(17)(a)
Prospectus

April 30, 2013
GOLDMAN SACHS FUND OF FUNDS PORTFOLIOS
THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION HAS NOT APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED THESE SECURITIES OR PASSED UPON THE ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
AN INVESTMENT IN A PORTFOLIO IS NOT A BANK DEPOSIT AND IS NOT INSURED BY THE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION OR ANY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCY. AN INVESTMENT IN A PORTFOLIO INVOLVES INVESTMENT RISKS, AND YOU MAY LOSE MONEY IN A PORTFOLIO.
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Balanced Strategy Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GIPIX |
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GOIIX |
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GGSIX |
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GAPIX |
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Income Strategies Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GXIIX |
¢ | | Goldman Sachs Satellite Strategies Portfolio |
| n | | Institutional Shares: GXSIX |

Table of Contents

Goldman Sachs Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Balanced Strategy Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks current income and long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
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| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 5.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
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Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses | | | 0.25% | | | | 0.25% | | | | 0.25% | | | | 0.10% | | | | 0.60% | | | | 0.25% | | | | 0.25% | |
Service Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
Shareholder Administration Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
All Other Expenses | | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.10 | % | | | 0.10 | % | | | 0.25 | % | | | 0.25 | % |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.69% | |
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| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses2 | | | 1.34% | | | | 2.09% | | | | 2.09% | | | | 0.94% | | | | 1.44% | | | | 1.09% | | | | 1.59% | |
Expense Limitation3 | | | (0.06)% | | | | (0.05)% | | | | (0.06)% | | | | (0.06)% | | | | (0.06)% | | | | (0.06)% | | | | (0.06)% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation2 | | | 1.28% | | | | 2.04% | | | | 2.03% | | | | 0.88% | | | | 1.38% | | | | 1.03% | | | | 1.53% | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) is imposed on Class B Shares redeemed within six years of purchase, declining from a rate of 5% in the first year to 1% in the sixth year, and eliminated thereafter. A CDSC of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
3 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.004% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. The differences in the “Expense Limitation” ratios across the share classes are the result of the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of expense reimbursements, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
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| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 673 | | | $ | 946 | | | $ | 1,239 | | | $ | 2,070 | |
Class B Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 707 | | | $ | 950 | | | $ | 1,320 | | | $ | 2,226 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 207 | | | $ | 650 | | | $ | 1,120 | | | $ | 2,226 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 306 | | | $ | 649 | | | $ | 1,119 | | | $ | 2,417 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 206 | | | $ | 649 | | | $ | 1,119 | | | $ | 2,417 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 90 | | | $ | 294 | | | $ | 515 | | | $ | 1,150 | |
Service Shares | | $ | 141 | | | $ | 450 | | | $ | 782 | | | $ | 1,720 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 105 | | | $ | 341 | | | $ | 595 | | | $ | 1,324 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 156 | | | $ | 496 | | | $ | 860 | | | $ | 1,885 | |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 66% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which Goldman Sachs Asset Management (“GSAM” or the “Investment Adviser”) or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”), some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”), and other Underlying Funds invest dynamically across equity, fixed income and commodity investments through a managed-volatility approach (the “Underlying Dynamic Funds”).
Under normal conditions, the Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing approximately 50% (which allocation could be increased by 30% or decreased by 25%) of its assets in Underlying Fixed Income Funds, approximately 15% (which allocation could be increased by 5% or decreased by 15%) of its assets in the Underlying Dynamic Fund, and approximately 35% (which allocation could be increased by 25% or decreased by 30%) of its assets in Underlying Equity Funds. The allocation will be measured at the time of rebalance. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Goldman Sachs Global Income and Core Fixed Income Funds; a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Growth, Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Value and Goldman Sachs Structured International Equity Funds; and all of its dynamic allocation in the Goldman Sachs Dynamic Allocation Fund.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
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Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocates to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without
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limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
Absence of Regulation. Certain of the Underlying Funds engage in over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions. In general, there is less governmental regulation and supervision of transactions in the OTC markets than of transactions entered into on organized exchanges.
Commodity Sector Risk. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject certain of the Underlying Funds to greater volatility than investments in more traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, agriculture and livestock sector commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. The commodity-linked swaps in which certain of the Underlying Funds invest may involve companies in the financial services sector and events affecting the financial services sector may cause the Underlying Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Credit/Default Risk. An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligation. Additionally, the credit quality of securities may deteriorate rapidly, which may impair an Underlying Fund’s liquidity and cause significant deterioration in net asset value (“NAV”). To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced.
Derivatives Risk. The risk that loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Expenses Risk. Because the Underlying Funds may invest in pooled investment vehicles (including investment companies and ETFs), partnerships and REITs, the investor will incur indirectly through the Portfolio not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the other pooled investment vehicles, partnerships and REITs held by the Underlying Fund (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Underlying Fund.
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Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Leverage Risk. Borrowing and the use of derivatives may result in leverage and may make an Underlying Fund more volatile. The use of leverage may cause certain Underlying Funds to liquidate portfolio positions to satisfy their obligations or to meet asset segregation requirements when it may not be advantageous to do so.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Management Risk. A strategy used by the Investment Adviser may fail to produce the intended results. The Investment Adviser attempts to execute a complex strategy for certain of the Underlying Funds using proprietary quantitative models. Investments selected using these models may perform differently than expected as a result of the factors used in the models, the weight placed on each factor, changes from the factors’ historical trends, and technical issues in the construction and implementation of the models (including, for example, data problems and/or software issues). There is no guarantee that the Investment Adviser’s use of these quantitative models will result in effective investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. Additionally, commonality of holdings across quantitative money managers may amplify losses.
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Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that they are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
Small Cap Risk. Investments in small capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Tax Risk. The tax treatment of certain of an Underlying Fund’s commodity-linked investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations, and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that could affect whether income from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or otherwise affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Underlying Fund’s taxable income for any gains and distributions made by an Underlying Fund.
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”) Risk. The value of TIPS generally fluctuates in response to inflationary concerns. As inflationary expectations increase, TIPS will become more attractive, because they protect future interest payments against inflation. Conversely, as inflationary concerns decrease, TIPS will become less attractive and less valuable.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
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Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Class A Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain broad-based securities market indices and to the Balanced Strategy Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. Effective at the close of business on June 29, 2012, the components of the Balanced Strategy Composite Index changed from the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (60%), the S&P 500 Index (20%), and the MSCI EAFE Index (20%) to a blend of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (60%) and the MSCI All Country World Index (the “MSCI ACWI Index”) (40%). The Investment Adviser believes that these are more appropriate benchmarks against which to measure the performance of the Portfolio, given the more global nature of the Portfolio’s investments. The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waivers and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
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TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (CLASS A) |
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Best Quarter Q3 ‘09 +11.41% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –10.40% | |  |
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| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
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For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | | | Since Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 3.97% | | | | 1.10% | | | | 5.21% | | | | 4.07% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 3.14% | | | | 0.22% | | | | 4.19% | | | | 2.87% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares | | | 2.70% | | | | 0.48% | | | | 4.04% | | | | 2.86% | |
Class B Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 4.06% | | | | 1.05% | | | | 5.14% | | | | 4.04% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 8.15% | | | | 1.47% | | | | 5.01% | | | | 3.69% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 10.32% | | | | 2.64% | | | | 6.21% | | | | 4.88% | |
Service Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 9.95% | | | | 2.14% | | | | 5.69% | | | | 4.36% | |
Balanced Strategy Composite Index | | | 9.97% | | | | 3.44% | | | | 6.60% | | | | 5.76% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | 8.10% | | | | 4.59% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | 4.76% | | | | 5.27% | |
Balanced Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 9.41% | | | | 3.77% | | | | 6.64% | | | | 5.85% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | 8.69% | | | | 4.79% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 5.18% | | | | 5.96% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 7.09% | | | | 4.47% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 10.29% | | | | 2.48% | | | | N/A | | | | 2.36% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 9.66% | | | | 1.99% | | | | N/A | | | | 1.87% | |
Balanced Strategy Composite Index | | | 9.97% | | | | 3.44% | | | | N/A | | | | 3.32% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.35% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.22% | |
Balanced Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 9.41% | | | | 3.77% | | | | N/A | | | | 3.63% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | N/A | | | | –3.59% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.90% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | N/A | | | | 1.49% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on
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an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2006.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
The Portfolio does not impose minimum purchase requirements for initial or subsequent investments in Service Shares, although an Authorized Institution (as defined below) may impose such minimums and/or establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance.
Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by current or prospective investors.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
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Goldman Sachs Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks long-term capital appreciation and current income.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 5.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
| | | | | |
Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses2 | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.07% | | | | 0.58% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | |
Service Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
Shareholder Administration Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
All Other Expenses | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.07 | % | | | 0.08 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.72% | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses3 | | | 1.35% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 0.94% | | | | 1.45% | | | | 1.10% | | | | 1.60% | |
Expense Limitation4 | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.03)% | | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.03)% | | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.04)% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation3 | | | 1.31% | | | | 2.07% | | | | 2.06% | | | | 0.91% | | | | 1.41% | | | | 1.06% | | | | 1.56% | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) is imposed on Class B Shares redeemed within six years of purchase, declining from a rate of 5% in the first year to 1% in the sixth year, and eliminated thereafter. A CDSC of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The differences in the “Other Expenses” ratios across the share classes are the result of, among other things, contractual differences in transfer agency fees and the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of certain expenses, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
3 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
4 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.004% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. The differences in the “Expense Limitation” ratios across the share classes are the result of the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of expense reimbursements, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class IR Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 676 | | | $ | 952 | | | $ | 1,247 | | | $ | 2,085 | |
Class B Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 710 | | | $ | 956 | | | $ | 1,328 | | | $ | 2,241 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 210 | | | $ | 656 | | | $ | 1,128 | | | $ | 2,241 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 309 | | | $ | 655 | | | $ | 1,127 | | | $ | 2,432 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 209 | | | $ | 655 | | | $ | 1,127 | | | $ | 2,432 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 93 | | | $ | 298 | | | $ | 519 | | | $ | 1,156 | |
Service Shares | | $ | 144 | | | $ | 456 | | | $ | 790 | | | $ | 1,736 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 108 | | | $ | 347 | | | $ | 604 | | | $ | 1,341 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 159 | | | $ | 502 | | | $ | 869 | | | $ | 1,901 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 47% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which Goldman Sachs Asset Management (“GSAM” or the “Investment Adviser”) or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”), some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”), and other Underlying Funds invest dynamically across equity, fixed income and commodity investments through a managed-volatility approach (the “Underlying Dynamic Funds”).
Under normal conditions, the Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing approximately 55% (which allocation could be increased by 25% or decreased by 30%) of its assets in Underlying Equity Funds, approximately 15% (which allocation could be increased by 5% or decreased by 15%) of its assets in the Underlying Dynamic Fund, and approximately 30% (which allocation could be increased by 30% or decreased by 25%) of its assets in the Underlying Fixed Income Funds. The allocation will be measured at the time of rebalance. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Growth, Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Value and Goldman Sachs Structured International Equity Funds; a relatively significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Goldman Sachs Core Fixed Income and Goldman Sachs Global Income Funds; and all of its dynamic allocation to the Goldman Sachs Dynamic Allocation Fund.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
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Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocates to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
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Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
Absence of Regulation. Certain of the Underlying Funds engage in over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions. In general, there is less governmental regulation and supervision of transactions in the OTC markets than of transactions entered into on organized exchanges.
Commodity Sector Risk. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject certain of the Underlying Funds to greater volatility than investments in more traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, agriculture and livestock sector commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. The commodity-linked swaps in which certain of the Underlying Funds invest may involve companies in the financial services sector, and events affecting the financial services sector may cause the Underlying Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Credit/Default Risk. An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligation. Additionally, the credit quality of securities may deteriorate rapidly, which may impair an Underlying Fund’s liquidity and cause significant deterioration in net asset value (“NAV”). To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced.
Derivatives Risk. The risk that loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Expenses Risk. Because the Underlying Funds may invest in pooled investment vehicles (including investment companies and ETFs), partnerships and REITs, the investor will incur indirectly through the Portfolio not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the other pooled investment vehicles, partnerships and REITs held by the Underlying Fund (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Underlying Fund.
Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less
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economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Leverage Risk. Borrowing and the use of derivatives may result in leverage and may make an Underlying Fund more volatile. The use of leverage may cause certain Underlying Funds to liquidate portfolio positions to satisfy their obligations or to meet asset segregation requirements when it may not be advantageous to do so.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Management Risk. A strategy used by the Investment Adviser may fail to produce the intended results. The Investment Adviser attempts to execute a complex strategy for certain of the Underlying Funds using proprietary quantitative models. Investments selected using these models may perform differently than expected as a result of the factors used in the models, the weight placed on each factor, changes from the factors’ historical trends, and technical issues in the construction and implementation of the models (including, for example, data problems and/or software issues). There is no guarantee that the Investment Adviser’s use of these quantitative models will result in effective investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. Additionally, commonality of holdings across quantitative money managers may amplify losses.
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Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that they are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
Small Cap Risk. Investments in small capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Tax Risk. The tax treatment of certain of an Underlying Fund’s commodity-linked investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations, and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that could affect whether income from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or otherwise affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Underlying Fund’s taxable income for any gains and distributions made by an Underlying Fund.
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”) Risk. The value of TIPS generally fluctuates in response to inflationary concerns. As inflationary expectations increase, TIPS will become more attractive, because they protect future interest payments against inflation. Conversely, as inflationary concerns decrease, TIPS will become less attractive and less valuable.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
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Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Class A Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain broad-based securities market indices and to the Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. Effective at the close of business on June 29, 2012, the components of the Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index changed from the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (40%), the S&P 500 Index (30%), and the MSCI EAFE Index (30%) to a blend of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (40%) and the MSCI All Country World Index (the “MSCI ACWI Index”) (60%). The Investment Adviser believes that these are more appropriate benchmarks against which to measure the performance of the Portfolio, given the more global nature of the Portfolio’s investments. The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waivers and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
| | |
| |
TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (CLASS A) |
| |
Best Quarter Q2 ‘09 +14.84% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –16.64% | |  |
| |
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| | | | | | |
| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | | | Since
Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 6.24% | | | | –0.68% | | | | 6.08% | | | | 4.01% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 5.59% | | | | –1.54% | | | | 5.14% | | | | 2.97% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares | | | 4.30% | | | | –0.97% | | | | 4.90% | | | | 2.94% | |
Class B Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 6.41% | | | | –0.70% | | | | 6.02% | | | | 3.98% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 10.41% | | | | –0.30% | | | | 5.88% | | | | 3.62% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 12.69% | | | | 0.84% | | | | 7.10% | | | | 4.82% | |
Service Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 12.13% | | | | 0.34% | | | | 6.57% | | | | 4.29% | |
Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index | | | 12.05% | | | | 2.16% | | | | 7.27% | | | | 5.56% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | 8.10% | | | | 4.59% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | 4.76% | | | | 5.27% | |
Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 11.97% | | | | 2.45% | | | | 6.25% | | | | 5.07% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | 8.69% | | | | 4.79% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 5.18% | | | | 5.96% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 7.09% | | | | 4.47% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 12.62% | | | | 0.65% | | | | N/A | | | | 0.49% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 12.12% | | | | 0.20% | | | | N/A | | | | 0.04% | |
Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index | | | 12.05% | | | | 2.16% | | | | N/A | | | | 2.01% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.35% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.23% | |
Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 11.97% | | | | 2.45% | | | | N/A | | | | 2.25% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | N/A | | | | –3.59% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.90% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | N/A | | | | 1.49% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on
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an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2006.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
The Portfolio does not impose minimum purchase requirements for initial or subsequent investments in Service Shares, although an Authorized Institution (as defined below) may impose such minimums and/or establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance.
Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by current or prospective investors.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
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Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks long-term capital appreciation and, secondarily, current income.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 5.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
| | | | | |
Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses2 | | | 0.24% | | | | 0.24% | | | | 0.24% | | | | 0.08% | | | | 0.59% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | |
Service Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
Shareholder Administration Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
All Other Expenses | | | 0.24 | % | | | 0.24 | % | | | 0.24 | % | | | 0.08 | % | | | 0.09 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses3 | | | 1.40% | | | | 2.15% | | | | 2.15% | | | | 0.99% | | | | 1.50% | | | | 1.14% | | | | 1.64% | |
Expense Limitation4 | | | (0.05)% | | | | (0.05)% | | | | (0.05)% | | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.05)% | | | | (0.04)% | | | | (0.04)% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation3 | | | 1.35% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 0.95% | | | | 1.45% | | | | 1.10% | | | | 1.60% | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) is imposed on Class B Shares redeemed within six years of purchase, declining from a rate of 5% in the first year to 1% in the sixth year, and eliminated thereafter. A CDSC of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The differences in the “Other Expenses” ratios across the share classes are the result of, among other things, contractual differences in transfer agency fees and the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of certain expenses, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
3 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
4 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.004% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 679 | | | $ | 963 | | | $ | 1,267 | | | $ | 2,128 | |
Class B Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 713 | | | $ | 967 | | | $ | 1,347 | | | $ | 2,283 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 667 | | | $ | 1,147 | | | $ | 2,283 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 313 | | | $ | 667 | | | $ | 1,147 | | | $ | 2,474 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 667 | | | $ | 1,147 | | | $ | 2,474 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 96 | | | $ | 310 | | | $ | 541 | | | $ | 1,204 | |
Service Shares | | $ | 147 | | | $ | 468 | | | $ | 811 | | | $ | 1,781 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 112 | | | $ | 357 | | | $ | 621 | | | $ | 1,377 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 162 | | | $ | 512 | | | $ | 885 | | | $ | 1,935 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 47% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which Goldman Sachs Asset Management (“GSAM” or the “Investment Adviser”) or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”), some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”), and other Underlying Funds invest dynamically across equity, fixed income and commodity investments through a managed-volatility approach (the “Underlying Dynamic Funds”).
Under normal conditions, the Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing approximately 75% (which allocation could be increased by 25% or decreased by 30%) of its assets in Underlying Equity Funds, approximately 15% (which allocation could be increased by 5% or decreased by 15%) of its assets in the Underlying Dynamic Fund, and approximately 10% (which allocation could be increased by 30% or decreased by 10%) of its assets in the Underlying Fixed Income Funds. The allocation will be measured at the time of rebalance. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Growth, Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Value and Goldman Sachs Structured International Equity Funds, and all of its dynamic allocation to the Goldman Sachs Dynamic Allocation Fund.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
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Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocates to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without
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limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
Absence of Regulation. Certain of the Underlying Funds engage in over-the-counter (“OTC”) transactions. In general, there is less governmental regulation and supervision of transactions in the OTC markets than of transactions entered into on organized exchanges.
Commodity Sector Risk. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject certain of the Underlying Funds to greater volatility than investments in more traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, agriculture and livestock sector commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. The commodity-linked swaps in which certain of the Underlying Funds invest may involve companies in the financial services sector, and events affecting the financial services sector may cause the Underlying Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Credit/Default Risk. An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligation. Additionally, the credit quality of securities may deteriorate rapidly, which may impair an Underlying Fund’s liquidity and cause significant deterioration in net asset value (“NAV”). To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced.
Derivatives Risk. The risk that loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Expenses Risk. Because the Underlying Funds may invest in pooled investment vehicles (including investment companies and ETFs), partnerships and REITs, the investor will incur indirectly through the Portfolio not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the other pooled investment vehicles, partnerships and REITs held by the Underlying Fund (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Underlying Fund.
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Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Leverage Risk. Borrowing and the use of derivatives may result in leverage and may make an Underlying Fund more volatile. The use of leverage may cause certain Underlying Funds to liquidate portfolio positions to satisfy their obligations or to meet asset segregation requirements when it may not be advantageous to do so.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Management Risk. A strategy used by the Investment Adviser may fail to produce the intended results. The Investment Adviser attempts to execute a complex strategy for certain of the Underlying Funds using proprietary quantitative models. Investments selected using these models may perform differently than expected as a result of the factors used in the models, the weight placed on each factor, changes from the factors’ historical trends, and technical issues in the construction and implementation of the models (including, for example, data problems and/or software issues). There is no guarantee that the Investment Adviser’s use of these quantitative models will result in effective investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. Additionally, commonality of holdings across quantitative money managers may amplify losses.
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Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that they are permitted to invest more of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
Small Cap Risk. Investments in small capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Tax Risk. The tax treatment of certain of an Underlying Fund’s commodity-linked investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations, and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that could affect whether income from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or otherwise affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Underlying Fund’s taxable income for any gains and distributions made by an Underlying Fund.
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”) Risk. The value of TIPS generally fluctuates in response to inflationary concerns. As inflationary expectations increase, TIPS will become more attractive, because they protect future interest payments against inflation. Conversely, as inflationary concerns decrease, TIPS will become less attractive and less valuable.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
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Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Class A Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain broad-based securities market indices and to the Growth Strategy Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. Effective at the close of business on June 29, 2012, the components of the Growth Strategy Composite Index changed from the S&P 500 Index (40%), the MSCI EAFE Index (40%), and the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (20%) to a blend of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (20%) and the MSCI All Country World Index (the “MSCI ACWI Index”) (80%). The Investment Adviser believes that these are more appropriate benchmarks against which to measure the performance of the Portfolio, given the more global nature of the Portfolio’s investments. The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waivers and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
| | |
| |
TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (CLASS A) |
| |
Best Quarter Q2 ‘09 +18.56% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –21.72% | |  |
| |
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| | | | | | |
| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | | | Since
Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 8.25% | | | | –2.47% | | | | 6.29% | | | | 3.32% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 7.81% | | | | –3.15% | | | | 5.62% | | | | 2.62% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares | | | 5.73% | | | | –2.31% | | | | 5.31% | | | | 2.57% | |
Class B Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 8.58% | | | | –2.48% | | | | 6.23% | | | | 3.30% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 12.70% | | | | –2.07% | | | | 6.09% | | | | 2.95% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.89% | | | | –0.97% | | | | 7.31% | | | | 4.12% | |
Service Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.42% | | | | –1.45% | | | | 6.78% | | | | 3.60% | |
Growth Strategy Composite Index | | | 14.09% | | | | 0.63% | | | | 7.78% | | | | 5.18% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | 8.10% | | | | 4.59% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | 4.76% | | | | 5.27% | |
Growth Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 14.51% | | | | 0.96% | | | | 7.65% | | | | 5.23% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | 8.69% | | | | 4.79% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 5.18% | | | | 5.96% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 7.09% | | | | 4.47% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.79% | | | | –1.11% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.32% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 14.31% | | | | –1.58% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.78% | |
Growth Strategy Composite Index | | | 14.09% | | | | 0.63% | | | | N/A | | | | 0.45% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.35% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.23% | |
Growth Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 14.51% | | | | 0.96% | | | | N/A | | | | 0.72% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | N/A | | | | –3.59% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | N/A | | | | 5.90% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | N/A | | | | 1.49% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on
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an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2006.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
The Portfolio does not impose minimum purchase requirements for initial or subsequent investments in Service Shares, although an Authorized Institution (as defined below) may impose such minimums and/or establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance.
Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by current or prospective investors.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
30

Goldman Sachs Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 5.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
|
Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | | | | 0.15% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses2 | | | 0.28% | | | | 0.28% | | | | 0.28% | | | | 0.11% | | | | 0.63% | | | | 0.27% | | | | 0.27% | |
Service Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
Shareholder Administration Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
All Other Expenses | | | 0.28 | % | | | 0.28 | % | | | 0.28 | % | | | 0.11 | % | | | 0.13 | % | | | 0.27 | % | | | 0.27 | % |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | | | | 0.76% | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class B | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses3 | | | 1.44% | | | | 2.19% | | | | 2.19% | | | | 1.02% | | | | 1.54% | | | | 1.18% | | | | 1.68% | |
Expense Limitation4 | | | (0.09)% | | | | (0.09)% | | | | (0.09)% | | | | (0.07)% | | | | (0.08)% | | | | (0.08)% | | | | (0.08)% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation3 | | | 1.35% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 0.95% | | | | 1.46% | | | | 1.10% | | | | 1.60% | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) is imposed on Class B Shares redeemed within six years of purchase, declining from a rate of 5% in the first year to 1% in the sixth year, and eliminated thereafter. A CDSC of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The differences in the “Other Expenses” ratios across the share classes are the result of, among other things, contractual differences in transfer agency fees and the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of certain expenses, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
3 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
4 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.004% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 680 | | | $ | 972 | | | $ | 1,285 | | | $ | 2,171 | |
Class B Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 713 | | | $ | 976 | | | $ | 1,366 | | | $ | 2,325 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 676 | | | $ | 1,166 | | | $ | 2,325 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 313 | | | $ | 676 | | | $ | 1,166 | | | $ | 2,515 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 676 | | | $ | 1,166 | | | $ | 2,515 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 97 | | | $ | 317 | | | $ | 556 | | | $ | 1,240 | |
Service Shares | | $ | 148 | | | $ | 478 | | | $ | 831 | | | $ | 1,826 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 112 | | | $ | 366 | | | $ | 641 | | | $ | 1,423 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 163 | | | $ | 521 | | | $ | 904 | | | $ | 1,979 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 23% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which GSAM or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”) and other Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”).
Under normal conditions, substantially all (within a range of 80%-100%) of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among Underlying Equity Funds. The allocation will be measured at the time of rebalance. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its assets in the Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Growth, Goldman Sachs Structured Large Cap Value and Goldman Sachs Structured International Equity Funds.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
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Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocates to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
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Derivatives Risk. The risk that loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that they are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
35
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Class A Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain broad-based securities market indices and to the Equity Growth Strategy Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. Effective at the close of business on June 29, 2012, the Portfolio’s benchmark changed from the Equity Growth Strategy Composite Index (comprised of the S&P 500 Index (50%) and the MSCI EAFE Index (50%)) to the MSCI All Country World Index (the “MSCI ACWI Index”). The Investment Adviser believes that the MSCI ACWI Index is a more appropriate benchmark against which to measure the performance of the Portfolio given the more global nature of the Portfolio’s investments. The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waivers and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
| | |
| |
TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (CLASS A) |
| |
Best Quarter Q2 ‘09 +20.94% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –23.84% | |  |
| |
36
| | | | | | |
| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | | | Since
Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 10.49% | | | | –3.09% | | | | 6.93% | | | | 3.20% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 10.25% | | | | –3.59% | | | | 6.42% | | | | 2.75% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares | | | 7.28% | | | | –2.69% | | | | 6.02% | | | | 2.66% | |
Class B Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 11.01% | | | | –3.11% | | | | 6.88% | | | | 3.18% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 15.09% | | | | –2.71% | | | | 6.73% | | | | 2.84% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 17.45% | | | | –1.59% | | | | 7.97% | | | | 3.98% | |
Service Shares (Inception 1/2/98) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 16.85% | | | | –2.08% | | | | 7.43% | | | | 3.49% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | 8.10% | | | | 4.59% | |
Equity Growth Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 17.01% | | | | –0.69% | | | | 7.98% | | | | 4.74% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 7.09% | | | | 4.47% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | 8.69% | | | | 4.79% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 17.30% | | | | –1.73% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.98% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 16.59% | | | | –2.14% | | | | N/A | | | | –2.39% | |
MSCI® ACWI Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses) | | | 16.08% | | | | –1.16% | | | | N/A | | | | –1.35% | |
Equity Growth Strategy Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 17.01% | | | | –0.69% | | | | N/A | | | | –0.97% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | N/A | | | | 1.49% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | N/A | | | | –3.59% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class B, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
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Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2006.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
The Portfolio does not impose minimum purchase requirements for initial or subsequent investments in Service Shares, although an Authorized Institution (as defined below) may impose such minimums and/or establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance.
Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by current or prospective investors.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
38

Goldman Sachs Income Strategies Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Income Strategies Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks current income and long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses2 | | | 0.86% | | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.68% | | | | 0.88% | | | | 0.89% | |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.79% | | | | 0.79% | | | | 0.79% | | | | 0.79% | | | | 0.79% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses3 | | | 2.02% | | | | 2.78% | | | | 1.59% | | | | 1.79% | | | | 2.30% | |
Expense Limitation4 | | | (0.66)% | | | | (0.67)% | | | | (0.63)% | | | | (0.68)% | | | | (0.69)% | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation3 | | | 1.36% | | | | 2.11% | | | | 0.96% | | | | 1.11% | | | | 1.61% | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The differences in the “Other Expenses” ratios across the share classes are the result of, among other things, contractual differences in transfer agency fees and the effect of mathematical rounding on the daily accrual of certain expenses, particularly in respect of small share classes. |
39
3 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
4 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.01% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class C, Institutional, Class IR and/or Class R Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class C, Institutional, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 681 | | | $ | 1,088 | | | $ | 1,521 | | | $ | 2,719 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 314 | | | $ | 799 | | | $ | 1,410 | | | $ | 3,060 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 214 | | | $ | 799 | | | $ | 1,410 | | | $ | 3,060 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 98 | | | $ | 440 | | | $ | 806 | | | $ | 1,836 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 113 | | | $ | 497 | | | $ | 906 | | | $ | 2,049 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 164 | | | $ | 652 | | | $ | 1,167 | | | $ | 2,582 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 111% of the average value of its portfolio.
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Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which GSAM or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”) and other Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”).
Under normal conditions, the Portfolio will allocate its assets among Underlying Funds that the Investment Adviser considers to be invested in income-producing satellite asset classes. Satellite asset classes are those that may have lower correlations to traditional market exposures such as large cap equities and may have more attractive risk return characteristics. Under normal conditions, the Portfolio may also allocate up to 20% of its total assets among other Underlying Funds. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Goldman Sachs High Yield, Goldman Sachs High Yield Floating Rate, Goldman Sachs Local Emerging Markets Debt and Goldman Sachs Emerging Markets Debt Funds and will invest a significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Goldman Sachs Real Estate Securities and the Goldman Sachs International Real Estate Securities Funds.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio
41
assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocates to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
Credit/Default Risk. An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligation. Additionally, the credit quality of securities may deteriorate rapidly, which may impair an Underlying Fund’s liquidity and cause significant deterioration in net asset value (“NAV”). To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced.
Derivatives Risk. Loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments
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may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that they are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
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Real Estate Industry Risk. The Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds are subject to certain risks associated with real estate, including, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage financing, variations in rental income, neighborhood values or the appeal of property to tenants; interest rates; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes and operating expenses; and changes in zoning laws. The real estate industry is particularly sensitive to economic downturns. The values of securities of companies in the real estate industry may go through cycles of relative under-performance and out-performance in comparison to equity securities markets in general.
REIT Risk. REITs whose underlying properties are concentrated in a particular industry or geographic region are also subject to risks affecting such industries and regions. The securities of REITs involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements because of interest rate changes, economic conditions and other factors. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable a fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price.
Small Cap Risk. Investments in small capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
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Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Class A Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class C, Institutional, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain
broad-based securities market indices and to the Income Strategies Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. Effective at the close of business on June 29, 2012, the components of the Income Strategies Composite Index changed from the S&P 500 Index (40%) and the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (60%) to a blend of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (60%) and the MSCI World Index (40%). The Investment Adviser believes that these are more appropriate benchmarks against which to measure the performance of the Portfolio, given the more global nature of the Portfolio’s investments. The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waiver and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
| | |
| |
TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (CLASS A) |
| |
Best Quarter Q2 ‘09 +14.11% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –15.56% | |  |
| |
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| | | | | | |
| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | Since Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 7.98% | | | | 2.10% | | | | 1.98% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 6.69% | | | | 0.69% | | | | 0.58% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares | | | 5.41% | | | | 1.03% | | | | 0.93% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 12.28% | | | | 2.49% | | | | 2.20% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.46% | | | | 3.63% | | | | 3.36% | |
Income Strategies Composite Index | | | 9.84% | | | | 3.39% | | | | 3.83% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | 5.30% | |
MSCI World Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction’s for fees or expenses) | | | 15.78% | | | | –1.18% | | | | 0.04% | |
Income Strategies Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 8.93% | | | | 4.66% | | | | 4.97% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 2.28% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 6.10% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.53% | | | | 3.50% | | | | 3.31% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 13.88% | | | | 3.01% | | | | 2.81% | |
Income Strategies Composite Index | | | 9.84% | | | | 3.39% | | | | 3.26% | |
Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 5.70% | | | | 5.27% | | | | 5.22% | |
MSCI World Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction’s for fees or expenses) | | | 15.78% | | | | –1.18% | | | | –1.41% | |
Income Strategies Composite Index (prior to June 29, 2012) | | | 8.93% | | | | 4.66% | | | | 4.56% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 1.49% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 5.90% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class C, Institutional, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio
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since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2007.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
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Goldman Sachs Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Summary
Investment Objective
The Goldman Sachs Satellite Strategies Portfolio (the “Portfolio”) seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Fees and Expenses of the Portfolio
This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold shares of the Portfolio. You may qualify for sales charge discounts on purchases of Class A Shares if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Goldman Sachs Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in “Shareholder Guide—Common Questions Applicable to the Purchase of Class A Shares” beginning on page 120 of this Prospectus and “Other Information Regarding Maximum Sales Charge, Purchases, Redemptions, Exchanges and Dividends” beginning on page B-158 of the Portfolio’s Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Shareholder Fees | |
(fees paid directly from your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price) | | | 5.50% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) (as a percentage of the lower of original purchase price or sale proceeds)1 | | | None | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | |
Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses | |
(expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Management Fees | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | | | | 0.12% | |
Distribution and Service (12b-1) Fees | | | 0.25% | | | | 1.00% | | | | None | | | | None | | | | None | | | | 0.50% | |
Other Expenses | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.08% | | | | 0.58% | | | | 0.23% | | | | 0.23% | |
Service Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
Shareholder Administration Fees | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | Non | e | | | 0.25 | % | | | Non | e | | | Non | e |
All Other Expenses | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.08 | % | | | 0.08 | % | | | 0.23 | % | | | 0.23 | % |
Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.87% | | | | 0.87% | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Class A | | | Class C | | | Institutional | | | Service | | | Class IR | | | Class R | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses2 | | | 1.47 | % | | | 2.22 | % | | | 1.07 | % | | | 1.57 | % | | | 1.22 | % | | | 1.72 | % |
Expense Limitation3 | | | (0.03 | )% | | | (0.03 | )% | | | (0.03 | )% | | | (0.03 | )% | | | (0.03 | )% | | | (0.03 | )% |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses After Expense Limitation2 | | | 1.44 | % | | | 2.19 | % | | | 1.04 | % | | | 1.54 | % | | | 1.19 | % | | | 1.69 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1 | A contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) of 1% is imposed on Class C Shares redeemed within 12 months of purchase. |
2 | The Total Annual Portfolio Operating Expenses do not correlate to the ratios of net and total expenses to average net assets provided in the Financial Highlights, which reflect the operating expenses of the Portfolio and do not include Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses. |
3 | The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding acquired (underlying) fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, service fees, shareholder administration fees, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.01% of the Portfolio’s average daily net assets, through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio. |
Expense Example
This Example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Portfolio with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
This Example assumes that you invest $10,000 in Class A, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares of the Portfolio for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Class A, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and/or Class R Shares at the end of those periods. The Example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Portfolio’s operating expenses remain the same (except that the Example incorporates the expense limitation arrangement for only the first year). Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | 1 Year | | | 3 Years | | | 5 Years | | | 10 Years | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 688 | | | $ | 986 | | | $ | 1,306 | | | $ | 2,208 | |
Class C Shares | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
– Assuming complete redemption at end of period | | $ | 322 | | | $ | 691 | | | $ | 1,187 | | | $ | 2,551 | |
– Assuming no redemption | | $ | 222 | | | $ | 691 | | | $ | 1,187 | | | $ | 2,551 | |
Institutional Shares | | $ | 106 | | | $ | 337 | | | $ | 587 | | | $ | 1,302 | |
Service Shares | | $ | 157 | | | $ | 493 | | | $ | 852 | | | $ | 1,864 | |
Class IR Shares | | $ | 121 | | | $ | 384 | | | $ | 667 | | | $ | 1,474 | |
Class R Shares | | $ | 172 | | | $ | 539 | | | $ | 930 | | | $ | 2,027 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Portfolio Turnover
The Portfolio does not pay transaction costs when it buys and sells shares of the Underlying Funds (as defined below). However, each Underlying Fund pays transaction costs when it buys and sells securities or instruments (i.e., “turns over” its portfolio). A high rate of portfolio turnover may result in increased transaction costs, including brokerage commissions, which must be borne by the Underlying Fund and its shareholders, including the Portfolio, and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains for taxable shareholders. These costs are not reflected in annual Portfolio operating expenses or in the expense example above, but are reflected in the Portfolio’s performance. The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 was 14% of the average value of its portfolio.
Principal Strategy
The Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which GSAM or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser or principal underwriter (the “Underlying Funds”). Some of the Underlying Funds invest primarily in fixed income or money market instruments (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”) and other Underlying Funds invest primarily in equity securities (the “Underlying Equity Funds”).
Under normal conditions, at least 80% of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among Underlying Funds that the Investment Adviser considers to be invested in satellite asset classes. Satellite asset classes are those that historically have had lower correlations to traditional market exposures such as large cap equities and investment grade fixed income. Satellite funds can be both equity and fixed income funds. The Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects to invest relatively significant percentages in the following satellite equity asset classes: emerging markets equity, international small cap, U.S. and international real estate securities. The Investment Adviser may invest a relatively significant percentage in the following satellite fixed income asset classes: high yield, emerging markets debt and commodities.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH THE PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
Principal Risks of the Portfolio:
Loss of money is a risk of investing in the Portfolio. An investment in the Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any government agency. The Portfolio should not be relied upon as a complete investment program. Stated allocations may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that the Portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the
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Portfolio involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing.
Affiliated Persons. The Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by Underlying Funds differ and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter.
Expenses. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through the Portfolio, the investor will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio.
Investing in the Underlying Funds. The investments of the Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and the Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of the Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser.
Investments of the Underlying Funds. Because the Portfolio invests in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolio’s shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolio allocated to those Underlying Funds. See the “Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds” below.
Temporary Investments. Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in high-quality, short-term debt obligations to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. For temporary defensive purposes during abnormal market or economic conditions, a Portfolio may invest without limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective.
Principal Risks of the Underlying Funds:
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
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Commodity Sector Risk. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Commodity Strategy Fund to greater volatility than investments in more traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, agriculture and livestock sector commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. The commodity-linked swaps in which the Commodity Strategy Fund invests may involve companies in the financial services sector and events affecting issues in the financial services sector may cause the Commodity Strategy Fund’s share value to fluctuate.
Conflict of Interest Risk. Affiliates of the Investment Adviser may participate in the primary and secondary market for loan obligations. Because of limitations imposed by applicable law, the presence of the Investment Adviser’s affiliates in the loan obligations market may restrict the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s ability to acquire some loan obligations or affect the timing or price of such acquisitions. Also, because the Investment Adviser may wish to invest in the publicly traded securities of a borrower, it may not have access to material non-public information regarding the borrower to which other lenders have access.
Counterparty Risk. Many of the protections afforded to participants on some organized exchanges, such as the performance guarantee of an exchange clearing house, might not be available in connection with OTC transactions. Therefore, in those instances in which an Underlying Fund enters into OTC transactions, the Underlying Fund will be subject to the risk that its direct counterparty will not perform its obligations under the transactions and that the Underlying Fund will sustain losses.
Credit/Default Risk. An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligations. Additionally, the credit quality of securities may deteriorate rapidly, which may impair an Underlying Fund’s liquidity and cause significant deterioration in net asset value (“NAV”). To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in non-investment grade fixed income securities, these risks will be more pronounced.
Derivatives Risk. The risk that loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligation.
Foreign and Emerging Countries Risk. Foreign securities may be subject to risk of loss because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less
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economic, political and social stability in the countries in which the Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from among other things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, settlement or custody. Foreign risk also involves the risk of negative foreign currency rate fluctuations, which may cause the value of securities denominated in such foreign currency (or other instruments through which the Underlying Fund has exposure to foreign currencies) to decline in value. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. To the extent the Underlying Fund also invests in issuers located in emerging countries, these risks may be more pronounced.
Geographic and Sector Risk. Geographic and sector risk is the risk that an Underlying Fund’s performance will be significantly affected by developments in the sector in which its investments are concentrated. By concentrating its assets in a single sector or group of sectors, an Underlying Fund is subject to the risk that economic, business, political or other conditions that have a negative effect on that sector or group of sectors will negatively impact the Underlying Fund to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund’s assets were diversified across different sectors.
Interest Rate Risk. When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments.
Investment Style Risk. Different investment styles (e.g., “growth”, “value” or “quantitative”) tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions and investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that invest in similar asset classes but employ different investment styles.
Leverage Risk. Borrowing and the use of derivatives may result in leverage and may make an Underlying Fund more volatile. The use of leverage may cause an Underlying Fund to liquidate portfolio positions to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements when it may not be advantageous to do so.
Liquidity Risk. The risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that are illiquid or that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Illiquid investments may be more difficult to value. Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. To meet redemption requests, an Underlying Fund may be forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions.
Loan Obligations Risk. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund is subject to certain risks associated with investments in loan obligations. Loan obligations are subject to the credit risk of nonpayment of principal or interest. Substantial increases in interest rates may cause an increase in loan obligation defaults. Although a loan obligation may be fully
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collateralized at the time of acquisition, the collateral may decline in value, be relatively illiquid, or lose all or substantially all of its value subsequent to investment. Many loan obligations are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and may be relatively illiquid and difficult to value. This will also have an adverse impact on the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s ability to dispose of particular loan obligations or loan participations when necessary to meet the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s liquidity needs or when necessary in response to a specific economic event, such as a decline in the credit quality of the borrower.
Loan Participation Risk. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund is subject to certain risks associated with investments in loan participations. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may not always have direct recourse against a borrower if the borrower fails to pay scheduled principal and interest. Where the High Yield Floating Rate Fund lacks direct recourse, the Fund will look to an agent for the lenders to enforce appropriate credit remedies against the borrower. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may be subject to greater delays, expenses and risks than would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the borrower. Under the terms of certain loan participations, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund may be regarded as a creditor of the agent lender rather than of the underlying borrower, and therefore may be subject to the risk that the agent lender may become insolvent.
Market Risk. The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly inter-connected global economies and financial markets.
Mid-Cap and Small-Cap Risk. Investments in mid-capitalization and small-capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. These securities may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity, and these issuers often face greater business risks.
Non-Diversification Risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds are non-diversified meaning that they are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than diversified mutual funds. Thus, such an Underlying Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
Non-investment Grade Investments Risk. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in non-investment grade investments (commonly referred to as “junk bonds”) that are considered speculative. Non-investment grade investments and unrated investments of comparable credit quality are subject to the increased risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payment obligations. These investments may be subject to greater price volatility due to such factors as specific corporate or municipal developments, interest rate sensitivity, negative perceptions of the non-investment grade markets generally and less secondary market liquidity. Certain Underlying Funds may purchase the securities or obligations of issuers that are in default.
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Real Estate Industry Risk. The Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds are subject to certain risks associated with real estate, including, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage financing, variations in rental income, neighborhood values or the appeal of property to tenants; interest rates; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes and operating expenses; and changes in zoning laws. The real estate industry is particularly sensitive to economic downturns. The values of securities of companies in the real estate industry may go through cycles of relative under-performance and out-performance in comparison to equity securities markets in general.
REIT Risk. REITs whose underlying properties are concentrated in a particular industry or geographic region are also subject to risks affecting such industries and regions. The securities of REITs involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements because of interest rate changes, economic conditions and other factors. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable a fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price.
Second Lien Loans Risk. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may invest in second lien loans. Second lien loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investments in senior loans. Because second lien loans are subordinated or unsecured and thus lower in priority of payment to senior loans, they are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the borrower and property securing the loan or debt, if any, may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments after giving effect to the senior secured obligations of the borrower. This risk is generally higher for subordinated unsecured loans or debt, which are not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral. Second lien loans generally have greater price volatility than senior loans and may be less liquid. There is also a possibility that originators will not be able to sell participations in second lien loans, which would create greater credit risk exposure for the holders of such loans. Second lien loans share the same risks as other below investment grade securities.
Senior Loan Risk. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may invest in senior loans, which hold the most senior position in the capital structure of a business entity, and are typically secured with specific collateral and have a claim on the assets and/or stock of the borrower that is senior to that held by subordinated debt holders and stockholders of the borrower. Senior loans are usually rated below investment grade, and are subject to similar risks, such as credit risk, as below investment grade securities. However, senior loans are typically senior and secured in contrast to other below investment grade securities, which are often subordinated and unsecured. There is less readily available, reliable information about most senior loans than is the case for many other types of securities, and the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s investment adviser relies primarily on its own evaluation of a borrower’s credit quality rather than on any available independent sources. The ability of the High Yield Floating Rate Fund to realize full value in the event of the need to sell a senior loan may be impaired by the lack of an active trading market for certain senior loans or adverse market conditions limiting liquidity. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain senior loans, the
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market may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. Although senior loans in which the High Yield Floating Rate Fund will invest generally will be secured by specific collateral, there can be no assurance that liquidation of such collateral would satisfy the borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of the bankruptcy of a borrower, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing a senior loan. Moreover, any specific collateral used to secure a senior loan may decline in value or become illiquid, which would adversely affect the senior loan’s value. Uncollateralized senior loans involve a greater risk of loss. Some senior loans are subject to the risk that a court, pursuant to fraudulent conveyance or other similar laws, could subordinate the senior loans to presently existing or future indebtedness of the borrower or take other action detrimental to lenders, including the High Yield Floating Rate Fund, such as invalidation of senior loans.
Stock Risk. Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future.
