
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	154,214	142,430	128,733
Other Underwriting Expenses	151,748	137,924	129,368
Net Premiums Written	895,697	843,530	804,267
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	75,043	73,170
Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses	1,126,157	1,121,046
Unearned Premiums	599,411	577,653
Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable	0	0
Commercial Lines [Member]
Supplementary Insurance Information by Segment [Abstract]
Net Premiums Earned	533,029	521,227	478,966
Net Investment Income	0	0	0
Net Losses and Loss Expenses	345,401	342,456	321,483
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	94,842	91,965	84,927
Other Underwriting Expenses	93,325	89,056	85,345
Net Premiums Written	528,429	530,846	512,674
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	42,775	43,756
Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses	869,393	859,842
Unearned Premiums	341,664	345,437
Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable	0	0
Personal Lines [Member]
Supplementary Insurance Information by Segment [Abstract]
Net Premiums Earned	349,042	301,263	297,049
Net Investment Income	0	0	0
Net Losses and Loss Expenses	263,777	221,623	199,227
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	59,372	50,465	43,806
Other Underwriting Expenses	58,423	48,868	44,023
Net Premiums Written	367,268	312,684	291,593
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	32,268	29,414
Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses	256,764	261,204
Unearned Premiums	257,747	232,216
Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable	0	0
Investments [Member]
Supplementary Insurance Information by Segment [Abstract]
Net Premiums Earned	0	0	0
Net Investment Income	40,853	34,016	31,126
Net Losses and Loss Expenses	0	0	0
Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	0	0	0
Other Underwriting Expenses	0	0	0
Net Premiums Written	0	0	$ 0
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	0	0
Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses	0	0
Unearned Premiums	0	0
Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable	$ 0	$ 0