Subsidiary and Tax Risk. The Commodity Strategy Fund, by investing in its wholly-owned subsidiary organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the “Subsidiary”), will be indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments, which are similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Commodity Strategy Fund. The Commodity Strategy Fund is limited in the extent to which it may invest directly in commodity-linked swaps or certain other commodity-linked derivatives. The Subsidiary may invest in these commodity-linked derivatives without limitation. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Subsidiary will be achieved. Because the Subsidiary is not registered under the Investment Company Act, it is not subject to all the investor protections thereof. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Commodity Strategy Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in its prospectus and could adversely affect the Commodity Strategy Fund. The tax treatment of the Commodity Strategy Fund’s commodity-linked investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations, and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that could affect whether income from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or otherwise affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income for any gains and distributions made by the Fund.
U.S. Government Securities Risk. The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit
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of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Further Information on Investment Objectives, Strategies and Risks of the Underlying Funds. A concise description of the investment objectives, practices and risks of each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by the Portfolio as of the date of this Prospectus is provided beginning on page 74 of this Prospectus.
Performance
The bar chart and table below provide an indication of the risks of investing in the Portfolio by showing: (a) changes in the performance of the Portfolio’s Institutional Shares from year to year; and (b) how the average annual total returns of the Portfolio’s Class A, Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares compare to those of certain broad-based securities market indices and to the Satellite Strategies Composite Index, a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The Satellite Strategies Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (40%), the S&P 500® Index (30%), and the MSCI® EAFE® Index (30%). The Portfolio’s past performance, before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Portfolio will perform in the future. Updated performance information is available at no cost at www.goldmansachsfunds.com/performance or by calling the appropriate phone number on the back cover of this prospectus.
The bar chart (including “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” information) does not reflect the sales loads applicable to Class A Shares. If the sales loads were reflected, returns would be less. Performance reflects applicable fee waivers and/or expense limitations in effect during the periods shown.
| | |
| |
TOTAL RETURN | | CALENDAR YEAR (INSTITUTIONAL) |
| |
Best Quarter Q2 ‘09 +22.24% Worst Quarter Q4 ‘08 –28.94% | |  |
| |
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| | | | | | |
| | AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURN | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the period ended December 31, 2012 | | 1 Year | | | 5 Years | | | Since Inception | |
Class A Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 9.92% | | | | –0.66% | | | | 0.35% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions | | | 8.41% | | | | –2.12% | | | | –1.13% | |
Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares | | | 6.60% | | | | –1.40% | | | | –0.55% | |
Class C Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 14.33% | | | | –0.28% | | | | 0.58% | |
Institutional Shares (Inception 3/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 16.77% | | | | 0.85% | | | | 1.69% | |
Satellite Strategies Composite Index | | | 11.97% | | | | 2.45% | | | | 3.14% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 2.27% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | –1.62% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 6.10% | |
Service Shares (Inception 8/29/08) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 16.26% | | | | N/A | | | | 2.29% | |
Satellite Strategies Composite Index | | | 11.97% | | | | N/A | | | | 4.76% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | N/A | | | | 4.79% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | N/A | | | | 0.51% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | N/A | | | | 6.39% | |
Class IR Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns Before Taxes | | | 16.60% | | | | 0.72% | | | | 0.59% | |
Class R Shares (Inception 11/30/07) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Returns | | | 15.96% | | | | 0.20% | | | | 0.07% | |
Satellite Strategies Composite Index | | | 11.97% | | | | 2.45% | | | | 2.25% | |
S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 15.96% | | | | 1.66% | | | | 1.49% | |
MSCI® EAFE® (gross) Index (unhedged) (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 17.85% | | | | –3.21% | | | | –3.59% | |
Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for fees, expenses or taxes) | | | 4.21% | | | | 5.94% | | | | 5.89% | |
The after-tax returns are for Class A Shares only. The after-tax returns for Class C, Institutional, Service, Class IR and Class R Shares will vary. After-tax returns are calculated using the historical highest individual federal marginal income tax rates and do not reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on an investor’s tax situation and may differ from those shown. In addition, the after-tax returns shown are not relevant to investors who hold Portfolio shares through tax-deferred arrangements such as 401(k) plans or individual retirement accounts.
Portfolio Management
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. is the investment adviser for the Portfolio (the “Investment Adviser” or “GSAM”).
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Portfolio Managers: William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Quantitative Investment Strategies—Macro Alpha Strategies, has managed the Portfolio since 2009; Steve Jeneste, CFA, Managing Director, has managed the Portfolio since 2011; and Nicholas Chan, CFA, Vice President, has managed the Portfolio since 2007.
Buying and Selling Portfolio Shares
The minimum initial investment for Class A and Class C Shares is, generally, $1,000. The minimum initial investment for Institutional Shares is, generally, $1,000,000 for individual or certain institutional investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates. There is no minimum for initial purchases of Class IR and Class R Shares. Those share classes with a minimum initial investment requirement do not impose it on certain employee benefit plans, and Institutional Shares do not impose it on certain investment advisers investing on behalf of other accounts.
The minimum subsequent investment for Class A and Class C shareholders is $50, except for certain employee benefit plans, for which there is no minimum. There is no minimum subsequent investment for Institutional, Class IR or Class R shareholders.
The Portfolio does not impose minimum purchase requirements for initial or subsequent investments in Service Shares, although an Authorized Institution (as defined below) may impose such minimums and/or establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance.
You may purchase and redeem (sell) shares of the Portfolio on any business day through certain banks, trust companies, brokers, dealers, investment advisers and other financial institutions (“Authorized Institutions”).
Tax Information
For important tax information, please see “Tax Information” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
For important information about financial intermediary compensation, please see “Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries” on page 60 of this Prospectus.
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Fund of Funds Portfolios – Additional
Summary Information
Tax Information
The Portfolios’ distributions are taxable, and will be taxed as ordinary income or capital gains, unless you are investing through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an individual retirement account. Investments through tax-deferred arrangements may become taxable upon withdrawal from such arrangement.
Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase a Portfolio through an Authorized Institution, the Portfolio and/or its related companies may pay the Authorized Institution for the sale of Portfolio shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the Authorized Institution and your salesperson to recommend a Portfolio over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your Authorized Institution’s website for more information.
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Investment Management Approach
The Balanced Strategy and Income Strategies Portfolios both seek current income and long-term capital appreciation. The Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio seeks long-term capital appreciation and current income. The Growth Strategy Portfolio seeks long-term capital appreciation and, secondarily, current income. The Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio and the Satellite Strategies Portfolio both seek long-term capital appreciation. Each Portfolio’s investment objective may be changed without shareholder approval upon 60 days notice.
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| | PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES | | | | |
Balanced Strategy Portfolio
Under normal conditions, approximately 50% of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among Underlying Fixed Income Funds. Allocation to the Underlying Dynamic Fund is intended to provide long-term capital appreciation and a greater degree of risk diversification through a managed-volatility approach. Allocation to Underlying Equity Funds is intended to add diversification and enhance returns, but will also add some volatility. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio may invest a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Structured Large Cap Growth, Structured Large Cap Value and Structured International Equity Funds; a relatively significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Global Income and Core Fixed Income Funds; and all of its dynamic allocation in the Dynamic Allocation Fund. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser.
The Portfolio’s benchmark indices are the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD), the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) and the Balanced Strategy Composite Index. The Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index provides a broad-based measure of the global investment grade fixed-rate debt markets. The MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets. The Balanced Strategy Composite Index is a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The
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Balanced Strategy Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (60%) and the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) (40%).
Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio
Under normal conditions, approximately 55% of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among the Underlying Equity Funds, which are intended to provide the capital appreciation component. Allocation to the Underlying Dynamic Fund is intended to provide long-term capital appreciation and a greater degree of risk diversification through a managed-volatility approach. Allocation to Underlying Fixed Income Funds is intended to provide the income component. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Structured Large Cap Growth, Structured Large Cap Value and Structured International Equity Funds; a relatively significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Core Fixed Income and Global Income Funds; and all of its dynamic allocation in the Dynamic Allocation Fund. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser.
The Portfolio’s benchmark indices are the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD), the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) and the Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index. The Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) provides a broadbased measure of the global investment grade fixed-rate debt markets. The MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets. The Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index is a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (40%) and the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) (60%).
Growth Strategy Portfolio
Under normal conditions, approximately 75% of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among the Underlying Equity Funds, with a blend of domestic large cap, small cap and international exposure to seek capital appreciation. Allocation to the Underlying Dynamic Fund is intended to provide long-term capital appreciation and a greater degree of risk diversification through a managed-volatility approach. Allocation to Underlying Fixed Income Funds is intended to provide diversification. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds
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INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH
may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Structured Large Cap Growth, Structured Large Cap Value and Structured International Equity Funds and all of its dynamic allocation in the Dynamic Allocation Fund. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser.
The Portfolio’s benchmark indices are the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD), the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) and the Growth Strategy Composite Index. The Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) provides a broad-based measure of the global investment grade fixed-rate debt markets. The MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets. The Growth Strategy Composite Index is a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The Growth Strategy Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (20%) and the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) (80%).
Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio
Under normal conditions, substantially all of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among Underlying Equity Funds, with a greater focus on small cap and international investments relative to the other Portfolios in this Prospectus. The Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a relatively significant percentage of its assets in the Structured Large Cap Growth, Structured Large Cap Value and Structured International Equity Funds. Typically, the Portfolio is rebalanced at the end of every calendar quarter, but the Portfolio can be rebalanced intra-quarter at the discretion of the Investment Adviser.
The Portfolio’s benchmark index is the MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged). The MSCI ACWI Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets.
Income Strategies Portfolio
Under normal conditions, the Portfolio will allocate its assets among Underlying Funds that the Investment Adviser considers to be invested in income-producing satellite asset classes. Satellite asset classes are those that may have lower correlations to traditional market exposures such as large cap equities and may have more
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attractive risk return characteristics. Under normal conditions, the Portfolio may also allocate up to 20% of its total assets among other Underlying Funds. Unless otherwise stated herein, the Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects that the Portfolio will invest a significant percentage of its fixed income allocation in the Goldman Sachs High Yield, Goldman Sachs High Yield Floating Rate, Goldman Sachs Local Emerging Markets Debt and Goldman Sachs Emerging Markets Debt Funds and will invest a significant percentage of its equity allocation in the Goldman Sachs Real Estate Securities and the Goldman Sachs International Real Estate Securities Funds.
The Portfolio’s benchmark indices are the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD), the MSCI World Index (unhedged), and the Income Strategies Composite Index. The Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) provides a broad-based measure of the global investment grade fixed-rate debt markets. The MSCI World Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of 24 developed markets. The Income Strategies Composite Index is a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The Income Strategies Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (hedged to USD) (60%) and the MSCI World Index (unhedged) (40%).
Satellite Strategies Portfolio
Under normal conditions, at least 80% of the Portfolio’s total assets will be allocated among Underlying Funds that the Investment Adviser considers to be invested in satellite asset classes. Satellite asset classes are those that historically have had low correlations to traditional market exposures such as large cap equities and investment grade fixed income. Satellite funds can be both equity and fixed income funds. The Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may exceed 25% of its assets. The Investment Adviser expects to invest relatively significant percentages in the following satellite equity asset classes: emerging markets equity, international small cap, U.S. and international real estate securities. The Investment Adviser may invest a relatively significant percentage in the following satellite fixed income asset classes: high yield, emerging markets debt and commodities.
The Portfolio’s benchmark indices are the S&P 500® Index, the MSCI® EAFE® Index (unhedged), the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index and the Satellite Strategies Composite Index. The S&P 500® Index is a Standard and Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index of 500 stocks, an unmanaged index of common stock process. The MSCI® EAFE® Index (unhedged) is a free float-adjusted market capitalization-
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INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH
weighted index that is designed to measure developed market equity performance in 21 developed markets, excluding the U.S. and Canada. The Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index represents an unmanaged diversified portfolio of fixed income securities, including U.S. Treasuries, investment-grade corporate bonds, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The Satellite Strategies Composite Index is a composite representation prepared by the Investment Adviser of the performance of the Portfolio’s asset classes weighted according to their respective weightings in the Portfolio’s target range. The Satellite Strategies Composite Index is comprised of the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (40%), the S&P 500® Index (30%), and the MSCI® EAFE® Index (unhedged) (30%).
All Portfolios
The Portfolios are intended for investors who prefer to have their asset allocation decisions made by professional money managers. Each Portfolio seeks to achieve its objective by investing in a combination of Underlying Funds including Underlying Fixed Income Funds and Underlying Equity Funds. An investor may choose to invest in one or more of the Portfolios based on factors including individual investment goals, risk tolerance and financial circumstances.
Each Portfolio and Underlying Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions in attempting to respond to adverse market, political or other conditions. Each Underlying Fund may, for temporary defensive purposes, invest a substantial portion, and in some cases all, of its total assets in some or all of the following: U.S. government securities, commercial paper rated at least A-2 by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“Standard & Poor’s”), P-2 by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or having a comparable rating by another Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”), certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, repurchase agreements, non-convertible preferred stocks and non-convertible corporate bonds with a remaining maturity of less than one year, cash and cash equivalents. When a Portfolio’s or an Underlying Fund’s assets are invested in such instruments, the Portfolio or Underlying Fund may not be achieving its investment objective.
Each Portfolio seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing within specified equity and fixed income ranges among Underlying Funds. The table below illustrates
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the current Underlying Equity/Fixed Income Fund allocation targets and ranges for each Portfolio:
Equity/Fixed Income Range (Percentage of Each Portfolio’s Total Assets)
| | | | | | |
| | |
Portfolio | | Target | | | Range* |
Balanced Strategy | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | 35% | | | 5%–60% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | 50% | | | 25%–80% |
Underlying Dynamic Allocation Fund1 | | | 15% | | | 0%–20% |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | 55% | | | 25%–80% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | 30% | | | 5%–60% |
Underlying Dynamic Allocation Fund1 | | | 15% | | | 0%–20% |
Growth Strategy | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | 75% | | | 45%–100% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | 10% | | | 0%–40% |
Underlying Dynamic Allocation Fund1 | | | 15% | | | 0%–20% |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | 100% | | | 80%–100% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | 0% | | | 0%–20% |
Income Strategies | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | N/A | | | 20%–60% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | N/A | | | 40%–80% |
Satellite Strategies | | | | | | |
Underlying Equity Funds | | | N/A | | | 25%–75% |
Underlying Fixed Income Funds | | | N/A | | | 25%–75% |
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| * | Measured at the time of each quarterly or monthly rebalancing (as applicable). In the event of significant investor inflows, the Investment Adviser may continue to buy Underlying Funds between periodic rebalancing if necessary to maintain the desired strategic tilt, even outside of the Portfolio’s allocation range. |
| 1 | Because the Underlying Dynamic Allocation Fund can rebalance dynamically between different asset classes (including equity and fixed income investments), investors may have exposure to equity or fixed income asset classes significantly outside the targeted ranges applicable to the Underlying Equity Funds and Underlying Fixed Income Funds. |
A Portfolio will invest in particular Underlying Funds based on various criteria. Among other things, the Investment Adviser will analyze the Underlying Funds’ respective investment objectives, policies and investment strategies in order to determine which Underlying Funds, in combination with other Underlying Funds, are appropriate in light of a Portfolio’s investment objective.
A Portfolio may purchase or sell securities to: (a) accommodate purchases and sales of its shares; (b) change the percentages of its assets invested in each of the Underlying Funds in response to economic or market conditions; and (c) maintain or modify
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INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH
the allocation of its assets among the Underlying Funds within the percentage ranges described above.
While each Portfolio can invest in any or all of the Underlying Funds, it is expected that each Portfolio will normally invest in only some of the Underlying Funds at any particular time. Each Portfolio’s investment in any of the Underlying Funds may, and in some cases is expected to, exceed 25% of such Portfolio’s total assets.
As of December 31, 2012, more than 25% of the total assets of each of the Growth Strategy Portfolio and Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio were invested in the Structured International Equity Fund.
THE PARTICULAR UNDERLYING FUNDS IN WHICH EACH PORTFOLIO MAY INVEST, THE EQUITY/FIXED INCOME TARGETS AND RANGES AND THE INVESTMENTS IN EACH UNDERLYING FUND MAY BE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME WITHOUT SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL OR NOTICE.
In addition, each Portfolio’s investment objective and all policies not specifically designated as fundamental in this Prospectus or the SAI are non-fundamental and may be changed without shareholder approval. If there is a change in a Portfolio’s investment objective, you should consider whether that Portfolio remains an appropriate investment in light of your then current financial position and needs.
GSAM’s Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Investment Philosophy:
For the Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolios, the Investment Adviser believes there are three primary sources of risk that contribute to portfolio return—interest rate risk, equity market risk and active management risk. The first two risks—interest rate and equity market—constitute “market risk” (beta), meaning risk naturally associated with bond or stock market returns. Active management risk, however, comes from the pursuit of non-market related return (alpha) through active, skilled portfolio management.
Through a Core and Satellite approach to portfolio construction, investors can separate these three sources of portfolio risk to seek additional return opportunities. Investors achieve their desired exposure to equity and fixed income markets through Core investments—typically U.S. large cap equities and fixed income obtained through passive, structured and/or actively-managed strategies. Active and skilled portfolio management can contribute to alpha return of any mutual fund. However, investors can pursue additional return opportunities through less correlated satellite strategies such as emerging markets, high yield and commodities investments. The Investment Adviser believes the result of Core and Satellite investing is more efficient portfolio construction—and higher risk-adjusted return potential. Because the risks of
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satellite investments are typically less correlated with market risk, the Investment Adviser believes they can be added to any portfolio to increase diversification and return opportunities—without greatly impacting a portfolio’s overall risk.
The Investment Adviser’s Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach, in combination with a qualitative overlay, in allocating to the satellite asset classes included in the Portfolios. The Portfolios start with a strategic allocation among the various asset classes. For this strategic allocation the Investment Adviser uses a proprietary asset allocation model. In contrast to traditional equity and fixed income selection strategies which focus on individual stocks and bonds, the model focuses on broad asset classes, such as emerging markets, high yield and commodities. The Investment Adviser’s model uses financial and economic factors that are designed to capture the risks and returns of global asset classes across markets. While the asset allocation process is rigorous and quantitative, allocation is driven by intuitive economic reasoning. On a monthly basis, the Investment Adviser will assess the risk contribution of each asset class and rebalance accordingly. The Investment Adviser employs a proprietary asset allocation technique and other techniques to deliver what it believes is the best strategic allocation in the Income Strategies and the Satellite Strategies Portfolios.
Each Portfolio’s asset allocation process relies on a proprietary asset allocation model and a qualitative overlay. As a result of the qualitative overlay, a Portfolio’s investments may not correspond to those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model. The Portfolios may invest in, or have exposure to, asset classes other than those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model, at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. In addition, the Investment Adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its asset allocation model, or use other asset allocation models based on the Investment Adviser’s proprietary research.
GSAM’s Asset Allocation Investment Philosophy:
For each of the Portfolios (other than the Income Strategies Portfolio and the Satellite Strategies Portfolio) the Investment Adviser’s Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach, in combination with a qualitative overlay to global tactical asset allocation. The Global Tactical Asset Allocation (“GTAA”) strategy attempts to add value by actively managing exposure to global stock, bond and currency markets. In contrast to stock and bond selection strategies which focus on individual stocks and bonds, GTAA focuses on broad asset classes. The Investment Adviser’s GTAA models use financial and economic factors that are designed to capture intuitive fundamental relationships across markets. While
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INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH
the GTAA process is rigorous and quantitative, there is economic reasoning behind each position.
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The Asset Allocation Investment Process involves investing a Portfolio’s assets in other Goldman Sachs Funds within specified equity and fixed income percentage ranges. |
Each Portfolio starts with a strategic allocation among the various asset classes. The Investment Adviser then tactically deviates from the strategic allocations based on forecasts provided by the models. The tactical process seeks to add value by overweighting markets that the Investment Adviser believes to be attractive and underweighting markets it considers to be unattractive. Greater deviations from the strategic allocation of a given Portfolio result in higher risk that the tactical allocation will underperform the strategic allocation. However, the Investment Adviser’s risk control process balances the amount any asset class can be overweighted in seeking to achieve higher expected returns against the amount of risk imposed by that deviation from the strategic allocation.
Each Portfolio’s asset allocation process relies on a proprietary asset allocation model and a qualitative overlay. As a result of the qualitative overlay, a Portfolio’s investments may not correspond to those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model. The Portfolios may invest in, or have exposure to, asset classes other than those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model, at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. In addition, the Investment Adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its asset allocation model, or use other asset allocation models based on the Investment Adviser’s proprietary research.
References in this Prospectus to a Portfolio’s benchmarks are for informational purposes only, and unless otherwise noted, are not an indication of how a particular Portfolio is managed.
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| | ADDITIONAL PERFORMANCE INFORMATION | | | | |
Note that the “Best Quarter” and “Worst Quarter” figures shown in the “Performance” section of each Portfolio’s Summary section are applicable only to the time period covered by the bar chart.
Class B Shares convert automatically to Class A Shares on or about the fifteenth day of the last month of the calendar quarter that is eight years after purchase. Returns for Class B Shares for the period after conversion reflect the performance of Class A Shares.
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These definitions apply to the after-tax returns shown in the “Performance” section of each Portfolio’s Summary section.
Average Annual Total Returns Before Taxes. These returns do not reflect taxes on distributions on a Portfolio’s Shares nor do they show how performance can be impacted by taxes when shares are redeemed (sold) by you.
Average Annual Total Returns After Taxes on Distributions. These returns assume that taxes are paid on distributions on a Portfolio’s Class A Shares (i.e., dividends and capital gains) but do not reflect taxes that may be incurred upon redemption (sale) of the Class A Shares at the end of the performance period.
Average Annual Total Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Portfolio Shares. These returns reflect taxes paid on distributions on a Portfolio’s Class A Shares and taxes applicable when the shares are redeemed (sold).
Note on Tax Rates. The after-tax performance figures are calculated using the historically highest individual federal marginal income tax rates at the time of the distributions and do not reflect state and local taxes. In calculating the federal income taxes due on redemptions, capital gains taxes resulting from a redemption are subtracted from the redemption proceeds and the tax benefits from capital losses resulting from the redemption are added to the redemption proceeds. Under certain circumstances, the addition of the tax benefits from capital losses resulting from redemptions may cause the Returns After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares to be greater than the Returns After Taxes on Distributions or even the Returns Before Taxes.
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Risks of the Portfolios
Loss of money is a risk of investing in each Portfolio. An investment in a Portfolio is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other governmental agency. While the Portfolios offer a greater level of diversification than many other types of mutual funds, a single Portfolio may not provide a complete investment program for an investor. The principal risks of each Portfolio are discussed in the Summary sections of this Prospectus. The following gives additional information on the risks that apply to the Portfolios and may result in a loss of your investment. There can be no assurance that a Portfolio will achieve its investment objective.
¢ | | Affiliated Persons—In managing the Portfolios, the Investment Adviser will have the authority to select and substitute Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser is subject to conflicts of interest in allocating Portfolio assets among the various Underlying Funds both because the fees payable to it and/or its affiliates by some Underlying Funds are higher than the fees payable by other Underlying Funds and because the Investment Adviser and its affiliates are also responsible for managing the Underlying Funds. The portfolio managers may also be subject to conflicts of interest in allocating a Portfolio’s assets among the various Underlying Funds because the Portfolio’s portfolio management team may also manage some of the Underlying Funds. The Investment Adviser and/or its affiliates are compensated by the Portfolios and by the Underlying Funds for advisory, transfer agency and/or principal underwriting services provided. The Trustees and officers of the Goldman Sachs Trust may also have conflicting interests in fulfilling their fiduciary duties to both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds for which GSAM or its affiliates now or in the future serve as investment adviser or principal underwriter. Other funds with similar investment strategies may perform better or worse than the Underlying Funds. |
¢ | | Expenses—You may invest in the Underlying Funds directly. By investing in the Underlying Funds indirectly through a Portfolio, you will incur not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the Underlying Funds held by the Portfolio (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Portfolio. |
¢ | | Investing in the Underlying Funds—The investments of each Portfolio are concentrated in the Underlying Funds, and each Portfolio’s investment performance is directly related to the investment performance of the Underlying Funds it holds. The ability of each Portfolio to meet its investment objective is directly related to the ability of the Underlying Funds to meet their objectives as well as the allocation among those Underlying Funds by the Investment Adviser. The value of the Underlying Funds’ investments, and the net asset values (“NAV”) of the shares of both the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds, will fluctuate in response to various market and |
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| economic factors related to the equity and fixed income markets, as well as the financial condition and prospects of issuers in which the Underlying Funds invest. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of any Portfolio or any Underlying Fund will be achieved. |
¢ | | Investments of the Underlying Funds—Because the Portfolios invest in the Underlying Funds, the Portfolios’ shareholders will be affected by the investment policies and practices of the Underlying Funds in direct proportion to the amount of assets the Portfolios allocate to those Underlying Funds. Each Portfolio may invest in Underlying Funds that in turn invest in small capitalization companies and foreign issuers and thus are subject to additional risks, including changes in foreign currency exchange rates and political risk. Foreign investments may include securities of issuers located in emerging countries in Asia, Central and South America, Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Each Portfolio may also invest in Underlying Funds that in turn invest in investment grade fixed income securities, emerging market debt securities, inflation protected securities and non-investment grade fixed income securities (“junk bonds”) (which are considered speculative). In addition, the Underlying Funds may purchase derivative securities including structured notes; enter into forward currency and options on currency transactions; lend their portfolio securities; enter into futures contracts and options transactions; purchase zero coupon bonds and payment-in-kind bonds; purchase securities issued by real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) and other issuers in the real estate industry; purchase restricted and illiquid securities; purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed delivery basis; enter into repurchase agreements; borrow money; and engage in various other investment practices. Certain Portfolios may invest in an Underlying Fund that in turn has exposure to the commodities markets and be subject to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The risks presented by these investment practices are discussed in Appendix A to this Prospectus and in the SAI. |
¢ | | Management Risk—The risk that a strategy used by the Investment Adviser may fail to produce the intended results. The investment adviser attempts to execute a complex strategy for certain of the Underlying Funds using proprietary quantitative models. Investments selected using these models may perform differently than expected as a result of the factors used in the models, the weight place on each factor, changes from the factor’s historical trends, and technical issues in the construction and implementation of the models (including, for example, data problems and/or software issues). There is no guarantee that the investment adviser’s use of these quantitative models will result in effective investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. Additionally, commonality of holdings across quantitative money managers may amplify losses. |
¢ | | Temporary Investments—Although the Portfolios normally seek to remain substantially invested in the Underlying Funds, each Portfolio may invest a portion of its assets in |
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RISKS OF THE PORTFOLIOS
| high-quality, short-term debt obligations (including commercial paper, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, repurchase agreements, debt obligations backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and demand and time deposits of domestic and foreign banks and savings and loan associations) to maintain liquidity, to meet shareholder redemptions and for other short-term cash needs. Also, there may be times when, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, abnormal market or economic conditions warrant that, for temporary defensive purposes, a Portfolio may invest without limitation in short-term obligations. When a Portfolio’s assets are invested in such investments, the Portfolio may not be achieving its investment objective. |
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Description of the Underlying Funds
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| | DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS | | | | |
The following is a concise description of the investment objectives and practices for each of the Underlying Funds that are currently expected to be used for investment by one or more of the Portfolios as of the date of this Prospectus. A Portfolio may also invest in other Underlying Funds not listed below that currently exist or may become available for investment in the future at the discretion of the Investment Adviser without shareholder approval or notice. Additional information regarding the investment practices of the Underlying Funds is provided in Appendix A to this Prospectus and in the SAI. This Prospectus is not an offer to sell and is not soliciting an offer to buy any of the Underlying Funds. In addition, a description of the Portfolios’ policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of a Portfolio’s portfolio security holdings is available in the SAI. For information regarding the disclosure of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities holdings, see the applicable Underlying Fund’s prospectus.
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Investment Criteria |
Structured Large Cap Value | | Long-term growth of capital and dividend income. | | At least 80% of its net assets plus any borrowings for investment purposes (measured at time of purchase) (“Net Assets”) in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 1000® Value Index. |
Structured Large Cap Growth | | Long-term growth of capital. Dividend income is a secondary consideration. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 1000® Growth Index. |
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DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Investment Criteria |
Strategic Growth | | Long-term growth of capital. | | At least 90% of its total assets measured at the time of purchase (“Total Assets”) in equity investments. The Fund may invest up to 25% of its Total Assets in foreign securities, including securities of issuers in emerging countries and securities quoted in foreign currencies. |
Large Cap Value | | Long-term capital appreciation. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers with public stock market capitalizations within the range of the market capitalization of companies constituting the Russell 1000® Value Index at the time of investment. The Fund may invest in foreign securities, including securities quoted in foreign currencies. The Fund may also invest in fixed income securities, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations. |
Structured Small Cap Equity | | Long-term growth of capital. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in small-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 2000® Index. |
Real Estate Securities | | Total return comprised of long-term growth of capital and dividend income. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of equity investments in issuers that are primarily engaged in or related to the real estate industry. The Fund expects that a substantial portion of its total assets will be invested in REITs, REIT-like structures, real estate operating companies or other real estate related investments. The Fund may invest up to 15% of its total assets in foreign securities, including securities quoted in foreign currencies, and 20% of its total assets in fixed income investments. |
Structured International Equity | | Long-term growth of capital. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in companies that are organized outside the United States or whose securities are principally traded outside the United States. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® EAFE® Index. |
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Investment Criteria |
Emerging Markets Equity | | Long-term capital appreciation. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in emerging country issuers. The Fund may invest in the aggregate up to 20% of its Net Assets in certain fixed income securities and in certain equity and fixed income securities of developed country issuers. |
Commodity Strategy | | Long-term total return. | | The Fund seeks to maintain substantial economic exposure to the performance of the commodities markets. The Fund primarily gains exposure to commodities markets by investing in a wholly-owned Cayman Islands subsidiary that has the same investment objective as the Fund and invests in a portfolio of commodity index-linked securities, commodity-linked securities, other derivative investments that provide exposure to the commodity markets, and other instruments, including fixed income securities. The Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiary. The Fund’s portfolio is designed to provide exposure that corresponds to the investment return of assets that trade in the commodity markets without direct investment in physical commodities. It is expected that certain of the Fund’s investments will produce leveraged exposure to the commodities markets. |
Dynamic Allocation | | Long-term capital appreciation. | | The Fund seeks to invest primarily in ETFs, futures, swaps, structured notes and other derivatives that provide exposure to a broad spectrum of asset classes, including but not limited to equities (U.S. and non-U.S. companies), fixed income (U.S. and non-U.S., investment grade and high yield) and commodities. The Investment Adviser manages the Fund dynamically by changing the Fund’s allocations to these asset classes based on its tactical views and in response to changing market conditions. The Fund may overweight or underweight positions in these asset classes, or establish short positions with respect to a particular asset class. |
International Real Estate Securities | | Total return comprised of long-term growth of capital and dividend income. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of equity investments in issuers that are primarily engaged in or related to the real estate industry outside the United States. The Fund expects that a substantial portion of its assets will be invested in REITs, REIT-like structures, real estate operating companies or other real estate related investments. The Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets in U.S. issuers and fixed income investments. |
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DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Investment Criteria |
Structured Emerging Markets Equity | | Long-term growth of capital. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in emerging country issuers. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® Emerging Markets Standard Index. |
Structured International Small Cap | | Long-term growth of capital. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in small-cap non-U.S. issuers. The Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, and Momentum. The Fund maintains risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® EAFE® Small Cap Index. |
International Small Cap | | Long-term capital appreciation. | | At least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in non-U.S. small-cap companies. The Fund may allocate its assets among countries as determined by the Investment Adviser from time to time provided that the Fund’s assets are invested in at least three foreign countries. |
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Duration or Maturity | | Expected Approximate Interest Rate Sensitivity |
Financial Square Prime Obligations | | Maximum current income to the extent consistent with the preservation of capital and the maintenance of liquidity. | | Maximum Maturity of Individual Investments = 13 months at time of purchase. Dollar-Weighted Average Portfolio Maturity = Not more than 60 days; Dollar-weighted Average Portfolio Life = Not more than 120 days | | N/A |
Short Duration Government | | A high level of current income and secondarily, in seeking current income, may also consider the potential for capital appreciation. | | Target Duration* = BofA ML Two-Year U.S. Treasury Note Index plus or minus 1 year | | 2-year U.S. Treasury note |
Core Fixed Income | | Total return consisting of capital appreciation and income that exceeds the total return of the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index. | | Target Duration* = Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index plus or minus one year | | 5-year U.S. Treasury note |
Global Income | | A high total return, emphasizing current income, and, to a lesser extent, providing opportunities for capital appreciation. | | Target Duration* = Barclays Global Aggregate Index (USD Hedged) plus or minus 2.5 years | | 6-year bond |
High Yield | | A high level of current income and may also consider the potential for capital appreciation. | | Target Duration* = Barclays U.S. Corporate High Yield Bond Index –2% Issuer Capped plus or minus 2.5 years | | N/A |
High Yield Floating Rate Fund | | A high level of current income. | | Target Duration* = less than 0.5 years The Fund’s investments in floating rate obligations will generally have short to intermediate maturities (approximately 5-7 years). | | Low |
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| * | The Underlying Fund’s duration approximates its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. |
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DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
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Investment Sector | | Credit Quality | | Other Investments |
High-quality, short-term fixed income securities. | | Minimum = AAA/Aaa or A-1/P-1 | | U.S. Treasury Obligations, U.S. Government Securities, obligations of U.S. banks, commercial paper and other short-term obligations of U.S. companies, states, municipalities and other U.S. entities, asset-backed and receivables-backed securities, and repurchase agreements. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in U.S. Government Securities and in repurchase agreements collateralized by such securities. | | U.S. Government Securities and repurchase agreements collateralized by such securities | | Mortgage pass-through securities and other securities representing an interest in or collateralized by mortgage loans. Also invests in futures, swaps and other derivatives. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in fixed income securities, including U.S. Government Securities, corporate debt securities, privately issued mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. | | Minimum = BBB–/Baa3 (at time of purchase) | | Foreign fixed income, custodial receipts, municipal and convertible securities, foreign currencies and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government Securities. Also invests in futures, swaps and other derivatives. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of fixed income securities of U.S. and foreign issuers. | | Minimum = BBB–/Baa3 (at time of purchase) At least 25% = AAA/Aaa | | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, U.S. Government securities, custodial receipts, corporate debt securities, certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances, commercial paper, foreign currencies and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Government Securities or certain foreign government securities. Also invests in futures, swaps and other derivatives. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in high-yield, fixed income securities rated below investment grade, including U.S. and non-U.S. dollar corporate debt, foreign government securities, convertible securities and preferred stock. | | At least 80% = BB+/Ba1 or below (at time of purchase) | | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, U.S. Government Securities, investment grade corporate fixed income securities, loan participations, custodial receipts, municipal securities, preferred stock, structured securities, foreign currencies and repurchase agreements. Also invests in futures, credit default swap indices and other derivatives. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in domestic or foreign floating rate loans and other floating or variable rate obligations rated below investment grade. | | At least 80% = BB+/Ba1 or below (at time of purchase) | | Fixed income instruments, regardless of rating, including fixed rate corporate bonds, government bonds, convertible debt obligations, and mezzanine fixed income instruments. May also invest in floating or variable rate instruments that are rated investment grade and in preferred stock, repurchase agreements and cash securities. May also invest in credit default swaps on credit and loan indices and forward foreign currency contracts and other derivatives. |
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Underlying Fund | | Investment Objectives | | Duration or Maturity | | Expected Approximate Interest Rate Sensitivity |
Emerging Markets Debt | | A high level of total return consisting of income and capital appreciation. | | Target Duration* = J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Diversified Index plus or minus 2 years | | 10-year U.S. government bond |
Local Emerging Markets Debt | | A high level of total return consisting of income and capital appreciation. | | Target Duration* = J.P. Morgan Government Bond Index—Emerging Markets Global Diversified Index plus or minus 2 years | | N/A |
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| * | The Underlying Fund’s duration approximates its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. |
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DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
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Investment Sector | | Credit Quality | | Other Investments |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in sovereign and corporate debt of issuers located in or tied economically to emerging countries. | | The Fund may invest in securities without regard to credit rating. | | Brady bonds and other debt issued by governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, or by their central banks, interests issued by entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by emerging country issues, fixed and floating rate, senior and subordinated corporate debt obligations, loan participations and repurchase agreements. Also invests in futures, swaps and other derivatives. |
At least 80% of its Net Assets in (i) sovereign and corporate debt securities and other instruments of issuers in emerging countries, denominated in the local currency of such emerging countries, or (ii) currencies of such emerging countries, which may be represented by forwards or other derivatives that may have interest rate exposure. | | The Fund may invest in securities without regard to credit rating. | | Brady bonds and other debt issued by governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, or by their central banks, interests issued by entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by emerging country issuers, fixed and floating rate, senior and subordinated corporate debt obligations (such as bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper), loan participations, and repurchase agreements with respect to the foregoing. Also invests in futures, swaps and other derivatives. |
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Risks of the Underlying Funds
Loss of money is a risk of investing in each Underlying Fund. An investment in an Underlying Fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other governmental agency. The principal risks of the applicable Underlying Funds for each Portfolio are discussed in the Summary sections of this Prospectus. The following section provides additional information on the risks that apply to the Underlying Funds, which may result in a loss of your investment in a Portfolio. There can be no assurance that an Underlying Fund will achieve its investment objective. Investment in the Underlying Funds involves substantial risks which prospective investors should consider carefully before investing in a Portfolio.
The target and actual asset allocation percentages, the selection of Underlying Funds and the investments in the Underlying Funds are subject to change. Such changes may cause the Portfolio to be subject to additional or different risks than the risks listed below.
Risks That Apply To All Underlying Funds:
¢ | | Credit/Default Risk—An issuer or guarantor of fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund (which may have low credit ratings) may default on its obligation to pay interest and repay principal or default on any other obligation. The credit quality of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities may meet the Underlying Fund’s credit quality requirements at the time of purchase but then deteriorate thereafter, and such a deterioration can occur rapidly. In certain instances, the downgrading or default of a single holding or guarantor of an Underlying Fund’s holding may impair the Underlying Fund’s liquidity and have the potential to cause significant deterioration in NAV. |
¢ | | Derivatives Risk—Loss may result from an Underlying Fund’s investments in options, futures, forwards, swaps, options on swaps, structured securities and other derivative instruments. These instruments may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small changes may produce disproportionate losses to an Underlying Fund. Derivatives are also subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not fulfill its contractual obligations. |
Losses from investments in derivatives can result from a lack of correlation between the value of those derivatives and the value of the portfolio assets (if any) being hedged. In addition, there is a risk that the performance of the derivatives or other instruments used by the Investment Adviser to replicate the performance of a particular asset class may not accurately track the performance of that asset class. Derivatives are also subject to liquidity risk and risks arising from margin requirements. There is also risk of loss if the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
expectation of the timing or level of fluctuations in securities prices, interest rates, currency prices or other variables.
¢ | | Interest Rate Risk—When interest rates increase, fixed income securities or instruments held by an Underlying Fund (including inflation protected securities) will generally decline in value. Long-term fixed income securities or instruments will normally have more price volatility because of this risk than short-term fixed income securities or instruments. |
¢ | | Liquidity Risk—An Underlying Fund may invest in securities or instruments that trade in lower volumes and may make investments that may be less liquid than other investments. Also the risk that an Underlying Fund may make investments that may become less liquid in response to market developments or adverse investor perceptions. Investments that are illiquid or that trade in lower volumes may be more difficult to value. When there is no willing buyer and investments cannot be readily sold at the desired time or price, an Underlying Fund may have to accept a lower price or may not be able to sell the security or instrument at all. An inability to sell one or more portfolio positions can adversely affect the Underlying Fund’s value or prevent the Underlying Fund from being able to take advantage of other investment opportunities. |
Underlying Funds that invest in non-investment grade fixed income securities, small- and mid-capitalization stocks, REITs and/or emerging country issuers may be especially subject to the risk that during certain periods, the liquidity of particular issuers or industries, or all securities within a particular investment category, will shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic, market or political events, or adverse investor perceptions whether or not accurate.
Liquidity risk may also refer to the risk that an Underlying Fund will not be able to pay redemption proceeds within the allowable time period because of unusual market conditions, an unusually high volume of redemption requests, or other reasons. While each Underlying Fund is forced to sell securities at an unfavorable time and/or under unfavorable conditions, such sales may adversely affect the an Underlying Fund’s NAV.
Although an Underlying Fund reserves the right to meet redemption requests through in-kind distributions, to date no Underlying Fund has historically paid redemptions in kind. While an Underlying Fund may pay redemptions in kind in the future, it may instead choose to raise cash to meet redemption requests through sales of portfolio securities or permissible borrowings.
Certain shareholders, including clients or affiliates of the Investment Adviser and/or other funds managed by the Investment Adviser, may from time to time own or control a significant percentage of an Underlying Fund’s shares. Redemptions by
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these shareholders of their shares of the Underlying Fund may further increase the Underlying Fund’s liquidity risk and may impact the Underlying Fund’s NAV. These shareholders may include, for example, institutional investors, funds of funds, discretionary advisory clients, and other shareholders whose buy-sell decisions are controlled by a single decision-maker.
¢ | | Management Risk—A strategy used by an investment adviser to the Underlying Funds may fail to produce the intended results. The investment adviser attempts to execute a complex strategy for certain of the Underlying Funds using proprietary quantitative models. Investments selected using these models may perform differently than expected as a result of the factors used in the models, the weight place on each factor, changes from the factor’s historical trends, and technical issues in the construction and implementation of the models (including, for example, data problems and/or software issues). There is no guarantee that the investment adviser’s use of these quantitative models will result in effective investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. Additionally, commonality of holdings across quantitative money managers may amplify losses. |
¢ | | Market Risk—The value of the instruments in which an Underlying Fund invests may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies, particular industry sectors or governments and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets. Price changes may be temporary or last for extended periods. An Underlying Fund’s investments may be overweighted from time to time in one or more industry sectors or countries, which will increase the Underlying Fund’s exposure to risk of loss from adverse developments affecting those sectors or countries. |
¢ | | NAV Risk—The net asset value of an Underlying Fund and the value of your investment may fluctuate. |
Risks That Apply Primarily To The Underlying Fixed Income Funds, Commodity Strategy Fund and the Dynamic Allocation Fund:
¢ | | Call Risk—An issuer will exercise its right to pay principal on an obligation held by an Underlying Fund (such as a mortgage-backed security) earlier than expected. This may happen when there is a decline in interest rates. Under these circumstances, an Underlying Fund may be unable to recoup all of its initial investment and will also suffer from having to reinvest in lower-yielding securities. |
¢ | | Extension Risk—An issuer may exercise its right to pay principal on an obligation held by an Underlying Fund (such as a mortgage-backed security) later than expected. This may happen when there is a rise in interest rates. Under these circumstances, the value of the obligation will decrease, and an Underlying Fund will also suffer from the inability to invest in higher yielding securities. |
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
¢ | | U.S. Government Securities Risk—The U.S. government may not provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law. U.S. Government Securities issued by those agencies, instrumentalities and sponsored enterprises, including those issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and the Federal Home Loan Banks, are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury and, therefore, are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by the Fund may greatly exceed their current resources, including any legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that issuers of U.S. Government Securities will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been operating under conservatorship, with the Federal Housing Finance Administration (“FHFA”) acting as their conservator, since September 2008. The entities are dependent upon the continued support of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and FHFA in order to continue their business operations. These factors, among others, could affect the future status and role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the value of their securities and the securities which they guarantee. Additionally, the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities do not guarantee the market values of their securities, which may fluctuate. |
Risk That Applies Primarily To The Underlying Equity Funds, Commodity Strategy Fund and the Dynamic Allocation Fund:
¢ | | Stock Risk—Stock prices have historically risen and fallen in periodic cycles. U.S. and foreign stock markets have experienced periods of substantial price volatility in the past and may do so again in the future. |
Risks That Are Particularly Important For Specific Underlying Funds:
¢ | | Absence of Regulation—In general, there is less governmental regulation and supervision of transactions in the over the counter (OTC) markets (in which option contracts and certain options on swaps are generally traded) than of transactions entered into on organized exchanges. |
¢ | | Banking Industry Risk—An adverse development in the banking industry may affect the value of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund’s investments more than if the Fund were not invested to such a degree in the banking industry. Banks may be particularly susceptible to certain economic factors such as interest rate changes, adverse developments in the real estate market, fiscal and monetary policy and general economic cycles. For example, deteriorating economic and business conditions can disproportionately impact companies in the banking industry due to increased defaults on payments by borrowers. Moreover, political and regulatory changes can affect the operations and financial results of companies in the banking |
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| industry, potentially imposing additional costs and expenses or restricting the types of business activities of these companies. |
¢ | | Commodity Sector Risk—Exposure to the commodities markets may subject certain Underlying Funds to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked investments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The prices of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, agriculture and livestock sector commodities may fluctuate widely due to factors such as changes in value, supply and demand and governmental regulatory policies. The energy sector can be significantly affected by changes in the prices and supplies of oil and other energy fuels, energy conservation, the success of exploration projects, and tax and other government regulations, policies of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and relationships among OPEC members and between OPEC and oil-importing nations. The metals sector can be affected by sharp price volatility over short periods caused by global economic, financial and political factors, resource availability, government regulation, economic cycles, changes in inflation or expectations about inflation in various countries, interest rates, currency fluctuations, metal sales by governments, central banks or international agencies, investment speculation and fluctuations in industrial and commercial supply and demand. The commodity-linked investments in which certain Underlying Funds invest may be issued by companies in the financial services sector, including the banking, brokerage and insurance sectors. As a result, events affecting issues in the financial services sector may cause an Underlying Fund’s share value to fluctuate. Although investments in commodities typically move in different directions than traditional equity and debt securities when the value of those traditional securities is declining due to adverse economic conditions, there is no guarantee that these investments will perform in that manner, and at certain times the price movements of commodity-linked investments have been parallel to those of debt and equity securities. |
¢ | | Conflict of Interest Risk—Affiliates of the Investment Adviser may participate in the primary and secondary market for loan obligations. Because of limitations imposed by applicable law, the presence of the Investment Adviser’s affiliates in the loan obligations market may restrict the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s ability to acquire some loan obligations or affect the timing or price of such acquisitions. Also, because the Investment Adviser may wish to invest in the publicly traded securities of a borrower, it may not have access to material non-public information regarding the borrower to which other lenders have access. |
¢ | | Counterparty Risk—Many of the protections afforded to participants on some organized exchanges, such as the performance guarantee of an exchange clearing |
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
| house, might not be available in connection with OTC transactions. Therefore, in those instances in which an Underlying Fund enters into OTC transactions, the Underlying Fund will be subject to the risk that its direct counterparty will not perform its obligations under the transactions and that the Underlying Fund will sustain losses. |
¢ | | Distressed Debt Risk—The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may invest in obligations of financially troubled companies (sometimes known as “distressed” securities). In any investment involving stressed and distressed debt obligations, there exists the risk that the transaction involving such debt obligations will be unsuccessful, take considerable time or will result in a distribution of cash or a new security or obligation in exchange for the stressed and distressed debt obligations, the value of which may be less than the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s purchase price of such debt obligations. Furthermore, if an anticipated transaction does not occur, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund may be required to sell its investment at a loss or hold its investment pending bankruptcy proceedings in the event the issuer files for bankruptcy. |
¢ | | Emerging Countries Risk—Certain Underlying Funds may invest in emerging country securities. The securities markets of most emerging countries are less liquid, are especially subject to greater price volatility, have smaller market capitalizations, have more or less government regulation and are not subject to as extensive and frequent accounting, financial and other reporting requirements as the securities markets of more developed countries. Further, investment in equity securities of issuers located in certain emerging countries involves risk of loss resulting from problems in share registration, settlement and custody and substantial economic and political disruptions. These risks are not normally associated with investments in more developed countries. |
¢ | | Expenses Risk—Because the Underlying Funds may invest in pooled investment vehicles (including investment companies and ETFs), partnerships and REITs, the investor will incur indirectly through the Portfolio not only a proportionate share of the expenses of the other pooled investment vehicles, partnerships and REITs held by the Underlying Fund (including operating costs and investment management fees), but also expenses of the Underlying Fund. |
¢ | | Foreign Risk—Certain Underlying Funds may be subject to risk of loss with respect to their foreign investments that are not typically associated with domestic issuers. Loss may result because of more or less foreign government regulation, less public information and less economic, political and social stability in the countries in which an Underlying Fund invests. Loss may also result from, among others things, deteriorating economic and business conditions in other countries, including the United States, regional and global conflicts, the imposition of exchange controls, confiscations and other government restrictions, or from problems in share registration, or settlement or custody. The Underlying Funds will also be subject to the risk of |
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| negative foreign currency rate fluctuations. Foreign risks will normally be greatest when an Underlying Fund invests in issuers located in emerging countries. |
¢ | | Geographic and Sector Risk—Geographic and sector risk is the risk that an Underlying Fund’s performance will be significantly affected by developments in the sector in which its investments are concentrated. By concentrating its assets in a single sector or group of sectors, an Underlying Fund is subject to the risk that economic, business, political or other conditions that have a negative effect on that sector or group of sectors will negatively impact the Underlying Fund to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund’s assets were diversified across different sectors. The Underlying Fund’s investments may be concentrated in issuers within the same country, state, region, currency, industry or economic sector. In addition, the Global Income Fund may invest more than 25% of its total assets in the securities of corporate and governmental issuers located in each of Canada, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom, as well as in the securities of U.S. issuers. Concentration of the investments of these Underlying Funds or the other Underlying Funds in issuers located in a particular country or region will subject a Fund, to a greater extent than if investments were less concentrated, to the risks of adverse securities markets, exchange rates and social, political, regulatory or economic events which may occur in that country or region. |
¢ | | Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) Risk—The risk that the market value of IPO shares will fluctuate considerably due to factors such as the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading and limited information about the issuer. The purchase of IPO shares may involve high transaction costs. IPO shares are subject to market risk and liquidity risk. |
When an Underlying Fund’s asset base is small, a significant portion of the Underlying Fund’s performance could be attributable to investments in IPOs, because such investments would have a magnified impact on the Underlying Fund. As the Underlying Fund’s assets grow, the effect of the Underlying Fund’s investments in IPOs on the Underlying Fund’s performance will probably decline, which could reduce the Underlying Fund’s performance.
¢ | | Investment Style Risk—Different investment styles tend to shift in and out of favor depending upon market and economic conditions as well as investor sentiment. An Underlying Fund may outperform or underperform other funds that employ a different investment style. Examples of different investment styles include growth and value investing. Growth stocks may be more volatile than other stocks because they are more sensitive to investor perceptions of the issuing company’s growth of earnings potential. Growth companies are often expected by investors to increase their earnings at a certain rate. When these expectations are not met, investors can punish the stocks inordinately even if earnings showed an absolute increase. Also, because growth |
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
| companies usually invest a high portion of earnings in their business, growth stocks may lack the dividends of some value stocks that can cushion stock prices in a falling market. Growth oriented funds will typically underperform when value investing is in favor. Value stocks are those that are undervalued in comparison to their peers due to adverse business developments or other factors. |
¢ | | Leverage Risk—Borrowing and the use of derivatives may result in leverage and may make an Underlying Fund more volatile. The use of leverage may cause an Underlying Fund to liquidate portfolio positions to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements when it may not be advantageous to do so. |
¢ | | Loan Obligations Risk—The High Yield Floating Rate Fund is subject to certain risks associated with investments in loan obligations. Loan obligations are subject to the credit risk of nonpayment of principal or interest. Substantial increases in interest rates may cause an increase in loan obligation defaults. Although a loan obligation may be fully collateralized at the time of acquisition, the collateral may decline in value, be relatively illiquid, or lose all or substantially all of its value subsequent to investment, leaving all or part of a loan obligation unsecured. Unsecured loan obligations or unsecured portions of loan obligations are subject to greater risk of loss in the event of default by the borrower than secured loans. Many loan obligations are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and are relatively illiquid and may be difficult to value. The purchase and sale of a loan obligation are subject to the requirements of the credit agreement governing the loan obligation. Loan obligations are not traded on an exchange and purchasers and sellers rely on certain market makers, such as the administrative agent for the particular loan obligation, to trade that loan obligation. These factors will also have an adverse impact on the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s ability to dispose of particular loan obligations or loan participations when necessary to meet the Fund’s liquidity needs or when necessary in response to a specific economic event, such as a decline in the credit quality of the borrower. |
¢ | | Loan Participation Risk—The High Yield Floating Rate Fund is subject to certain risks associated with investments in loan participations. The risk that the High Yield Floating Rate Fund will have limited recourse against a borrower who fails to pay scheduled principal and interest. When the High Yield Floating Rate Fund acts as co-lender in connection with a participation interest or when it acquires certain participation interests, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund will have direct recourse against the borrower if the borrower fails to pay scheduled principal and interest. In cases where the High Yield Floating Rate Fund lacks direct recourse, it will look to an agent for the lenders (the “agent lender”) to enforce appropriate credit remedies against the borrower. In these cases, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation (such as commercial paper) of such borrower. |
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| Moreover, under the terms of the loan participation, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund may be regarded as a creditor of the agent lender (rather than of the underlying corporate borrower), so that the Fund may also be subject to the risk that the agent lender may become insolvent. |
¢ | | Management Risk—With respect to certain Underlying Funds, the Investment Adviser attempts to execute a complex dynamic strategy using proprietary models. There is no guarantee that the Investment Adviser will correctly forecast the risk of particular instruments or asset classes or make effective tactical decisions for those Underlying Funds. Certain Underlying Funds may allocate assets to an asset class that underperforms other asset classes. The Investment Adviser’s attempts to modulate the level of risk in the Underlying Funds when market conditions are stressed may not be successful. |
¢ | | Mid-Cap and Small-Cap Risk—Certain Underlying Funds may invest in mid-cap and small cap stocks. The securities of mid-capitalization and small-capitalization companies involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable an Underlying Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. Both mid-cap and small-capitalization companies often have narrower markets and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger, more established companies. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio. Generally, the smaller the company size, the greater these risks become. |
¢ | | Mortgage-Backed and Other Asset-Backed Risk—Mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities are subject to certain risks. Generally, rising interest rates tend to extend the duration of fixed rate mortgage-backed securities, making them more sensitive to changes in interest rates. As a result, in a period of rising interest rates, if an Underlying Fund holds mortgage-backed securities, it may exhibit additional volatility. This is known as extension risk. In addition, adjustable and fixed rate mortgage-backed securities are subject to prepayment risk. When interest rates decline, borrowers may pay off their mortgages sooner than expected. This can reduce the returns of an Underlying Fund because the Underlying Fund may have to reinvest that money at the lower prevailing interest rates. An Underlying Fund’s investments in other asset-backed securities are subject to risks similar to those associated with mortgage-backed securities, as well as additional risks associated with the nature of the assets and the servicing of those assets. |
The Underlying Funds may invest in mortgage-backed securities issued by the U.S. Government. See “U.S. Government Securities Risk.” To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in mortgage-backed securities offered by non-governmental
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
issuers, such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers, the Underlying Fund may be subject to additional risks. Timely payment of interest and principal of non-governmental issuers are supported by various forms of private insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool and hazard insurance purchased by the issuer. There can be no assurance that the private insurers can meet their obligations under the policies. An unexpectedly high rate of defaults on the mortgages held by a mortgage pool may adversely affect the value of a mortgage-backed security and could result in losses to an Underlying Fund. The risk of such defaults is generally higher in the case of mortgage pools that include subprime mortgages. Subprime mortgages refer to loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their mortgages.
¢ | | Non-Diversification Risk—Certain Underlying Funds are non-diversified, meaning that such Underlying Funds are permitted to invest a larger percentage of their assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. Thus, these Underlying Funds may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in their portfolios, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments. |
¢ | | Non-Hedging Foreign Currency Trading Risk—Certain Underlying Funds may engage, to a greater extent than the other Underlying Funds, in forward foreign currency transactions for speculative purposes. These Underlying Funds’ investment advisers may purchase or sell foreign currencies through the use of forward contracts based on the investment advisers’ judgment regarding the direction of the market for a particular foreign currency or currencies. In pursuing this strategy, the investment advisers seek to profit from anticipated movements in currency rates by establishing “long” and/or “short” positions in forward contracts on various foreign currencies. Foreign exchange rates can be extremely volatile and a variance in the degree of volatility of the market or in the direction of the market from the investment advisers’ expectations may produce significant losses to these Underlying Funds. |
¢ | | Non-investment Grade Investments Risk—Certain Underlying Funds may invest in non-investment grade investments and unrated securities of comparable credit quality (commonly known as “junk bonds”) are considered speculative. Non-investment grade investments and unrated investments of comparable credit quality are subject to the increased risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payment obligations. These investments may be subject to greater price volatility due to such factors as specific corporate or municipal developments, interest rate sensitivity, negative perceptions of the non-investment grade markets generally and less secondary market liquidity. Certain Underlying Funds may purchase the securities or obligations of issuers that are in default. |
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¢ | | Option Writing Risk—Writing (selling) call options limits the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of stocks in exchange for up-front cash (premium) at the time of selling the call option. When an Underlying Fund writes (sells) stock index (or related ETF) call options, it receives cash but limits its opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the index beyond the exercise price (plus the premium received) of the option. In a rising market, such Underlying Funds could significantly underperform the market. These Underlying Funds’ option strategies may not fully protect them against declines in the value of the market. Cash received from premiums will enhance return in declining markets, but each Underlying Fund will continue to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the securities held in its portfolio and in a period of a sharply falling equity market, these Underlying Funds will likely also experience sharp declines in their net asset value. |
¢ | | Real Estate Industry Risk—The Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds are subject to certain risks associated with real estate in general. These risks include, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage financing, variations in rental income, neighborhood values or the appeal of property to tenants; interest rates; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes and operating expenses; and changes in zoning laws. The real estate industry is particularly sensitive to economic downturns. The values of securities of companies in the real estate industry may go through cycles of relative under-performance and out-performance in comparison to equity securities markets in general. |
¢ | | REIT Risk—The International Real Estate Securities Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund invests in REITs. Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. REITs whose underlying properties are concentrated in a particular industry or geographic region are also subject to risks affecting such industries and regions. The securities of REITs involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements because of interest rate changes, economic conditions and other factors. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable a fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. |
¢ | | Second Lien Loans Risk—The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may invest in second lien loans. Second lien loans generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investments in senior loans. Because second lien loans are subordinated or unsecured and thus lower in priority of payment to senior loans, they are subject to the additional risk that the cash flow of the borrower and property securing the loan or debt, if any, may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments after giving effect to the senior secured obligations of the borrower. This risk is generally higher for |
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
| subordinated unsecured loans or debt, which are not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral. Second lien loans generally have greater price volatility than senior loans and may be less liquid. There is also a possibility that originators will not be able to sell participations in second lien loans, which would create greater credit risk exposure for the holders of such loans. Second lien loans share the same risks as other below investment grade securities. |
¢ | | Senior Loan Risk—The High Yield Floating Rate Fund may invest in senior loans, which hold the most senior position in the capital structure of a business entity, and are typically secured with specific collateral and have a claim on the assets and/or stock of the borrower that is senior to that held by subordinated debt holders and stockholders of the borrower. Senior loans are usually rated below investment grade, and are subject to similar risks, such as credit risk, as below investment grade securities. However, senior loans are typically senior and secured in contrast to other below investment grade securities, which are often subordinated and unsecured. There is less readily available, reliable information about most senior loans than is the case for many other types of securities, and the High Yield Floating Rate Fund’s investment adviser relies primarily on its own evaluation of a borrower’s credit quality rather than on any available independent sources. The ability of the High Yield Floating Rate Fund to realize full value in the event of the need to sell a senior loan may be impaired by the lack of an active trading market for certain senior loans or adverse market conditions limiting liquidity. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain senior loans, the market may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. Although senior loans in which the High Yield Floating Rate Fund will invest generally will be secured by specific collateral, there can be no assurance that liquidation of such collateral would satisfy the borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of the bankruptcy of a borrower, the High Yield Floating Rate Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing a senior loan. Moreover, any specific collateral used to secure a senior loan may decline in value or become illiquid, which would adversely affect the senior loan’s value. Uncollateralized senior loans involve a greater risk of loss. Some senior loans are subject to the risk that a court, pursuant to fraudulent conveyance or other similar laws, could subordinate the senior loans to presently existing or future indebtedness of the borrower or take other action detrimental to lenders, including the High Yield Floating Rate Fund, such as invalidation of senior loans. |
¢ | | Short Selling Risk—An Underlying Fund may engage in short selling. Short selling involves leverage of an Underlying Fund’s assets and presents various risks. In order to establish a short position in a financial instrument, an Underlying Fund must first borrow the instrument from a lender, such as a broker or other institution. An |
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| Underlying Fund may not always be able to borrow an instrument at a particular time or at an acceptable price. Thus, there is risk that such Underlying Fund may be unable to implement its investment strategy due to the lack of available financial instruments or for other reasons. After selling a borrowed financial instrument, an Underlying Fund is then obligated to “cover” the short sale by purchasing and returning the instrument to the lender on a later date. An Underlying Fund cannot guarantee that the financial instrument necessary to cover a short position will be available for purchase at the time that Underlying Fund wishes to close a short position or, if available, that the instrument will be available at an acceptable price. If the borrowed instrument has appreciated in value, that Underlying Fund will be required to pay more for the replacement instrument than the amount it received for selling the instrument short. Moreover, purchasing a financial instrument to cover a short position can itself cause the price of the instrument to rise further, thereby exacerbating the loss. The potential loss on a short sale is unlimited because the loss increases as the price of the instrument sold short increases and the price may rise indefinitely. If the price of a borrowed financial instrument declines before the short position is covered, an Underlying Fund may realize a gain. An Underlying Fund’s gain on a short sale, before transaction and other costs, is generally limited to the difference between the price at which it sold the borrowed instrument and the price it paid to purchase the instrument to return to the lender. |
While an Underlying Fund has an open short position, it is subject to the risk that the financial instrument’s lender will terminate the loan at a time when such Underlying Fund is unable to borrow the same instrument from another lender. If this happens, that Underlying Fund may be required to buy the replacement instrument immediately at the instrument’s then current market price or “buy in” by paying the lender an amount equal to the cost of purchasing the instrument to close out the short position.
Short sales also involve other costs. An Underlying Fund must normally repay to the lender an amount equal to any dividends or interest that accrues while a loan is outstanding. In addition, to borrow a financial instrument, an Underlying Fund may be required to pay a premium. An Underlying Fund also will incur transaction costs in effecting short sales. The amount of any ultimate gain for an Underlying Fund resulting from a short sale will be decreased, and the amount of any ultimate loss will be increased, by the amount of premiums, dividends, interest or expenses that Underlying Fund may be required to pay in connection with the short sale.
Until an Underlying Fund replaces a borrowed instrument, that Underlying Fund will be required to maintain assets with the lending broker as collateral. Thus, short sales involve credit exposure to the broker that executes the short sales. In addition, the Underlying Fund is required to designate, on its books or the books of its custodian,
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
liquid assets (less any additional collateral held by the broker) to cover short sale obligations, marked-to-market daily. The requirement to segregate assets limits an Underlying Fund’s leveraging of investments and the related risk of losses from leveraging. However, such segregation may also limit the Underlying Fund’s investment flexibility, as well as its ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.
The SEC and financial industry regulatory authorities in other countries have imposed temporary prohibitions and restrictions on certain types of short sale transactions during the past year. These prohibitions and restrictions, or the imposition of other regulatory requirements on short selling in the future, could inhibit the ability of the Investment Adviser to sell securities short on behalf of an Underlying Fund.
Due to local restrictions, an Underlying Fund may not be able to engage in short sales in certain foreign countries where it maintains long positions. These restrictions may limit the Underlying Fund’s ability to fully implement short selling strategies that could otherwise help that Underlying Fund pursue its investment goal.
¢ | | Sovereign Risk—Certain Underlying Funds will be subject to the risk that the issuer of the non-U.S. sovereign debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay the principal or interest when due. Sovereign Risk includes the following risks: |
| ¢ | | Economic Risk—The risks associated with the general economic environment of a country. These can encompass, among other things, low quality and growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”), high inflation or deflation, high government deficits as a percentage of GDP, weak financial sector, overvalued exchange rate, and high current account deficits as a percentage of GDP. |
| ¢ | | Political Risk—The risks associated with the general political and social environment of a country. These factors may include among other things government instability, poor socioeconomic conditions, corruption, lack of law and order, lack of democratic accountability, poor quality of the bureaucracy, internal and external conflict, and religious and ethnic tensions. High political risk can impede the economic welfare of a country. |
| ¢ | | Repayment Risk—The risk associated with the inability of a country to pay its external debt obligations in the immediate future. Repayment risk factors may include but are not limited to high foreign debt as a percentage of GDP, high foreign debt service as a percentage of exports, low foreign exchange reserves as a percentage of short-term debt or exports, and an unsustainable exchange rate structure. |
¢ | | Stable NAV Risk—The risk that the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund will not be able to maintain a NAV per share of $1.00 at all times. If it fails to maintain a stable NAV (or if there is a perceived threat of such a failure), other money market |
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| funds, including the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund, could be subject to increased redemption activity, which could adversely affect the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund’s NAV. Shareholders of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund should not rely on or expect its investment adviser or an affiliate to purchase distressed assets from it, make capital infusions into it, enter into capital support agreements with it or take other actions to help it maintain a stable $1.00 share price. |
¢ | | Subsidiary and Tax Risk—By investing in the Subsidiary, the Commodity Strategy Fund will be indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments, which are similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Fund. The Fund is limited in the extent to which it may invest directly in commodity-linked swaps or certain other commodity-linked derivatives. The Subsidiary may invest in these commodity-linked derivatives without limitation. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Subsidiary will be achieved. Because the Subsidiary is not registered under the Investment Company Act, it is not subject to all the investor protections thereof. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in its Prospectus and could adversely affect the Fund. In order for the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code, it must derive at least 90% of its gross income each taxable year from certain qualifying sources of income. The IRS has issued a private letter ruling to the Fund in which it concluded that income from certain commodity-linked notes and income derived from the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary will constitute qualifying income. The tax treatment of the Commodity Strategy Fund’s commodity-linked investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations, and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that could affect whether income from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or otherwise affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income for any gains and distributions made by the Fund. |
Swaps Risk—The use of swaps is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques, risk analyses and tax planning different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. An Underlying Fund’s transactions in swaps may be significant. These transactions can result in sizeable realized and unrealized capital gains and losses relative to the gains and losses from the Fund’s direct investments in securities and short sales.
Transactions in swaps can involve greater risks than if an Underlying Fund had invested in securities directly since, in addition to general market risks, swaps may be leveraged and are also subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk, credit risk and
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
pricing risk. Regulators also may impose limits on an entity’s or group of entities’ positions in certain swaps. However, certain risks are reduced (but not eliminated) if an Underlying Fund invests in cleared swaps. Because bilateral swap agreements are two-party contracts and because they may have terms of greater than seven days, these swaps may be considered to be illiquid. Moreover, an Underlying Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap counterparty. Many swaps are complex and valued subjectively. Swaps and other derivatives may also be subject to pricing or “basis” risk, which exists when the price of a particular derivative diverges from the price of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions it may not be economically feasible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity. If a swap transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid, it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
The value of swaps can be very volatile, and a variance in the degree of volatility or in the direction of securities prices from the Investment Adviser’s expectations may produce significant losses in an Underlying Fund’s investments in swaps. In addition, a perfect correlation between a swap and a security position may be impossible to achieve. As a result, the Investment Adviser’s use of swaps may not be effective in fulfilling the Investment Adviser’s investment strategies and may contribute to losses that would not have been incurred otherwise.
As investment companies registered with the SEC, the Underlying Funds must
identify on its books (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets, or engage in other SEC or SEC-staff approved measures, to “cover” open positions with respect to certain kinds of derivative instruments. In the case of swaps that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swaps while the positions are open. With respect to swaps that are required to cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund may identify liquid assets in an amount equal to the Underlying Fund’s daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e. the Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the swaps, if any, rather than their full notional value. The Underlying Funds reserve the right to modify their asset segregation policies in the future in their discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled swaps, an Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund was required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the swaps.
¢ | | Tax-Managed Investment Risk—Because the investment advisers of certain Underlying Funds balance investment considerations and tax considerations, the pre-tax performance of those Underlying Funds may be lower than the performance of similar funds that are not tax-managed. This is because the investment adviser may choose |
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| not to make certain investments that may result in taxable distributions. Even though tax-managed strategies are being used, they may not reduce the amount of taxable income and capital gains distributed by the Underlying Funds to shareholders. A high percentage of the Underlying Fund’s NAV may consist of unrealized capital gains, which represent a potential future tax liability to shareholders. |
¢ | | Tax Risk—In order for the Underlying Funds to qualify as regulated investment companies under Subchapter M of the Code, each Underlying Fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain qualifying sources of income. The IRS issued a revenue ruling which holds that income derived from commodity-linked swaps is not qualifying income under Subchapter M of the Code. However, the IRS has issued a private letter ruling to certain of the Underlying Funds in which the IRS specifically concluded that income from certain commodity-linked notes is qualifying income. In addition, certain Underlying Funds have also received private letter rulings from the IRS which conclude that income derived from the Underlying Fund’s investments in a subsidiary will also constitute qualifying income to the Underlying Funds, even if the subsidiary itself owns commodity-linked swaps. Based on such rulings, certain Underlying Funds may seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets through investments in commodity-linked notes and/or subsidiaries. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not change its position with respect to such investments. Furthermore, the tax treatment of commodity-linked notes, other commodity-linked derivatives and/or subsidiaries may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and/or guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the character, timing and/ or amount of such Underlying Fund’s taxable income or any gains and distributions made by the Underlying Fund. |
¢ | | Treasury Inflation Protected Securities Risk—The value of TIPS generally fluctuates in response to inflationary concerns. As inflationary expectations increase, TIPS will become more attractive, because they protect future interest payments against inflation. Conversely, as inflationary concerns decrease, TIPS will become less attractive and less valuable. Although the principal value of TIPS declines in periods of deflation, holders at maturity receive no less than the par value of the bond. However, if an Underlying Fund purchases TIPS in the secondary market, where principal values have been adjusted upward due to inflation since issuance, it may experience a loss if there is a subsequent period of deflation. If inflation is lower than expected during the period an Underlying Fund holds a TIPS, the Underlying Fund may earn less on the security than on a conventional bond. The U.S. Treasury only began issuing TIPS in 1997. As a result, the market for such securities may be less developed or liquid, and more volatile, than certain other securities markets. Although TIPS with different maturities may be issued in the future, the U.S. Treasury currently issues TIPS in five-year, ten-year and twenty-year maturities. |
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RISKS OF THE UNDERLYING FUNDS
More information about the portfolio securities and investment techniques of the Underlying Funds, and their associated risks, is provided in Appendix A. You should consider the investment risks discussed in this section and in Appendix A. Both are important to your investment choice.
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Service Providers
| | |
| |
Investment Adviser | | Portfolio |
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (“GSAM”) | | Balanced Strategy |
200 West Street | | Growth and Income Strategy |
New York, New York 10282 | | Growth Strategy |
| | Equity Growth Strategy |
| | Income Strategies |
| | Satellite Strategies |
| | |
Except as noted below, GSAM also serves as investment adviser to each Underlying Fund.
| | |
| |
| | Underlying Fund |
Goldman Sachs Asset Management International | | Emerging Markets Equity |
(“GSAMI”) | | Global Income |
Christchurch Court | | International Small Cap |
10-15 Newgate Street | | |
London, England EC1A 7HD | | |
| | |
GSAM has been registered as an investment adviser with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) since 1990 and is an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. GSAMI, regulated by the Financial Services Authority and a registered investment adviser since 1991, is an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. As of December 31, 2012, GSAM, including its investment advisory affiliates, had assets under management of $742.4 billion.
Under a Management Agreement with each Portfolio, the Investment Adviser, subject to the general supervision of the Trustees, provides advice as to each Portfolio’s investment transactions, including determinations concerning changes to (a) the Underlying Funds in which the Portfolios may invest; and (b) the percentage range of assets of any Portfolio that may be invested in the Underlying Equity Funds and the Underlying Fixed Income Funds as separate groups.
The Investment Adviser also performs the following additional services for the Portfolios:
| ¢ | | Supervises all non-advisory operations of the Portfolios |
| ¢ | | Provides personnel to perform necessary executive, administrative and clerical services to the Portfolios |
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| ¢ | | Arranges for the preparation of all required tax returns, reports to shareholders, prospectuses and statements of additional information and other reports filed with the SEC and other regulatory authorities |
| ¢ | | Maintains the records of each Portfolio |
| ¢ | | Provides office space and all necessary office equipment and services |
| | | | | | |
| | MANAGEMENT FEES AND OTHER EXPENSES | | | | |
As compensation for its services and its assumption of certain expenses, the Investment Adviser is entitled to the following fees, computed daily and payable monthly, at the annual rates listed below (as a percentage of each respective Portfolio’s average daily net assets):
| | | | |
| | |
Portfolio | | Contractual Management Fee Annual Rate | | Actual Rate For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 |
Balanced Strategy | | 0.15% | | 0.15% |
Growth and Income Strategy | | 0.15% | | 0.15% |
Growth Strategy | | 0.15% | | 0.15% |
Equity Growth Strategy | | 0.15% | | 0.15% |
Income Strategies | | 0.124% | | 0.124% |
Satellite Strategies | | 0.124% | | 0.124% |
| | | | |
The Investment Adviser may waive a portion of its management fee from time to time and may discontinue or modify any such waivers in the future, consistent with the terms of any fee waiver arrangements in place.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board of Trustees’ approval of the Management Agreement for the Portfolios for 2012 is available in the Portfolios’ semi-annual report dated June 30, 2012.
The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” (excluding service and shareholder administration fees (as applicable), Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.01% of the Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolio’s average daily net assets, and to 0.004% of all other Portfolio’s average daily net assets through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangement without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitations may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its
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discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. A Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio.
In addition, each Portfolio, as a shareholder in the Underlying Funds, will indirectly bear a proportionate share of any investment management fees and other expenses paid by the Underlying Funds. The following chart shows the total net operating expense ratios (management fee plus other operating expenses) of Institutional Shares and FST Shares of each Underlying Fund in which the Portfolios may invest after applicable fee waivers and expense limitations. In addition, the following chart shows the contractual investment management fees payable to the Investment Adviser or its affiliates by the Underlying Funds (in each case as an annualized percentage of the Underlying Fund’s average daily net assets). Absent voluntary fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements, which may be discontinued in the future, consistent with the terms of any arrangements in place, the total operating expense ratios of certain Underlying Funds would be higher. The figures below are from the most recent prospectus of the respective Underlying Funds.
| | | | | | | | |
| | |
Underlying Fund | | Management Fee | | Total Net Operating Expense Ratio |
Financial Square Prime Obligations | | | | | | 0.205% | | 0.18% |
Short Duration Government | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.50% | | 0.50% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.45% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.43% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.42% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.41% | | |
Core Fixed Income | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.40% | | 0.47% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.36% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.34% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.33% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.32% | | |
Global Income | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.65% | | 0.69% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.59% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.56% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.55% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.54% | | |
High Yield | | �� | First $2 Billion | | | 0.70% | | 0.72% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.63% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.60% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.59% | | |
| | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | |
| | |
Underlying Fund | | Management Fee | | Total Net Operating Expense Ratio |
High Yield Floating Rate | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.60% | | 0.74% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.54% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.51% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.50% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.49% | | |
Structured Large Cap Growth | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.65% | | 0.55% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.59% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.56% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.55% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.54% | | |
Structured Large Cap Value | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.60% | | 0.55% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.54% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.51% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.50% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.49% | | |
Structured Small Cap Equity | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.85% | | 0.86% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.85% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.77% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.73% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.72% | | |
Strategic Growth | | | First $1 Billion | | | 1.00% | | 0.75% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.90% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.86% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.84% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.82% | | |
Large Cap Value | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.75% | | 0.79% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.68% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.65% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.64% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.63% | | |
Emerging Markets Debt | | | First $2 Billion | | | 0.80% | | 0.89% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.72% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.68% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.67% | | |
Emerging Markets Equity | | | First $2 Billion | | | 1.20% | | 1.36% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 1.08% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 1.03% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 1.01% | | |
Real Estate Securities | | | First $1 Billion | | | 1.00% | | 0.99% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.90% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.86% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.84% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.82% | | |
| | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | |
| | |
Underlying Fund | | Management Fee | | Total Net Operating Expense Ratio |
International Real Estate Securities | | | First $2 Billion | | | 1.05% | | 1.05% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.95% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.90% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.88% | | |
Commodity Strategy | | | First $2 Billion | | | 0.50% | | 0.64% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.45% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.43% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.42% | | |
Dynamic Allocation | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.90% | | 1.01% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.81% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.77% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.75% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.74% | | |
Structured Emerging Markets Equity | | | First $1 Billion | | | 1.00% | | 1.18% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 1.00% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.90% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.86% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.84% | | |
Structured International Equity | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.85% | | 0.88% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.77% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.73% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.72% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.71% | | |
International Small Cap | | | First $2 Billion | | | 1.10% | | 1.15% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.99% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.94% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.92% | | |
Local Emerging Markets Debt | | | First $2 Billion | | | 0.90% | | 0.91% |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.81% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.77% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.75% | | |
Structured International Small Cap | | | First $1 Billion | | | 0.85% | | 0.90% |
| | | Next $1 Billion | | | 0.85% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.77% | | |
| | | Next $3 Billion | | | 0.73% | | |
| | | Over $8 Billion | | | 0.72% | | |
| | | | | | | | |
The Quantitative Investment Strategies (“QIS”) team manages exposure to stock, bond, currency and commodities markets. The team develops sophisticated quantitative models and processes in an effort to forecast returns and control exposure to a wide variety of risks. These proprietary models, which are continually refined, are
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SERVICE PROVIDERS
developed in a highly academic, innovative team environment. The QIS team’s proprietary research on these models is dynamic and ongoing, with new strategies continually under development.
Quantitative Investment Strategies Team
| ¢ | | QIS employs a globally integrated team of over 70 professionals, with an additional 70-plus professionals dedicated to trading, information technology and the development of analytical tools. |
| ¢ | | Disciplined, quantitative models are used to determine the relative attractiveness of the world’s stock, bond and currency markets |
| ¢ | | Theory and economic intuition guide the investment process |
| | | | |
| | |
Name and Title | | Years Primarily Responsible Since | | Five Year Employment History |
William Fallon, Ph.D. Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Macro Alpha Strategies | | 2009 | | Mr. Fallon joined the Investment Adviser as a member of the QIS team in 1998. He is Co-Chief Investment Officer of Alpha Strategies and Head of Research. |
Steve Jeneste, CFA Managing Director | | 2011 | | Mr. Jeneste joined the Investment Adviser as a member of the quantitative strategies team in 1998. He has led multi-strategy portfolio management for the Quantitative Investment Strategies team since August 2001. |
Nicholas Chan, CFA Vice President, Portfolio Manager Quantitative Investment Strategies team | | 2006 | | Mr. Chan joined the Investment Adviser as a member of the QIS team in 2000. He is a member of the Client Portfolio Management team and is also a Portfolio Manager for the Asset Allocation Portfolios. |
| | | | |
William Fallon, Ph.D., Managing Director, Chief Investment Officer of Macro Alpha Strategies is ultimately responsible for the Funds’ investment process. Nicholas Chan, CFA and Steve Jeneste, CFA, co-manage the implementation and execution process with Mr. Fallon. Mr. Chan has participated in the Portfolios’ management since 2006, and Mr. Jeneste has participated in the Portfolios’ management since 2011. The strategic and tactical allocations of the Portfolios are model-driven and generated by a computer-powered optimizer. The portfolio management team collectively decides on constraints and adjustments to the trades generated by the quantitative models.
For information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed by the portfolio managers and the portfolio managers’ ownership of securities in the Portfolios, see the SAI.
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| | | | | | |
| | DISTRIBUTOR AND TRANSFER AGENT | | | | |
Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, NY 10282, serves as the exclusive distributor (the “Distributor”) of each Portfolio’s shares. Goldman Sachs, 71 S. Wacker Drive, Suite 500, Chicago, IL 60606, also serves as each Portfolio’s transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”) and, as such, performs various shareholder servicing functions.
For its transfer agency services, Goldman Sachs is entitled to receive a transfer agency fee equal, on an annualized basis, to 0.04% of average daily net assets with respect to Institutional and Service Shares and 0.19% of average daily net assets with respect to Class A, Class B, Class C, Class IR and Class R Shares.
From time to time, Goldman Sachs or any of its affiliates may purchase and hold shares of the Underlying Funds or Portfolios. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates reserve the right to redeem at any time some or all of the shares acquired for their own accounts.
| | | | | | |
| | ACTIVITIES OF GOLDMAN SACHS AND ITS AFFILIATES AND OTHER ACCOUNTS MANAGED BY GOLDMAN SACHS | | | | |
The involvement of the Investment Adviser, Goldman Sachs and their affiliates in the management of, or their interest in, other accounts and other activities of Goldman Sachs may present conflicts of interest with respect to an Underlying Fund or limit an Underlying Fund’s investment activities. Goldman Sachs is a worldwide, full service investment banking, broker dealer, asset management and financial services organization and a major participant in global financial markets that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net-worth individuals. As such, it acts as an investor, investment banker, research provider, investment manager, financier, adviser, market maker, prime broker, derivatives dealer, lender, counterparty, agent and principal. In those and other capacities, Goldman Sachs advises clients in all markets and transactions and purchases, sells, holds and recommends a broad array of investments, including securities, derivatives, loans, commodities, currencies, credit default swaps, indices, baskets and other financial instruments and products for its own account or for the accounts of its customers and has other direct and indirect interests in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, bank loan and other markets in which the Underlying Funds directly and indirectly invests. Thus, it is likely that the Underlying Funds will have multiple business relationships with and will invest in, engage in transactions with, make voting decisions with respect to, or obtain services from entities for which Goldman Sachs performs or seeks to perform investment banking or other services. The Investment Adviser and/or certain of its
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affiliates are the managers of the Goldman Sachs Funds. The Investment Adviser and its affiliates earn fees from this and other relationships with the Underlying Funds. Although these fees are generally based on asset levels, the fees are not directly contingent on Underlying Fund performance, and Goldman Sachs would still receive significant compensation from the Underlying Funds even if shareholders lose money. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates engage in proprietary trading and advise accounts and funds which have investment objectives similar to those of the Underlying Funds and/or which engage in and compete for transactions in the same types of securities, currencies and instruments as the Underlying Funds. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates will not have any obligation to make available any information regarding their proprietary activities or strategies, or the activities or strategies used for other accounts managed by them, for the benefit of the management of the Underlying Funds. The results of an Underlying Fund’s investment activities, therefore, may differ from those of Goldman Sachs, its affiliates, and other accounts managed by Goldman Sachs and it is possible that an Underlying Fund could sustain losses during periods in which Goldman Sachs and its affiliates and other accounts achieve significant profits on their trading for proprietary or other accounts. In addition, the Underlying Funds may enter into transactions in which Goldman Sachs or its other clients have an adverse interest. For example, an Underlying Fund may take a long position in a security at the same time that Goldman Sachs or other accounts managed by the Underlying Funds’ investment adviser takes a short position in the same security (or vice versa). These and other transactions undertaken by Goldman Sachs, its affiliates or Goldman Sachs advised clients may, individually or in the aggregate, adversely impact the Underlying Funds. Transactions by one or more Goldman Sachs advised clients or the Investment Adviser may have the effect of diluting or otherwise disadvantaging the values, prices or investment strategies of the Underlying Funds. An Underlying Fund’s activities may be limited because of regulatory restrictions applicable to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates, and/or their internal policies designed to comply with such restrictions. As a global financial services firm, Goldman Sachs also provides a wide range of investment banking and financial services to issuers of securities and investors in securities. Goldman Sachs, its affiliates and others associated with it may create markets or specialize in, have positions in and affect transactions in, securities of issuers held by the Underlying Funds, and may also perform or seek to perform investment banking and financial services for those issuers. Goldman Sachs and its affiliates may have business relationships with and purchase or distribute or sell services or products from or to distributors, consultants or others who recommend the Underlying Funds or who engage in transactions with or for the Underlying Funds. For more information about conflicts of interest, see the SAI.
Under a securities lending program approved by the Underlying Funds’ Board of Trustees, the Underlying Funds may retain an affiliate of the Investment Adviser to
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serve as a securities lending agent for each Underlying Fund to the extent that the Underlying Funds engage in the securities lending program. For these services, the lending agent may receive a fee from the Underlying Funds, including a fee based on the returns earned on the Underlying Funds’ investment of the cash received as collateral for the loaned securities. The Board of Trustees periodically reviews all portfolio securities loan transactions for which the affiliated lending agent has acted as lending agent. In addition, the Underlying Funds may make brokerage and other payments to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates in connection with the Underlying Funds’ portfolio investment transactions in accordance with applicable law.
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Distributions
Each Portfolio pays distributions from its investment income and from net realized capital gains. You may choose to have distributions paid in:
| ¢ | | Additional shares of the same class of the same Portfolio |
| ¢ | | Shares of the same class of another Goldman Sachs Fund. Special restrictions may apply. See the SAI. |
You may indicate your election on your Account Application. Any changes may be submitted in writing or via telephone, in some instances to the Transfer Agent (either directly or through your Authorized Institution) at any time before the record date for a particular distribution. If you do not indicate any choice, your distributions will be reinvested automatically in the applicable Fund. If cash distributions are elected with respect to a Fund’s distributions from net investment income, then cash distributions must also be elected with respect to the net short-term capital gains component, if any, of the Fund’s distributions.
The election to reinvest distributions in additional shares will not affect the tax treatment of such distributions, which will be treated as received by you and then used to purchase the shares.
Distributions from net investment income and distributions from net capital gains are declared and paid as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| | |
Portfolio | | Investment Income Distributions | | | Capital Gains Distributions | |
Balanced Strategy | | | Quarterly | | | | Annually | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | Quarterly | | | | Annually | |
Growth Strategy | | | Annually | | | | Annually | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | Annually | | | | Annually | |
Income Strategies | | | Monthly | | | | Annually | |
Satellite Strategies | | | Quarterly | | | | Annually | |
| | | | | | | | |
From time to time a portion of a Portfolio’s distributions may constitute a return of capital for tax purposes, and/or may include amounts in excess of a Portfolio’s net investment income for the period calculated in accordance with GAAP accounting practice.
When you purchase shares of a Portfolio, part of the NAV per share may be represented by undistributed income and/or realized gains that have previously been earned
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by the Portfolio. Therefore, subsequent distributions on such shares from such income and/or realized gains may be taxable to you even if the NAV of the shares is, as a result of the distributions, reduced below the cost of such shares and the distributions (or portions thereof) represent a return of a portion of the purchase price.
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Shareholder Guide
The following section will provide you with answers to some of the most frequently asked questions regarding buying and selling the Portfolios’ shares.
Shares Offering
Shares of the Portfolios are continuously offered through the Distributor. In addition, certain Authorized Institutions designated by the Portfolios may be authorized to accept, on behalf of a Portfolio, purchase and exchange orders and redemption requests placed by or on behalf of their customers, and if approved by the Portfolio, may designate other financial intermediaries to accept such orders.
The Portfolios and the Distributor will have the sole right to accept orders to purchase shares and reserve the right to reject any order in whole or in part.
How Can I Purchase Shares Of The Portfolios?
You may purchase shares of the Portfolios through certain Authorized Institutions. In order to make an initial investment in a Portfolio you must furnish to your Authorized Institution the information in the Account Application.
To open an account, contact your Authorized Institution. Customers of certain Authorized Institutions will normally give their purchase instructions to the Authorized Institution, and the Authorized Institution will, in turn, place purchase orders with Goldman Sachs. Authorized Institutions will set times by which purchase orders and payments must be received by them from their customers.
Note: Authorized Institutions may receive different compensation for selling different class shares.
The decision as to which class to purchase depends on the amount you invest, the intended length of the investment and your personal situation. You should contact your Authorized Institution to discuss which share class option is right for you.
For purchases by check, the Portfolios will not accept checks drawn on foreign banks, third party checks, temporary checks, or cash or cash equivalents; e.g., cashier’s checks, official bank checks, money orders, travelers cheques or credit card checks. In limited situations involving the transfer of retirement assets, a Portfolio may accept cashier’s checks or official bank checks.
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Class IR and Class R Shares are not sold directly to the public. Instead, Class IR and Class R Shares generally are available only to Section 401(k), 403(b), 457, profit sharing, money purchase pension, tax-sheltered annuity, defined benefit pension, nonqualified deferred compensation plans and non-qualified pension plans or other employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) or SIMPLE plans that are sponsored by one or more employers (including governmental or church employers) or employee organizations (“Employee Benefit Plans”). Such an Employee Benefit Plan must purchase Class IR or Class R Shares through a plan level or omnibus account. Class IR Shares may also be sold to accounts established under a fee-based program that is sponsored and maintained by an Authorized Institution that is approved by Goldman Sachs (“Eligible Fee-Based Program”). Class IR and Class R Shares are not available to traditional and Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (“IRAs”), SEPs and SARSEPs; except that Class IR Shares are available to such accounts or plans to the extent they are purchased through an Eligible Fee-Based Program.
Employee Benefit Plans generally may open an account and purchase Class IR and/or Class R Shares through Authorized Institutions, financial planners, Employee Benefit Plan administrators and other financial intermediaries. Either Class IR or Class R Shares may not be available through certain Authorized Institutions. Additional shares may be purchased through an Employee Benefit Plan’s administrator or record-keeper.
Class B Shares of the Balanced Strategy Portfolio, Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio, Growth Strategy Portfolio and Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio are generally no longer available for purchase by current or prospective investors. Please see “What Should I Know About Class B Shares?” for additional information.
What Is My Minimum Investment In The Portfolios?
For each of your accounts investing in Class A or Class C Shares, the following investment minimums must be met:
| | | | |
| | |
| | Initial | | Additional* |
Regular Accounts | | $1,000 | | $50 |
Employee Benefit Plans | | No Minimum | | No Minimum |
Uniform Gift/Transfer to Minors Accounts (UGMA/UTMA) | | $250 | | $50 |
Individual Retirement Accounts and Coverdell ESAs | | $250 | | $50 |
Automatic Investment Plan Accounts | | $250 | | $50 |
| | | | |
* | No minimum additional investment requirements are imposed with respect to investors trading through Authorized Institutions who aggregate shares in omnibus or similar accounts (e.g., employee benefit plan accounts, wrap program accounts or traditional brokerage house accounts). A maximum purchase limitation of $1,000,000 in the aggregate normally applies to purchases of Class C Shares across all Goldman Sachs Funds. |
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For Institutional Shares, the minimum initial investment is $1,000,000 for individual or institutional Investors, alone or in combination with other assets under the management of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, except that no initial minimum will be imposed on (i) Employee Benefit Plans that hold their Institutional Shares through plan level or omnibus accounts; or (ii) investment advisers investing for accounts for which they receive asset-based fees where the investment adviser or its Authorized Institution purchases Institutional Shares through an omnibus account. For this purpose, “Institutional Investors” shall include “wrap” account sponsors (provided they have an agreement covering the arrangement with the Distributor), corporations, qualified non-profit organizations, charitable trusts, foundations and endowments, state, county, city or any instrumentality, department, authority or agency thereof, and banks, trust companies or other depository institutions investing for their own account or on behalf of their clients.
No minimum amount is required for initial purchases in Class IR and Class R Shares or additional investments in Institutional, Service, Class IR or Class R Shares.
There are no minimum purchase or account (minimum) requirements with respect to Service Shares. An Authorized Institution may, however, impose a minimum amount for initial and additional investments in Service Shares, and may establish other requirements such as a minimum account balance. An Authorized Institution may redeem Service Shares held by non-complying accounts, and may impose a charge for any special services.
The minimum investment requirement for Class A, Class C and Institutional Shares may be waived: (i) Goldman Sachs, its affiliates (including Goldman Sachs Trust (the “Trust”)) or their respective Trustees, officers, partners, directors or employees (including retired employees and former partners), as well as certain individuals related to such investors, including spouses or domestic partners, minor children including those of their domestic partners, other family members residing in the same household, and/or financial dependents, provided that all of the above are designated as such with an Authorized Institution or the Portfolios’ Transfer Agent; (ii) advisory clients of Goldman Sachs Private Wealth Management and accounts for which The Goldman Sachs Trust Company, N.A. acts in a fiduciary capacity (i.e., as agent or trustee); (iii) certain mutual fund “wrap” programs at the discretion of the Trust’s officers; and (iv) other investors at the discretion of the Trust’s officers. No minimum amount is required for additional investments in such accounts.
What Should I Know When I Purchase Shares Through An Authorized Institution?
If shares of a Portfolio are held in an account maintained and serviced by your Authorized Institution, all recordkeeping, transaction processing and payments of
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distributions relating to your account will be performed by your Authorized Institution, and not by a Portfolio and its Transfer Agent. Since the Portfolios will have no record of your transactions, you should contact your Authorized Institution to purchase, redeem or exchange shares, to make changes in or give instructions concerning your account or to obtain information about your account. The transfer of shares from an account with one Authorized Institution to an account with another Authorized Institution involves special procedures and may require you to obtain historical purchase information about the shares in the account from your Authorized Institution. If your Authorized Institution’s relationship with Goldman Sachs is terminated, and you do not transfer your account to another Authorized Institution, the Trust reserves the right to redeem your shares. The Trust will not be responsible for any loss in an investor’s account or tax liability resulting from a redemption.
Certain Authorized Institutions may provide the following services in connection with their customers’ investments in Service Shares:
| ¢ | | Personal and account maintenance services |
| ¢ | | Provide facilities to answer inquiries and respond to correspondence |
| ¢ | | Act as liaison between the Authorized Institution’s customers and the Trust |
| ¢ | | Assist customers in completing application forms, selecting dividend and other options, and similar services |
| ¢ | | Shareholder administration services |
| ¢ | | Act, directly or through an agent, as the sole shareholder of record |
| ¢ | | Maintain account records for customers |
| ¢ | | Process orders to purchase, redeem and exchange shares for customers |
| ¢ | | Process payments for customers |
Certain Authorized Institutions may be authorized to accept, on behalf of the Trust, purchase, redemption and exchange orders placed
by or on behalf of their customers, and if approved by the Trust, to designate other financial intermediaries to accept such orders. In these cases:
| ¢ | | A Portfolio will be deemed to have received an order that is in proper form when the order is accepted by an Authorized Institution on a business day, and the order will be priced at the Portfolio’s NAV per share (adjusted for any applicable sales charge) next determined after such acceptance. |
| ¢ | | Authorized Institutions are responsible for transmitting accepted orders to the Portfolios within the time period agreed upon by them. |
You should contact your Authorized Institution to learn whether it is authorized to accept orders for the Trust.
Authorized Institutions that invest in shares on behalf of their customers may charge fees directly to their customer accounts in connection with their investments. You
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should contact your Authorized Institution for information regarding such charges, as these fees, if any, may affect the return such customers realize with respect to their investments.
The Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may make payments or provide services to Authorized Institutions to promote the sale, distribution and/or servicing of shares of the Portfolios and other Goldman Sachs Portfolios. These payments are made out of the Investment Adviser’s, Distributor’s and/or their affiliates’ own assets, and are not an additional charge to the Portfolios. The payments are in addition to the distribution and service fees, service fees and shareholder administration fees and sales charges described in this Prospectus. Such payments are intended to compensate Authorized Institutions for, among other things: marketing shares of the Portfolios and other Goldman Sachs Funds, which may consist of payments relating to the Portfolios’ inclusion on preferred or recommended fund lists or in certain sales programs sponsored by the Authorized Institutions; access to the Authorized Institutions’ registered representatives or salespersons, including at conferences and other meetings; assistance in training and education of personnel; marketing support; and/or other specified services intended to assist in the distribution and marketing of the Portfolios and other Goldman Sachs Funds. The payments may also, to the extent permitted by applicable regulations, contribute to various non-cash and cash incentive arrangements to promote the sale of shares, as well as sponsor various educational programs, sales contests and/or promotions. The payments by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates which are in addition to the fees paid for these services by the Portfolios, may also compensate Authorized Institutions for sub-accounting, sub-transfer agency, administrative and/or shareholder processing services. These additional payments may exceed amounts earned on these assets by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates for the performance of these or similar services. The amount of these additional payments is normally not expected to exceed 0.50% (annualized) of the amount sold or invested through the Authorized Institutions. In addition, certain Authorized Institutions may have access to certain services from the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates, including research reports and economic analysis, and portfolio analysis tools. In certain cases, the Authorized Institution may not pay for these services. Please refer to the “Payments to Intermediaries” section of the SAI for more information about these payments and services.
The payments made by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates and the services provided by an Authorized Institution may differ for different Authorized Institutions. The presence of these payments, receipt of these services and the basis on which an Authorized Institution compensates its registered representatives or salespersons may create an incentive for a particular Authorized Institution, registered
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representative or salesperson to highlight, feature or recommend Portfolio based, at least in part, on the level of compensation paid. You should contact your Authorized Institution or other Authorized Institution for more information about the payments it receives and any potential conflicts of interest.
What Else Should I Know About Share Purchases?
The Trust reserves the right to:
| ¢ | | Refuse to open an account or require an Authorized Institution to refuse to open an account if you fail to (i) provide a Social Security Number or other taxpayer identification number; or (ii) certify that such number is correct (if required to do so under applicable law). |
| ¢ | | Reject or restrict any purchase or exchange order by a particular purchaser (or group of related purchasers) for any reason in its discretion. Without limiting the foregoing, the Trust may reject or restrict purchase and exchange orders by a particular purchaser (or group of related purchasers) when a pattern of frequent purchases, sales or exchanges of shares of a Portfolio is evident, or if purchases, sales or exchanges are, or a subsequent redemption might be, of a size that would disrupt the management of the Portfolio. |
| ¢ | | Close a Portfolio to new investors from time to time and reopen any such Portfolio whenever it is deemed appropriate by such Portfolio’s Investment Adviser. |
| ¢ | | Provide for, modify or waive the minimum investment requirements. |
| ¢ | | Modify the manner in which shares are offered. |
| ¢ | | Modify the sales charge rate applicable to future purchases of shares. |
Generally, non-U.S. citizens and certain U.S. citizens residing outside the United States may not open an account with the Portfolios.
The Portfolios may allow you to purchase shares with securities instead of cash if consistent with a Portfolio’s investment policies and operations and if approved by the Portfolio’s Investment Adviser.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Trust and Goldman Sachs reserve the right to reject or restrict purchase or exchange requests from any investor. The Trust and Goldman Sachs will not be liable for any loss resulting from rejected purchase or exchange orders.
Please be advised that abandoned or unclaimed property laws for certain states (to which your account may be subject) require financial organizations to transfer (escheat) unclaimed property (including shares of a Portfolio) to the appropriate state if no activity occurs in an account for a period of time specified by state law.
Customer Identification Program. Federal law requires the Portfolios to obtain, verify and record identifying information for certain investors, which will be reviewed
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solely for customer identification purposes, which may include the name, residential or business street address, date of birth (for an individual), Social Security Number or taxpayer identification number or other information, for each investor who opens an account directly with the Portfolios. Applications without the required information may not be accepted by the Portfolios. Throughout the life of your account, the Fund may request updated information in accordance with its Customer Identification Program. After accepting an application, to the extent permitted by applicable law or their customer identification program, the Portfolios reserve the right to: (i) place limits on transactions in any account until the identity of the investor is verified; (ii) refuse an investment in the Portfolios; or (iii) involuntarily redeem an investor’s shares and close an account in the event that the Portfolios are unable to verify an investor’s identity or obtain all required information. The Portfolios and their agents will not be responsible for any loss or tax liability in an investor’s account resulting from the investor’s delay in providing all required information or from closing an account and redeeming an investor’s shares pursuant to the customer identification program.
How Are Shares Priced?
The price you pay when you buy shares is a Portfolio’s next determined NAV for a share class (as adjusted for any applicable sales charge) after the Portfolio receives your order in proper form. The price you receive when you sell shares is a Portfolio’s next determined NAV for a share class with the redemption proceeds reduced by any applicable charges (e.g., CDSCs) after the Portfolio receives your order in proper form. Each class calculates its NAV as follows:
| | |
NAV = | | (Value of Assets of the Class) – (Liabilities of the Class) |
| | Number of Outstanding Shares of the Class |
The Portfolio’s investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at market value on the basis of quotations furnished by a pricing service or provided by securities dealers. If accurate quotations are not readily available, or if the Investment Adviser believes that such quotations do not accurately reflect fair value, the fair value of the Portfolios’ investments may be determined in good faith under valuation procedures established by the Board of Trustees. Cases where there is no clear indication of the value of the Portfolios’ investments include, among others, situations where a security or other asset or liability does not have a price source.
To the extent an Underlying Fund invests in foreign equity securities, “fair value” prices are provided by an independent fair value service in accordance with the fair value procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Fair value prices are used because many foreign markets operate at times that do not coincide with those of the
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major U.S. markets. Events that could affect the values of foreign portfolio holdings may occur between the close of the foreign market and the time of determining the NAV, and would not otherwise be reflected in the NAV. If the independent fair value service does not provide a fair value price for a particular security, or if the price provided does not meet the established criteria for the Underlying Fund, the Underlying Fund will price that security at the most recent closing price for that security on its principal exchange.
In addition, the Investment Adviser, consistent with its procedures and applicable regulatory guidance, may (but need not) determine to make an adjustment to the previous closing prices of either domestic or foreign securities in light of significant events, to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities at the time of determining a Portfolio’s NAV. Significant events that could affect a large number of securities in a particular market may include, but are not limited to: situations relating to one or more single issuers in a market sector; significant fluctuations in U.S. or foreign markets; market dislocations; market disruptions or unscheduled market closings; equipment failures; natural or man made disasters or acts of God; armed conflicts; governmental actions or other developments; as well as the same or similar events which may affect specific issuers or the securities markets even though not tied directly to the securities markets. Other significant events that could relate to a single issuer may include, but are not limited to: corporate actions such as reorganizations, mergers and buy-outs; corporate announcements, including those relating to earnings, products and regulatory news; significant litigation; ratings downgrades; bankruptcies; and trading suspensions.
One effect of using an independent fair value service and fair valuation may be to reduce stale pricing arbitrage opportunities presented by the pricing of Portfolio shares. However, it involves the risk that the values used by the Portfolios to price their investments may be different from those used by other investment companies and investors to price the same investments.
Investments in other open-end registered investment companies, such as the Underlying Funds, excluding investments in ETFs, are valued based on the NAV of those open-end registered investment companies (which may use fair value pricing as discussed in their prospectuses).
Please note the following with respect to the price at which your transactions are processed:
| ¢ | | NAV per share of each share class is generally calculated by the accounting agent on each business day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) or such other times as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ market may officially close. Portfolio shares will |
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| generally not be priced on any day the New York Stock Exchange is closed, although Portfolio shares may be priced on such days if the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (“SIFMA”) recommends that the bond markets open for all or part of the day. |
| ¢ | | On any business day when the SIFMA recommends that the bond markets close early, each Portfolio reserves the right to close at or prior to the SIFMA recommended closing time. If a Portfolio does so, it will cease granting same business day credit for purchase and redemption orders received after the Fund’s closing time and credit will be given the next business day. |
| ¢ | | The Trust reserves the right to reprocess purchase (including dividend reinvestments), redemption and exchange transactions that were processed at a NAV that is subsequently adjusted, and to recover amounts from (or distribute amounts to) shareholders accordingly based on the official closing NAV, as adjusted. |
| ¢ | | The Trust reserves the right to advance the time by which purchase and redemption orders must be received for same business day credit as otherwise permitted by the SEC. |
Consistent with industry practice, investment transactions not settling on the same day are recorded and factored into a Portfolio’s NAV on the business day following trade date (T+1). The use of T+1 accounting generally does not, but may, result in a NAV that differs materially from the NAV that would result if all transactions were reflected on their trade dates.
Note: The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time by which orders must be received may be changed in case of an emergency or if regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange or the bond market is stopped at a time other than their regularly scheduled closing time. In the event the New York Stock Exchange does not open for business, the Trust may, but is not required to, open one or more Portfolios for purchase, redemption and exchange transactions if the Federal Reserve wire payment system is open. To learn whether a Portfolio is open for business during this situation, please call the appropriate phone number located on the back cover of this Prospectus.
Foreign securities may trade in their local markets on days a Portfolio is closed. As a result, if a Portfolio holds an Underlying Fund that holds foreign securities, its NAV may be impacted on days when investors may not purchase or redeem Portfolio shares.
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| | | | | | |
| | COMMON QUESTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PURCHASE OF CLASS A SHARES | | | | |
What Is The Offering Price Of Class A Shares?
The offering price of Class A Shares of each Portfolio is the next determined NAV per share plus an initial sales charge paid to Goldman Sachs at the time of purchase of shares. The sales charge varies depending upon the amount you purchase. In some cases, described below, the initial sales charge may be eliminated altogether, and the offering price will be the NAV per share. The current sales charges and commissions paid to Authorized Institutions for Class A Shares of the Portfolios are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
Amount of Purchase (including sales charge, if any) | | Sales Charge as Percentage of Offering Price | | | Sales Charge as Percentage of Net Amount Invested | | | Maximum Dealer Allowance as Percentage of Offering Price* | |
Less than $50,000 | | | 5.50 | % | | | 5.82 | % | | | 5.00 | % |
$50,000 up to (but less than) $100,000 | | | 4.75 | | | | 4.99 | | | | 4.00 | |
$100,000 up to (but less than) $250,000 | | | 3.75 | | | | 3.90 | | | | 3.00 | |
$250,000 up to (but less than) $500,000 | | | 2.75 | | | | 2.83 | | | | 2.25 | |
$500,000 up to (but less than) $1 million | | | 2.00 | | | | 2.04 | | | | 1.75 | |
$1 million or more | | | 0.00 | ** | | | 0.00 | ** | | | *** | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
* | Dealer’s allowance may be changed periodically. During special promotions, the entire sales charge may be reallowed to Authorized Institutions. Authorized Institutions to whom substantially the entire sales charge is reallowed may be deemed to be “underwriters” under the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”). |
** | No sales charge is payable at the time of purchase of Class A Shares of $1 million or more, but a CDSC of 1% may be imposed in the event of certain redemptions within 18 months. |
*** | The Distributor may pay a one-time commission to Authorized Institutions who initiate or are responsible for purchases of $1 million or more of shares of the Portfolios equal to 1.00% of the amount under $3 million, 0.50% of the next $2 million, and 0.25% thereafter. In instances where this one-time commission is not paid to a particular Authorized Institution (including Goldman Sachs’ Private Wealth Management Unit), the CDSC on Class A Shares, generally, will be waived. The Distributor may also pay, with respect to all or a portion of the amount purchased, a commission in accordance with the foregoing schedule to Authorized Institutions who initiate or are responsible for purchases by Employee Benefit Plans investing in the Portfolios which satisfy the criteria set forth below in “When Are Class A Shares Not Subject to A Sales Load?” or $1 million or more by certain “wrap” accounts. Purchases by such plans will be made at NAV with no initial sales charge, but if shares are redeemed within 18 months, a CDSC of 1% may be imposed upon the plan, the plan sponsor or the third-party administrator. In addition, Authorized Institutions will remit to the Distributor such payments received in connection with “wrap” accounts in the event that shares are redeemed within 18 months. |
You should note that the actual sales charge that appears in your mutual fund transaction confirmation may differ slightly from the rate disclosed above in this Prospectus due to rounding calculations.
As indicated in the preceding chart, and as discussed further below and in the section titled “How Can The Sales Charge On Class A Shares Be Reduced?”, you may, under
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certain circumstances, be entitled to pay reduced sales charges on your purchases of Class A Shares or have those charges waived entirely. To take advantage of these discounts, your Authorized Institution must notify the Portfolios’ Transfer Agent at the time of your purchase order that a discount may apply to your current purchases. You may also be required to provide appropriate documentation to receive these discounts, including:
| (i) | Information or records regarding shares of the Portfolios or other Goldman Sachs Funds held in all accounts (e.g., retirement accounts) of the shareholder at all Authorized Institutions; and |
| (ii) | Information or records regarding shares of the Portfolios or other Goldman Sachs Funds held at any Authorized Institution by related parties of the shareholder, such as members of the same family or household. |
What Else Do I Need To Know About Class A Shares’ CDSC?
Purchases of $1 million or more of Class A Shares will be made at NAV with no initial sales charge. However, if you redeem shares within 18 months after the beginning of the month in which the purchase was made, a CDSC of 1% may be imposed. The CDSC may not be imposed if your Authorized Institution agrees to with the Distributor to return all or an applicable prorated portion of its commission to the Distributor. The CDSC is waived on redemptions in certain circumstances. See “In What Situations May The CDSC On Class A, B Or C Shares Be Waived Or Reduced?” below.
When Are Class A Shares Not Subject To A Sales Load?
Class A Shares of the Portfolios may be sold at NAV without payment of any sales charge to the following individuals and entities:
| ¢ | | Goldman Sachs, its affiliates or their respective officers, partners, directors or employees (including retired employees and former partners), any partnership of which Goldman Sachs is a general partner, any Trustee or officer of the Trust and designated family members of any of these individuals; |
| ¢ | | Qualified employee benefit plans of Goldman Sachs; |
| ¢ | | Trustees or directors of investment companies for which Goldman Sachs or an affiliate acts as sponsor; |
| ¢ | | Any employee or registered representative of any Authorized Institution or their respective spouses, children and parents; |
| ¢ | | Banks, trust companies or other types of depository institutions; |
| ¢ | | Any state, county or city, or any instrumentality, department, authority or agency thereof, which is prohibited by applicable investment laws from paying a sales charge or commission in connection with the purchase of shares of a Portfolio; |
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| ¢ | | Employee Benefit Plans, where such Plans purchase Class A Shares through a plan level or omnibus account; |
| ¢ | | Investors who purchase Class A Shares through an omnibus account sponsored by an Authorized Institution that has an agreement with the Distributor covering such investors to offer Class A Shares without charging an initial sales charge; |
| ¢ | | Insurance company separate accounts that make the Portfolios available as underlying investments in certain group annuity contracts; |
| ¢ | | “Wrap” accounts for the benefit of clients of broker-dealers, financial institutions or financial planners, provided they have entered into an agreement with GSAM specifying aggregate minimums and certain operating policies and standards; |
| ¢ | | Investment advisers investing for accounts for which they receive asset-based fees; |
| ¢ | | Accounts over which GSAM or its advisory affiliates have investment discretion; |
| ¢ | | Shareholders who roll over distributions from any tax-qualified Employee Benefit Plan or tax-sheltered annuity to an IRA which invests in the Goldman Sachs Funds if the tax-qualified Employee Benefit Plan or tax-sheltered annuity receives administrative services provided by certain third party administrators that have entered into a special service arrangement with Goldman Sachs relating to such plan or annuity; |
| ¢ | | State sponsored 529 college savings plans; or |
| ¢ | | Investors who qualify under other exemptions that are stated from time to time in the SAI. |
You must certify eligibility for any of the above exemptions on your Account Application and notify your Authorized Institution and the Portfolios if you no longer are eligible for the exemption.
A Portfolio will grant you an exemption subject to confirmation of your eligibility by your Authorized Institution. You may be charged a fee by your Authorized Institution.
How Can The Sales Charge On Class A Shares Be Reduced?
| ¢ | | Right of Accumulation: When buying Class A Shares in Goldman Sachs Funds, your current aggregate investment determines the initial sales load you pay. You may qualify for reduced sales charges when the current market value of holdings across Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares, plus new purchases, reaches $50,000 or more. Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any of the Goldman Sachs Funds may be combined under the Right of Accumulation. If a Portfolio’s Transfer Agent is properly notified, the “Amount of Purchase” in the chart in the section “What Is The Offering Price of Class A Shares?” will be deemed to include all Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Goldman Sachs Funds that were held at the time of purchase by any of the following persons: (i) you, your spouse, your parents and your children; and (ii) any trustee, guardian or other fiduciary of |
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| a single trust estate or a single fiduciary account. This includes, for example, any Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares held at an Authorized Institution other than the one handling your current purchase. For purposes of applying the Right of Accumulation, shares of the Portfolios and any other Goldman Sachs Funds purchased by an existing client of Goldman Sachs Private Wealth Management or GS Ayco Holding LLC will be combined with Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares and other assets held by all other Goldman Sachs Private Wealth Management accounts or accounts of GS Ayco Holding LLC, respectively. In addition, under some circumstances, Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Portfolios and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased by partners, directors, officers or employees of certain organizations may be combined for the purpose of determining whether a purchase will qualify for the Right of Accumulation and, if qualifying, the applicable sales charge level. To qualify for a reduced sales load, you or your Authorized Institution must notify the Portfolios’ Transfer Agent at the time of investment that a quantity discount is applicable. If you do not notify your Authorized Institution at the time of your current purchase or a future purchase that you qualify for a quantity discount, you may not receive the benefit of a reduced sales charge that might otherwise apply. Use of this option is subject to a check of appropriate records. |
In some circumstances, other Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares may be aggregated with your current purchase under the Right of Accumulation as described in the SAI. For purposes of determining the “Amount of Purchase,” all Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares currently held will be valued at their current market value.
| ¢ | | Statement of Intention: You may obtain a reduced sales charge by means of a written Statement of Intention which expresses your non-binding commitment to invest (not counting reinvestments of dividends and distributions) in the aggregate $50,000 or more within a period of 13 months in Class A Shares of one or more of the Goldman Sachs Funds. Any investments you make during the period will receive the discounted sales load based on the full amount of your investment commitment. Purchases made during the previous 90 days may be included; however, capital appreciation does not apply toward these combined purchases. If the investment commitment of the Statement of Intention is not met prior to the expiration of the 13-month period, the entire amount will be subject to the higher applicable sales charge unless the failure to meet the investment commitment is due to the death of the investor. By selecting the Statement of Intention, you authorize the Transfer Agent to escrow and redeem Class A Shares in your account to pay this additional charge if the Statement of Intention is not met. You must, however, inform the Transfer Agent (either directly or through your Authorized |
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| Institution) that the Statement of Intention is in effect each time shares are purchased. Each purchase will be made at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction of the dollar amount specified on the Statement of Intention. The SAI has more information about the Statement of Intention, which you should read carefully. |
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| | COMMON QUESTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PURCHASE OF CLASS B SHARES | | | | |
What Should I Know About Class B Shares?
Effective November 2, 2009 (the “Effective Date”), Class B Shares of the Balanced Strategy, Growth and Income Strategy, Growth Strategy and Equity Growth Strategy Portfolios may no longer be purchased by new or existing shareholders, except as described below. Shareholders who invested in Class B Shares prior to the Effective Date may continue to hold their Class B Shares until they convert automatically to Class A Shares, as described in this Prospectus. Shareholders of Class B Shares may continue to reinvest dividends and capital gains into their accounts. After the Effective Date, shareholders of Class B Shares with automatic investment plans into Class B Shares are no longer able to make automatic investments into Class B Shares. Shareholders of Class B Shares may also exchange their Class B Shares for shares of certain other Goldman Sachs Funds. Otherwise, additional purchase requests for the Portfolios’ Class B Shares received by the Portfolios after the Effective Date will be rejected.
Class B Shares redeemed within six years of purchase will be subject to a CDSC at the rates shown in the table below based on how long you held your shares.
The CDSC schedule is as follows:
| | | | |
| |
Year Since Purchase | | CDSC as a Percentage of Dollar Amount Subject to CDSC | |
First | | | 5% | |
Second | | | 4% | |
Third | | | 3% | |
Fourth | | | 3% | |
Fifth | | | 2% | |
Sixth | | | 1% | |
Seventh and thereafter | | | None | |
| | | | |
Proceeds from the CDSC are payable to the Distributor and may be used in whole or in part to defray the Distributor’s expenses related to providing distribution-related
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services to the Portfolios in connection with the sale of Class B Shares, including the payment of compensation to Authorized Institutions. An amount equal to 4% of the amount invested is normally paid by the Distributor to Authorized Institutions.
What Should I Know About The Automatic Conversion Of Class B Shares?
Class B Shares of a Portfolio will automatically convert into Class A Shares of the same Portfolio on or about the fifteenth day of the last month of the quarter that is eight years after the purchase date.
If you acquire Class B Shares of a Portfolio by exchange from Class B Shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund, your Class B Shares will convert into Class A Shares of such Portfolio based on the date of the initial purchase and the CDSC schedule of that purchase.
If you acquire Class B Shares through reinvestment of distributions, your Class B Shares will convert into Class A Shares based on the date of the initial purchase of the shares on which the distribution was paid.
The conversion of Class B Shares to Class A Shares will not occur at any time the Portfolios are advised that such conversions may constitute taxable events for federal tax purposes, which the Portfolios believe is unlikely. If conversions do not occur as a result of possible taxability, Class B Shares would continue to be subject to higher expenses than Class A Shares for an indeterminate period.
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| | A COMMON QUESTION APPLICABLE TO THE PURCHASE OF CLASS C SHARES | | | | |
What Is The Offering Price Of Class C Shares?
You may purchase Class C Shares of the Portfolios at the next determined NAV without paying an initial sales charge. However, if you redeem Class C Shares within 12 months of purchase, a CDSC of 1% will normally be deducted from the redemption proceeds. In connection with purchases by Employee Benefit Plans, where Class C Shares are redeemed within 12 months of purchase, a CDSC of 1% may be imposed upon the plan sponsor or third party administrator. Class C Shares acquired in exchange for shares subject to a CDSC will be subject to the CDSC, if any, of the shares originally held. With respect to such shares held by Employee Benefit Plans, the CDSC may be imposed on the plan sponsor or third party administrator.
Proceeds from the CDSC are payable to the Distributor and may be used in whole or in part to defray the Distributor’s expenses related to providing distribution-related services to the Portfolios in connection with the sale of Class C Shares, including the payment of compensation to Authorized Institutions. A commission to 1% of the amount invested is normally paid by the Distributor to Authorized Institutions.
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| | | | | | |
| | COMMON QUESTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PURCHASE OF CLASS A, B AND C SHARES | | | | |
What Else Do I Need To Know About The CDSC On Class A, B Or C Shares?
| ¢ | | The CDSC is based on the lesser of the NAV of the shares at the time of redemption or the original offering price (which is the original NAV). |
| ¢ | | No CDSC is charged on shares acquired from reinvested dividends or capital gains distributions. |
| ¢ | | No CDSC is charged on the per share appreciation of your account over the initial purchase price. |
| ¢ | | When counting the number of months since a purchase of Class A, Class B or Class C Shares was made, all purchases made during a month will be combined and considered to have been made on the first day of that month. |
| ¢ | | To keep your CDSC as low as possible, each time you place a request to sell shares, the Portfolios will first sell any shares in your account that do not carry a CDSC and then the shares in your account that have been held the longest. |
In What Situations May The CDSC On Class A, B Or C Shares Be Waived Or Reduced?
The CDSC on Class A, Class B and Class C Shares that are subject to a CDSC may be waived or reduced if the redemption relates to:
| ¢ | | Mandatory retirement distributions or loans to participants or beneficiaries from Employee Benefit Plans; |
| ¢ | | Hardship withdrawals by a participant or beneficiary in an Employee Benefit Plan; |
| ¢ | | The separation from service by a participant or beneficiary in an Employee Benefit Plan; |
| ¢ | | Excess contributions distributed from an Employee Benefit Plan; |
| ¢ | | Distributions from a qualified Employee Benefit Plan invested in the Goldman Sachs Funds which are being rolled over to an IRA in the same share class of a Goldman Sachs Fund; |
| ¢ | | The death or disability (as defined in Section 72(m)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)) of a shareholder, participant or beneficiary in an Employee Benefit Plan; |
| ¢ | | Satisfying the minimum distribution requirements of the Code; |
| ¢ | | Establishing “substantially equal periodic payments” as described under Section 72(t)(2) of the Code; |
| ¢ | | Redemption proceeds which are to be reinvested in accounts or non-registered products over which GSAM or its advisory affiliates have investment discretion; |
| ¢ | | A systematic withdrawal plan. The Portfolios reserve the right to limit such redemptions, on an annual basis, to 12% each of the value of your Class B and C Shares and 10% of the value of your Class A Shares; |
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| ¢ | | Redemptions or exchanges of Portfolio shares held through an Employee Benefit Plan using the Portfolio as part of a qualified default investment alternative or “QDIA;” or |
| ¢ | | Other redemptions, at the discretion of the Trust’s officers, relating to shares purchased through Employee Benefit Plans. |
How Can I Sell Shares Of The Portfolios?
Generally, Shares may be sold (redeemed) only through your Authorized Institution. Customers of an Authorized Institution will normally give their redemption instructions to the Authorized Institution, and the Authorized Institution will, in turn, place redemption orders with the Funds. Redemptions may be requested by electronic trading platform (through your Authorized Institution), in writing or by telephone (unless the Authorized Institution opts out of the telephone redemption privilege on the Account Application). The Portfolio will generally redeem its Shares upon request on any business day the Portfolio is open at the NAV next determined after receipt of such request in proper form, subject to any applicable CDSC. You should contact your Authorized Institution to discuss redemptions and redemption proceeds. Certain Authorized Institutions are authorized to accept redemption requests on behalf of the Portfolios as described under “How to Buy Shares—Shares Offering.” A Portfolio may transfer redemption proceeds to an account with your Authorized Institution. In the alternative, your Authorized Institution may request that redemption proceeds be sent to you by check or wire (if the wire instructions are designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent).
Generally, any redemption request that requires money to go to an account or address other than that designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent must be in writing and signed by an authorized person with a Medallion signature guarantee. The written request may be confirmed by telephone with both the requesting party and the designated bank to verify instructions. Other restrictions may apply in these situations.
When Do I Need A Medallion Signature Guarantee To Redeem Shares?
A Medallion signature guarantee may be required if:
| ¢ | | A request is made in writing to redeem Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shares in an amount over $50,000 via check; |
| ¢ | | You would like the redemption proceeds sent to an address that is not your address of record; or |
| ¢ | | You would like the redemption proceeds sent to a domestic bank account that is not designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent. |
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A Medallion signature guarantee must be obtained from a bank, brokerage firm or other financial intermediary that is a member of an approved Medallion Guarantee Program or that is otherwise approved by the Trust. A notary public cannot provide a Medallion signature guarantee. Additional documentation may be required.
What Do I Need To Know About Telephone Redemption Requests?
The Trust, the Distributor and the Transfer Agent will not be liable for any loss or tax liability you may incur in the event that the Trust accepts unauthorized telephone redemption requests that the Trust reasonably believes to be genuine. The Trust may accept telephone redemption instructions from any person identifying himself or herself as the owner of an account or the owner’s registered representative where the owner has not declined in writing to use this service. Thus, you risk possible losses if a telephone redemption is not authorized by you.
In an effort to prevent unauthorized or fraudulent redemption and exchange requests by telephone, Goldman Sachs and Boston Financial Data Services, Inc. (“BFDS”) each employ reasonable procedures specified by the Trust to confirm that such instructions are genuine. If reasonable procedures are not employed, the Trust may be liable for any loss due to unauthorized or fraudulent transactions. The following general policies are currently in effect:
| ¢ | | Telephone requests are recorded. |
| ¢ | | Proceeds of telephone redemption requests will be sent to your address of record or authorized account designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent (unless you provide written instructions and a Medallion signature guarantee indicating another address or account). |
| ¢ | | For the 30-day period following a change of address, telephone redemptions will only be filled by a wire transfer to the authorized account designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent (see immediately preceding bullet point). In order to receive the redemption by check during this time period, the redemption request must be in the form of a written, Medallion signature guaranteed letter. |
| ¢ | | The telephone redemption option does not apply to shares held in an account maintained and serviced by your Authorized Institution. If your shares are held in an account with an Authorized Institution, you should contact your registered representative of record, who may make telephone redemptions on your behalf. |
| ¢ | | The telephone redemption option may be modified or terminated at any time without prior notice. |
| ¢ | | A Portfolio may redeem via check up to $50,000 in Class A, Class B, Class C, Class IR or Class R Shares requested via telephone. |
Note: It may be difficult to make telephone redemptions in times of unusual economic or market conditions.
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How Are Redemption Proceeds Paid?
By Wire: You may arrange for your redemption proceeds to be paid as federal funds to an account with your Authorized Institution or to a domestic bank account designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent. In addition, redemption proceeds may be transmitted through an electronic trading platform to an account with your Authorized Institution. The following general policies govern wiring redemption proceeds:
| ¢ | | Redemption proceeds will normally be paid on the next business day in federal funds, but may be paid up to three business days following receipt of a properly executed wire transfer redemption request. |
| ¢ | | Although redemption proceeds will normally be paid as described above, under certain circumstances, redemption requests may be postponed or suspended as permitted under Section 22(e) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”). Generally, under that section, redemption requests or payments may be postponed or suspended if (i) the New York Stock Exchange is closed for trading or trading is restricted; (ii) an emergency exists which makes the disposal of securities owned by a Portfolio or the fair determination of the value of a Portfolio’s net assets not reasonably practicable; or (iii) the SEC, by order or regulation, permits the suspension of the right of redemption. |
| ¢ | | If you are selling shares you recently paid for by check or purchased by Automated Clearing House (“ACH”), the Portfolio will pay you when your check or ACH has cleared, which may take up to 15 days. |
| ¢ | | If the Federal Reserve Bank is closed on the day that the redemption proceeds would ordinarily be wired, wiring the redemption proceeds may be delayed until the Federal Reserve Bank reopens. |
| ¢ | | To change the bank wiring instructions designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent, you must send written instructions signed by an authorized person designated in the current records of the Transfer Agent. A Medallion signature guarantee may be required if you are requesting a redemption in conjunction with the change. |
| ¢ | | None of the Trust, Investment Adviser or Goldman Sachs assumes any responsibility for the performance of your bank or any other financial intermediary in the transfer process. If a problem with such performance arises, you should deal directly with your bank or any such financial intermediary. |
By Check: You may elect to receive redemption proceeds by check. Redemption proceeds paid by check will normally be mailed to the address of record within three business days of receipt of a properly executed redemption request. If you are selling shares you recently paid for by check or ACH, the Portfolio will pay you when your check or ACH has cleared, which may take up to 15 days.
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What Else Do I Need To Know About Redemptions?
The following generally applies to redemption requests:
| ¢ | | Additional documentation may be required when deemed appropriate by the Transfer Agent. A redemption request will not be in proper form until such additional documentation has been received. |
| ¢ | | Authorized Institutions are responsible for the timely transmittal of redemption requests by their customers to the Transfer Agent. In order to facilitate the timely transmittal of redemption requests, these Authorized Institutions may set times by which they must receive redemption requests. These Authorized Institutions may also require additional documentation from you. |
The Trust reserves the right to:
| ¢ | | Redeem your shares in the event your Authorized Institution’s relationship with Goldman Sachs is terminated, and you do not transfer your account to another Authorized Institution with a relationship with Goldman Sachs or in the event that the Portfolio is no longer an option in your Employee Benefit Plan or no longer available through your Eligible Fee-Based Program. |
| ¢ | | Redeem your shares if your account balance is below the required Portfolio minimum. A Portfolio will not redeem your shares on this basis if the value of your account falls below the minimum account balance solely as a result of market conditions. A Portfolio will give you 60 days prior written notice to allow you to purchase sufficient additional shares of the Portfolio in order to avoid such redemption. Different rules may apply to investors who have established brokerage accounts with Goldman Sachs in accordance with the terms and conditions of their account agreements. |
| ¢ | | Subject to applicable law, redeem your shares in other circumstances determined by the Board of Trustees to be in the best interest of the Trust. |
| ¢ | | Pay redemptions by a distribution in-kind of securities (instead of cash). If you receive redemption proceeds in-kind, you should expect to incur transaction costs upon the disposition of those securities. |
| ¢ | | Reinvest any amounts (e.g., dividends, distributions or redemption proceeds) which you have elected to receive by check should your check be returned to a Portfolio as undeliverable or remain uncashed for more than 180 days. Amounts will be reinvested in additional shares at NAV per share on the day the check is reinvested. When reinvested, those amounts are subject to the risk of loss like any fund investment. This provision may not apply to certain retirement or qualified accounts or to a closed account. Your participation in a systematic withdrawal program may be terminated if your checks remain uncashed. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed checks. |
| ¢ | | Charge an additional fee in the event a redemption is made via wire transfer. |
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None of the Trust, the Investment Adviser or Goldman Sachs will be responsible for any loss in an investor’s account or tax liability resulting from an involuntary redemption.
Can I Reinvest Redemption Proceeds In The Same Or Another Goldman Sachs Fund?
You may redeem shares of a Portfolio and reinvest a portion or all of the redemption proceeds (plus any additional amounts needed to round off purchases to the nearest full share) at NAV. To be eligible for this privilege, you must have held the shares you want to redeem for at least 30 days and you must reinvest the share proceeds within 90 days after you redeem. You should obtain and read the applicable prospectus before investing in any other Goldman Sachs Fund.
You may reinvest redemption proceeds as follows:
| ¢ | | Class A or B Shares—Class A Shares of the same Fund or another Goldman Sachs Fund. |
| ¢ | | Class C Shares—Class C Shares of the same Fund or another Goldman Sachs Fund. |
| ¢ | | If you pay a CDSC upon redemption of Class A or Class C Shares and then reinvest in Class A or Class C Shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund as described above, your account will be credited with the amount of the CDSC you paid. The reinvested shares will, however, continue to be subject to a CDSC. The holding period of the shares acquired through reinvestment will include the holding period of the redeemed shares for purposes of computing the CDSC payable upon a subsequent redemption. For Class B Shares, you may reinvest the redemption proceeds in Class A Shares at NAV but the amount of the CDSC paid upon redemption of the Class B Shares will not be credited to your account. |
| ¢ | | The reinvestment privilege may be exercised at any time in connection with transactions in which the proceeds are reinvested at NAV in a tax-sheltered Employee Benefit Plan. In other cases, the reinvestment privilege may be exercised once per year upon receipt of a written request. |
| ¢ | | You may be subject to tax as a result of a redemption. You should consult your tax adviser concerning the tax consequences of a redemption and reinvestment. |
Can I Exchange My Investment From One Goldman Sachs Portfolio To Another Goldman Sachs Fund?
You may exchange shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund at NAV without the imposition of an initial sales charge or CDSC, if applicable, at the time of exchange for certain shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund. Redemption of shares (including by exchange) of certain Goldman Sachs Funds offered in other prospectuses may, however, be subject to a redemption fee for shares that are held for either 30 or
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60 days or less, subject to certain exceptions as described in those Goldman Sachs Funds’ prospectuses. The exchange privilege may be materially modified or withdrawn at any time upon 60 days written notice. You should contact your Authorized Institution to arrange for exchanges of shares of a Portfolio for shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund.
You should keep in mind the following factors when making or considering an exchange:
| ¢ | | You should obtain and carefully read the prospectus of the Goldman Sachs Fund you are acquiring before making an exchange. You should be aware that not all Goldman Sachs Funds may offer all share classes. |
| ¢ | | Currently, the Portfolios do not impose any charge for exchanges, although the Portfolios may impose a charge in the future. |
| ¢ | | The exchanged shares may later be exchanged for shares of the same class of the original Portfolio at the next determined NAV without the imposition of an initial sales charge or CDSC (but subject to any applicable redemption fee) if the amount in the Portfolio resulting from such exchanges is less than the largest amount on which you have previously paid the applicable sales charge. |
| ¢ | | When you exchange shares subject to a CDSC, no CDSC will be charged at that time. For purposes of determining the amount of the applicable CDSC, the length of time you have owned the shares will be measured from the date you acquired the original shares subject to a CDSC, and the amount and terms of the CDSC will be that applicable to the original shares acquired, and will not be affected by a subsequent exchange. |
| ¢ | | Eligible investors may exchange certain classes of shares for another class of shares of the same Portfolio. For further information, contact your Authorized Institution. |
| ¢ | | All exchanges which represent an initial investment in a Goldman Sachs Fund must satisfy the minimum initial investment requirement of that Portfolio. This requirement may be waived at the discretion of the Trust. Exchanges into a Fund need not meet the traditional minimum investment requirements for that Fund if the entire balance of the original Portfolio account is exchanged. |
| ¢ | | Exchanges are available only in states where exchanges may be legally made. |
| ¢ | | It may be difficult to make telephone exchanges in times of unusual economic or market conditions. |
| ¢ | | Goldman Sachs and BFDS may use reasonable procedures described under “What Do I Need To Know About Telephone Redemption Requests?” in an effort to prevent unauthorized or fraudulent telephone exchange requests. |
| ¢ | | Normally, a telephone exchange will be made only to an identically registered account. |
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| ¢ | | Exchanges into Goldman Sachs Funds or certain share classes of Goldman Sachs Funds that are closed to new investors may be restricted. |
| ¢ | | Exchanges into a Portfolio from another Goldman Sachs Fund may be subject to any redemption fee imposed by the other Goldman Sachs Fund. |
Exchanges into the Fund from another Goldman Sachs Fund received by the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange will normally begin to accrue dividends on the next business day.
For federal income tax purposes, an exchange from one Goldman Sachs Fund to another is treated as a redemption of the shares surrendered in the exchange, on which you may be subject to tax, followed by a purchase of shares received in the exchange. Exchanges within Employee Benefit Plan accounts will not result in capital gains or loss for federal or state income tax purposes. You should consult your tax adviser concerning the tax consequences of an exchange.
Can I Arrange To Have Automatic Investments Made On A Regular Basis?
You may be able to make automatic investments in Class A and Class C Shares through your bank via ACH transfer or via bank draft each month. The minimum dollar amount for this service is $250 for the initial investment and $50 per month for additional investments. Forms for this option are available at www.goldmansachsfunds.com and from your Authorized Institution, or you may check the appropriate box on the Account Application.
Can My Distributions From A Portfolio Be Invested In Other Goldman Sachs Funds?
You may elect to cross-reinvest distributions paid by a Goldman Sachs Fund in shares of the same class of other Goldman Sachs Funds.
| ¢ | | Shares will be purchased at NAV. |
| ¢ | | You may elect to cross-reinvest into an identically registered account or a similarly registered account provided that at least one name on the account is registered identically. |
| ¢ | | You cannot make cross-reinvestments into a Goldman Sachs Fund unless that Fund’s minimum initial investment requirement is met. |
| ¢ | | You should obtain and read the prospectus of the Goldman Sachs Fund into which dividends are invested. |
Can I Arrange To Have Automatic Exchanges Made On A Regular Basis?
You may elect to exchange automatically a specified dollar amount of Class A, Class B or Class C Shares of a Portfolio for shares of the same class of other Goldman Sachs Funds.
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| ¢ | | Shares will be purchased at NAV if a sales charge had been imposed on the initial purchase. |
| ¢ | | You may elect to exchange into an identically registered account or a similarly registered account provided that at least one name on the account is registered identically. |
| ¢ | | Shares subject to a CDSC acquired under this program may be subject to a CDSC at the time of redemption from the Goldman Sachs Fund into which the exchange is made depending upon the date and value of your original purchase. |
| ¢ | | Automatic exchanges are made monthly on the 15th day of each month or the first business day thereafter. |
| ¢ | | Minimum dollar amount: $50 per month. |
| ¢ | | You cannot make automatic exchanges into a Goldman Sachs Fund unless that Fund’s minimum initial investment requirement is met. |
| ¢ | | You should obtain and read the prospectus of the Goldman Sachs Fund into which automatic exchanges are made. |
| ¢ | | An exchange is considered a redemption and a purchase and therefore may be a taxable transaction. |
Can I Have Systematic Withdrawals Made On A Regular Basis?
You may redeem from your Class A, Class B or Class C Share account systematically via check or ACH transfer in any amount of $50 or more.
| ¢ | | It is normally undesirable to maintain a systematic withdrawal plan at the same time that you are purchasing additional Class A or Class C Shares because of the sales charges that are imposed on certain purchases of Class A Shares and because of the CDSCs that are imposed on certain redemptions of Class A and Class C Shares. |
| ¢ | | Checks are normally mailed within two business days after your selected systematic withdrawal date of either the 15th or 25th of the month. ACH payments may take up to three business days to post to your account after your selected systematic withdrawal date between, and including, the 3rd and 26th of the month. |
| ¢ | | Each systematic withdrawal is a redemption and therefore may be a taxable transaction. |
The CDSC applicable to Class A, Class B or Class C Shares redeemed under the systematic withdrawal plan may be waived. The Funds reserve the right to limit such redemptions, on an annual basis, to 12% each of the value of your Class B and Class C Shares and 10% of the value of your Class A Shares.
What Types Of Reports Will I Be Sent Regarding My Investment?
Authorized Institutions may provide varying arrangements for their clients to purchase and redeem Portfolio shares. In addition, Authorized Institutions are responsible for providing to you any communication from a Portfolio to its shareholders, including
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but not limited to, prospectuses, prospectus supplements, proxy materials and notices regarding the source of dividend payments under Section 19 of the Investment Company Act. They may charge additional fees not described in this Prospectus to their customers for such services.
You will be provided with a printed confirmation of each transaction in your account and a quarterly account statement if you invest in Class A, Class B, Class C, Class IR or Class R shares and a monthly account statement if you invest in Service or Institutional Shares. If your account is held through your Authorized Institution, you will receive this information from your Authorized Institution.
You will also receive an annual shareholder report containing audited financial statements and a semi-annual shareholder report. If you have consented to the delivery of a single copy of shareholder reports, prospectuses and other information to all shareholders who share the same mailing address with your account, you may revoke your consent at any time by contacting your Authorized Institution or Goldman Sachs Funds at the appropriate phone number found on the back cover of this Prospectus. A Portfolio will begin sending individual copies to you within 30 days after receipt of your revocation. If your account is held through an Authorized Institution, please contact the Authorized Institution to revoke your consent. The Portfolio does not generally provide sub-accounting services.
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| | DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE FEES | | | | |
What Are The Different Distribution And/Or Service Fees Paid By The Portfolio’s Shares?
The Trust has adopted distribution and service plans (each a “Plan”) under which Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares bear distribution and/or service fees paid to Goldman Sachs and Authorized Institutions. These Authorized Institutions seek distribution and/or servicing fee revenues to, among other things, offset the cost of servicing small and medium sized plan investors and providing information about the Portfolios. If the fees received by Goldman Sachs pursuant to the Plans exceed its expenses, Goldman Sachs may realize a profit from these arrangements. Goldman Sachs generally receives and pays the distribution and service fees on a quarterly basis.
Under the Plans, Goldman Sachs is entitled to a monthly fee from each Portfolio for distribution services equal, on an annual basis, to 0.25%, 0.75%, 0.75% and 0.50%, of each applicable Portfolio’s average daily net assets attributed to Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares, respectively. Because these fees are paid out of a Portfolio’s assets on an ongoing basis, over time, these fees will increase the cost of your investment and may cost you more than paying other types of such charges.
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The distribution fees are subject to the requirements of Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company Act, and may be used (among other things) for:
| ¢ | | Compensation paid to and expenses incurred by Authorized Institutions, Goldman Sachs and their respective officers, employees and sales representatives; |
| ¢ | | Commissions paid to Authorized Institutions; |
| ¢ | | Telephone and travel expenses; |
| ¢ | | Interest and other costs associated with the financing of such compensation and expenses; |
| ¢ | | Printing of prospectuses for prospective shareholders; |
| ¢ | | Preparation and distribution of sales literature or advertising of any type; and |
| ¢ | | All other expenses incurred in connection with activities primarily intended to result in the sale of Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares. |
In connection with the sale of Class C Shares, Goldman Sachs normally begins paying the 0.75% distribution fee as an ongoing commission to Authorized Institutions after the shares have been held for one year. Goldman Sachs normally begins accruing the annual 0.25% and 0.50% distribution fees for the Class A and Class R Shares, respectively, as ongoing commissions to Authorized Institutions immediately. Goldman Sachs generally pays the distribution fee on a quarterly basis.
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| | CLASS B AND CLASS C PERSONAL AND ACCOUNT MAINTENANCE SERVICES AND FEES | | | | |
Under the Class B and Class C Plans, Goldman Sachs is also entitled to receive a separate fee equal on an annual basis to 0.25% of each applicable Portfolio’s average daily net assets attributed to Class B or Class C Shares. This fee is for personal and account maintenance services, and may be used to make payments to Goldman Sachs, Authorized Institutions and their officers, sales representatives and employees for responding to inquiries of, and furnishing assistance to, shareholders regarding ownership of their shares or their accounts or similar services not otherwise provided on behalf of the Portfolios. If the fees received by Goldman Sachs pursuant to the Plans exceed its expenses, Goldman Sachs may realize a profit from this arrangement.
In connection with the sale of Class C Shares, Goldman Sachs normally begins paying the 0.25% ongoing service fee to Authorized Institutions after the shares have been held for one year.
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SHAREHOLDER GUIDE
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| | SERVICE SHARES SERVICE PLAN AND SHAREHOLDER ADMINISTRATION PLAN | | | | |
The Trust, on behalf of the Portfolios (other than the Income Strategies Portfolio), has adopted a Service Plan and Shareholder Administration Plan for Service Shares, pursuant to which Goldman Sachs and certain Authorized Institutions are entitled to receive payments for their services from the Trust. These payments are equal to 0.25% (annualized) for personal and account maintenance services, plus an additional 0.25% (annualized) for shareholder administration services of the average daily net assets of Service Shares of the Portfolio that are attributable to or held in the name of Goldman Sachs or an Authorized Institution for its customers.
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| | RESTRICTIONS ON EXCESSIVE TRADING PRACTICES | | | | |
Policies and Procedures on Excessive Trading Practices. In accordance with the policy adopted by the Board of Trustees, the Trust discourages frequent purchases and redemptions of Portfolio shares and does not permit market timing or other excessive trading practices. Purchases and exchanges should be made with a view to longer-term investment purposes only that are consistent with the investment policies and practices of the respective Portfolio. Excessive, short-term (market timing) trading practices may disrupt portfolio management strategies, increase brokerage and administrative costs, harm Portfolio performance and result in dilution in the value of Portfolio shares held by longer-term shareholders. The Trust and Goldman Sachs reserve the right to reject or restrict purchase or exchange requests from any investor. The Trust and Goldman Sachs will not be liable for any loss resulting from rejected purchase or exchange orders. To minimize harm to the Trust and its shareholders (or Goldman Sachs), the Trust (or Goldman Sachs) will exercise this right if, in the Trust’s (or Goldman Sachs’) judgment, an investor has a history of excessive trading or if an investor’s trading, in the judgment of the Trust (or Goldman Sachs), has been or may be disruptive to a Portfolio. In making this judgment, trades executed in multiple accounts under common ownership or control may be considered together to the extent they can be identified. No waivers of the provisions of the policy established to detect and deter market timing and other excessive trading activity are permitted that would harm the Trust or its shareholders or would subordinate the interests of the Trust or its shareholders to those of Goldman Sachs or any affiliated person or associated person of Goldman Sachs.
To deter excessive shareholder trading, certain other Goldman Sachs Funds offered in other prospectuses impose a redemption fee on redemptions made within 30 or 60 days of purchase subject to certain exceptions as described in those Goldman Sachs Funds’ prospectuses. As a further deterrent to excessive trading, many foreign
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equity securities held by the Underlying Funds are priced by an independent pricing service using fair valuation. For more information on fair valuation, please see “How To Buy Shares—How Are Shares Priced?”
Pursuant to the policy adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Trust, Goldman Sachs has developed criteria that it uses to identify trading activity that may be excessive. Excessive trading activity in a Portfolio is measured by the number of “round trip” transactions in a shareholder’s account. A “round trip” includes a purchase or exchange into a Portfolio followed or preceded by a redemption or exchange out of the same Portfolio. If a Portfolio detects that a shareholder has completed two or more round trip transactions in a single Portfolio within a rolling 90-day period, the Portfolio may reject or restrict subsequent purchase or exchange orders by that shareholder permanently.
In addition, a Portfolio may, in its sole discretion, permanently reject or restrict purchase or exchange orders by a shareholder if the Portfolio detects other trading activity that is deemed to be disruptive to the management of the Portfolio or otherwise harmful to the Portfolio. For purposes of these transaction surveillance procedures, the Portfolios may consider trading activity in multiple accounts under common ownership, control, or influence. A shareholder that has been restricted from participation in a Portfolio pursuant to this policy will be allowed to apply for re-entry after one year. A shareholder applying for re-entry must provide assurances acceptable to the Portfolio that the shareholder will not engage in excessive trading activities in the future.
Goldman Sachs may modify its surveillance procedures and criteria from time to time without prior notice regarding the detection of excessive trading or to address specific circumstances. Goldman Sachs will apply the criteria in a manner that, in Goldman Sachs’ judgment, will be uniform.
Portfolio shares may be held through omnibus arrangements maintained by Authorized Institutions such as broker-dealers, investment advisers and insurance companies. In addition, Portfolio shares may be held in omnibus Employee Benefit Plans, Eligible Fee-Based Programs and other group accounts. Omnibus accounts include multiple investors and such accounts typically provide the Portfolios with a net purchase or redemption request on any given day where the purchases and redemptions of Portfolio shares by the investors are netted against one another. The identity of individual investors whose purchase and redemption orders are aggregated are ordinarily not tracked by the Portfolios on a regular basis. A number of these Authorized Institutions may not have the capability or may not be willing to apply the Portfolios’ market timing policies or any applicable redemption fee. While Goldman Sachs may monitor share turnover at the omnibus account level, a Portfolio’s ability
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SHAREHOLDER GUIDE
to monitor and detect market timing by shareholders or apply any applicable redemption fee in these omnibus accounts may be limited in certain circumstances, and certain of these Authorized Institutions may charge the Portfolio a fee for providing certain shareholder information requested as part of the Portfolio’s surveillance process. The netting effect makes it more difficult to identify, locate and eliminate market timing activities. In addition, those investors who engage in market timing and other excessive trading activities may employ a variety of techniques to avoid detection. There can be no assurance that the Portfolios and Goldman Sachs will be able to identify all those who trade excessively or employ a market timing strategy, and curtail their trading in every instance. If necessary, the Trust may prohibit additional purchases of Portfolio shares by an Authorized Institution or by certain customers of the Authorized Institution. Authorized Institutions may also monitor their customers’ trading activities in the Portfolios. The criteria used by Authorized Institutions to monitor for excessive trading may differ from the criteria used by the Portfolios. If an Authorized Institution fails to cooperate in the implementation or enforcement of the Trust’s excessive trading policies, the Trust may take certain actions including terminating the relationship.
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Taxation
As with any investment, you should consider how your investment in the Portfolios will be taxed. The tax information below is provided as general information. More tax information is available in the SAI. You should consult your tax adviser about the federal, state, local or foreign tax consequences of your investment in the Portfolios. Except as otherwise noted, the tax information provided assumes that you are a U.S. citizen or resident.
Unless your investment is through a Retirement Plan or other tax-advantaged account, you should carefully consider the possible tax consequences of Portfolio distributions and the sale of your Portfolio shares.
Each Portfolio contemplates declaring as dividends each year all or substantially all of its taxable income. Distributions you receive from the Portfolios are generally subject to federal income tax, and may also be subject to state or local taxes. This is true whether you reinvest your distributions in additional Portfolio shares or receive them in cash. For federal tax purposes, the Portfolios’ distributions attributable to net investment income and short-term capital gains are distributions taxable to you as ordinary income, while distributions on long-term capital gains are taxable to you as long-term capital gains, no matter how long you have owned your Portfolio shares.
Under current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), the maximum individual rate applicable to long-term capital gains is generally either 15% or 20%, depending on whether the individual’s income exceeds certain threshold amounts. Portfolio distributions to noncorporate shareholders attributable to dividends received by the Portfolios directly or through the Underlying Funds from U.S. and certain qualified foreign corporations will generally be taxed at the long-term capital gain rate, as long as certain other requirements are met. For these lower rates to apply, noncorporate shareholders must own their Portfolio shares for at least 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the Portfolio’s ex-dividend date. The amount of a Portfolio’s distributions that would otherwise qualify for this favorable tax treatment may be reduced as a result of a high portfolio turnover rate.
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, an additional 3.8% Medicare tax will be imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a Portfolio and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Portfolio shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person’s “modified adjusted gross income”
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TAXATION
(in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds certain threshold amounts.
Although distributions are generally treated as taxable to you in the year they are paid, distributions declared in October, November or December but paid in January are taxable as if they were paid in December.
A percentage of the Portfolios’ dividends paid to corporate shareholders may be eligible for the corporate dividends-received deduction. This percentage may, however, be reduced by a high portfolio turnover rate. The character and tax status of all distributions will be available to shareholders after the close of each calendar year.
The REIT investments of the underlying Real Estate Securities Fund and the International Real Estate Securities Fund often do not provide complete tax information to the Fund until after the calendar year-end. Consequently, because of the delay, it may be necessary for the Portfolios to request permission to extend the deadline for issuance of Forms 1099-DIV beyond February 15.
Each Underlying Fund may be subject to foreign withholding or other foreign taxes on income or gain from certain foreign securities. In general, each Portfolio may deduct these taxes in computing its taxable income. Rather than deducting these foreign taxes, the Portfolios may make an election to treat a proportionate amount of those taxes as constituting a distribution to each shareholder, which would generally allow you, subject to certain limitations, either (i) to credit that proportionate amount of taxes against U.S. Federal income tax liability as a foreign tax credit or (ii) to take that amount as an itemized deduction.
The Portfolio’s investments in Underlying Funds could affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders, as compared to a fund that directly invests in stocks, securities or other investments.
If you buy shares of a Portfolio before it makes a distribution, the distribution will be taxable to you even though it may actually be a return of a portion of your investment. This is known as “buying into a dividend.”
Your sale of Portfolio shares is a taxable transaction for federal income tax purposes, and may also be subject to state and local taxes. For tax purposes, the exchange of your Portfolio shares for shares of a different Goldman Sachs Fund is the same as a sale. When you sell your shares, you will generally recognize a capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between your adjusted tax basis in the shares and the amount received. Generally, this capital gain or loss will be long-term or
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short-term depending on whether your holding period for the shares exceeds one year, except that any loss realized on shares held for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain dividends that were received on the shares. Additionally, any loss realized on a sale, exchange or redemption of shares of a Portfolio may be disallowed under “wash sale” rules to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced with other shares of that Portfolio within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the date of disposition, (such as pursuant to a dividend reinvestment in shares of that Portfolio). If disallowed, the loss will be reflected in an adjustment to the basis of the shares acquired.
When you open your account, you should provide your Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number on your Account Application. By law, each Portfolio must withhold 28% of your taxable distributions and any redemption proceeds if you do not provide your correct taxpayer identification number, or certify that it is correct, or if the IRS instructs the Portfolio to do so.
Non-U.S. investors will generally be subject to U.S. withholding tax with respect to distributions received from a Portfolio and may be subject to U.S. estate tax with respect to their shares of a Portfolio. However, withholding is generally not required on properly designated distributions made to non-U.S. investors of long-term capital gains, and, for distributions in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2014 (if not extended further by Congress), of short-term capital gains and qualified interest income. Although this designation will be made for distributions of long-term and short-term capital gains, the Portfolios do not anticipate making any qualified interest income designations. Therefore, all distributions of interest income will generally be subject to withholding when paid to non-U.S. investors.
Effective January 1, 2014, the Portfolios will be required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of dividends (effective January 1, 2017) and redemption proceeds made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to enable the Portfolios to determine whether withholding is required.
The Portfolio is required to report to you and the IRS annually on Form 1099-B not only the gross proceeds of Portfolio shares you sell or redeem but also their cost basis. Cost basis will be calculated using the Portfolio’s default method of average cost, unless you instruct the Portfolio to use a different methodology. If you would like
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to use the average cost method of calculation, no action is required. To elect an alternative method, you should contact Goldman Sachs Funds at the address or phone number on the back cover of this Prospectus. If your account is held with an Authorized Institution, contact your representative with respect to reporting of cost basis and available elections for your account.
You should carefully review the cost basis information provided by the Portfolio and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required when reporting these amounts on your federal income tax returns.
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Appendix A
Additional Information on the
Underlying Funds
This Appendix provides further information on certain types of investments and techniques that may be used by the Underlying Funds, including their associated risks. Additional information is provided in the SAI, which is available upon request, and in the prospectuses of the Underlying Funds.
The Underlying Equity Funds invest primarily in common stocks and other equity investments, including preferred stocks, interests in REITs, convertible debt obligations, convertible preferred stocks, equity interests in trusts, partnerships, joint ventures, limited liability companies and similar enterprises, other investment companies (including ETFs), warrants, stock purchase rights and synthetic and derivative instruments (such as swaps and futures contracts) that have economic characteristics similar to equity securities (“equity investments”). The Underlying Fixed Income Funds invest primarily in fixed income securities, including senior and subordinated corporate debt obligations (such as bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper), convertible and non-convertible corporate debt obligations, loan participations and preferred stock. Certain Underlying Fixed Income Funds can also make substantial investments in futures contracts, swaps and other derivatives. Each Underlying Fund may also invest a percentage of its assets in other investment companies if those investments are consistent with applicable law and/or exemptive orders obtained from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
In recent years, certain investment markets have experienced substantial price volatility. To the extent a Portfolio’s net assets decrease or increase in the future due to price volatility or share redemption or purchase activity, the Portfolio’s expense ratio may correspondingly increase or decrease from the expense ratio disclosed in this Prospectus.
The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund, and Short-Duration Government Fund invest in U.S. Government Securities, related repurchase agreements and certain derivative instruments, and none of these Underlying Funds invest in foreign securities. The investments of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund are limited by SEC regulations applicable to money market funds as described in its prospectus, and do not include many of the types of investments discussed below that are permitted for the other Underlying Funds. With these exceptions, and the further exceptions noted below, the following description applies generally to the Underlying Funds.
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APPENDIX A
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| | A. General Risks of the Underlying Funds | | | | |
The Underlying Equity Funds will be subject to the risks associated with common stocks and other equity investments. In general, the values of equity investments fluctuate in response to the activities of individual companies and in response to general market and economic conditions. Accordingly, the values of the equity investments that an Underlying Fund holds may decline over short or extended periods. The stock markets tend to be cyclical, with periods when stock prices generally rise and periods when prices generally decline. In recent years, stock markets have experienced substantial price volatility.
An investment in REITs by an Underlying Fund involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. REITs whose underlying properties are concentrated in a particular industry or geographic region are also subject to risks affecting such industries and regions. The securities of REITs involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements because of interest rate changes, economic conditions and other factors. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable the Underlying Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price.
The Underlying Fixed Income Funds will be subject to the risks associated with fixed income securities. These risks include interest rate risk, credit/default risk and call/extension risk. In general, interest rate risk involves the risk that when interest rates decline, the market value of fixed income securities tends to increase (although many mortgage-related securities will have less potential than other debt securities for capital appreciation during periods of declining rates). Conversely, when interest rates increase, the market value of fixed income securities tends to decline. Credit/default risk involves the risk that an issuer or guarantor could default on its obligations, and an Underlying Fund will not recover its investment. Call risk and extension risk are normally present in adjustable rate mortgage loans (“ARMs”), mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. For example, homeowners have the option to prepay their mortgages. Therefore, the duration of a security backed by home mortgages can either shorten (call risk) or lengthen (extension risk). In general, if interest rates on new mortgage loans fall sufficiently below the interest rates on existing outstanding mortgage loans, the rate of prepayment would be expected to increase. Conversely, if mortgage loan interest rates rise above the interest rates on existing outstanding mortgage loans, the rate of prepayment would be expected to decrease. In either case, a change in the prepayment rate can result in losses to investors. The same would be true of asset-backed securities, such as securities backed by car loans.
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Certain Underlying Funds may invest in non-investment grade fixed income securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”), which are rated below investment grade (or determined to be of comparable credit quality, if not rated) at the time of purchase and are therefore considered speculative. Because non-investment grade fixed income securities are issued by issuers with low credit ratings, they pose a greater risk of default than investment grade securities.
Certain Underlying Funds will be subject to the risk related to exposure to the commodities markets. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Underlying Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments.
The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund attempts to maintain a stable NAV of $1.00 per share and values its assets using the amortized cost method in accordance with SEC regulations. There is no assurance, however, that the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund will be successful in maintaining its per share value at $1.00 on a continuous basis. The per share NAVs of the other Underlying Funds are expected to fluctuate on a daily basis.
To the extent a Portfolio’s or an Underlying Fund’s net assets decrease or increase in the future due to price volatility or share redemption or purchase activity, the Portfolio’s or Underlying Fund’s expense ratio may correspondingly increase or decrease from the expense ratio disclosed in this Prospectus.
An Underlying Fund’s investment adviser will not consider the portfolio turnover rate a limiting factor in making investment decisions for an Underlying Fund. The portfolio turnover rates of the Underlying Funds have ranged from 14% to 560% during their most recent fiscal years. A high rate of portfolio turnover (100% or more) involves correspondingly greater expenses which must be borne by an Underlying Fund and its shareholders and is also likely to result in higher short-term capital gains taxable to shareholders. The portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing the lesser of the dollar amount of sales or purchases of portfolio securities by the average monthly value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities, excluding securities having a maturity at the date of purchase of one year or less.
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APPENDIX A
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| | B. Other Risks of the Underlying Funds | | | | |
Risks of Investing in Mid-Capitalization and Small-Capitalization Companies. Certain Underlying Funds may, to the extent consistent with their investment policies, invest in mid- and small-capitalization companies. Investments in mid- and small-capitalization companies involve greater risk and portfolio price volatility than investments in larger capitalization stocks. Among the reasons for the greater price volatility of these investments are the less certain growth prospects of smaller firms and the lower degree of liquidity in the markets for such securities. Mid- and small-capitalization companies may be thinly traded and may have to be sold at a discount from current market prices or in small lots over an extended period of time. In addition, these securities are subject to the risk that during certain periods the liquidity of particular issuers or industries, or all securities in particular investment categories, will shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic or market conditions, or adverse investor perceptions, whether or not accurate. Because of the lack of sufficient market liquidity, an Underlying Fund may incur losses because it will be required to effect sales at a disadvantageous time and only then at a substantial drop in price. Mid- and small-capitalization companies include “unseasoned” issuers that do not have an established financial history; often have limited product lines, markets or financial resources; may depend on or use a few key personnel for management; and may be susceptible to losses and risks of bankruptcy. Mid- and small-capitalization companies may be operating at a loss or have significant variations in operating results; may be engaged in a rapidly changing business with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence; may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, to finance expansion or to maintain their competitive position; and may have substantial borrowings or may otherwise have a weak financial condition. In addition, these companies may face intense competition, including competition from companies with greater financial resources, more extensive development, manufacturing, marketing, and other capabilities, and a larger number of qualified managerial and technical personnel. Transaction costs for these investments are often higher than those for larger capitalization companies. Investments in mid- and small-capitalization companies may be more difficult to price precisely than other types of securities because of their characteristics and lower trading volumes.
Risks of Writing Index and Related ETF Call Options. When certain Underlying Funds write (sell) index or related ETF call options, they forego the opportunity to benefit from an increase in the value of the index or related ETF above the exercise price (plus the premium received) of the option, but continue to bear the risk of a decline in the value of the index or related ETF. As the seller of the index or related ETF call options, the Underlying Fund receives cash (the “premium”) from the
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purchaser. Depending upon the type of call option, the purchaser of an index or related ETF call option either (i) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the index or related ETF over a fixed price (the “exercise price”) on a certain date in the future (the “expiration date”) or (ii) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the index or related ETF over the exercise price at any time prior to the expiration of the option. If the purchaser does not exercise the option, the Underlying Fund retains the premium. If the purchaser exercises the option, the Underlying Fund pays the purchaser the difference between the price of the index or related ETF and the exercise price of the option. The premium, the exercise price and the market value of the index or related ETF determine the gain or loss realized by the Underlying Fund as the seller of the index or related ETF call option. Certain Underlying Funds can also repurchase the call option prior to the expiration date, ending its obligation. In this case, the cost of entering into closing purchase transactions will determine the gain or loss realized by the fund.
Risks of Foreign Investments. In general, certain of the Underlying Funds will make foreign investments. Foreign investments involve special risks that are not typically associated with U.S. dollar denominated or quoted securities of U.S. issuers. Foreign investments may be affected by changes in currency rates, changes in foreign or U.S. laws or restrictions applicable to such investments and changes in exchange control regulations (e.g., currency blockage). A decline in the exchange rate of the currency (i.e., weakening of the currency against the U.S. dollar) in which a portfolio security is quoted or denominated relative to the U.S. dollar would reduce the value of the portfolio security. In addition, if the currency in which an Underlying Fund receives dividends, interest or other payments declines in value against the U.S. dollar before such income is distributed as dividends to shareholders or converted to U.S. dollars, the Underlying Fund may have to sell portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to pay such dividends.
Brokerage commissions, custodial services and other costs relating to investment in international securities markets generally are more expensive than in the United States. In addition, clearance and settlement procedures may be different in foreign countries and, in certain markets, such procedures have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, thus making it difficult to conduct such transactions.
Foreign issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards comparable to those applicable to U.S. issuers. There may be less publicly available information about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer. In addition, there is generally less government regulation of foreign markets, companies and securities dealers than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors
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may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. Foreign securities markets may have substantially less volume than U.S. securities markets and securities of many foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers. Furthermore, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of nationalization, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividend or interest payments (or, in some cases, capital gains distributions), limitations on the removal of funds or other assets from such countries, and risks of political or social instability or diplomatic developments which could adversely affect investments in those countries.
Concentration of an Underlying Fund’s assets in one or a few countries and currencies will subject an Underlying Fund to greater risks than if an Underlying Fund’s assets were not geographically concentrated.
Investments in foreign securities may take the form of sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”). Certain Underlying Funds may also invest in European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) or other similar instruments representing securities of foreign issuers. ADRs, GDRs and EDRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a bank or other depository. ADRs and certain GDRs are traded in the United States. GDRs may be traded in either the United States or in foreign markets. EDRs are traded primarily outside the United States. Prices of ADRs are quoted in U.S. dollars. EDRs and GDRs are not necessarily quoted in the same currency as the underlying security.
Foreign Custody Risk. An Underlying Fund that invests in foreign securities may hold such securities and cash with foreign banks, agents, and securities depositories appointed by the Underlying Fund’s custodian (each a “Foreign Custodian”). Some Foreign Custodians may be recently organized or new to the foreign custody business. In some countries, Foreign Custodians may be subject to little or no regulatory oversight over or independent evaluation of their operations. Further, the laws of certain countries may place limitations on an Underlying Fund’s ability to recover its assets if a Foreign Custodian enters bankruptcy. Investments in emerging markets may be subject to even greater custody risks than investments in more developed markets. Custody services in emerging market countries are very often undeveloped and may be considerably less well regulated than in more developed countries, and thus may not afford the same level of investor protection as would apply in developed countries.
Risks of Emerging Countries. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in securities of issuers located in emerging countries. The risks of foreign investment are heightened when the issuer is located in an emerging country. Emerging countries are generally located in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Central and South
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America. An Underlying Fund’s purchase and sale of portfolio securities in certain emerging countries may be constrained by limitations relating to daily changes in the prices of listed securities, periodic trading or settlement volume and/or limitations on aggregate holdings of foreign investors. Such limitations may be computed based on the aggregate trading volume by or holdings of an Underlying Fund, the investment adviser, its affiliates and their respective clients and other service providers. An Underlying Fund may not be able to sell securities in circumstances where price, trading or settlement volume limitations have been reached.
Foreign investment in the securities markets of certain emerging countries is restricted or controlled to varying degrees which may limit investment in such countries or increase the administrative costs of such investments. For example, certain Asian countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit investment by foreign persons to only a specified percentage of an issuer’s outstanding securities or a specific class of securities which may have less advantageous terms (including price) than securities of the issuer available for purchase by nationals. In addition, certain countries may restrict or prohibit investment opportunities in issuers or industries deemed important to national interests. Such restrictions may affect the market price, liquidity and rights of securities that may be purchased by an Underlying Fund. The repatriation of both investment income and capital from certain emerging countries is subject to restrictions such as the need for governmental consents. In situations where a country restricts direct investment in securities (which may occur in certain Asian and other countries), an Underlying Fund may invest in such countries through other investment funds in such countries.
Many emerging countries have experienced currency devaluations and substantial (and, in some cases, extremely high) rates of inflation. Other emerging countries have experienced economic recessions. These circumstances have had a negative effect on the economies and securities markets of such emerging countries. Economies in emerging countries generally are dependent heavily upon commodity prices and international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be affected adversely by the economies of their trading partners, trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade.
Many emerging countries are subject to a substantial degree of economic, political and social instability. Governments of some emerging countries are authoritarian in nature or have been installed or removed as a result of military coups, while governments in other emerging countries have periodically used force to suppress civil dissent. Disparities of wealth, the pace and success of democratization, and ethnic, religious and racial disaffection, among other factors, have also led to social unrest,
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violence and/or labor unrest in some emerging countries. Unanticipated political or social developments may result in sudden and significant investment losses. Investing in emerging countries involves greater risk of loss due to expropriation, nationalization, confiscation of assets and property or the imposition of restrictions on foreign investments and on repatriation of capital invested. As an example, in the past some Eastern European governments have expropriated substantial amounts of private property, and many claims of the property owners have never been fully settled. There is no assurance that similar expropriations will not occur in other countries.
An Underlying Fund’s investment in emerging countries may also be subject to withholding or other taxes, which may be significant and may reduce the return to the Underlying Fund from an investment in issuers in such countries.
Settlement procedures in emerging countries are frequently less developed and reliable than those in the United States and may involve an Underlying Fund’s delivery of securities before receipt of payment for their sale. In addition, significant delays may occur in certain markets in registering the transfer of securities. Settlement or registration problems may make it more difficult for an Underlying Fund to value its portfolio securities and could cause the Underlying Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities, to have a portion of its assets uninvested or to incur losses due to the failure of a counterparty to pay for securities the Underlying Fund has delivered or the Underlying Fund’s inability to complete its contractual obligations because of theft or other reasons.
The creditworthiness of the local securities firms used by an Underlying Fund in emerging countries may not be as sound as the creditworthiness of firms used in more developed countries. As a result, the Underlying Fund may be subject to a greater risk of loss if a securities firm defaults in the performance of its responsibilities.
The small size and inexperience of the securities markets in certain emerging countries and the limited volume of trading in securities in those countries may make an Underlying Fund’s investments in such countries less liquid and more volatile than investments in countries with more developed securities markets (such as the United States, Japan and most Western European countries). An Underlying Fund’s investments in emerging countries are subject to the risk that the liquidity of a particular investment, or investments generally, in such countries will shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic, market or political conditions, or adverse investor perceptions, whether or not accurate. Because of the lack of sufficient market liquidity, an Underlying Fund may incur losses because it will be required to effect sales at a disadvantageous time and then only at a substantial drop in price. Investments in emerging countries may be more difficult to value precisely because of the characteristics discussed above and lower trading volumes.
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An Underlying Fund’s use of foreign currency management techniques in emerging countries may be limited. Due to the limited market for these instruments in emerging countries, all or a significant portion of the Underlying Funds’ currency exposure in emerging countries may not be covered by such instruments.
Risks of Derivative Investments. The Underlying Funds may invest in derivative instruments including without limitation, options, futures, options on futures, forwards, participatory notes, swaps, structured securities and derivatives relating to foreign currency transactions. Investments in derivative instruments may be for both hedging and nonhedging purposes (that is, to seek to increase total return, although suitable derivative instruments may not always be available to an investment adviser for those purposes. Losses from investments in derivative instruments can result from a lack of correlation between changes in the value of derivative instruments and the portfolio assets (if any) being hedged, the potential illiquidity of the markets for derivative instruments, the failure of the counterparty to perform its contractual obligations, or the risks arising from margin requirements and related leverage factors associated with such transactions. The use of these management techniques also involves the risk of loss if the investment adviser is incorrect in its expectation of the timing or level of fluctuations in securities prices, interest rates or currency prices. Investments in derivative instruments may be harder to value, subject to greater volatility and more likely subject to changes in tax treatment than other investments. For these reasons, an investment adviser’s attempts to hedge portfolio risk through the use of derivative instruments may not be successful, and the investment adviser may choose not to hedge certain portfolio risks. Investing for nonhedging purposes is considered a speculative practice and presents even greater risk of loss.
Derivative mortgage-backed securities (such as principal-only (“POs”), interest-only (“IOs”) or inverse floating rate securities) are particularly exposed to call and extension risks. Small changes in mortgage prepayments can significantly impact the cash flow and the market value of these securities. In general, the risk of faster than anticipated prepayments adversely affects IOs, super floaters and premium priced mortgage-backed securities. The risk of slower than anticipated prepayments generally adversely affects POs, floating-rate securities subject to interest rate caps, support tranches and discount priced mortgage-backed securities. In addition, particular derivative instruments may be leveraged such that their exposure (i.e., price sensitivity) to interest rate and/or prepayment risk is magnified.
Risks of Investments in Central and South America. A significant portion of the Emerging Markets Debt Fund’s portfolio and the Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund’s portfolio may be invested in issuers located in Central and South American countries. The economies of Central and South American countries have experienced
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considerable difficulties in the past decade, including high inflation rates, high interest rates and currency devaluations. As a result, Central and South American securities markets have experienced great volatility. In addition, a number of Central and South American countries are among the largest emerging country debtors. There have been moratoria on, and reschedulings of, repayment with respect to these debts. Such events can restrict the flexibility of these debtor nations in the international markets and result in the imposition of onerous conditions on their economies. The political history of certain Central and South American countries has been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in civilian and economic spheres and political corruption. Such developments, if they were to recur, could reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization and removal of trade barriers. Certain Central and South American countries have entered into regional trade agreements that would, among other things, reduce barriers between countries, increase competition among companies and reduce government subsidies in certain industries. No assurance can be given that these changes will result in the economic stability intended. There is a possibility that these trade arrangements will not be implemented, will be implemented but not completed or will be completed but then partially or completely unwound. Any of the foregoing risk factors could have an adverse impact on these Underlying Fund’s investments in Central and South America.
Risks of Illiquid Securities. The Underlying Funds may invest up to 15% (5% in the case of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) of their net assets in illiquid securities which cannot be disposed of in seven days in the ordinary course of business at fair value. Illiquid securities in which some or all of the Underlying Funds may invest include:
| ¢ | | Both domestic and foreign securities that are not readily marketable |
| ¢ | | Certain municipal leases and participation interests |
| ¢ | | Certain stripped mortgage-backed securities |
| ¢ | | Repurchase agreements and time deposits with a notice or demand period of more than seven days |
| ¢ | | Certain over-the-counter options |
| ¢ | | Certain structured securities and swap transactions |
| ¢ | | Certain restricted securities, unless it is determined, based upon a review of the trading markets for a specific restricted security, that such restricted security is liquid because it is so-called “4(2) commercial paper” or is otherwise eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (“144A Securities”). |
Investing in 144A Securities may decrease the liquidity of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio to the extent that qualified institutional buyers become for a time
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uninterested in purchasing these restricted securities. The purchase price and subsequent valuation of restricted and illiquid securities normally reflect a discount, which may be significant, from the market price of comparable securities for which a liquid market exists.
Investments purchased by an Underlying Fund, particularly debt securities and over-the-counter traded instruments, that are liquid at the time of purchase may subsequently become illiquid due to events relating to the issuer of the securities, markets events, economic conditions or investor perceptions. Domestic and foreign markets are becoming more and more complex and interrelated, so that events in one sector of the market or the economy, or in one geographical region, can reverberate and have negative consequences for other market, economic or regional sectors in a manner that may not be reasonably foreseen. With respect to over-the-counter traded securities, the continued viability of any over-the-counter secondary market depends on the continued willingness of dealers and other participants to purchase the instruments.
If one or more securities in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio become illiquid, the Underlying Fund may exceed its 15 percent limitation in illiquid securities. In the event that changes in the portfolio or other external events cause the investments in illiquid instruments to exceed 15 percent of an Underlying Fund’s net assets, the Underlying Fund must take steps to bring the aggregate amount of illiquid instruments back within the prescribed limitations as soon as reasonably practicable. This requirement would not force an Underlying Fund to liquidate any portfolio instrument where the Underlying Fund would suffer a loss on the sale of that instrument.
In cases where no clear indication of the value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio instruments is available, the portfolio instruments will be valued at their fair value according to the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. These cases include, among others, situations where a security or other asset or liability does not have a price source, or the secondary markets on which an investment has previously been traded are no longer viable, due to its lack of liquidity. For more information on fair valuation, please see “How To Buy Shares—How Are Shares Priced?”
Downgraded Securities. After its purchase, a portfolio security may be assigned a lower rating or cease to be rated. If this occurs, an Underlying Fund may continue to hold the security if its investment adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
Equity Investments by Certain Underlying Fixed Income Funds. After its purchase, a portfolio investment held by certain Underlying Fixed Income Funds (such as a convertible debt obligation) may convert to an equity security. Alternatively, certain
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Underlying Fixed Income Funds may acquire equity securities in connection with a restructuring event related to one or more of its investments. If this occurs, the Underlying Fund may continue to hold the investment if the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
Credit/Default Risks. Debt securities purchased by the Underlying Funds may include U.S. Government Securities (including zero coupon bonds) and securities issued by foreign governments, domestic and foreign corporations, banks and other issuers. Some of these fixed income securities are described in the next section below. Further information is provided in the SAI, which is available upon request.
Debt securities rated BBB– or higher by Standard & Poor’s or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s or having a comparable rating by another NRSRO are considered “investment grade.” Securities rated BBB– or Baa3 are considered medium-grade obligations with speculative characteristics, and adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken their issuers’ capacity to pay interest and repay principal. A security will be deemed to have met a rating requirement if it receives the minimum required rating from at least one such rating organization even though it has been rated below the minimum rating by one or more other rating organizations, or if unrated by such rating organizations, the security is determined by the investment adviser to be of comparable credit quality. A security satisfies a Fund’s minimum rating requirement regardless of its relative ranking (for example, plus or minus) within a designated major rating category (for example, BBB or Baa). If a security satisfies an Underlying Fund’s minimum rating requirement at the time of purchase and is subsequently downgraded below such rating, the Underlying Fund will not be required to dispose of the security. If a downgrade occurs, the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser will consider which action, including the sale of the security, is in the best interest of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in fixed income securities rated BB or Ba or below (or comparable unrated securities) which are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.” Junk bonds are considered speculative and may be questionable as to principal and interest payments.
In some cases, junk bonds may be highly speculative, have poor prospects for reaching investment grade standing and be in default. As a result, investment in such bonds will present greater speculative risks than those associated with investment in investment grade bonds. Also, to the extent that the rating assigned to a security in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio is downgraded by a rating organization, the market price and liquidity of such security may be adversely affected.
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Risks of Initial Public Offerings. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in IPOs. An IPO is a company’s first offering of stock to the public. IPO risk is the risk that the market value of IPO shares will fluctuate considerably due to factors such as the absence of a prior public market, unseasoned trading, the small number of shares available for trading and limited information about the issuer. The purchase of IPO shares may involve high transaction costs. IPO shares are subject to market risk and liquidity risk. When an Underlying Fund’s asset base is small, a significant portion of the Underlying Fund’s performance could be attributable to investments in IPOs, because such investments would have a magnified impact on the Underlying Fund. As the Underlying Fund’s assets grow, the effect of the Underlying Fund’s investments in IPOs on the Underlying Fund’s performance probably will decline, which could reduce the Underlying Fund’s performance. Because of the price volatility of IPO shares, an Underlying Fund may choose to hold IPO shares for a very short period of time. This may increase the turnover of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses to an Underlying Fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling IPO shares, the Underlying Fund may realize taxable gains it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. In addition, the market for IPO shares can be speculative and/or inactive for extended periods of time. There is no assurance that an Underlying Fund will be able to obtain allocable portions of IPO shares. The limited number of shares available for trading in some IPOs may make it more difficult for an Underlying Fund to buy or sell significant amounts of shares without an unfavorable impact on prevailing prices. Investors in IPO shares can be affected by substantial dilution in the value of their shares, by sales of additional shares and by concentration of control in existing management and principal shareholders.
Non-Diversification and Geographic and Sector Risks. The International Real Estate Securities Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, Global Income Fund and Emerging Markets Debt Fund are each registered as a “non-diversified” fund under the Act and are, therefore, more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments. In addition, the Global Income Fund and Emerging Markets Debt Fund, and certain other Underlying Funds, may invest a significant portion of their total assets in the securities of corporate and governmental issuers located in a particular foreign country or region. Concentration of the investments of these or other Underlying Funds in issuers located in a particular country or region will subject the Underlying Fund, to a greater extent than if investments were less concentrated, to losses arising from adverse developments affecting those issuers or countries.
Risks of Sovereign Debt. Investment in sovereign debt obligations by an Underlying Fund involves risks not present in debt obligations of corporate issuers. The issuer of
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the debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due in accordance
with the terms of such debt, and the Underlying Fund may have limited recourse to compel payment in the event of a default. Periods of economic uncertainty may result in the volatility of market prices of sovereign debt, and in turn the Underlying Fund’s NAV, to a greater extent than the volatility inherent in debt obligations of U.S. issuers.
A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and pay interest in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign currency reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor’s policy toward international lenders, and the political constraints to which a sovereign debtor may be subject.
Risks of Structured Investment Vehicles. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in structured investment vehicles (“SIVs”). SIVs are legal entities that are sponsored by banks, broker-dealers or other financial firms specifically created for the purpose of issuing particular securities or instruments. SIVs are often leveraged and securities issued by SIVs may have differing credit preferences. Investments in SIVs present counterparty risks, although they may be subject to a guarantee or other financial support by the sponsoring entity. Investments in SIVs may be more volatile, less liquid and more difficult to price accurately than other types of investments.
Temporary Investment Risks. Each Underlying Fund may, for temporary defensive purposes, invest a substantial portion, and in some cases all, of its total assets in:
| ¢ | | U.S. Government Securities |
| ¢ | | Commercial paper rated at least A-2 by Standard & Poor’s, P-2 by Moody’s or having a comparable rating by another NRSRO (or, if unrated, determined by the Investment Adviser to be of comparable credit quality) |
| ¢ | | Certificates of deposit |
| ¢ | | Non-convertible preferred stocks and non-convertible corporate bonds with a remaining maturity of less than one year |
| ¢ | | Other investment companies |
When an Underlying Fund’s assets are invested in such instruments, the Underlying Fund may not be achieving its investment objective.
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Risks of Equity Swap Transactions. In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns, differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on a particular predetermined asset (or group of assets) which may be adjusted for transaction costs, interest payments, dividends paid on the reference asset or other factors. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” for example, the increase or decrease in value of a particular dollar amount invested in the asset.
Equity swaps may be structured in different ways. For example, when an Underlying Fund takes a long position, a counterparty may agree to pay the Underlying Fund the amount, if any, by which the notional amount of the equity swap would have increased in value had it been invested in a particular stock (or group of stocks), plus the dividends that would have been received on the stock. In these cases, the Underlying Fund may agree to pay to the counterparty interest on the notional amount of the equity swap plus the amount, if any, by which that notional amount would have decreased in value had it been invested in such stock. Therefore, in this case the return to the Underlying Fund on the equity swap should be the gain or loss on the notional amount plus dividends on the stock less the interest paid by the Underlying Fund on the notional amount. In other cases, when an Underlying Fund takes a short position, a counterparty may agree to pay the Underlying Fund the amount, if any, by which the notional amount of the equity swap would have decreased in value had the Underlying Fund sold a particular stock (or group of stocks) short, less the dividend expense that the Underlying Fund would have paid on the stock, as adjusted for interest payments or other economic factors.
Under an equity swap, payments may be made at the conclusion of the equity swap or periodically during its term. Sometimes, however, the Investment Adviser may be able to terminate a swap contract prior to its term, subject to any potential termination fee that is in addition to the Underlying Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap.
Equity swaps are derivatives and their value can be very volatile. To the extent that the Investment Adviser does not accurately analyze and predict future market trends, the values of assets or economic factors, or the creditworthiness of the counterparty, an Underlying Fund may suffer a loss, which may be substantial.
Risks of Large Shareholder Redemptions. Certain funds, accounts, individuals or Goldman Sachs affiliates may from time to time own (beneficially or of record) or control a significant percentage of an Underlying Fund’s shares. Redemptions by these funds, accounts or individuals of their holdings in an Underlying Fund may impact the Underlying Fund’s liquidity and NAV. These redemptions may also force
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an Underlying Fund to sell securities, which may negatively impact the Underlying Fund’s brokerage and tax costs.
Risks of Short Selling. Certain Underlying Funds may engage in short selling. In these transactions, an Underlying Fund sells a financial instrument it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of the instrument, then must borrow the instrument to make delivery to the buyer. The Underlying Fund is obligated to replace the financial instrument borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the instrument was sold by the Underlying Fund, which may result in a loss or gain, respectively. Unlike purchasing a financial instrument like a stock, where potential losses are limited to the purchase price and there is no upside limit on potential gain, short sales involve no cap on maximum losses, while gains are limited to the price of the stock at the time of the short sale.
An Underlying Fund may, during the term of any short sale, withdraw the cash proceeds of such short sale and use these cash proceeds to purchase additional securities or for any other Underlying Fund purposes. Because cash proceeds are Underlying Fund assets which are typically used to satisfy the collateral requirements for the short sale, the reinvestment of these cash proceeds may require an Underlying Fund to post as collateral other securities that it owns. If the Underlying Fund reinvests the cash proceeds, the Underlying Fund might be required to post an amount greater than its net assets (but less than its total assets) as collateral. For these or other reasons, the Underlying Fund might be required to liquidate long and short positions at times that may be disadvantageous to the Underlying Fund. Certain Underlying Funds may also make short sales against the box, in which an Underlying Fund enters into a short sale of a financial instrument which it owns or has the right to obtain at no additional cost.
| | | | | | |
| | C. Investment Securities and Techniques | | | | |
This section provides further information on certain types of securities and investment techniques that may be used by the Underlying Funds, including their associated risks.
An Underlying Fund may purchase other types of securities or instruments similar to those described in this section if otherwise consistent with the Underlying Fund’s investment objective and policies. Further information is provided in the SAI, which is available upon request.
U.S. Government Securities. Each Underlying Fund may invest in U.S. Government Securities. U.S. Government Securities include U.S. Treasury obligations and obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. U.S. Government Securities may be supported by (i) the full faith
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and credit of the U.S. Treasury; (ii) the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; (iii) the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the issuer; or (iv) only the credit of the issuer. U.S. Government Securities also include Treasury receipts, zero coupon bonds and other stripped U.S. Government Securities, where the interest and principal components are traded independently. U.S. Government Securities may also include Treasury inflation-protected securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. U.S. Treasury Obligations include, among other things, the separately traded principal and interest components of securities guaranteed or issued by the U.S. Treasury if such components are traded independently under the Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities program (“STRIPS”).
U.S. Government Securities are deemed to include (i) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. government, its agencies, authorities or instrumentalities; and (ii) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are so guaranteed. Certain of these participations may be regarded as illiquid. U.S. Government Securities also include zero coupon bonds.
U.S. Government Securities have historically involved little risk of loss of principal if held to maturity. However, no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support to U.S. government agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises if it is not obligated to do so by law.
Stable NAV Risk. The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund attempts to maintain a stable NAV of $1.00 per share. Stable NAV Risk is the risk that the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund will not be able to maintain a NAV per share of $1.00 at all times. Shareholders of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund, such as a Portfolio, should not rely on or expect the Fund’s investment adviser or an affiliate to purchase distressed assets from the Fund, make capital infusions into the Fund, enter into capital support agreements with the Fund or take other actions to help the Fund maintain a stable $1.00 share price.
Custodial Receipts and Trust Certificates. Each Underlying Fund may invest in custodial receipts and trust certificates representing interests in securities held by a custodian or trustee. The securities so held may include U.S. Government Securities, Municipal Securities or other types of securities in which an Underlying Fund may invest. The custodial receipts or trust certificates may evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on the underlying securities, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian or trustee. For certain securities laws purposes, custodial receipts and trust certificates may not be considered obligations of
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the U.S. government or other issuer of the securities held by the custodian or trustee. If for tax purposes an Underlying Fund is not considered to be the owner of the underlying securities held in the custodial or trust account, the Underlying Fund may suffer adverse tax consequences. As a holder of custodial receipts and trust certificates, an Underlying Fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account or trust. Each Underlying Fund may also invest in separately issued interests in custodial receipts and trust certificates.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in securities that represent direct or indirect participations in, or are collateralized by and payable from, mortgage loans secured by real property (“Mortgage-Backed Securities”). Mortgage-Backed Securities can be backed by either fixed rate mortgage loans or adjustable rate mortgage loans, and may be issued by either a governmental or non-governmental entity. The value of some Mortgage-Backed securities may be particularly sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates. The value of these securities may also fluctuate in response to the market’s perception of the creditworthiness of the issuers. Early repayment of principal on Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities may expose an Underlying Fund to the risk of earning a lower rate of return upon reinvestment of principal. Privately issued Mortgage-Backed Securities are normally structured with one or more types of “credit enhancement.” However, these Mortgage-Backed Securities typically do not have the same credit standing as U.S. government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in privately-issued mortgage pass-through securities that represent interests in pools of mortgage loans that are issued by trusts formed by originators of and institutional investors in mortgage loans (or represent interests in custodial arrangements administered by such institutions).
These originators and institutions include commercial banks, savings and loans associations, credit unions, savings banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, investment banks or special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing. The pools underlying privately-issued mortgage pass-through securities consist of mortgage loans secured by mortgages or deeds of trust creating a first lien on commercial, residential, residential multifamily and mixed residential/commercial properties. These Mortgage-Backed Securities typically do not have the same credit standing as U.S. government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities.
Privately-issued mortgage pass-through securities generally offer a higher yield than similar securities issued by a government entity because of the absence of any direct or indirect government or agency payment guarantees. However, timely payment of interest and principal on mortgage loans in these pools may be supported by various other forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, pool and hazard
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insurance, subordination and letters of credit. Such insurance and guarantees may be issued by private insurers, banks and mortgage poolers. There is no guarantee that private guarantors or insurers, if any, will meet their obligations. Mortgage-Backed Securities without insurance or guarantees may also be purchased by an Underlying Fund if they have the required rating from an NRSRO. Mortgage-Backed Securities issued by private organizations may not be readily marketable, may be more difficult to value accurately and may be more volatile than similar securities issued by a government entity.
Mortgage-Backed Securities may include multiple class securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), and Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”) pass-through or participation certificates. A REMIC is a CMO that qualifies for special tax treatment under the Code and invests in certain mortgages principally secured by interests in real property and other permitted investments. CMOs provide an investor with a specified interest in the cash flow from a pool of underlying mortgages or of other Mortgage-Backed Securities. CMOs are issued in multiple classes each with a specified fixed or floating interest rate, and a final scheduled distribution date. In many cases, payments of principal are applied to the CMO classes in the order of their respective stated maturities, so that no principal payments will be made on a CMO class until all other classes having an earlier stated maturity date are paid in full.
Sometimes, however, CMO classes are “parallel pay,” i.e., payments of principal are made to two or more classes concurrently. In some cases, CMOs may have the characteristics of a stripped mortgage-backed security whose price can be highly volatile. CMOs may exhibit more or less price volatility and interest rate risk than other types of Mortgage-Backed Securities, and under certain interest rate and payment scenarios, the Underlying Fund may fail to recoup fully its investment in certain of these securities regardless of their credit quality.
To the extent an Underlying Fund concentrates its investments in pools of Mortgage-Backed Securities sponsored by the same sponsor or serviced by the same servicer, it may be subject to additional risks. Servicers of mortgage-related pools collect payments on the underlying mortgage assets for pass-through to the pool on a periodic basis. Upon insolvency of the servicer, the pool may be at risk with respect to collections received by the servicer but not yet delivered to the pool.
Mortgage-Backed Securities also include stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities (“SMBS”), which are derivative multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities. SMBS are usually structured with two different classes: one that receives substantially all of the interest payments and the other that receives substantially all of the principal payments from a pool of mortgage loans. The market value of SMBS consisting
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entirely of principal payments generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The yields on SMBS that receive all or most of the interest from mortgage loans are generally higher than prevailing market yields on other Mortgage-Backed Securities because their cash flow patterns are more volatile and there is a greater risk that the initial investment will not be fully recouped.
Throughout 2008, the market for mortgage-backed securities began experiencing substantially, often dramatically, lower valuations and greatly reduced liquidity. Markets for other asset-backed securities have also been affected. These instruments are increasingly subject to liquidity constraints, price volatility, credit downgrades and unexpected increases in default rates and, therefore, may be more difficult to value and more difficult to dispose of than previously. These events may have been an adverse effect on the Underlying Funds to the extent they invest in mortgage-backed or other fixed income securities or instruments affected by the volatility in the fixed income markets.
Asset-Backed Securities. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities are securities whose principal and interest payments are collateralized by pools of assets such as auto loans, credit card receivables, leases, installment contracts and personal property. Asset-backed securities are often subject to more rapid repayment than their stated maturity date would indicate as a result of the pass-through of prepayments of principal on the underlying loans. During periods of declining interest rates, prepayment of loans underlying asset-backed securities can be expected to accelerate. Accordingly, an Underlying Fund’s ability to maintain positions in such securities will be affected by reductions in the principal amount of such securities resulting from prepayments, and its ability to reinvest the returns of principal at comparable yields is subject to generally prevailing interest rates at that time. Asset-backed securities present credit risks that are not presented by Mortgage-Backed Securities. This is because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable to mortgage assets. If the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, the Underlying Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Underlying Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on the securities. In the event of a default, an Underlying Fund may suffer a loss if it cannot sell collateral quickly and receive the amount it is owed. Asset-backed securities may also be subject to increased volatility and may become illiquid and more difficult to value even where there is no default or threat of default due to market conditions impacting asset-backed securities more generally.
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Municipal Securities. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in securities and instruments issued by state and local government issuers. Municipal Securities in which an Underlying Fund may invest consist of bonds, notes, commercial paper and other instruments (including participation interests in such securities) issued by or on behalf of the states, territories and possessions of the United States (including the District of Columbia) and their political subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities.
Municipal Securities include both “general” and “revenue” bonds and may be issued to obtain funds for various public purposes. General obligations are secured by the issuer’s pledge of its full faith, credit and taxing power. Revenue obligations are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities. Such securities may pay fixed, variable or floating rates of interest. Municipal Securities are often issued to obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities such as bridges, highways, housing, hospitals, mass transportation, schools, streets and water and sewer works. Municipal Securities in which the Underlying Funds may invest include private activity bonds, pre-refunded municipal securities and auction rate securities. Dividends paid by an Underlying Fund based on investments in private activity bonds will be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax.
The obligations of the issuer to pay the principal of and interest on a Municipal Security are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the Federal Bankruptcy Act, and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest or imposing other constraints upon the enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power or ability of the issuer to pay when due the principal of or interest on a municipal security may be materially affected.
In addition, Municipal Securities include municipal leases, certificates of participation and “moral obligation” bonds. A municipal lease is an obligation issued by a state or local government to acquire equipment or facilities. Certificates of participation represent interests in municipal leases or other instruments, such as installment purchase agreements. Moral obligation bonds are supported by a moral commitment but not a legal obligation of a state or local government. Municipal leases, certificates of participation and moral obligation bonds frequently involve special risks not normally associated with general obligation or revenue bonds. In particular, these instruments permit governmental issuers to acquire property and equipment without meeting constitutional and statutory requirements for the issuance of debt. If, however, the governmental issuer does not periodically appropriate money to enable it to meet its payment obligations under these instruments, it cannot be legally
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compelled to do so. If a default occurs, it is likely that an Underlying Fund would be unable to obtain another acceptable source of payment. Some municipal leases, certificates of participation and moral obligation bonds may be illiquid.
Municipal securities may also be in the form of a tender option bond, which is a municipal security (generally held pursuant to a custodial arrangement) having a relatively long maturity and bearing interest at a fixed rate substantially higher than prevailing short-term, tax-exempt rates. The bond is typically issued with the agreement of a third party, such as a bank, broker-dealer or other financial institution, which grants the security holders the option, at periodic intervals, to tender their securities to the institution. After payment of a fee to the financial institution that provides this option, the security holder effectively holds a demand obligation that bears interest at the prevailing short-term, tax-exempt rate. An institution may not be obligated to accept tendered bonds in the event of certain defaults or a significant downgrading in the credit rating assigned to the issuer of the bond. The tender option will be taken into account in determining the maturity of the tender option bonds and an Underlying Fund’s duration. There is risk that an Underlying Fund will not be considered the owner of a tender option bond for federal income tax purposes, and thus will not be entitled to treat such interest as exempt from federal income tax. Certain tender option bonds may be illiquid.
Municipal securities may be backed by letters of credit or other forms of credit enhancement issued by domestic or foreign banks or by other financial institutions. The deterioration in the credit quality of these banks and financial institutions could, therefore, cause a loss to an Underlying Fund that invests in such municipal securities. Letters of credit and other obligations of foreign banks and financial institutions may involve risks in addition to those of domestic obligations because of less publicly available financial and other information, less securities regulation, potential imposition of foreign withholding and other taxes, war, expropriation or other adverse governmental actions. Foreign banks and their foreign branches are not regulated by U.S. banking authorities, and are generally not bound by the accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards applicable to U.S. banks.
Brady Bonds and Similar Instruments. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in debt obligations commonly referred to as “Brady Bonds.” Brady Bonds are created through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to foreign borrowers for new obligations in connection with debt restructurings under a plan introduced by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Nicholas F. Brady (the “Brady Plan”).
Brady Bonds involve various risk factors including the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds. There can be no assurance that Brady Bonds in which an Underlying Fund
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may invest will not be subject to restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit, which may cause an Underlying Fund to suffer a loss of interest or principal on its holdings.
In addition, an Underlying Fund may invest in other interests issued by entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by emerging country issuers. These types of restructuring involve the deposit with or purchase by an entity of specific instruments and the issuance by that entity of one or more classes of securities backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. Certain issuers of such structured securities may be deemed to be “investment companies” as defined in the Act. As a result, an Underlying Fund’s investment in such securities may be limited by certain investment restrictions contained in the Act.
Commercial Paper. An Underlying Fund may invest in commercial paper, including variable amount master demand notes and asset-backed commercial paper. Commercial paper normally represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations, finance companies and other issuers. The commercial paper purchased by an Underlying Fund consists of direct U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of domestic or, in the case of certain Underlying Funds, foreign issuers. Asset-backed commercial paper is issued by a special purpose entity that is organized to issue the commercial paper and to purchase trade receivables or other financial assets. The credit quality of asset-backed commercial paper depends primarily on the quality of these assets and the level of any additional credit support.
Short-Term Obligations. The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund may invest in other short-term obligations, including master demand notes and short-term funding agreements payable in U.S. dollars and issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations, foreign corporations or other entities. A master demand note permits the investment of varying amounts by the Underlying Fund under an agreement between the Underlying Fund and an issuer. The principal amount of a master demand note may be increased from time to time by the parties (subject to specified maximums) or decreased by the Underlying Fund or the issuer. A funding agreement is a contract between an issuer and a purchaser that obligates the issuer to pay a guaranteed rate of interest on a principal sum deposited by the purchaser. Funding agreements will also guarantee a stream of payments over time. A funding agreement has a fixed maturity date and may have either a fixed rate or variable interest rate that is based on an index and guaranteed for a set time period. Because there is normally no secondary market for these investments, funding agreements purchased by the Underlying Fund may be regarded as illiquid.
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Corporate Debt Obligations; Bank Obligations; Trust Preferred Securities; Convertible Securities. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in corporate debt obligations, trust preferred securities and convertible securities. Corporate debt obligations include bonds, notes, debentures, commercial paper and other obligations of U.S. or foreign corporations to pay interest and repay principal. In addition, certain Underlying Funds may invest in obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. or foreign banks. Bank obligations, including without limitation, time deposits, bankers’ acceptances and certificates of deposit, may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by governmental regulations. Banks are subject to extensive but different governmental regulations which may limit both the amount and types of loans which may be made and interest rates which may be charged. In addition, the profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. General economic conditions as well as exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers play an important part in the operation of this industry. A trust preferred security is a long dated bond (for example, 30 years) with preferred features. The preferred features are that payment of interest can be deferred for a specified period without initiating a default event. The securities are generally senior in claim to standard preferred stock but junior to other bondholders. Certain Underlying Funds may also invest in other short-term obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations, non-U.S. corporations or other entities.
Convertible securities are preferred stock or debt obligations that are convertible into common stock. Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than nonconvertible securities of similar quality. Convertible securities in which an Underlying Fund invests are subject to the same rating criteria as its other investments in fixed income securities. Convertible securities have both equity and fixed income risk characteristics. Like all fixed income securities, the value of convertible securities is susceptible to the risk of market losses attributable to changes in interest rates. Generally, the market value of convertible securities tends to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. However, when the market price of the common stock underlying a convertible security exceeds the conversion price of the convertible security, the convertible security tends to reflect the market price of the underlying common stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the convertible security, like a fixed income security, tends to trade increasingly on a yield basis, and thus may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock.
Zero Coupon, Deferred Interest, Pay-In-Kind and Capital Appreciation Bonds. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in zero coupon, deferred interest, pay-in-kind
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and capital appreciation bonds. These bonds are issued at a discount from their face value because interest payments are typically postponed until maturity. Pay-in-kind securities are securities that have interest payable by the delivery of additional securities. The market prices of these securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of interest-bearing securities and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than interest-bearing securities having similar maturities and credit quality.
Duration. The duration of certain of the Underlying Fixed Income Funds approximates their price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. For example, suppose that interest rates in one day fall by one percent which, in turn, causes yields on every bond in the market to fall by the same amount. In this example, the price of a bond with a duration of three years may be expected to rise approximately three percent and the price of a bond with a five year duration may be expected to rise approximately five percent. The converse is also true. Suppose interest rates in one day rise by one percent which, in turn, causes yields on every bond in the market to rise by the same amount. In this second example, the price of a bond with a duration of three years may be expected to fall approximately three percent and the price of a bond with a five year duration may be expected to fall approximately five percent. The longer the duration of a bond, the more sensitive the bond’s price is to changes in interest rates. Maturity measures the time until final payment is due; it takes no account of the pattern of a security’s cash flows over time. In calculating maturity, an Underlying Fund may determine the maturity of a variable or floating rate obligation according to its interest rate reset date, or the date principal can be recovered on demand, rather than the date of ultimate maturity. Similarly, to the extent that a fixed income obligation has a call, refunding, or redemption provision, the date on which the instrument is expected to be called, refunded or redeemed may be considered to be its maturity date. There is no guarantee that the expected call, refund or redemption will occur, and an Underlying Fund’s average maturity may lengthen beyond the investment adviser’s expectations should the expected call, refund or redemption not occur. In computing portfolio duration, an Underlying Fund will estimate the duration of obligations that are subject to prepayment or redemption by the issuer, taking into account the influence of interest rates on prepayments and coupon flows. This method of computing duration is known as “option-adjusted” duration. The investment adviser of an Underlying Fund may use futures contracts, options on futures contracts and swaps to manage the Underlying Fund’s target duration in accordance with its benchmark. An Underlying Fund will not be limited as to its maximum weighted average portfolio maturity or the maximum stated maturity with respect to individual securities unless otherwise noted.
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The investment adviser of an Underlying Fund uses derivative instruments, among other things, to manage the durations of the fund’s investment portfolio. These derivative instruments include financial futures contracts and swap transactions, as well as other types of derivatives, and can be used to shorten and lengthen the duration of an Underlying Fund. An Underlying Fund’s investments in derivative instruments, including financial futures contracts and swaps, can be significant. These transactions can result in sizeable realized and unrealized capital gains and losses relative to the gains and losses from an Underlying Fund’s investments in bonds and other securities. Short-term and long-term realized capital gains distributions paid by an Underlying Fund are taxable to its shareholders.
Interest rates, fixed income securities prices, the prices of futures and other derivatives, and currency exchange rates can be volatile, and a variance in the degree of volatility or in the direction of the market from an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s expectations may produce significant losses in an Underlying Fund’s investments in derivatives. In addition, a perfect correlation between a derivatives position and a fixed income security position is generally impossible to achieve. As a result, an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s use of derivatives may not be effective in fulfilling an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s investment strategies and may contribute to losses that would not have been incurred otherwise.
Financial futures contracts used by an Underlying Fund include interest rate futures contracts including, among others, Eurodollar futures contracts. Eurodollar futures contracts are U.S. dollar-denominated futures contracts that are based on the implied forward London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) of a three-month deposit. Further information is included in this Prospectus regarding futures contracts, swaps and other derivative instruments used by an Underlying Fund, including information on the risks presented by these instruments and other purposes for which they may be used by the Underlying Funds.
Rating Criteria. Except as noted below, the Underlying Equity Funds (other than the Structured Equity Funds, which may only invest in debt instruments that are cash equivalents) may invest in debt securities rated at least investment grade at the time of investment. Investment grade debt securities are securities rated BBB or higher by Standard & Poor’s or Baa or higher by Moody’s. The Emerging Markets Equity Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets plus any borrowings for investment purposes (measured at time of purchase) and the Real Estate Securities Fund and International Real Estate Securities Fund may invest up to 20% of its total assets not including securities lending collateral (measured at time of purchase) in debt securities which are rated in the lowest rating categories by Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s (i.e., BB or lower by Standard & Poor’s or Ba or lower by Moody’s), including securities rated D
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by Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s. Fixed income securities rated BB or Ba or below (or comparable unrated securities) are commonly referred to as “junk bonds,” are considered predominately speculative and may be questionable as to principal and interest payments as described above.
Structured Securities and Inverse Floaters. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in structured securities. Structured securities are securities whose value is determined by reference to changes in the value of specific currencies, securities interest rates, commodities, indices or other financial indicators (the “Reference”) or the relative change in two or more References. Investments in structured securities may provide exposure to certain securities or markets in situations where regulatory or other restrictions prevent direct investments in such issuers or markets.
The interest rate or the principal amount payable upon maturity or redemption may be increased or decreased depending upon changes in the applicable Reference. Structured securities may be positively or negatively indexed, so that appreciation of the Reference may produce an increase or decrease in the interest rate or value of the security at maturity. In addition, changes in the interest rates or the value of the security at maturity may be a multiple of changes in the value of the Reference, effectively leveraging the Fund’s investment so that small changes in the value of the Reference may result in disproportionate gains or losses to the Fund. Consequently, structured securities may present a greater degree of market risk than many types of securities, and may be more volatile, less liquid and more difficult to price accurately than less complex securities. Structured securities are also subject to the risks that the issuer of the structured securities may fail to perform its contractual obligations. Certain issuers of structured products may be deemed to be investment companies as defined in the Investment Company Act. As a result, an Underlying Fund’s investments in structured securities may be subject to the limits applicable to investments in other investment companies.
Structured securities include, but are not limited to, inverse floating rate debt securities (“inverse floaters”). The interest rate on inverse floaters resets in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. The higher the degree of leverage of an inverse floater, the greater the volatility of its market value.
Structured securities may also include equity linked notes. An equity linked note is a note whose performance is tied to a single stock, a stock index or a basket of stocks. Equity linked notes combine the principal protection normally associated with fixed income investments with the potential for capital appreciation normally associated
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with equity investments. Upon the maturity of the note, the holder generally receives a return of principal based on the capital appreciation of the linked securities. Depending on the terms of the note, equity linked notes may also have a “cap” or “floor” on the maximum principal amount to be repaid to holders, irrespective of the performance of the underlying linked securities. For example, a note may guarantee the repayment of the original principal amount invested (even if the underlying linked securities have negative performance during the note’s term), but may cap the maximum payment at maturity at a certain percentage of the issuance price or the return of the underlying linked securities. Alternatively, the note may not guarantee a full return on the original principal, but may offer a greater participation in any capital appreciation of the underlying linked securities. The terms of an equity linked note may also provide for periodic interest payments to holders at either a fixed or floating rate. The secondary market for equity linked notes may be limited, and the lack of liquidity in the secondary market may make these securities difficult to dispose of and to value. Equity linked notes will be considered equity securities for purposes of an Underlying Fund’s investment objective and policies.
Structured securities may also include credit linked notes. Credit linked notes are securities with embedded credit default swaps. An investor holding a credit linked note generally receives a fixed or floating coupon and the note’s par value upon maturity, unless the referred credit defaults or declares bankruptcy, in which case the investor receives the amount recovered. In effect, investors holding credit linked notes receive a higher yield in exchange for assuming the risk of a specified credit event.
Floating and Variable Rate Obligations. Certain Underlying Funds may purchase floating and variable rate obligations. The value of these obligations is generally more stable than that of a fixed rate obligation in response to changes in interest rate levels. The issuers or financial intermediaries providing demand features may support their ability to purchase the obligations by obtaining credit with liquidity supports. These may include lines of credit, which are conditional commitments to lend, and letters of credit, which will ordinarily be irrevocable both of which may be issued by domestic banks or foreign banks. An Underlying Fund may purchase variable or floating rate obligations from the issuers or may purchase certificates of participation, a type of floating or variable rate obligation, which are interests in a pool of debt obligations held by a bank or other financial institutions.
Foreign Currency Transactions. Certain Underlying Funds may, to the extent consistent with their investment policies, purchase or sell foreign currencies on a cash basis or through forward contracts. A forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date at a price set at the time of the contract. Certain Underlying Funds may engage in foreign currency transactions for
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hedging purposes and to seek to protect against anticipated changes in future foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, certain Underlying Funds may enter into foreign currency transactions to seek a closer correlation between the Underlying Fund’s overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of the Underlying Fund’s performance benchmark. Certain Underlying Funds may also enter into such transactions to seek to increase total return, which is considered a speculative practice.
Certain Underlying Funds may also engage in cross-hedging by using forward contracts in a currency different from that in which the hedged security is denominated or quoted. An Underlying Fund may hold foreign currency received in connection with investments in foreign securities when, in the judgment of the investment adviser, it would be beneficial to convert such currency into U.S. dollars at a later date (e.g., the investment adviser may anticipate the foreign currency to appreciate against the U.S. dollar).
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time, causing, along with other factors, an Underlying Fund’s NAV to fluctuate (when an Underlying Fund’s NAV fluctuates, the value of your shares may go up or down). Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by the intervention of U.S. or foreign governments or central banks, or the failure to intervene, or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad.
The market in forward foreign currency exchange contracts, currency swaps and other privately negotiated currency instruments offers less protection against defaults by the other party to such instruments than is available for currency instruments traded on an exchange. Such contracts are subject to the risk that the counterparty to the contract will default on its obligations. Because these contracts are not guaranteed by an exchange or clearinghouse, a default on a contract would deprive an Underlying Fund of unrealized profits, transaction costs, or the benefits of a currency hedge, or could force the Underlying Fund to cover its purchase or sale commitments, if any, at the current market price. As an investment company registered with the SEC, each Underlying Fund must identify on its books (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” open positions with respect to its transactions in forward currency contracts.
Options on Securities, Securities Indices and Foreign Currencies. A put option gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell, and the writer (seller) of the option the obligation to buy, the underlying instrument during the option period. A call option gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and the writer (seller) of the option the obligation to sell, the underlying instrument during the option period. Each Underlying Fund may write (sell) covered call and put options and purchase put and call options on any securities in which the Underlying Fund may invest or on any
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securities index consisting of securities in which it may invest. Certain Underlying Funds may also, to the extent consistent with their investment policies, purchase and sell (write) put and call options on foreign currencies.
The writing and purchase of options is a highly specialized activity which involves special investment risks. Options may be used for either hedging or cross-hedging purposes, or to seek to increase total return (which is considered a speculative activity). The successful use of options depends in part on the ability of an investment adviser to anticipate future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities (or currency) markets. If an investment adviser is incorrect in its expectation of changes in market prices or determination of the correlation between the instruments or indices on which options are written and purchased and the instruments in an Underlying Fund’s investment portfolio, the Underlying Fund may incur losses that it would not otherwise incur. The use of options can also increase an Underlying Fund’s transaction costs. Options written or purchased by the Underlying Funds may be traded on either U.S. or foreign exchanges or over-the-counter. Foreign and over-the-counter options will present greater possibility of loss because of their greater illiquidity and credit risks.
When writing an option, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” its obligations under the option contract.
Yield Curve Options. Certain Underlying Funds may enter into options on the yield “spread” or differential between two securities. Such transactions are referred to as “yield curve” options. In contrast to other types of options, a yield curve option is based on the difference between the yields of designated securities rather than the prices of the individual securities, and is settled through cash payments. Accordingly, a yield curve option is profitable to the holder if this differential widens (in the case of a call) or narrows (in the case of a put), regardless of whether the yields of the underlying securities increase or decrease.
The trading of yield curve options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, such options present a risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, or if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
When writing an option, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” its obligations under the option contract.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts. Futures contracts are standardized, exchange-traded contracts that provide for the sale or purchase of a specified
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financial instrument or currency at a future time at a specified price. An option on a futures contract gives the purchaser the right (and the writer of the option the obligation) to assume a position in a futures contract at a specified exercise price within a specified period of time. A swap on a futures contract provides an investor with the ability to gain economic exposure to a particular futures market; however, unlike a futures contract that is exchange traded, a swap on a futures contract is an over-the-counter transaction. A futures contract may be based on particular securities, foreign currencies, securities indices and other financial instruments and indices. Certain Underlying Funds may engage in futures transactions on U.S. and (in the case of certain Underlying Funds) foreign exchanges.
Certain Underlying Funds may, to the extent consistent with their investment policies, purchase and sell futures contracts, purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts, and enter into swaps on futures contracts in order to seek to increase total return or to hedge against changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates, or to otherwise manage its term structure, sector selection and duration in accordance with its investment objective and policies. An Underlying Fund may also enter into closing purchase and sale transactions with respect to such contracts and options.
Futures contracts and related options and swaps present the following risks:
| ¢ | | While an Underlying Fund may benefit from the use of futures and options and swaps on futures, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance than if the Underlying Fund had not entered into any futures contracts, options transactions or swaps. |
| ¢ | | Because perfect correlation between a futures position and a portfolio position that is intended to be protected is impossible to achieve, the desired protection may not be obtained and an Underlying Fund may be exposed to additional risk of loss. |
| ¢ | | The loss incurred by an Underlying Fund in entering into futures contracts and in writing call options and entering into swaps on futures is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. |
| ¢ | | Futures markets are highly volatile and the use of futures may increase the volatility of an Underlying Fund’s NAV. |
| ¢ | | As a result of the low margin deposits normally required in futures trading, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in substantial losses to an Underlying Fund. |
| ¢ | | Futures contracts and options and swaps on futures may be illiquid, and exchanges may limit fluctuations in futures contract prices during a single day. |
| ¢ | | Foreign exchanges may not provide the same protection as U.S. exchanges. |
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An Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” open positions with respect to its transactions in futures contracts and options and swaps on futures contracts. In the case of futures contracts that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the futures contracts while the positions are open. With respect to futures contracts that do cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund may identify liquid assets in an amount equal to the Underlying Fund’s daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e., the Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the futures contracts, if any, rather than their full notional value. Each Underlying Fund reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future in its discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled futures contracts, an Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund were required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the futures contracts.
Preferred Stock, Warrants and Rights. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in preferred stock, warrants and rights. Preferred stocks are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common stock owners but after bond owners. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default or other non-compliance by the issuer of the preferred stock.
Warrants and other rights are options to buy a stated number of shares of common stock at a specified price at any time during the life of the warrant or right. The holders of warrants and rights have no voting rights, receive no dividends and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
Loan Participations. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in loan participations. A loan participation is an interest in a loan to a U.S. or foreign company or other borrower which is administered and sold by a financial intermediary. Loan participation interests may take the form of a direct or co-lending relationship with the corporate borrower, an assignment of an interest in the loan by a co-lender or another participant, or a participation in the seller’s share of the loan. When an Underlying Fund acts as co-lender in connection with a participation interest or when it acquires certain participation interests, the Underlying Fund will have direct recourse against the borrower if the borrower fails to pay scheduled principal and interest. In cases where the Underlying Fund lacks direct recourse, it will look to an agent for the lenders (the “agent lender”) to enforce appropriate credit remedies against the borrower. In these cases, the Underlying Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and
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risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Underlying Fund had purchased a direct obligation (such as commercial paper) of such borrower. Moreover, under the terms of the loan participation, the Underlying Fund may be regarded as a creditor of the agent lender (rather than of the underlying corporate borrower), so that the Underlying Fund may also be subject to the risk that the agent lender may become insolvent.
REITs. Each of the Real Estate Securities Fund and International Real Estate Securities Fund expects to invest a substantial portion of its total assets in REITs, which are pooled investment vehicles that invest primarily in either real estate or real estate related loans. In addition, other Underlying Equity Funds may invest in REITs from time to time. The value of a REIT is affected by changes in the value of the properties owned by the REIT or securing mortgage loans held by the REIT. REITs are dependent upon the ability of the REITs’ managers, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers and the qualification of the REITs under applicable regulatory requirements for favorable federal income tax treatment. REITs are also subject to risks generally associated with investments in real estate including possible declines in the value of real estate, general and local economic conditions, environmental problems and changes in interest rates. To the extent that assets underlying a REIT are concentrated geographically, by property type or in certain other respects, these risks may be heightened. Each of these Underlying Funds will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses, including management fees, paid by a REIT in which it invests.
Other Investment Companies. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs, subject to statutory limitations prescribed by the Investment Company Act. These limitations include in certain circumstances a prohibition on any Underlying Fund acquiring more than 3% of the voting shares of any other investment company, and a prohibition on investing more than 5% of an Underlying Fund’s total assets in securities of any one investment company or more than 10% of its total assets in securities of all investment companies. Many ETFs, however, have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds to invest in the ETFs’ shares beyond these statutory limitations, subject to certain conditions and pursuant to a contractual arrangement between the ETFs and the investing funds. An Underlying Fund may rely on these exemptive orders to invest in unaffiliated ETFs.
The use of ETFs is intended to help an Underlying Fund match the total return of the particular market segments or indices represented by those ETFs, although that may not be the result. Most ETFs are passively managed investment companies whose shares are purchased and sold on a securities exchange. An ETF represents a portfolio
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of securities designed to track a particular market segment or index. An investment in an ETF generally presents the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional fund (i.e., one that is not exchange-traded) that has the same investment objectives, strategies and policies. In addition, an ETF may fail to accurately track the market segment or index that underlies its investment objective. The price of an ETF can fluctuate, and an Underlying Fund could lose money investing in an ETF. Moreover, ETFs are subject to the following risks that do not apply to conventional funds: (i) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a premium or a discount to their net asset value; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained; and (iii) there is no assurance that the requirements of the exchange necessary to maintain the listing of an ETF will continue to be met or remain unchanged.
Pursuant to an exemptive order obtained from the SEC or under an exemptive rule adopted by the SEC, an Underlying Fund may invest in certain other investment companies and money market funds beyond the statutory limits described above. Some of those investment companies and money market funds may be funds for which the Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates serves as investment adviser, administrator or distributor.
An Underlying Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other expenses paid by such other investment companies, in addition to the fees and expenses regularly borne by the Underlying Fund. Although the Underlying Funds do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future, each Underlying Fund is authorized to invest substantially all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof that has substantially the same investment objective, policies and fundamental restrictions as the Underlying Fund.
Unseasoned Companies. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in companies which (together with their predecessors) have operated less than three years. The securities of such companies may have limited liquidity, which can result in their being priced higher or lower than might otherwise be the case. In addition, investments in unseasoned companies are more speculative and entail greater risk than do investments in companies with an established operating record.
Non-Investment Grade Fixed Income Securities. Non-investment grade fixed income securities and unrated securities of comparable credit quality (commonly known as “junk bonds”) are considered speculative. In some cases, these obligations may be highly speculative and have poor prospects for reaching investment grade standing. Non-investment grade fixed income securities are subject to the increased risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest obligations. These securities, also referred to as high yield securities, may be subject to greater price volatility due
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to such factors as specific corporate or municipal developments, interest rate sensitivity, negative perceptions of the junk bond markets generally and less secondary market liquidity.
Non-investment grade fixed income securities are often issued in connection with a corporate reorganization or restructuring or as part of a merger, acquisition, takeover or similar event. They are also issued by less established companies seeking to expand. Such issuers are often highly leveraged and generally less able than more established or less leveraged entities to make scheduled payments of principal and interest in the event of adverse developments or business conditions. Non-investment grade fixed income securities are also issued by governmental bodies that may have difficulty in making all scheduled interest and principal payments.
The market value of non-investment grade fixed income securities tends to reflect individual corporate or municipal developments to a greater extent than that of higher rated securities which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. As a result, the an Underlying Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives may depend to a greater extent on the investment adviser’s judgment concerning the creditworthiness of issuers than funds which invest in higher-rated securities. Issuers of non-investment grade fixed income securities may not be able to make use of more traditional methods of financing and their ability to service debt obligations may be affected more adversely than issuers of higher-rated securities by economic downturns, specific corporate or financial developments or the issuer’s inability to meet specific projected business forecasts. Negative publicity about the junk bond market and investor perceptions regarding lower rated securities, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may depress the prices for such securities.
A holder’s risk of loss from default is significantly greater for non-investment grade fixed income securities than is the case for holders of other debt securities because such non-investment grade fixed income securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to the rights of other creditors of the issuers of such securities. Investment by an Underlying Fund in defaulted securities poses additional risk of loss should nonpayment of principal and interest continue in respect of such securities. Even if such securities are held to maturity, recovery by an Underlying Fund of its initial investment and any anticipated income or appreciation is uncertain.
The secondary market for non-investment grade fixed income securities is concentrated in relatively few market makers and is dominated by institutional investors, including mutual funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions. Accordingly, the secondary market for such securities is not as liquid as, and is more volatile than, the secondary market for higher-rated securities. In addition, market trading volume for high yield fixed income securities is generally lower and the
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APPENDIX A
secondary market for such securities could shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse market or economic conditions, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. The lack of sufficient market liquidity may cause an Underlying Fund to incur losses because it will be required to effect sales at a disadvantageous time and then only at a substantial drop in price. These factors may have an adverse effect on the market price and an Underlying Fund’s ability to dispose of particular portfolio investments. A less liquid secondary market also may make it more difficult for an Underlying Fund to obtain precise valuations of the high yield securities in its portfolio.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies are designed to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market value risk of non-investment grade fixed income securities and, therefore, may not fully reflect the true risks of an investment. In addition, credit rating agencies may or may not make timely changes in a rating to reflect changes in the economy or in the conditions of the issuer that affect the market value of the security. Consequently, credit ratings are used only as a preliminary indicator of investment quality.
Credit Ratings. The Commodity Strategy Fund also has credit rating requirements for the securities it buys. The Underlying Fund will deem a security to have met its minimum credit rating requirement if the security has the required rating at the time of purchase from at least one NRSRO even though it has been rated below the minimum rating by one or more other NRSROs. Unrated securities may be purchased by the Underlying Fund if they are determined by its investment adviser to be of comparable quality. A security satisfies the Underlying Fund’s minimum rating requirement regardless of its relative ranking (for example, plus or minus) within a designated major rating category (for example, BBB or Baa). If a security satisfies the Underlying Fund’s minimum rating requirement at the time of purchase and is subsequently downgraded below such rating, the Underlying Fund will not be required to dispose of such security. This is so even if the downgrade causes the average credit quality of the Underlying Fund to be lower than that stated in its prospectus. Furthermore, during this period, the investment adviser will only buy securities at or above the Underlying Fund’s average rating requirement. If a downgrade occurs, the investment adviser will consider what action, including the sale of such security, is in the best interests of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in credit default swaps, which are derivative instruments. When the Underlying Fund sells a credit default swap (commonly known as selling protection), the Underlying Fund may be required to pay the “notional value” of the credit default swap on a specified security (or group of securities) if the security defaults. The Underlying Fund will be the seller of a credit default swap only
179
when the credit of the security is deemed by the investment adviser to meet the Underlying Fund’s minimum credit criteria at the time the swap is first entered into.
As investment companies registered with the SEC, the Underlying Funds must identify on its books (often referred to as “asset segregation”) liquid assets, or engage in other SEC- or staff-approved measures, to “cover” open positions with respect to certain kinds of derivative instruments. In the case of swaps that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swaps while the positions are open. With respect to swaps that do cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund is permitted to identify liquid assets in an amount equal to the Underlying Fund’s daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e. the Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the swaps, if any, rather than their full notional value. The Underlying Funds reserve the right to modify their asset segregation policies in the future in its discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled swaps, an Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund was required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the swaps.
Commodity-Linked Derivative Instruments. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in commodity-linked derivative instruments such as commodity-linked structured notes, commodity-linked swaps, commodity index-linked structured notes and other derivative instruments that provide exposure to the investment returns of the commodity markets without direct investment in physical commodities or commodities futures contracts. The Underlying Fund will not directly invest in commodities. The Underlying Fund invests in commodity-linked notes that pay a return linked to the performance of a commodities index or basket of futures contracts with respect to all of the commodities in an index. In some cases, the return is based on a multiple of the performance of the relevant index or basket. Structured notes may be structured by the issuer and the purchaser of the note. The notes are derivative debt instruments with principal payments generally linked to the value of commodities, commodity futures contracts or the performance of commodity indices and interest and coupon payments pegged to a market-based interest rate, such as LIBOR or a bank’s prime rate. The value of these notes will rise or fall in response to changes in the underlying commodity or related index or investment. These notes expose the Underlying Fund economically to movements in commodity prices.
Commodities are assets such as oil, gas, industrial and precious metals, livestock, and agricultural or meat products, or other items that have tangible properties, as compared to stocks or bonds, which are financial instruments. In choosing investments, the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser seeks to provide exposure to various commodities and commodity sectors. The value of commodity-linked derivative
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APPENDIX A
instruments may be affected by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, overall market movements and other factors affecting the value of particular industries or commodities, such as weather, disease, embargoes, acts of war or terrorism, or political and regulatory developments.
The prices of commodity-linked derivative instruments may move in different directions than investments in traditional equity and debt securities when the value of those traditional securities is declining due to adverse economic conditions. As an example, during periods of rising inflation, debt securities have historically tended to decline in value due the general increase in prevailing interest rates. Conversely, during those same periods of rising inflation, the prices of certain commodities, such as oil and metals, have historically tended to increase. Of course, there cannot be any guarantee that these investments will perform in that manner in the future, and at certain times the price movements of commodity-linked derivative instruments have been parallel to those of debt and equity securities.
Commodities have historically tended to increase and decrease in value during different parts of the business cycle than financial assets. Nevertheless, at various times, commodities prices may move in tandem with the prices of financial assets and thus may not provide overall portfolio diversification benefits.
Under favorable economic conditions, the Underlying Fund’s investments in commodity-linked derivative instruments may be expected to underperform an investment in traditional securities. Over the long term, the returns on such investments are expected to exhibit low or negative correlation with stocks and bonds.
Equity Swaps. Certain Underlying Funds may invest in equity swaps. Equity swaps allow the parties to a swap agreement to exchange dividend income or other components of return on an equity investment (for example, a group of equity securities or an index) for a component of return on another non-equity or equity investment. An equity swap may be used by an Underlying Fund to invest in a market without owning or taking physical custody of securities in circumstances in which direct investment may be restricted for legal reasons or is otherwise deemed impractical or disadvantageous.
Swaps are derivatives and their value can be very volatile. To the extent that an investment adviser does not accurately analyze and predict the potential relative fluctuation of the components swapped with another party, an Underlying Fund may suffer a loss, which may be substantial. The value of some components of a swap (such as the dividends on a common stock of an equity swap) may also be sensitive to changes in interest rates. Furthermore, an Underlying Fund may suffer a loss if the
181
counterparty defaults. Because equity swaps are normally illiquid, an Underlying Fund may be unable to terminate its obligations when desired.
When entering into swap contracts, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” its obligations under the swap contract. In the case of swaps that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swaps while the positions are open. With respect to swaps that do cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund may identify liquid assets in an amount equal to daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e., an Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the swaps, if any, rather than their full notional value. An Underlying Fund reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future in its discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled swaps, an Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund were required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the swaps.
When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments. Each Underlying Fund may purchase when-issued securities and make contracts to purchase or sell securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. When-issued securities are securities that have been authorized, but not yet issued. When-issued securities are purchased in order to secure what is considered to be an advantageous price or yield to the Underlying Fund at the time of entering into the transaction. A forward commitment involves the entering into a contract to purchase or sell securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond the customary settlement period.
The purchase of securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis involves a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines before the settlement date. Conversely, the sale of securities on a forward commitment basis involves the risk that the value of the securities sold may increase before the settlement date. Although an Underlying Fund will generally purchase securities on a when-issued or forward commitment basis with the intention of acquiring the securities for its portfolio, an Underlying Fund may dispose of when-issued securities or forward commitments prior to settlement if its investment adviser deems it appropriate. When purchasing a security on a when-issued basis or entering into a forward commitment, an Underlying Fund must identify liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures to “cover” its obligations.
Repurchase Agreements. Repurchase agreements involve the purchase of securities subject to the seller’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed upon date and price. Certain Underlying Funds may enter into repurchase agreements with securities dealers and banks which furnish collateral at least equal in value or market
182
APPENDIX A
price to the amount of their repurchase obligation. Some Underlying Funds may also enter into repurchase agreements involving certain foreign government securities.
If the other party or “seller” defaults, an Underlying Fund might suffer a loss to the extent that the proceeds from the sale of the underlying securities and other collateral held by the Underlying Fund are less than the repurchase price and the Underlying Fund’s costs associated with delay and enforcement of the repurchase agreement. In addition, in the event of bankruptcy of the seller, an Underlying Fund could suffer additional losses if a court determines that the Fund’s interest in the collateral is not enforceable.
Certain Underlying Funds, together with other registered investment companies having advisory agreements with the Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates, may transfer uninvested cash balances into a single joint account, the daily aggregate balance of which will be invested in one or more repurchase agreements.
Lending of Portfolio Securities. Certain Underlying Funds may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves the lending of securities owned by an Underlying Fund to financial institutions such as certain broker-dealers, including, as permitted by the SEC, Goldman Sachs. The borrowers are required to secure their loans continuously with cash, cash equivalents, U.S. Government Securities or letters of credit in an amount at least equal to the market value of the securities loaned. Cash collateral may be invested by an Underlying Fund in short-term investments, including registered and unregistered investment pools managed by the Investment Adviser, the Underlying Fund’s custodian or their affiliates and from which the Investment Adviser, the Underlying Fund’s custodian or their affiliates may receive fees. To the extent that cash collateral is so invested, such collateral will be subject to market depreciation or appreciation, and an Underlying Fund will be responsible for any loss that might result from its investment of the borrowers’ collateral. If an investment adviser determines to make securities loans, the value of the securities loaned may not exceed either 33 1⁄3% or 20% (depending on the Underlying Fund’s policy) of the value of the total assets of an Underlying Fund (including the loan collateral). Loan collateral (including any investment of the collateral) is not subject to the percentage limitations or non-fundamental investment policies described elsewhere in this Prospectus regarding investments in fixed income securities and cash equivalents.
An Underlying Fund may lend its securities to increase its income. An Underlying Fund may, however, experience delay in the recovery of its securities or incur a loss if the institution with which it has engaged in a portfolio loan transaction breaches its agreement with the Underlying Fund or becomes insolvent.
183
Short Sales Against-the-Box. Certain Underlying Funds may make short sales against-the-box. A short sale against-the-box means that at all times when a short position is open the Underlying Fund will own an equal amount of securities sold short, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for, without the payment of any further consideration, an equal amount of the securities of the same issuer as the securities sold short.
Mortgage Dollar Rolls. Certain Underlying Funds may enter into “mortgage dollar rolls.” In mortgage dollar rolls, an Underlying Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts with the same counterparty to repurchase substantially similar (same type, coupon and maturity) but not identical securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Underlying Fund loses the right to receive principal and interest paid on the securities sold. However, the Underlying Fund benefits to the extent of any difference between (a) the price received for the securities sold and (b) the lower forward price for the future purchase and/or fee income plus the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the securities sold. Unless the benefits of a mortgage dollar roll exceed the income, capital appreciation and gain or loss due to mortgage prepayments that would have been realized on the securities sold as part of the roll, the use of this technique will diminish the Underlying Fund’s performance.
Successful use of mortgage dollar rolls depends upon an investment adviser’s ability to predict correctly interest rates and mortgage prepayments. If the investment adviser is incorrect in its prediction, an Underlying Fund may experience a loss. The Underlying Funds do not currently intend to enter into mortgage dollar rolls for financing and do not treat them as borrowings.
Borrowings and Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Each Underlying Fund can borrow money from banks and other financial institutions, and certain Underlying Funds may enter into reverse repurchase agreements in amounts not exceeding one-third of its total assets. An Underlying Fund generally may not make additional investments if borrowings exceed 5% of its net assets. Borrowings involve leverage. If the securities held by the Underlying Fund decline in value while these transactions are outstanding, the NAV of the Underlying Fund’s outstanding shares will decline in value by proportionately more than the decline in value of the securities.
Reverse repurchase agreements involve the sale of securities held by an Underlying Fund subject to the Underlying Fund’s agreement to repurchase them at a mutually agreed upon date and price (including interest). These transactions may be entered into as a temporary measure for emergency purposes or to meet redemption requests. Reverse repurchase agreements may also be entered into when the investment adviser expects that the interest income to be earned from the investment of the transaction
184
APPENDIX A
proceeds will be greater than the related interest expense. Borrowings and reverse repurchase agreements involve leveraging. If the securities held by an Underlying Fund decline in value while these transactions are outstanding, the NAV of the Underlying Fund’s outstanding shares will decline in value by proportionately more than the decline in value of the securities. In addition, reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the investment return earned by an Underlying Fund (from the investment of the proceeds) will be less than the interest expense of the transaction, that the market value of the securities sold by an Underlying Fund will decline below the price the Underlying Fund is obligated to pay to repurchase the securities, and that the securities may not be returned to the Underlying Fund. An Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures to “cover” open positions with respect to its transactions in reverse repurchase agreements.
Interest Rate Swaps, Mortgage Swaps, Credit Swaps, Currency Swaps, Total Return Swaps, Index Swaps, Options on Swaps and Interest Rate Caps, Floors and Collars. To the extent consistent with their investment policies, certain Underlying Funds may enter into interest rate swaps, mortgage swaps, credit swaps, currency swaps, total return swaps, index swaps, options on swaps and interest rate caps, floors and collars. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by an Underlying Fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive interest, such as an exchange of fixed-rate payments for floating rate payments. Mortgage swaps are similar to interest rate swaps in that they represent commitments to pay and receive interest. The notional principal amount, however, is tied to a reference pool or pools of mortgages. Credit swaps involve the receipt of floating or fixed rate payments in exchange for assuming potential credit losses on an underlying security. Credit swaps give one party to a transaction (the buyer of the credit swap) the right to dispose of or acquire an asset (or group of assets or exposure to the performance of an index), or the right to receive a payment from the other party, upon the occurrence of specified credit events. Currency swaps involve the exchange of the parties’ respective rights to make or receive payments in specified currencies. Index swaps allow one party or both parties to a swap agreement to receive one or more payments based off of the return, performance or volatility of an index or of certain securities which comprise the index. Total return swaps give an Underlying Fund the right to receive the appreciation in the value of a specified security, index or other instrument in return for a fee paid to the counterparty, which will typically be an agreed upon interest rate. If the underlying asset in a total return swap declines in value over the term of the swap, the Underlying Fund may also be required to pay the dollar value of that decline to the counterparty. The Underlying Funds may also purchase and write (sell) options contracts on swaps, commonly referred to as swaptions. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap agreement. Like other types of options, the buyer of a swaption pays
185
a non-refundable premium for the option and obtains the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an underlying swap on agreed-upon terms. The seller of a swaption, in exchange for the premium, becomes obligated (if the option is exercised) to enter into an underlying swap on agreed-upon terms. The purchase of an interest rate cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined interest rate, to receive payment of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling such interest rate cap. The purchase of an interest rate floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined interest rate, to receive payments of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling the interest rate floor. An interest rate collar is the combination of a cap and a floor that preserves a certain return within a predetermined range of interest rates.
Certain Underlying Funds may enter into swap transactions for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. As an example, when an Underlying Fund is the buyer of a credit default swap (commonly known as buying protection), it may make periodic payments to the seller of the credit default swap to obtain protection against a credit default on a specified underlying asset (or group of assets). If a default occurs, the seller of the credit default swap may be required to pay the Underlying Fund the “notional value” of the credit default swap on a specified security (or group of securities). On the other hand, when an Underlying Fund is a seller of a credit default swap, in addition to the credit exposure the Underlying Fund has on the other assets held in its portfolio, the Underlying Fund is also subject to the credit exposure on the notional amount of the swap since, in the event of a credit default, the Underlying Fund may be required to pay the “notional value” of the credit default swap on a specified security (or group of securities) to the buyer of the credit default swap. An Underlying Fund will be the seller of a credit default swap only when the credit of the underlying asset is deemed by its investment adviser to meet the Underlying Fund’s minimum credit criteria at the time the swap is first entered into.
When an Underlying Fund writes (sells) credit default swaps that do not cash settle, the Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swaps while the positions are open. The use of interest rate, mortgage, credit, currency and total return swaps, options on swaps, and interest rate caps, floors and collars, is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. If an investment adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates and currency exchange rates or in its evaluation of the creditworthiness of swap counterparties and issuers of the underlying assets, the investment performance of an Underlying Fund would be less favorable than it would have been if these investment techniques were not used. When entering into swap contracts or writing options, an
186
APPENDIX A
Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” its obligation under the swap or option contract.
In the case of swaps that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional value of the swaps while the positions are open. With respect to swaps that do cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund may identify on its books liquid assets in an amount equal to its daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e., an Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the swaps, if any, rather than their full notional value. An Underlying Fund reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future in its discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled swaps, an Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund were required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the swaps.
187
Appendix B
Financial Highlights
The financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand a Portfolio’s financial performance for the past five years. Certain information reflects financial results for a single Portfolio share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would have earned or lost on an investment in a Portfolio (assuming reinvestment of all dividends and distributions). The information has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, whose report, along with the Portfolios’ financial statements, is included in the Portfolios’ annual report (available upon request).
BALANCED STRATEGY PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | | | | $ | 11.08 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.16 | | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.21 | | | | | 0.36 | | | | | 0.30 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.82 | | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | 0.60 | | | | | 1.29 | | | | | (2.54 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 0.98 | | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | 0.81 | | | | | 1.65 | | | | | (2.24 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.45 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.56 | | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnC | | | | 9.96 | % | | | | (1.88 | )% | | | | 8.46 | % | | | | 19.94 | % | | | | (20.35 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 219,919 | | | | $ | 327,283 | | | | $ | 427,998 | | | | $ | 444,114 | | | | $ | 368,640 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.55 | % | | | | 1.49 | % | | | | 2.15 | % | | | | 4.03 | % | | | | 2.97 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.65 | % | | | | 0.64 | % | | | | 0.64 | % | | | | 0.65 | % | | | | 0.65 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
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APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Class B Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | | | | $ | 11.08 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.08 | | | | | 0.07 | | | | | 0.13 | | | | | 0.29 | | | | | 0.22 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.82 | | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | 0.60 | | | | | 1.29 | | | | | (2.53 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 0.90 | | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | 0.73 | | | | | 1.58 | | | | | (2.31 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.09 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.09 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.56 | | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 9.14 | % | | | | (2.65 | )% | | | | 7.62 | % | | | | 19.03 | % | | | | (20.96 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 17,959 | | | | $ | 23,444 | | | | $ | 32,659 | | | | $ | 37,883 | | | | $ | 34,376 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.35 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.81 | % | | | | 0.72 | % | | | | 1.36 | % | | | | 3.27 | % | | | | 2.15 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.40 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.40 | % | | | | 1.40 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
189
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | | | | $ | 11.08 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.09 | | | | | 0.08 | | | | | 0.13 | | | | | 0.29 | | | | | 0.22 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.81 | | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | 0.60 | | | | | 1.29 | | | | | (2.53 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 0.90 | | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | 0.73 | | | | | 1.58 | | | | | (2.31 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.09 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.09 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.56 | | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 8.39 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 9.16 | % | | | | (2.64 | )% | | | | 7.64 | % | | | | 19.05 | % | | | | (20.96 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 81,123 | | | | $ | 94,041 | | | | $ | 126,032 | | | | $ | 144,726 | | | | $ | 130,433 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.87 | % | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 3.26 | % | | | | 2.15 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.40 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.40 | % | | | | 1.40 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
190
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.23 | | | | $ | 9.66 | | | | $ | 8.39 | | | | $ | 11.09 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.23 | | | | | 0.20 | | | | | 0.25 | | | | | 0.40 | | | | | 0.35 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.79 | | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | 0.60 | | | | | 1.29 | | | | | (2.56 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.02 | | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | 0.85 | | | | | 1.69 | | | | | (2.21 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | (0.49 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.56 | | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.23 | | | | $ | 9.66 | | | | $ | 8.39 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 10.32 | % | | | | (1.48 | )% | | | | 8.89 | % | | | | 20.53 | % | | | | (20.10 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 247,494 | | | | $ | 151,822 | | | | $ | 147,670 | | | | $ | 140,770 | | | | $ | 155,233 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.23 | % | | | | 1.96 | % | | | | 2.57 | % | | | | 4.43 | % | | | | 3.54 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.25 | % | | | | 0.24 | % | | | | 0.24 | % | | | | 0.25 | % | | | | 0.25 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
191
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Service Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.88 | | | | $ | 10.25 | | | | $ | 9.67 | | | | $ | 8.41 | | | | $ | 11.10 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.14 | | | | | 0.21 | | | | | 0.33 | | | | | 0.30 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.83 | | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | 0.60 | | | | | 1.31 | | | | | (2.55 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 0.98 | | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | 0.81 | | | | | 1.64 | | | | | (2.25 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.44 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.59 | | | | $ | 9.88 | | | | $ | 10.25 | | | | $ | 9.67 | | | | $ | 8.41 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 9.95 | % | | | | (2.09 | )% | | | | 8.44 | % | | | | 19.75 | % | | | | (20.42 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 2,022 | | | | $ | 2,466 | | | | $ | 3,971 | | | | $ | 3,710 | | | | $ | 4,433 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.48 | % | | | | 1.36 | % | | | | 2.14 | % | | | | 3.74 | % | | | | 2.93 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.75 | % | | | | 0.74 | % | | | | 0.74 | % | | | | 0.75 | % | | | | 0.75 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
192
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.21 | | | | $ | 9.64 | | | | $ | 8.38 | | | | $ | 11.07 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.22 | | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.25 | | | | | 0.51 | | | | | 0.32 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.79 | | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | 0.58 | | | | | 1.16 | | | | | (2.53 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.01 | | | | | (0.18 | ) | | | | 0.83 | | | | | 1.67 | | | | | (2.21 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.41 | ) | | | | (0.33 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.41 | ) | | | | (0.48 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.53 | | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.21 | | | | $ | 9.64 | | | | $ | 8.38 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 10.29 | % | | | | (1.79 | )% | | | | 8.74 | % | | | | 20.28 | % | | | | (20.17 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 920 | | | | $ | 750 | | | | $ | 771 | | | | $ | 32 | | | | $ | 8 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.14 | % | | | | 2.38 | % | | | | 2.55 | % | | | | 5.65 | % | | | | 3.15 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.40 | % | | | | 0.39 | % | | | | 0.39 | % | | | | 0.40 | % | | | | 0.40 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
193
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Balanced Strategy Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.82 | | | | $ | 10.18 | | | | $ | 9.62 | | | | $ | 8.38 | | | | $ | 11.07 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.14 | | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.46 | | | | | 0.34 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.80 | | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | 0.54 | | | | | 1.16 | | | | | (2.60 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 0.95 | | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | 0.78 | | | | | 1.62 | | | | | (2.26 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.43 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.51 | | | | $ | 9.82 | | | | $ | 10.18 | | | | $ | 9.62 | | | | $ | 8.38 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 9.66 | % | | | | (2.11 | )% | | | | 8.21 | % | | | | 19.66 | % | | | | (20.57 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 8,237 | | | | $ | 7,288 | | | | $ | 5,063 | | | | $ | 848 | | | | $ | 22 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.49 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 2.47 | % | | | | 5.01 | % | | | | 3.52 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.90 | % | | | | 0.89 | % | | | | 0.89 | % | | | | 0.90 | % | | | | 0.90 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 66 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 38 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 52 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
194
APPENDIX B
GROWTH AND INCOME STRATEGY PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.98 | | | | $ | 10.55 | | | | $ | 9.81 | | | | $ | 8.11 | | | | $ | 12.88 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.17 | | | | | 0.17 | | | | | 0.22 | | | | | 0.35 | | | | | 0.28 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.07 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.76 | | | | | 1.71 | | | | | (4.38 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.24 | | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | 0.98 | | | | | 2.06 | | | | | (4.10 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.67 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.95 | | | | $ | 9.98 | | | | $ | 10.55 | | | | $ | 9.81 | | | | $ | 8.11 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 12.40 | % | | | | (3.46 | )% | | | | 10.12 | % | | | | 25.87 | % | | | | (31.94 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 491,921 | | | | $ | 750,376 | | | | $ | 1,097,565 | | | | $ | 1,272,519 | | | | $ | 1,214,344 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.61 | % | | | | 1.62 | % | | | | 2.24 | % | | | | 4.04 | % | | | | 2.49 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.63 | % | | | | 0.62 | % | | | | 0.62 | % | | | | 0.63 | % | | | | 0.63 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
195
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Class B Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.95 | | | | $ | 10.53 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 12.85 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.09 | | | | | 0.10 | | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.29 | | | | | 0.20 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.05 | | | | | (0.54 | ) | | | | 0.76 | | | | | 1.70 | | | | | (4.36 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.14 | | | | | (0.44 | ) | | | | 0.91 | | | | | 1.99 | | | | | (4.16 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.59 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.89 | | | | $ | 9.95 | | | | $ | 10.53 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 11.49 | % | | | | (4.18 | )% | | | | 9.35 | % | | | | 24.84 | % | | | | (32.40 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 58,399 | | | | $ | 72,331 | | | | $ | 102,328 | | | | $ | 116,466 | | | | $ | 107,669 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.35 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.86 | % | | | | 0.90 | % | | | | 1.51 | % | | | | 3.31 | % | | | | 1.79 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.37 | % | | | | 1.37 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.38 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
196
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.92 | | | | $ | 10.49 | | | | $ | 9.76 | | | | $ | 8.07 | | | | $ | 12.81 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.09 | | | | | 0.10 | | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.28 | | | | | 0.20 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.04 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.75 | | | | | 1.71 | | | | | (4.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.13 | | | | | (0.43 | ) | | | | 0.90 | | | | | 1.99 | | | | | (4.15 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.59 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.85 | | | | $ | 9.92 | | | | $ | 10.49 | | | | $ | 9.76 | | | | $ | 8.07 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 11.42 | % | | | | (4.10 | )% | | | | 9.27 | % | | | | 24.92 | % | | | | (32.42 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 210,201 | | | | $ | 250,381 | | | | $ | 353,844 | | | | $ | 424,560 | | | | $ | 441,004 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.89 | % | | | | 0.91 | % | | | | 1.46 | % | | | | 3.23 | % | | | | 1.76 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.37 | % | | | | 1.37 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.38 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
197
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 10.02 | | | | $ | 10.59 | | | | $ | 9.84 | | | | $ | 8.14 | | | | $ | 12.92 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.22 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.34 | | | | | 0.33 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.03 | | | | | (0.54 | ) | | | | 0.77 | | | | | 1.76 | | | | | (4.39 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.27 | | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | 1.04 | | | | | 2.10 | | | | | (4.06 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.37 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.72 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.98 | | | | $ | 10.02 | | | | $ | 10.59 | | | | $ | 9.84 | | | | $ | 8.14 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 12.69 | % | | | | (3.04 | )% | | | | 10.64 | % | | | | 26.27 | % | | | | (31.63 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 267,744 | | | | $ | 140,119 | | | | $ | 154,835 | | | | $ | 162,453 | | | | $ | 285,106 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.21 | % | | | | 2.12 | % | | | | 2.69 | % | | | | 3.95 | % | | | | 2.90 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.22 | % | | | | 0.22 | % | | | | 0.22 | % | | | | 0.23 | % | | | | 0.23 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
198
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Service Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.97 | | | | $ | 10.53 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 12.86 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.17 | | | | | 0.17 | | | | | 0.23 | | | | | 0.32 | | | | | 0.29 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.04 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.75 | | | | | 1.72 | | | | | (4.39 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.21 | | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | 0.98 | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | (4.10 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.20 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 10.92 | | | | $ | 9.97 | | | | $ | 10.53 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 12.13 | % | | | | (3.48 | )% | | | | 10.04 | % | | | | 25.63 | % | | | | (31.98 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 3,848 | | | | $ | 4,073 | | | | $ | 5,918 | | | | $ | 6,124 | | | | $ | 8,051 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.59 | % | | | | 1.57 | % | | | | 2.27 | % | | | | 3.69 | % | | | | 2.60 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 0.72 | % | | | | 0.72 | % | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 0.73 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
199
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.95 | | | | $ | 10.52 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 12.87 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.20 | | | | | 0.40 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.28 | | | | | 0.33 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.05 | | | | | (0.73 | ) | | | | 0.73 | | | | | 1.79 | | | | | (4.40 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.25 | | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | 1.00 | | | | | 2.07 | | | | | (4.07 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.70 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.91 | | | | $ | 9.95 | | | | $ | 10.52 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 8.10 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 12.62 | % | | | | (3.18 | )% | | | | 10.34 | % | | | | 25.99 | % | | | | (31.79 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 1,519 | | | | $ | 1,719 | | | | $ | 210 | | | | $ | 39 | | | | $ | 7 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.90 | % | | | | 3.99 | % | | | | 2.75 | % | | | | 2.94 | % | | | | 2.89 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.37 | % | | | | 0.37 | % | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.38 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
200
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.94 | | | | $ | 10.52 | | | | $ | 9.78 | | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 12.87 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.16 | | | | | 0.18 | | | | | 0.30 | | | | | 0.75 | | | | | 0.26 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.04 | | | | | (0.57 | ) | | | | 0.67 | | | | | 1.28 | | | | | (4.38 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.20 | | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | 0.97 | | | | | 2.03 | | | | | (4.12 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.65 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.90 | | | | $ | 9.94 | | | | $ | 10.52 | | | | $ | 9.78 | | | | $ | 8.10 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 12.12 | % | | | | (3.77 | )% | | | | 9.96 | % | | | | 25.50 | % | | | | (32.12 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 4,068 | | | | $ | 4,384 | | | | $ | 3,314 | | | | $ | 583 | | | | $ | 22 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.54 | % | | | | 1.68 | % | | | | 3.02 | % | | | | 8.02 | % | | | | 2.29 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.87 | % | | | | 0.87 | % | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.88 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 31 | % | | | | 40 | % | | | | 39 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
201
GROWTH STRATEGY PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.75 | | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 7.87 | | | | $ | 14.35 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.18 | a | | | | 0.19 | a | | | | 0.22 | a | | | | 0.24 | a | | | | 0.28 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.25 | | | | | (0.84 | ) | | | | 0.91 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | (5.95 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.43 | | | | | (0.65 | ) | | | | 1.13 | | | | | 2.24 | | | | | (5.67 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.81 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.05 | | | | $ | 9.86 | | | | $ | 10.75 | | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 7.87 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.49 | % | | | | (6.08 | )% | | | | 11.46 | % | | | | 28.55 | % | | | | (39.31 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 398,487 | | | | $ | 562,262 | | | | $ | 789,340 | | | | $ | 902,200 | | | | $ | 853,210 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.65 | % | | | | 1.73 | % | | | | 2.16 | % | | | | 2.73 | % | | | | 1.95 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.64 | % | | | | 0.63 | % | | | | 0.63 | % | | | | 0.64 | % | | | | 0.64 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
202
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class B Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.92 | | | | $ | 10.80 | | | | $ | 9.91 | | | | $ | 7.90 | | | | $ | 14.34 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.10 | a | | | | 0.11 | a | | | | 0.14 | a | | | | 0.17 | a | | | | 0.18 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.25 | | | | | (0.85 | ) | | | | 0.91 | | | | | 2.01 | | | | | (5.91 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.35 | | | | | (0.74 | ) | | | | 1.05 | | | | | 2.18 | | | | | (5.73 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.71 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.12 | | | | $ | 9.92 | | | | $ | 10.80 | | | | $ | 9.91 | | | | $ | 7.90 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnC | | | | 13.64 | % | | | | (6.82 | )% | | | | 10.63 | % | | | | 27.64 | % | | | | (39.76 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 57,388 | | | | $ | 68,563 | | | | $ | 97,344 | | | | $ | 114,216 | | | | $ | 111,318 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.90 | % | | | | 0.98 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.97 | % | | | | 1.25 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.39 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
203
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.70 | | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 7.83 | | | | $ | 14.22 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.10 | a | | | | 0.11 | a | | | | 0.14 | a | | | | 0.16 | a | | | | 0.17 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.25 | | | | | (0.83 | ) | | | | 0.89 | | | | | 2.01 | | | | | (5.85 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.35 | | | | | (0.72 | ) | | | | 1.03 | | | | | 2.17 | | | | | (5.68 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | (0.71 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.02 | | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.70 | | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 7.83 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 13.72 | % | | | | (6.77 | )% | | | | 10.52 | % | | | | 27.74 | % | | | | (39.77 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 224,471 | | | | $ | 257,778 | | | | $ | 373,504 | | | | $ | 444,309 | | | | $ | 465,634 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 0.92 | % | | | | 0.99 | % | | | | 1.37 | % | | | | 1.92 | % | | | | 1.21 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.39 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
204
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.77 | | | | $ | 9.89 | | | | $ | 7.88 | | | | $ | 14.41 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.23 | a | | | | 0.22 | a | | | | 0.28 | a | | | | 0.27 | a | | | | 0.31 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.24 | | | | | (0.83 | ) | | | | 0.90 | | | | | 2.02 | | | | | (5.97 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.47 | | | | | (0.61 | ) | | | | 1.18 | | | | | 2.29 | | | | | (5.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.37 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.87 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.04 | | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.77 | | | | $ | 9.89 | | | | $ | 7.88 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.89 | % | | | | (5.69 | )% | | | | 11.90 | % | | | | 29.12 | % | | | | (39.09 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 173,180 | | | | $ | 92,807 | | | | $ | 115,999 | | | | $ | 106,456 | | | | $ | 97,798 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.10 | % | | | | 2.08 | % | | | | 2.78 | % | | | | 3.16 | % | | | | 2.63 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.23 | % | | | | 0.23 | % | | | | 0.23 | % | | | | 0.24 | % | | | | 0.24 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
205
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Service Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.72 | | | | $ | 9.85 | | | | $ | 7.84 | | | | $ | 14.29 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.17 | a | | | | 0.18 | a | | | | 0.21 | a | | | | 0.19 | a | | | | 0.27 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.25 | | | | | (0.84 | ) | | | | 0.90 | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | (5.93 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.42 | | | | | (0.66 | ) | | | | 1.11 | | | | | 2.23 | | | | | (5.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.79 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.01 | | | | $ | 9.83 | | | | $ | 10.72 | | | | $ | 9.85 | | | | $ | 7.84 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.42 | % | | | | (6.18 | )% | | | | 11.30 | % | | | | 28.48 | % | | | | (39.38 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 3,185 | | | | $ | 3,644 | | | | $ | 6,647 | | | | $ | 7,182 | | | | $ | 8,881 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.60 | % | | | | 1.65 | % | | | | 2.14 | % | | | | 2.29 | % | | | | 1.79 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.74 | % | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 0.74 | % | | | | 0.74 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
206
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.75 | | | | $ | 10.65 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 7.81 | | | | $ | 14.29 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.22 | a | | | | 0.30 | a | | | | 0.26 | a | | | | 0.88 | a | | | | 0.30 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.22 | | | | | (0.92 | ) | | | | 0.88 | | | | | 1.38 | | | | | (5.93 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.44 | | | | | (0.62 | ) | | | | 1.14 | | | | | 2.26 | | | | | (5.63 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.85 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.91 | | | | $ | 9.75 | | | | $ | 10.65 | | | | $ | 9.79 | | | | $ | 7.81 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.79 | % | | | | (5.85 | )% | | | | 11.66 | % | | | | 29.00 | % | | | | (39.21 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 1,483 | | | | $ | 1,376 | | | | $ | 675 | | | | $ | 546 | | | | $ | 6 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.05 | % | | | | 2.90 | % | | | | 2.61 | % | | | | 9.20 | % | | | | 2.39 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.39 | % | | | | 0.39 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
207
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 10.55 | | | | $ | 9.71 | | | | $ | 7.78 | | | | $ | 14.29 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.17 | a | | | | 0.20a | | | | | 0.27a | | | | | 0.60a | | | | | 0.27 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.21 | | | | | (0.87 | ) | | | | 0.82 | | | | | 1.59 | | | | | (5.94 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.38 | | | | | (0.67 | ) | | | | 1.09 | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | (5.67 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.50 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.84 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 10.80 | | | | $ | 9.65 | | | | $ | 10.55 | | | | $ | 9.71 | | | | $ | 7.78 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.31 | % | | | | (6.39 | )% | | | | 11.20 | % | | | | 28.27 | % | | | | (39.44 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 4,885 | | | | $ | 4,413 | | | | $ | 3,588 | | | | $ | 1,184 | | | | $ | 32 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.64 | % | | | | 1.88 | % | | | | 2.73 | % | | | | 6.30 | % | | | | 2.18 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.89 | % | | | | 0.89 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 47 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 28 | % | | | | 39 | % | | | | 33 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
208
APPENDIX B
EQUITY GROWTH STRATEGY PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 10.23 | | | | $ | 11.33 | | | | $ | 10.24 | | | | $ | 8.04 | | | | $ | 15.63 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.21 | | | | | 0.20 | | | | | 0.19 | | | | | 0.16 | | | | | 0.19 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.53 | | | | | (1.05 | ) | | | | 1.11 | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | (6.87 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.74 | | | | | (0.85 | ) | | | | 1.30 | | | | | 2.35 | | | | | (6.68 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.91 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.75 | | | | $ | 10.23 | | | | $ | 11.33 | | | | $ | 10.24 | | | | $ | 8.04 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.95 | % | | | | (7.52 | )% | | | | 12.66 | % | | | | 29.26 | % | | | | (42.52 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 147,814 | | | | $ | 208,169 | | | | $ | 296,969 | | | | $ | 340,567 | | | | $ | 300,859 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % | | | | 0.59 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.85 | % | | | | 1.77 | % | | | | 1.79 | % | | | | 1.81 | % | | | | 1.43 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.68 | % | | | | 0.66 | % | | | | 0.66 | % | | | | 0.67 | % | | | | 0.66 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
209
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class B Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.93 | | | | $ | 9.88 | | | | $ | 7.77 | | | | $ | 15.10 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment income (loss)ab | | | | 0.11 | | | | | 0.11 | | | | | 0.11 | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | 0.10 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.48 | | | | | (1.01 | ) | | | | 1.06 | | | | | 2.10 | | | | | (6.61 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.59 | | | | | (0.90 | ) | | | | 1.17 | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | (6.51 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | | (0.08 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | | (0.08 | ) | | | | (0.82 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.32 | | | | $ | 9.87 | | | | $ | 10.93 | | | | $ | 9.88 | | | | $ | 7.77 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.05 | % | | | | (8.26 | )% | | | | 11.89 | % | | | | 28.22 | % | | | | (42.91 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 17,941 | | | | $ | 20,844 | | | | $ | 29,225 | | | | $ | 33,103 | | | | $ | 31,403 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.06 | % | | | | 1.03 | % | | | | 1.09 | % | | | | 1.01 | % | | | | 0.80 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.43 | % | | | | 1.41 | % | | | | 1.41 | % | | | | 1.42 | % | | | | 1.41 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
210
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 9.82 | | | | $ | 10.88 | | | | $ | 9.84 | | | | $ | 7.73 | | | | $ | 15.03 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.12 | | | | | 0.11 | | | | | 0.10 | | | | | 0.09 | | | | | 0.10 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.46 | | | | | (1.01 | ) | | | | 1.06 | | | | | 2.10 | | | | | (6.58 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.58 | | | | | (0.90 | ) | | | | 1.16 | | | | | 2.19 | | | | | (6.48 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | | (0.08 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.16 | ) | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | | (0.08 | ) | | | | (0.82 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.26 | | | | $ | 9.82 | | | | $ | 10.88 | | | | $ | 9.84 | | | | $ | 7.73 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.10 | % | | | | (8.28 | )% | | | | 11.83 | % | | | | 28.39 | % | | | | (42.93 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 102,156 | | | | $ | 112,247 | | | | $ | 158,142 | | | | $ | 182,232 | | | | $ | 170,281 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % | | | | 1.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.10 | % | | | | 1.05 | % | | | | 1.04 | % | | | | 1.02 | % | | | | 0.76 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.43 | % | | | | 1.41 | % | | | | 1.41 | % | | | | 1.42 | % | | | | 1.41 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
211
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 10.33 | | | | $ | 11.45 | | | | $ | 10.35 | | | | $ | 8.12 | | | | $ | 15.81 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.28 | | | | | 0.25 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.19 | | | | | 0.26 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.52 | | | | | (1.07 | ) | | | | 1.08 | | | | | 2.23 | | | | | (6.98 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.80 | | | | | (0.82 | ) | | | | 1.35 | | | | | 2.42 | | | | | (6.72 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.97 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.85 | | | | $ | 10.33 | | | | $ | 11.45 | | | | $ | 10.35 | | | | $ | 8.12 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 17.45 | % | | | | (7.16 | )% | | | | 13.09 | % | | | | 29.81 | % | | | | (42.28 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 92,696 | | | | $ | 46,797 | | | | $ | 59,900 | | | | $ | 50,926 | | | | $ | 39,471 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % | | | | 0.19 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.45 | % | | | | 2.20 | % | | | | 2.52 | % | | | | 2.22 | % | | | | 2.01 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.26 | % | | | | 0.26 | % | | | | 0.26 | % | | | | 0.27 | % | | | | 0.26 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
212
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Service Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of year | | | $ | 10.14 | | | | $ | 11.22 | | | | $ | 10.14 | | | | $ | 7.96 | | | | $ | 15.50 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.16 | | | | | 0.16 | | | | | 0.17 | | | | | 0.15 | | | | | 0.19 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.55 | | | | | (1.02 | ) | | | | 1.10 | | | | | 2.17 | | | | | (6.83 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.71 | | | | | (0.86 | ) | | | | 1.27 | | | | | 2.32 | | | | | (6.64 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.14 | ) | | | | (0.90 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of year | | | $ | 11.71 | | | | $ | 10.14 | | | | $ | 11.22 | | | | $ | 10.14 | | | | $ | 7.96 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.85 | % | | | | (7.63 | )% | | | | 12.53 | % | | | | 29.22 | % | | | | (42.59 | )% |
Net assets at end of year (in 000s) | | | $ | 488 | | | | $ | 1,246 | | | | $ | 3,540 | | | | $ | 4,770 | | | | $ | 4,069 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.70 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % | | | | 0.69 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.43 | % | | | | 1.39 | % | | | | 1.61 | % | | | | 1.76 | % | | | | 1.48 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.78 | % | | | | 0.76 | % | | | | 0.76 | % | | | | 0.77 | % | | | | 0.76 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
213
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 10.13 | | | | $ | 11.23 | | | | $ | 10.16 | | | | $ | 7.98 | | | | $ | 15.57 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.84 | | | | | 0.24 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.51 | | | | | (1.08 | ) | | | | 1.07 | | | | | 1.53 | | | | | (6.88 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.75 | | | | | (0.81 | ) | | | | 1.31 | | | | | 2.37 | | | | | (6.64 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.24 | ) | | | | (0.19 | ) | | | | (0.95 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 11.62 | | | | $ | 10.13 | | | | $ | 11.23 | | | | $ | 10.16 | | | | $ | 7.98 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 17.30 | % | | | | (7.25 | )% | | | | 12.89 | % | | | | 29.70 | % | | | | (42.41 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 494 | | | | $ | 539 | | | | $ | 553 | | | | $ | 320 | | | | $ | 6 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % | | | | 0.34 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.20 | % | | | | 2.45 | % | | | | 2.36 | % | | | | 8.65 | % | | | | 1.87 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.42 | % | | | | 0.41 | % | | | | 0.41 | % | | | | 0.42 | % | | | | 0.41 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
214
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 10.16 | | | | $ | 11.26 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 8.01 | | | | $ | 15.57 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.20 | | | | | 0.21 | | | | | 0.41 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.19 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 1.49 | | | | | (1.08 | ) | | | | 0.85 | | | | | 2.09 | | | | | (6.87 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.69 | | | | | (0.87 | ) | | | | 1.26 | | | | | 2.36 | | | | | (6.68 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.66 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | (0.88 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 11.64 | | | | $ | 10.16 | | | | $ | 11.26 | | | | $ | 10.22 | | | | $ | 8.01 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.59 | % | | | | (7.71 | )% | | | | 12.34 | % | | | | 29.56 | % | | | | (42.64 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 4,946 | | | | $ | 5,073 | | | | $ | 4,389 | | | | $ | 285 | | | | $ | 6 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % | | | | 0.84 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 1.79 | % | | | | 1.91 | % | | | | 3.90 | % | | | | 2.92 | % | | | | 1.43 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.92 | % | | | | 0.91 | % | | | | 0.91 | % | | | | 0.92 | % | | | | 0.91 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 23 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 27 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 22 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
215
INCOME STRATEGIES PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Income Strategies Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 8.12 | | | | $ | 8.58 | | | | $ | 7.96 | | | | $ | 6.57 | | | | $ | 9.75 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.29 | | | | | 0.28 | | | | | 0.33 | | | | | 0.39 | | | | | 0.35 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.85 | | | | | (0.43 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.37 | | | | | (2.92 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.14 | | | | | (0.15 | ) | | | | 0.96 | | | | | 1.76 | | | | | (2.57 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.37 | ) | | | | (0.39 | )e |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.22 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.37 | ) | | | | (0.61 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.90 | | | | $ | 8.12 | | | | $ | 8.58 | | | | $ | 7.96 | | | | $ | 6.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.22 | % | | | | (1.78 | )% | | | | 12.36 | % | | | | 27.39 | % | | | | (26.81 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 13,366 | | | | $ | 18,278 | | | | $ | 14,054 | | | | $ | 10,619 | | | | $ | 5,305 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.42 | % | | | | 3.34 | % | | | | 4.00 | % | | | | 5.44 | % | | | | 4.03 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.23 | % | | | | 1.18 | % | | | | 1.44 | % | | | | 1.76 | % | | | | 2.17 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 111 | % | | | | 51 | % | | | | 70 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 98 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
216
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Income Strategies Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 8.16 | | | | $ | 8.62 | | | | $ | 8.00 | | | | $ | 6.56 | | | | $ | 9.74 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.24 | | | | | 0.22 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.33 | | | | | 0.29 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.84 | | | | | (0.43 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.37 | | | | | (2.92 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.08 | | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | 0.90 | | | | | 1.70 | | | | | (2.63 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.33 | )e |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.22 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.55 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.94 | | | | $ | 8.16 | | | | $ | 8.62 | | | | $ | 8.00 | | | | $ | 6.56 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 13.31 | % | | | | (2.50 | )% | | | | 11.46 | % | | | | 26.53 | % | | | | (27.36 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 12,195 | | | | $ | 10,732 | | | | $ | 8,130 | | | | $ | 4,674 | | | | $ | 3,188 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 2.79 | % | | | | 2.59 | % | | | | 3.31 | % | | | | 4.64 | % | | | | 3.33 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.99 | % | | | | 1.93 | % | | | | 2.19 | % | | | | 2.51 | % | | | | 2.92 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 111 | % | | | | 51 | % | | | | 70 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 98 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
217
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Income Strategies Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 8.56 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 6.57 | | | | $ | 9.75 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.34 | | | | | 0.31 | | | | | 0.35 | | | | | 0.40 | | | | | 0.38 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.82 | | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | 0.64 | | | | | 1.40 | | | | | (2.92 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.16 | | | | | (0.11 | ) | | | | 0.99 | | | | | 1.80 | | | | | (2.54 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | (0.42 | )e |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.22 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | (0.64 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.86 | | | | $ | 8.10 | | | | $ | 8.56 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 6.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.46 | % | | | | (1.39 | )% | | | | 12.83 | % | | | | 27.92 | % | | | | (26.59 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 5,527 | | | | $ | 8,125 | | | | $ | 7,614 | | | | $ | 9,708 | | | | $ | 7,541 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.97 | % | | | | 3.69 | % | | | | 4.31 | % | | | | 5.73 | % | | | | 4.38 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.80 | % | | | | 0.78 | % | | | | 1.04 | % | | | | 1.36 | % | | | | 1.77 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 111 | % | | | | 51 | % | | | | 70 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 98 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
218
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Income Strategies Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 8.11 | | | | $ | 8.57 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 6.57 | | | | $ | 9.75 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.33 | | | | | 0.30 | | | | | 0.37 | | | | | 0.39 | | | | | 0.37 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.84 | | | | | (0.42 | ) | | | | 0.61 | | | | | 1.38 | | | | | (2.92 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.17 | | | | | (0.12 | ) | | | | 0.98 | | | | | 1.77 | | | | | (2.55 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.41 | )e |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.22 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.63 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.89 | | | | $ | 8.11 | | | | $ | 8.57 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 6.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 14.53 | % | | | | (1.54 | )% | | | | 12.66 | % | | | | 27.73 | % | | | | (26.75 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 2,197 | | | | $ | 1,179 | | | | $ | 501 | | | | $ | 9 | | | | $ | 7 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.85 | % | | | | 3.57 | % | | | | 4.49 | % | | | | 5.57 | % | | | | 4.25 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.00 | % | | | | 0.93 | % | | | | 1.19 | % | | | | 1.51 | % | | | | 1.92 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 111 | % | | | | 51 | % | | | | 70 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 98 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
219
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Income Strategies Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 8.15 | | | | $ | 8.61 | | | | $ | 7.99 | | | | $ | 6.57 | | | | $ | 9.75 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeab | | | | 0.30 | | | | | 0.27 | | | | | 0.31 | | | | | 0.36 | | | | | 0.33 | |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.82 | | | | | (0.44 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.39 | | | | | (2.91 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.12 | | | | | (0.17 | ) | | | | 0.94 | | | | | 1.75 | | | | | (2.58 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | (0.38 | )e |
From net realized gains | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | — | | | | | (0.22 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | (0.60 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.93 | | | | $ | 8.15 | | | | $ | 8.61 | | | | $ | 7.99 | | | | $ | 6.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 13.88 | % | | | | (2.01 | )% | | | | 12.00 | % | | | | 27.23 | % | | | | (27.01 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 134 | | | | $ | 83 | | | | $ | 45 | | | | $ | 9 | | | | $ | 7 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.42 | % | | | | 3.12 | % | | | | 3.78 | % | | | | 5.07 | % | | | | 3.74 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.51 | % | | | | 1.43 | % | | | | 1.69 | % | | | | 2.01 | % | | | | 2.42 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 111 | % | | | | 51 | % | | | | 70 | % | | | | 34 | % | | | | 98 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
220
APPENDIX B
SATELLITE STRATEGIES PORTFOLIO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Class A Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.39 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 7.34 | | | | $ | 5.58 | | | | $ | 10.18 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.33 | a | | | | 0.28 | a | | | | 0.40 | | | | | 0.36 | a | | | | 0.28 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.86 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.62 | | | | | 1.69 | | | | | (4.51 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.19 | | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | 1.02 | | | | | 2.05 | | | | | (4.23 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.41 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.33 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.41 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.37 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.22 | | | | $ | 7.39 | | | | $ | 7.95 | | | | $ | 7.34 | | | | $ | 5.58 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.30 | % | | | | (3.17 | )% | | | | 14.20 | % | | | | 37.31 | % | | | | (41.99 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 250,407 | | | | $ | 201,416 | | | | $ | 212,886 | | | | $ | 131,389 | | | | $ | 57,958 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % | | | | 0.57 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 4.13 | % | | | | 3.59 | % | | | | 5.78 | % | | | | 5.66 | % | | | | 3.27 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.60 | % | | | | 0.61 | % | | | | 0.63 | % | | | | 0.71 | % | | | | 0.84 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
221
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Class C Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.36 | | | | $ | 7.92 | | | | $ | 7.31 | | | | $ | 5.56 | | | | $ | 10.15 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.26 | a | | | | 0.23 | a | | | | 0.34 | | | | | 0.31 | a | | | | 0.23 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.86 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.69 | | | | | (4.51 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.12 | | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | 0.97 | | | | | 2.00 | | | | | (4.28 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.18 | | | | $ | 7.36 | | | | $ | 7.92 | | | | $ | 7.31 | | | | $ | 5.56 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 15.37 | % | | | | (3.88 | )% | | | | 13.48 | % | | | | 36.29 | % | | | | (42.43 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 130,446 | | | | $ | 117,790 | | | | $ | 101,615 | | | | $ | 50,972 | | | | $ | 26,696 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % | | | | 1.32 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.32 | % | | | | 2.88 | % | | | | 5.17 | % | | | | 4.81 | % | | | | 2.67 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 1.35 | % | | | | 1.36 | % | | | | 1.38 | % | | | | 1.46 | % | | | | 1.59 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
222
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Institutional Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.38 | | | | $ | 7.94 | | | | $ | 7.33 | | | | $ | 5.57 | | | | $ | 10.17 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.36 | a | | | | 0.32 | a | | | | 0.42 | | | | | 0.42 | a | | | | 0.35 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.86 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.66 | | | | | (4.55 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.22 | | | | | (0.21 | ) | | | | 1.05 | | | | | 2.08 | | | | | (4.20 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.37 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.44 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.36 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.44 | ) | | | | (0.32 | ) | | | | (0.40 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.21 | | | | $ | 7.38 | | | | $ | 7.94 | | | | $ | 7.33 | | | | $ | 5.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.77 | % | | | | (2.77 | )% | | | | 14.66 | % | | | | 37.89 | % | | | | (41.81 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 803,541 | | | | $ | 590,521 | | | | $ | 442,808 | | | | $ | 242,969 | | | | $ | 54,327 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % | | | | 0.17 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 4.56 | % | | | | 4.07 | % | | | | 6.30 | % | | | | 6.37 | % | | | | 4.24 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.20 | % | | | | 0.21 | % | | | | 0.23 | % | | | | 0.31 | % | | | | 0.44 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
223
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Service Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, | | For the Period Ended December 31, 2008f |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.36 | | | | $ | 7.92 | | | | $ | 7.31 | | | | $ | 5.56 | | | | $ | 9.30 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.32 | a | | | | 0.28 | a | | | | 0.38 | | | | | 0.53 | a | | | | 0.13 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.87 | | | | | (0.53 | ) | | | | 0.63 | | | | | 1.51 | | | | | (3.60 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.19 | | | | | (0.25 | ) | | | | 1.01 | | | | | 2.04 | | | | | (3.47 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.23 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.40 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.19 | | | | $ | 7.36 | | | | $ | 7.92 | | | | $ | 7.31 | | | | $ | 5.56 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.26 | % | | | | 3.26 | % | | | | 14.17 | % | | | | 37.17 | % | | | | (37.37 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 37,068 | | | | $ | 28,306 | | | | $ | 22,401 | | | | $ | 11,311 | | | | $ | 222 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.67 | % | | | | 0.67 | % | | | | 0.67 | % | | | | 0.67 | % | | | | 0.67 | %h |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 4.04 | % | | | | 3.54 | % | | | | 5.97 | % | | | | 7.60 | % | | | | 2.20 | %i |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.70 | % | | | | 0.71 | % | | | | 0.73 | % | | | | 0.81 | % | | | | 0.94 | %h |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
224
APPENDIX B
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Class IR Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.38 | | | | $ | 7.94 | | | | $ | 7.34 | | | | $ | 5.58 | | | | $ | 10.17 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.35 | a | | | | 0.32 | a | | | | 0.42 | | | | | 0.96 | a | | | | 0.27 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.86 | | | | | (0.54 | ) | | | | 0.61 | | | | | 1.11 | | | | | (4.47 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.21 | | | | | (0.22 | ) | | | | 1.03 | | | | | 2.07 | | | | | (4.20 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.36 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.43 | ) | | | | (0.29 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.38 | ) | | | | (0.34 | ) | | | | (0.43 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.21 | | | | $ | 7.38 | | | | $ | 7.94 | | | | $ | 7.34 | | | | $ | 5.58 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 16.60 | % | | | | (2.91 | )% | | | | 14.34 | % | | | | 37.70 | % | | | | (41.79 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 74,216 | | | | $ | 58,940 | | | | $ | 19,947 | | | | $ | 6,331 | | | | $ | 4 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % | | | | 0.32 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 4.37 | % | | | | 4.12 | % | | | | 6.21 | % | | | | 13.43 | % | | | | 2.92 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.35 | % | | | | 0.36 | % | | | | 0.38 | % | | | | 0.46 | % | | | | 0.59 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
225
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Satellite Strategies Portfolio—Class R Shares |
| | For the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 |
Net asset value, beginning of period | | | $ | 7.37 | | | | $ | 7.93 | | | | $ | 7.32 | | | | $ | 5.57 | | | | $ | 10.17 | |
| | | | | |
Income (loss) from investment operations | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net investment incomeb | | | | 0.31a | | | | | 0.26 | a | | | | 0.41 | | | | | 0.50 | a | | | | 0.29 | a |
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) | | | | 0.86 | | | | | (0.52 | ) | | | | 0.59 | | | | | 1.53 | | | | | (4.54 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total from investment operations | | | | 1.17 | | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | 1.00 | | | | | 2.03 | | | | | (4.25 | ) |
| | | | | |
Distributions to shareholders | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
From net investment income | | | | (0.33 | ) | | | | (0.27 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.26 | ) | | | | (0.31 | ) |
From net realized gains | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.03 | ) | | | | — | | | | | (0.02 | ) | | | | (0.04 | ) |
| | | | | |
Total distributions | | | | (0.35 | ) | | | | (0.30 | ) | | | | (0.39 | ) | | | | (0.28 | ) | | | | (0.35 | ) |
| | | | | |
Net asset value, end of period | | | $ | 8.19 | | | | $ | 7.37 | | | | $ | 7.93 | | | | $ | 7.32 | | | | $ | 5.57 | |
| | | | | |
Total returnc | | | | 15.96 | % | | | | (3.42 | )% | | | | 14.01 | % | | | | 36.96 | % | | | | (42.16 | )% |
Net assets at end of period (in 000s) | | | $ | 2,804 | | | | $ | 846 | | | | $ | 761 | | | | $ | 160 | | | | $ | 21 | |
Ratio of net expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % | | | | 0.82 | % |
Ratio of net investment income to average net assetsb | | | | 3.86 | % | | | | 3.33 | % | | | | 6.13 | % | | | | 7.44 | % | | | | 3.55 | % |
Ratios assuming no expense reductions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Ratio of total expenses to average net assetsd | | | | 0.85 | % | | | | 0.86 | % | | | | 0.88 | % | | | | 0.96 | % | | | | 1.09 | % |
Portfolio turnover rateg | | | | 14 | % | | | | 35 | % | | | | 18 | % | | | | 58 | % | | | | 50 | % |
See page 227 for all footnotes.
226
APPENDIX B
Footnotes:
a | | Calculated based on the average shares outstanding methodology. |
b | | Recognition of net investment income by the Portfolio is affected by the timing of declaration of dividends by the Underlying Funds in which the Portfolio invests. |
c | | Assumes investment at the net asset value at the beginning of the year/period, reinvestment of all dividends and distributions, a complete redemption of the investment at the net asset value at the end of the year/period and no sales or redemption charges. Total returns would be reduced if sales or redemption charges were taken into account. Returns do not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Portfolio distributions or the redemption of Portfolio shares. Total returns for periods less than one full year are not annualized. |
d | | Expense ratios exclude expenses of the Underlying Funds in which the Portfolio invests. |
e | | Includes distribution from capital of $0.03 per share. |
f | | Commenced operations on August 29, 2008. |
g | | The Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate is calculated in accordance with regulatory requirements, without regard to transactions involving short term investments and certain derivatives. If such transactions were included, the Portfolio’s portfolio turnover rate may be higher. |
i | | The ratio is not annualized as the Portfolio’s income for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 did not correlate to the income earned during the class’ period of operation due to timing of income recognition. |
227
Fund of Funds Portfolios
Prospectus
Annual/Semi-annual Report
Additional information about the Portfolios’ investments is available in the Portfolios’ annual and semi-annual reports to shareholders. In the Portfolios’ annual reports, you will find a discussion of the market conditions and investment strategies that significantly affected the Portfolios’ performance during the last fiscal year.
Statement Of Additional Information
Additional information about the Portfolios and their policies is also available in the Portfolios’ SAI. The SAI is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus (is legally considered part of this Prospectus).
The Portfolios’ annual and semi-annual reports, and the SAI, are available free upon request by calling Goldman Sachs at 1-800-526-7384. You can also download the annual and semi-annual reports and the SAI at the Funds’ website: http://www.goldmansachsfunds.com.
From time to time, certain announcements and other information regarding the Funds may be found at http://www.gs.com/gsam/redirect/announcements/individuals for individual investors, http://www.gs.com/gsam/redirect/announcements/institutions for institutional investors or http://www.gs.com/gsam/redirect/announcements/advisors for advisors.
To obtain other information and for shareholder inquiries:
| | | | |
| | Institutional and Service | | Class A, B, C, IR & R |
¢ By telephone: | | 1-800-621-2550 | | 1-800-526-7384 |
¢ By mail: | | Goldman Sachs Funds P.O. Box 06050 Chicago, IL 60606 | | Goldman Sachs Funds P.O. Box 219711 Kansas City, MO 64121 |
¢ On the Internet: | | SEC EDGAR database – http://www.sec.gov |
You may review and obtain copies of Portfolio documents (including the SAI) by visiting the SEC’s public reference room in Washington, D.C. You may also obtain copies of Portfolio documents, after paying a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549-1520 or by electronic request to: publicinfo@sec.gov. Information on the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090.
| | | | |
FFPRO13 | | The Portfolios’ investment company registration number is 811-05349. GSAM® is a registered service mark of Goldman, Sachs & Co. | |  |
PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
DATED APRIL 30, 2013, AS AMENDED DECEMBER 10, 2013
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
FUND | | CLASS A SHARES | | CLASS B SHARES | | CLASS C SHARES | | CLASS R SHARES | | CLASS IR SHARES | | SERVICE SHARES | | INSTITUTIONAL SHARES |
GOLDMAN SACHS BALANCED STRATEGY PORTFOLIO | | GIPAX | | GIPBX | | GIPCX | | GIPRX | | GIPTX | | GIPSX | | GIPIX |
GOLDMAN SACHS GROWTH AND INCOME STRATEGY PORTFOLIO | | GOIAX | | GOIBX | | GOICX | | GPIRX | | GPITX | | GOISX | | GOIIX |
GOLDMAN SACHS GROWTH STRATEGY PORTFOLIO | | GGSAX | | GGSBX | | GGSCX | | GGSRX | | GGSTX | | GGSSX | | GGSIX |
GOLDMAN SACHS EQUITY GROWTH STRATEGY PORTFOLIO | | GAPAX | | GAPBX | | GAXCX | | GAPRX | | GAPTX | | GAPSX | | GAPIX |
GOLDMAN SACHS INCOME STRATEGIES PORTFOLIO | | GXIAX | | — | | GXICX | | GXIRX | | GXITX | | — | | GXIIX |
GOLDMAN SACHS SATELLITE STRATEGIES PORTFOLIO | | GXSAX | | — | | GXSCX | | GXSRX | | GXSTX | | GXSSX | | GXSIX |
(Fund of Funds Portfolios of Goldman Sachs Trust)
71 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”) is not a prospectus. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the prospectus for the Goldman Sachs Balanced Strategy Portfolio, Goldman Sachs Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio, Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Portfolio, Goldman Sachs Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio, Goldman Sachs Income Strategies Portfolio and Goldman Sachs Satellite Strategies Portfolio (collectively, the “Portfolios” and each individually, a “Portfolio”) dated April 30, 2013, and as it may be further amended and/or supplemented from time to time (the “Prospectus”). The Prospectus may be obtained without charge from Goldman, Sachs & Co. by calling the telephone numbers or writing to one of the addresses listed below; or from institutions (“Authorized Institutions”) acting on behalf of their customers. As of November 2, 2009, Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by new or existing shareholders.
The audited financial statements and related report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, for each Portfolio contained in each Portfolio’s 2012 Annual Report are incorporated herein by reference in the section “FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.” No other portions of each Portfolio’s Annual Report are incorporated by reference herein. A Portfolio’s Annual Report (when available) may be obtained upon request and without charge by calling Goldman, Sachs & Co. toll free at 1-800-526-7384 (for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shareholders) or 1-800-621-2550 (for Institutional and Service Shareholders).
GSAM® is a registered service mark of Goldman, Sachs & Co.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The date of this SAI is April 30, 2013, as amended December 10, 2013.
GOLDMAN SACHS ASSET MANAGEMENT, L.P.
Investment Adviser
200 West Street
New York, New York 10282
GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO.
Distributor
200 West Street
New York, New York 10282
GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO.
Transfer Agent
71 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Toll-free (in U.S.) 800-621-2550 (for Institutional and Service Shareholders) or
800-526-7384 (for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shareholders).
-ii-
INTRODUCTION
Goldman Sachs Trust (the “Trust”) is an open-end management investment company. The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust and was established by a Declaration of Trust dated January 28, 1997. The following series of the Trust are described in this SAI: Goldman Sachs Balanced Strategy Portfolio (“Balanced Strategy Portfolio”), Goldman Sachs Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio (formerly, Aggressive Growth Strategy Portfolio) (“Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio”), Goldman Sachs Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio (“Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio”), Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Portfolio (“Growth Strategy Portfolio”), Goldman Sachs Income Strategies Portfolio (“Income Strategies Portfolio”), and Goldman Sachs Satellite Strategies Portfolio (“Satellite Strategies Portfolio”) (each, also a “Portfolio” and collectively, the “Portfolios”). The Trustees of the Trust have authority under the Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares into separate series and to classify and reclassify any series or portfolio of shares into one or more classes without further action by shareholders. Pursuant thereto, the Trustees have created the Portfolios and other series. Additional series and classes may be added in the future from time to time. The Balanced Strategy Portfolio, Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio, Growth Strategy Portfolio and Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio currently offer seven classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class B Shares (subject to the limitations described herein), Class C Shares, Institutional Shares, Service Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares. The Satellite Strategies Portfolio currently offers six classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Institutional Shares, Service Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares. The Income Strategies Portfolio currently offers five classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Institutional Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares. See “SHARES OF THE TRUST.”
As of November 2, 2009 (the “Effective Date”), Class B Shares are generally no longer available for purchase by new or existing shareholders. Shareholders who invested in Class B Shares prior to the Effective Date may continue to hold their Class B Shares until they convert automatically to Class A Shares, as described in each Portfolio’s Prospectus. Class B shareholders may continue to reinvest dividends and capital gains into their accounts. Class B shareholders who had automatic investment plans into Class B Shares prior to the Effective Date can no longer make automatic investments into Class B Shares. Class B shareholders may continue to exchange their Shares for Class B Shares of certain other Goldman Sachs Funds. Otherwise, additional purchase requests for a Portfolio’s Class B Shares will be rejected.
Each Portfolio is a separately managed, diversified open-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Act”), with its own investment objectives and policies. Each Portfolio has been constructed as a “fund of funds,” which means that it pursues its investment objective primarily by allocating its investments among other investment portfolios of the Trust.
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (“GSAM”), an affiliate of Goldman, Sachs & Co. (“Goldman Sachs”) serves as investment adviser to each Portfolio. In this SAI, GSAM is sometimes referred to as the “Investment Adviser.” Goldman Sachs serves as each Portfolio’s distributor and transfer agent. Each Portfolio’s custodian is State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”).
The following information relates to and supplements the description of each Portfolio’s investment policies contained in the Prospectus. See the Prospectus for a more complete description of the Portfolios’ investment objectives and policies. Investing in the Portfolios entails certain risks and there is no assurance that a Portfolio will achieve its objective. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the same meaning as in the Prospectus.
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Each Portfolio has a distinct investment objective and policies. There can be no assurance that a Portfolio’s investment objective will be achieved. The investment objective and policies of each Portfolio, and the associated risks of each Portfolio are discussed in the Portfolios’ Prospectus, which should be read carefully
B-1
before an investment is made. All investment objectives and investment policies not specifically designated as fundamental may be changed without shareholder approval. However, to the extent required by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations including Rule 35d-1 of the Act and the SEC’s interpretive positions thereunder shareholders will be provided with sixty days notice in the manner prescribed by the SEC before any change in the Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio’s policy to invest at least 80% of its net assets plus any borrowings for investment purposes (measured at time of purchase) (“Net Assets”) in the particular type of investment suggested by its name.
Each of the Portfolios seeks to achieve its objective by investing in a combination of underlying funds that currently exist or that may become available for investment in the future for which GSAM or an affiliate now or in the future acts as investment adviser (the “Underlying Funds”). These Underlying Funds currently include the: Structured Large Cap Value Fund, Structured Large Cap Growth Fund, Structured Small Cap Equity Fund, Structured International Equity Fund, Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Structured International Small Cap Fund, International Small Cap Fund, Strategic Growth Fund and Large Cap Value Fund (the “Underlying Equity Funds”); Short Duration Government Fund, Core Fixed Income Fund, Global Income Fund, High Yield Fund, Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund and High Yield Floating Rate Fund (the “Underlying Fixed Income Funds”); and the Commodity Strategy and Dynamic Allocation Funds. The value of the Underlying Funds’ investments and the net asset value of the shares of both the Underlying Funds and the Portfolios will fluctuate with market, economic and, to the extent applicable, foreign exchange conditions, so that an investment in any of the Portfolios may be worth more or less when redeemed than when purchased.
For each of the Portfolios other than the Income Strategies Portfolio and the Satellite Strategies Portfolio, the Investment Adviser’s Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach, in combination with a qualitative overlay to global tactical asset allocation. The Global Tactical Asset Allocation (“GTAA”) strategy attempts to add value by actively managing exposure to global stock, bond and currency markets. In contrast to stock and bond selection strategies which focus on individual stocks and bonds, GTAA focuses on broad asset classes. The Investment Adviser’s GTAA models use financial and economic factors that are designed to capture intuitive fundamental relationships across markets. While the GTAA process is rigorous and quantitative, there is economic reasoning behind each position.
Each Portfolio starts with a strategic allocation among the various asset classes. The Investment Adviser then tactically deviates from the strategic allocations based on forecasts provided by the models. The tactical process seeks to add value by overweighting markets that the Investment Adviser believes to be attractive and underweighting markets it considers to be unattractive. Greater deviations from the strategic allocation of a given Portfolio result in higher risk that the tactical allocation will underperform the strategic allocation. However, the Investment Adviser’s risk control process balances the amount any asset class can be overweighted in seeking to achieve higher expected returns against the amount of risk imposed by that deviation from the strategic allocation.
Each Portfolio’s asset allocation process relies on a proprietary asset allocation model and a qualitative overlay. As a result of the qualitative overlay, a Portfolio’s investments may not correspond to those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model. The Portfolios may invest in, or have exposure to, asset classes other than those generated by the Investment Adviser’s asset allocation model, at the discretion of the Investment Adviser. In addition, the Investment Adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its asset allocation model, or use other asset allocation models based on the Investment Adviser’s proprietary research.
For the Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolios, the Investment Adviser believes there are three primary sources of risk that contribute to portfolio return—interest rate risk, equity market risk and active management risk. The first two risks—interest rate and equity market—constitute “market risk” (beta), meaning risk naturally associated with bond or stock market returns. Active management risk, however, comes from the pursuit of non-market related return (alpha) through active, skilled portfolio management.
Through a Core and Satellite approach to portfolio construction, investors can separate these three sources of portfolio risk to seek additional return opportunities. Investors achieve their desired exposure to equity and fixed income markets through Core investments—typically U.S. large cap equities and fixed income obtained through passive, structured and/or actively-managed strategies. Active and skilled portfolio management can contribute to alpha return of any mutual fund. However, investors can pursue additional return opportunities through less correlated satellite strategies such as emerging markets, high yield and commodities investments. The Investment Adviser believes the result of Core and Satellite investing is more efficient portfolio construction—and higher risk-adjusted return potential. Because the risks of satellite investments are typically less correlated with market risk, the Investment Adviser believes they can be added to any portfolio to increase diversification and return opportunities—without greatly impacting a portfolio’s overall risk.
With respect to the Satellite Strategies and Income Strategies Portfolios, the Investment Adviser’s Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach, in combination with a qualitative overlay in allocating to the satellite asset classes included in the Portfolios. The Portfolios start with a strategic allocation among the various asset classes. For this strategic allocation the Investment Adviser uses a proprietary asset allocation model. In contrast to traditional equity and fixed income selection strategies which focus on individual stocks and bonds, the model focuses on broad asset classes, such as emerging markets, high yield and commodities. The Investment Adviser’s model uses financial and economic factors that are designed to capture the risks and returns of global asset classes across markets. While the asset allocation process is rigorous and quantitative, allocation is driven by intuitive economic reasoning. On a monthly basis, the Investment Adviser will assess the risk contribution of each asset class and rebalance accordingly. The Investment Adviser employs a proprietary asset allocation technique and other techniques, to what it believes is the best strategic allocation in the Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolios.
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From time to time, the Investment Adviser will monitor, and may make changes to, the selection or weight of Underlying Funds, individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets in a Portfolio. Such changes (which may be the result of changes in the models, the asset allocation techniques, the manner of applying those models and techniques or the judgment of the Investment Adviser) may include: (i) evolutionary changes to the structure of the models and/or the asset allocation techniques (e.g., the addition of new factors or a new means of weighting the factors, increasing or decreasing investment in certain Underlying Funds); (ii) changes in trading procedures (e.g., trading frequency); or (iii) changes to the weight of Underlying Funds, individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets based on the Investment Adviser’s judgment. Any such changes will preserve a Portfolio’s basic investment philosophy of combining qualitative and quantitative methods of selecting investments using a disciplined investment process. Similarly, with respect to those Underlying Funds that are managed pursuant to a quantitative methodology, the Investment Adviser will monitor and may make changes to the selection or weight of individual or groups of securities, currencies, or markets in those Underlying Funds, including changes resulting from changes in the quantitative methodology, the manner of applying the quantitative methodology, changes in trading procedure, or the judgment of the Investment Adviser. For more information, please consult the relevant Underlying Fund’s SAI.
The following description provides additional information regarding the Underlying Funds and the types of investments that the Underlying Funds may make, and supplements the information in the Portfolios’ Prospectus.
Description of Underlying Funds
Structured Large Cap Value Fund
Objective. The Structured Large Cap Value Fund seeks long-term growth of capital and dividend income.
Primary Investment Focus. The Structured Large Cap Value Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. These issuers have public stock market capitalizations similar to those of companies constituting the Russell 1000® Index at the time of investment, which as of February 1, 2013 was between $231 million and $311 billion. However, the Underlying Fund may invest in securities outside the Russell 1000® capitalization range.
The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with a qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, Management and Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The underlying investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund maintains risk, style, and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 1000® Value Index, which generally consists of companies with above average capitalizations, low earnings growth expectations and above average dividend yields. The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize expected return while maintaining these and other characteristics similar to the benchmark.
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Other. The Underlying Fund may also invest in fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
Structured Large Cap Growth Fund
Objective. The Structured Large Cap Growth Fund seeks long-term growth of capital, with dividend income as a secondary consideration.
Primary Investment Focus. The Structured Large Cap Growth Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. These issuers have public stock market capitalizations similar to those of companies constituting the Russell 1000® Index, which as of February 1, 2013 was between $231 million and $311 billion. However, the Underlying Fund may invest in securities outside the Russell 1000® capitalization range.
The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with the qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, Management and Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The underlying investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund maintains risk, style, and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 1000® Growth Index, which generally consists of companies with above average capitalization and earnings growth expectations and below average dividend yields. The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize expected return while maintaining these and other characteristics similar to the benchmark.
Other. The Structured Large Cap Growth Fund may also invest in fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
Structured Small Cap Equity Fund
Objective. The Structured Small Cap Equity Fund seeks long-term growth of capital.
Primary Investment Focus. The Structured Small Cap Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in small-cap U.S. issuers, including foreign issuers that are traded in the United States. These issuers will have public stock market capitalizations similar to that of the range of the market capitalizations of companies constituting the Russell 2000® Index at the time of investment, which as of February 1, 2013 was between $30 million and $5.4 billion. However, the Underlying Fund may invest in securities outside the Russell 2000® capitalization range.
The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with a qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality, and Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both
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firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying fund’s investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund maintains risk, style, and capitalization characteristics similar to the Russell 2000® Index, which is an index designed to represent an investable universe of small-cap companies. The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize expected return while maintaining these and other characteristics similar to the benchmark.
Other. The Structured Small Cap Equity Fund may also invest in fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
Structured International Equity Fund
Objective. The Structured International Equity Fund seeks long-term growth of capital.
Primary Investment Focus. The Structured International Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in companies that are organized outside the United States or whose securities are principally traded outside the United States.
The portfolio management team uses two distinct strategies—a bottom-up stock selection strategy and a top-down country/currency selection strategy—to manage the Underlying Fund. The Underlying Fund invests in at least three foreign countries and may invest in the securities of issuers in countries with emerging markets or economies (“emerging countries”).
The Underlying Fund seeks broad representation of large-cap and mid-cap issuers across major countries and sectors of the international economy, with some exposure to small cap issuers. The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with a qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock and country/currency selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The Underlying Investment Adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize its expected return, while maintaining risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® Europe, Australasia, Far East (“EAFE®”) Standard Index (unhedged, with dividends reinvested, net of dividend withholding taxes) (“MSCI® EAFE® (net) Index”), adjusted for the Underlying Fund’s Investment Adviser’s country views. Additionally, the portfolio management team’s views of the relative attractiveness of countries and currencies are considered in allocating the Underlying Fund’s assets among countries. The MSCI® EAFE (net) Index is designed to measure equity market performance of the large and mid capitalization segments of developed markets, excluding the U.S. and Canada.
Other. The Structured International Equity Fund may also invest in fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
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Emerging Markets Equity Fund
Objective. The Emerging Markets Equity Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Emerging Markets Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in emerging country issuers. Such equity investments may include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), futures and other instruments with similar economic exposures. The Underlying Fund’s Investment Adviser may consider classifications by the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, the United Nations (and its agencies) or the Underlying Fund’s benchmark index provider in determining whether a country is emerging or developed. Emerging countries are generally located in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Central and South America.
An emerging country issuer is any company that either:
| • | | Has a class of its securities whose principal securities market is in an emerging country; |
| • | | Is organized under the laws of, or has a principal office in, an emerging country; |
| • | | Derives 50% or more of its total revenue from goods produced, sales made or services provided in one or more emerging countries; or |
| • | | Maintains 50% or more of its assets in one or more emerging countries. |
Under normal circumstances, the Underlying Fund maintains investments in at least six emerging countries, and will not invest more than 35% of its Net Assets in securities of issuers in any one emerging country. Allocation of the Underlying Fund’s investments is determined by the investment adviser’s assessment of a company’s upside potential and downside risk, how attractive it appears relative to other holdings, and how the addition will impact sector and industry weightings. The largest weightings in the Underlying Fund’s portfolio relative to the benchmark of the Underlying Fund are given to companies the Underlying Fund’s Investment Adviser believes have the most upside return potential relative to their contribution to overall portfolio risk. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using a strong valuation discipline to purchase what the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes are well-positioned, cash-generating businesses run by shareholder-oriented management teams.
The Underlying Fund may invest in: (i) fixed income securities of private and government emerging country issuers; and (ii) equity and fixed income securities, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations, of developed country issuers.
Real Estate Securities Fund
Objective. The Real Estate Securities Fund seeks total return comprised of long-term growth of capital and dividend income.
Primary Investment Focus. The Real Estate Securities Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of equity investments in issuers that are primarily engaged in or related to the real estate industry.
A ‘‘real estate industry company’’ is a company that derives at least 50% of its gross revenues or net profits from the ownership, development, construction, financing, management or sale of commercial, industrial or residential real estate or interests therein. Real estate industry companies may include REITs, REIT-like structures, or real estate operating companies whose businesses and services are related to the real estate industry.
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The Underlying Fund’s investment strategy is based on the premise that property market fundamentals are the primary determinant of growth, underlying the success of companies in the real estate industry. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser focuses on companies that can achieve sustainable growth in cash flow and dividend paying capability over time. The investment adviser attempts to purchase securities so that its underlying portfolio will be diversified geographically and by property type. Although the Underlying Fund will invest primarily in publicly traded U.S. securities, it may invest up to 15% of its total assets (not including securities lending collateral and any investment of that collateral) measured at time of purchase (“Total Assets”) in foreign securities, including securities quoted in foreign currencies.
The Underlying Fund concentrates its investments in the real estate industry, which has historically experienced substantial price volatility. This concentration subjects the Fund to greater risk of loss as a result of adverse economic, business or other developments than if its investments were diversified across different industries. The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it is permitted to invest a larger percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than diversified mutual funds. Thus, the Fund may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held in its portfolio, and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these developments.
Risks associated with investments in the real estate industry include, among others: possible declines in the value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions; possible lack of availability of mortgage financing, variations in rental income, neighborhood values or the appeal of property to tenants; interest rates; overbuilding; extended vacancies of properties; increases in competition, property taxes and operating expenses; and changes in zoning laws. The real estate industry is particularly sensitive to economic downturns. The values of securities of companies in the real estate industry may go through cycles of relative underperformance and out-performance in comparison to equity securities markets in general.
REITs whose underlying properties are concentrated in a particular industry or geographic region are subject to risks affecting such industries and regions. The securities of REITs involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements because of interest rate changes, economic conditions and other factors. Securities of such issuers may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable the Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price.
Other. The Real Estate Securities Fund may invest up to 20% of its Total Assets in fixed income investments, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations. The Underlying Fund concentrates its investments in securities of issuers in the real estate industry.
This Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Act, and may invest a larger percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds.
International Real Estate Securities Fund
Objective. The International Real Estate Securities Fund seeks total return comprised of long-term growth of capital and dividend income.
Primary Investment Focus. The International Real Estate Securities Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of equity investments in issuers that are primarily engaged in or related to the real estate industry (“real estate industry companies”) outside the United States. A “real estate industry company” is a company that derives at least 50% of its gross revenues or net profits from the ownership, development, construction, financing, management or sale of commercial, industrial or residential real estate or interests therein. Real estate companies may include REITs, REIT-like structures, or real estate operating companies whose businesses and services are related to the real estate industry.
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The Underlying Fund’s investment strategy is based on the premise that property market fundamentals are the primary determinant of growth, underlying the success of companies in the real estate industry. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser focuses on companies that can achieve sustainable growth in cash flow and dividend paying capability over time. The investment adviser attempts to purchase securities so that its underlying portfolio will be diversified geographically and by property type.
The Underlying Fund invests primarily in real estate industry companies organized outside the United States or whose securities are principally traded outside the United States.
The Underlying Fund expects to invest a substantial portion of its assets in the securities of issuers located in Japan, the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada and Continental Europe. The Fund may also invest a portion of its assets in securities of issuers located in emerging market countries, such as Central American, South American, African, Middle Eastern, and certain Asian and Eastern European countries. From time to time, the Underlying Fund’s investments in a particular country may exceed 25% of its investment portfolio.
Other. The International Real Estate Securities Fund may invest up to 20% of its Total Assets in REITs or other real estate companies organized or principally traded in the United States and fixed income investments, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations. The Fund concentrates its investments in securities of issuers in the real estate industry.
This Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Act, and may invest a larger percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds.
Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund
Objective. The Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund seeks long-term growth of capital.
Primary Investment Focus. The Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in emerging country issuers. Currently, emerging countries include, among others, Central and South American, African, Asian and Eastern European countries. Under normal circumstances, the Underlying Fund will not invest more than 35% of its Net Assets in securities of issuers in any one emerging country.
The portfolio management team uses two distinct strategies—a bottom-up stock selection strategy and a top-down country/currency selection strategy—to manage the Underlying Fund.
The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with a qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock and country/currency selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The underlying investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize its expected return, while maintaining risk, style and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® Emerging Markets Standard Index (unhedged, with dividends reinvested, net of dividend withholding taxes) (“MSCI® Emerging Markets (net) Index”), adjusted for the Underlying Fund’s Investment Adviser’s country views. Additionally, the portfolio management team’s views
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of the relative attractiveness of emerging countries and currencies are considered in allocating the Underlying Fund’s assets among emerging countries. The MSCI® Emerging Markets (net) Index is designed to measure equity market performance of the large and mid market capitalization segments of emerging markets.
Other. The Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund may invest in fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
Structured International Small Cap Fund
Objective. The Structured International Small Cap Fund seeks long-term growth of capital.
Primary Investment Focus. The Underlying Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a broadly diversified portfolio of equity investments in small cap non-U.S. issuers.
The Underlying Fund uses a “structured” quantitative style of management, in combination with a qualitative overlay, that emphasizes fundamentally-based stock selection, careful portfolio construction and efficient implementation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using fundamental research and a variety of quantitative techniques based on certain investment themes, including, among others, Valuation, Quality and Management, Momentum. The Valuation theme attempts to capture potential mispricings of securities, typically by comparing a measure of the company’s intrinsic value to its market value. The Quality theme assesses both firm and management quality. The Momentum theme seeks to predict drifts in stock prices caused by delayed investor reaction to company-specific information and information about related companies. The underlying investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its quantitative techniques, or use other quantitative techniques that are based on the underlying investment adviser’s proprietary research.
The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize its expected return, while maintaining risk, style, and capitalization characteristics similar to the MSCI® Europe, Australasia, Far East (“EAFE®”) Small Cap Index (unhedged, with dividends reinvested, net of dividend withholding taxes) (“MSCI® EAFE® Small Cap (net) Index”). The MSCI® EAFE® Small Cap (net) Index is designed to measure equity market performance of the small capitalization segments of developed markets, excluding the United States and Canada. The Underlying Fund seeks to maximize its expected return while maintaining these and other characteristics similar to the benchmark.
Other. The Structured International Small Cap Fund may also invest in the securities of issuers in emerging countries, and fixed income securities that are considered to be cash equivalents.
International Small Cap Fund
Objective. The International Small Cap Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Objective. The International Small Cap Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in non-U.S. small-cap companies. Such equity investments may include exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), futures and other instruments with similar economic exposures. Non-U.S. small-cap companies are companies:
| • | | With public stock market capitalizations within the range of the market capitalization of companies constituting the S&P Developed Ex-U.S. Small Cap Index (net) at the time of investment, which as of December 31, 2012 was between $5 million and $12 billion; and |
| • | | That are organized outside the United States or whose securities are principally traded outside the United States. |
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The Underlying Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in issuers that are considered by the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser to be strategically positioned for long-term growth through its evaluation of factors such as a company’s financial position relative to peers, current financial condition, competitive position in its industry, ability to capitalize on future growth, and equity valuation. The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using a strong valuation discipline to purchase what the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes are well-positioned, cash-generating businesses run by shareholder-oriented management teams.
The Underlying Fund’s assets are invested in at least three foreign countries. The Underlying Fund expects to invest a substantial portion of its assets in securities of companies in the developed countries of Western Europe, Japan and Asia, but may also invest in securities of issuers located in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and in emerging countries. From time to time, the Underlying Fund’s investments in a particular developed country may exceed 25% of its investment portfolio.
Other. The International Small Cap Fund may invest in equity investments outside the market capitalization range specified above and in fixed income securities, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations.
Strategic Growth Fund
Objective. The Strategic Growth Fund seeks long-term growth of capital.
Primary Investment Focus. The Strategic Growth Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 90% of its Total Assets in equity investments. Although the Underlying Fund invests primarily in publicly traded U.S. securities, it may invest up to 25% of its Total Assets in foreign securities, including securities of issuers in emerging countries and securities quoted in foreign currencies. This Underlying Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing in a diversified portfolio of equity investments that are considered by the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser to be strategically positioned for consistent long-term growth. The Underlying Fund’s fundamental equity growth investment process involves evaluating potential investments based on specific characteristics believed to indicate a high-quality business with sustainable growth, including strong business franchises, favorable long-term prospects, and excellent management.
The underlying investment adviser will also consider valuation of companies when determining whether to buy and/or sell securities. The underlying investment adviser may decide to sell a position for various reasons, including when a company’s fundamental outlook deteriorates, because of valuation and price considerations, for risk management purposes, or when a company is deemed to be misallocating capital. In addition, the underlying investment adviser may sell a position in order to meet shareholder redemptions.
Large Cap Value Fund
Objective. The Large Cap Value Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Large Cap Value Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a diversified portfolio of equity investments in large-cap U.S. issuers with public stock market capitalizations within the range of the market capitalization of companies constituting the Russell 1000® Value Index at the time of investment. As of November 30, 2012, the capitalization range of the Russell 1000® Value Index was between $302.4 million and $401.9 billion. Although the Underlying Fund will invest primarily in publicly traded U.S. securities, it may invest in foreign securities, including securities quoted in foreign currencies. The Underlying Fund seeks its investment objective by investing in value opportunities that the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser defines as companies with identifiable competitive advantages whose intrinsic value is not reflected in the stock price. The Underyling Fund’s equity investment process involves: (1) using multiple industry-specific valuation metrics to identify real economic value and company potential in
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stocks, screened by valuation, profitability and business characteristics; (2) conducting in-depth company research and assessing overall business quality; and (3) buying those securities that a sector portfolio manager recommends, taking into account feedback from the rest of the portfolio management team. The underlying investment adviser may decide to sell a position for various reasons, including valuation and price considerations, readjustment of the underlying investment adviser’s outlook based on subsequent events, the investment adviser’s ongoing assessment of the quality and effectiveness of management, if new investment ideas offer the potential for better risk reward profiles than existing holdings, or for risk management purposes. In addition, the underlying investment adviser may sell a position in order to meet shareholder redemptions.
Other. The Large Cap Value Fund may invest in fixed income securities, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations.
Short Duration Government Fund
Objective. The Short Duration Government Fund seeks a high level of current income and secondarily, in seeking current income, may also consider the potential for capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Short Duration Government Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in U.S. Government securities and in repurchase agreements collateralized by such securities. Substantially all of Underlying the Fund’s Net Assets will be invested in U.S. Government securities and instruments based on U.S. Government securities. The Underlying Fund also intends to invest in derivatives, including (but not limited to) interest rate futures, options and interest rate swaps, which are used primarily to hedge the Fund’s portfolio risks, manage the Fund’s duration and/or gain exposure to certain fixed income securities. 100% of the Underlying Fund’s portfolio will be invested in U.S. dollar-denominated securities.
The Underlying Fund’s target duration range under normal interest rate conditions is that of the BofA ML Two-Year U.S. Treasury Note Index, plus or minus 1 year, and over the past ten years ended June 30, 2012, the duration of this index has been approximately 1.92 years.
Core Fixed Income Fund
Objective. The Core Fixed Income Fund seeks a total return consisting of capital appreciation and income that exceeds the total return of the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index.
Primary Investment Focus. The Core Fixed Income Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in fixed income securities, including U.S. Government securities, corporate debt securities, Mortgage-Backed Securities and asset-backed securities. The Underlying Fund may also invest in custodial receipts, fixed income securities issued by or on behalf of states, territories, and possessions of the United States (including the District of Columbia) (“Municipal Securities”) and convertible securities. The Underlying Fund may also engage in forward foreign currency transactions for both speculative and hedging purposes.
The Underlying Fund’s investments in non-U.S. dollar denominated obligations (hedged or unhedged against currency risk) will not exceed 25% of its Total Assets, and 10% of the Underlying Fund’s Total Assets may be invested in obligations of issuers in emerging countries. Additionally, exposure to non-U.S. currencies (unhedged against currency risk) will not exceed 25% of the Underlying Fund’s Total Assets. In pursuing its investment objective, the Underlying Fund uses the Index as its performance benchmark, but the Underlying Fund will not attempt to replicate the Index. The Underlying Fund may, therefore, invest in securities that are not included in the Index.
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The Underlying Fund may invest in fixed income securities rated at least BBB- or Baa3 at the time of purchase. Securities will either be rated by a NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser to be of comparable quality. The Underlying Fund’s target duration range under normal interest rate conditions is that of the Index plus or minus one year, and over the last ten years ended June 30, 2012, the duration of the Index has ranged between 3.71 and 5.19 years.
Global Income Fund
Objective. The Global Income Fund seeks a high total return, emphasizing current income, and, to a lesser extent, providing opportunities for capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Global Income Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in a portfolio of fixed income securities of U.S. and foreign issuers. Foreign securities include securities of issuers located outside the U.S. or securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. The Underlying Fund also enters into transactions in foreign currencies, typically through the use of forward contracts and swap contracts.
Under normal market conditions, the Underlying Fund will:
| • | | Have at least 30% of its Net Assets, after considering the effect of currency positions, denominated in U.S. dollars |
| • | | Invest in securities of issuers in at least three countries |
| • | | Seek to meet its investment objective by pursuing investment opportunities in foreign and domestic fixed income securities markets and by engaging in currency transactions to seek to enhance returns and to seek to hedge its portfolio against currency exchange rate fluctuations |
The Underlying Fund may invest more than 25% of its Total Assets in the securities of corporate and governmental issuers located in each of Canada, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom as well as in the securities of U.S. issuers. Not more than 25% of the Underlying Fund’s Total Assets will be invested in securities of issuers in any other single foreign country.
The Underlying Fund may also invest up to 10% of its Total Assets in issuers in emerging countries.
The fixed income securities in which the Fund may invest include:
| • | | U.S. Government securities and custodial receipts therefor |
| • | | Securities issued or guaranteed by a foreign government or any of its political subdivisions, authorities, agencies, instrumentalities or by supranational entities |
| • | | Corporate debt securities |
| • | | Certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances issued or guaranteed by, or time deposits maintained at, U.S. or foreign banks (and their branches wherever located) having total assets of more than $1 billion |
| • | | Mortgage-Backed Securities and asset-backed securities. |
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The Underlying Fund may invest in fixed income securities rated at least BBB-or Baa3 at the time of purchase, and at least 25% of the Underlying Fund’s Total Assets will be invested in fixed income securities rated at least AAA or Aaa at the time of purchase. Securities will either be rated by a NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by the Underlying Fund’s Investment Adviser to be of comparable quality. The Underlying Fund’s target duration range under normal interest rate conditions is that of the Barclays Global Aggregate Index (USD Hedged), plus or minus 2.5 years, and over the last ten years ended June 30, 2012, the duration of the index has ranged between 3.6 and 7 years. Subject to the above, there are no limits on the length of remaining maturities of securities held by the Underlying Fund. The approximate interest rate sensitivity of the Underlying Fund is comparable to that of a 6 year bond.
Other. The Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), and may invest more of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds.
High Yield Fund
Objective. The Goldman Sachs High Yield Fund seeks a high level of current income.
Primary Investment Focus. The Underlying Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in domestic or foreign floating rate loans and other floating or variable rate obligations rated below investment grade. Non-investment grade obligations are those rated BB+, Ba1 or below by a NRSRO, or, if unrated, determined by the Underlying Funds’ Investment Adviser to be of comparable quality, and are commonly referred to as “junk bonds.”
The Underlying Fund’s investments in floating and variable rate obligations may include, without limitation, senior secured loans (including assignments and participations), second lien loans, senior unsecured and subordinated loans, senior and subordinated corporate debt obligations (such as bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper), debt issued by governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, and debt issued by central banks. The Underlying Fund may invest indirectly in loans by purchasing participations or sub-participations from financial institutions. Participations and sub-participations represent the right to receive a portion of the principal of, and all of the interest relating to such portion of, the applicable loan. The Underlying Fund expects to invest principally in the U.S. loan market and, to a lesser extent, in the European loan market. The Underlying Fund may also invest in other loan markets, although it does not currently intend to do so.
Under normal market conditions, the Underlying Fund may invest up to 20% of its Net Assets in fixed income instruments, regardless of rating, including fixed rate corporate bonds, government bonds, convertible debt obligations, and mezzanine fixed income instruments. The Fund may also invest in floating or variable rate instruments that are rated investment grade and in preferred stock, repurchase agreements and cash securities.
The Underlying Fund may also invest in derivative instruments. Derivatives are instruments that have a value based on another instrument, exchange rate or index. The Underlying Fund’s investments in derivatives may include credit default swaps on credit and loan indices and forward contracts, among others. The Underlying Fund may use currency management techniques, such as forward foreign currency contracts, for investment or hedging purposes. Derivatives that provide exposure to floating or variable rate loans or obligations rated below investment grade are counted towards the Underlying Fund’s 80% policy.
The Underlying Fund’s target duration under normal interest rate conditions is less than 0.5 years. The Underlying Fund’s investments in floating rate obligations will generally have short to intermediate maturities (approximately 4-7 years).
The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using a bottom-up analysis that incorporates fundamental research, a focus on market conditions and pricing trends, quantitative research, and news or
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market events. The selection of individual investments is based on the overall risk and return profile of the investment taking into account liquidity, structural complexity, cash flow uncertainty and downside potential. Research analysts and portfolio managers systematically assess portfolio positions, taking into consideration, among other factors, broader macroeconomic conditions and industry and company-specific financial performance and outlook. Based upon this analysis, the Investment Adviser will sell positions determined to be overvalued and reposition the portfolio in more attractive investment opportunities on a relative basis given the current climate.
Emerging Markets Debt Fund
Objective. The Goldman Sachs Emerging Markets Debt Fund seeks a high level of total return consisting of income and capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Goldman Sachs Emerging Markets Debt Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in sovereign and corporate debt securities and other instruments of issuers in emerging market countries. Such instruments may include credit linked notes and other investments with similar economic exposures. Emerging market countries include but are not limited to those considered to be developing by the World Bank.
Generally, the underlying investment adviser has broad discretion to identify other countries that it considers to qualify as emerging markets countries. The majority of these countries are likely to be located in Asia, South and Central America, the Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Sovereign debt issuers include governments or any of their agencies, political subdivisions or instrumentalities. In determining whether an issuer of corporate debt is in an emerging market country, the underlying investment adviser will ordinarily do so by identifying the issuer’s “country of risk.” The issuer’s “country of risk” is defined by Bloomberg and is based on a number of criteria, including its country of domicile, the primary stock exchange on which it trades, the location from which the majority of its revenue comes, and its reporting currency. However, the underlying investment adviser may also (but is not required to) deem other issuers to be in an emerging market country if they are otherwise tied economically to an emerging market country.
The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser currently intends that the Fund’s investment focus will be in the following emerging countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Ukraine and Venezuela, as well as other emerging countries to the extent that foreign investors are permitted by applicable law to make such investments. The Underlying Fund may invest in all types of foreign and emerging country fixed income securities. Foreign securities include securities of issuers located outside the U.S. or securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than the U.S. Dollar.
The countries in which the Underlying Fund invests may have sovereign ratings that are below investment grade or are unrated. Moreover, to the extent the Underlying Fund invests in corporate or other privately issued debt obligations, many of the issuers of such obligations will be smaller companies with stock market capitalizations of $1 billion or less at the time of investment. Securities of these issuers may be rated below investment grade or unrated. Although a majority of the Underlying Fund’s assets may be denominated in U.S. Dollars, the Underlying Fund may invest in securities denominated in any currency and may be subject to the risk of adverse currency fluctuations. Additionally, the Underlying Fund intends to use structured securities or derivatives, including but not limited to credit linked notes, financial future contracts, forward contracts and swap contracts to gain exposure to certain countries or currencies.
The Underlying Fund may invest in securities without regard to credit rating. The Underlying Fund’s target duration range under normal interest rate conditions is that of the J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Diversified Index, plus or minus 2 years, and over the last ten years ended June 30, 2012, the duration of this Index has ranged between 5.2 and 7.5 years.
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The Underlying Fund’s portfolio managers seek to build a portfolio consisting of their “best ideas” across the emerging markets debt market consistent with the Underlying Fund’s overall risk budget and the views of the investment adviser’s Global Fixed Income top-down teams. As market conditions change, the volatility and attractiveness of sectors, securities and strategies can change as well. To optimize the Underlying Fund’s risk/return potential within its long term risk budget, the portfolio managers may dynamically adjust the mix of top-down and bottom-up strategies in the Underlying Fund’s portfolio.
Other. The Underlying Fund is non-diversified under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), and may invest more of its assets in fewer issuers than diversified mutual funds.
Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund
Objective. The Goldman Sachs Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund seeks a high level of total return consisting of income and capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Local Emerging Markets Debt Funds invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in (i) sovereign and corporate debt securities and other instruments of issuers in emerging market countries, denominated in the local currency of such emerging market countries, and/or (ii) currencies of such emerging market countries, which may be represented by forwards or other derivatives that may have interest rate exposure. Such instruments referred to in (i) above may include credit linked notes and other investments with similar economic exposures. Emerging market countries include but are not limited to those considered to be developing by the World Bank. Generally, the underlying investment adviser has broad discretion to identify other countries that it considers to qualify as emerging markets countries. The majority of these countries are likely to be located in Asia, South and Central America, the Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Sovereign debt consists of debt securities issued by governments or any of their agencies, political subdivisions or instrumentalities, denominated in the currency of that country, and may also include nominal and real inflation-linked securities. In determining whether an issuer of corporate debt is in an emerging market country, the underlying investment adviser will ordinarily do so by identifying the issuer’s “country of risk.” The issuer’s “country of risk” is defined by Bloomberg and is based on a number of criteria, including its country of domicile, the primary stock exchange on which it trades, the location from which the majority of its revenue comes, and its reporting currency. However, the underlying investment adviser may also (but is not required to) deem other issuers to be in an emerging market country if they are otherwise tied economically to an emerging market country. Currency investments, particularly longer-dated forward contracts, provide the Underlying Fund with economic exposure similar to investments in sovereign and corporate debt with respect to currency and interest rate exposure.
The investment adviser currently intends that the Fund’s investment focus will be in the following emerging countries: Argentina, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ghana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Kazakstan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam and Zambia, as well as other emerging countries to the extent that foreign investors are permitted by applicable law to make such investments. The Underlying Fund may invest in all types of foreign and emerging country fixed income securities. Foreign securities include securities of issuers located outside the U.S. or securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than the U.S. Dollar.
The countries in which the Underlying Fund invests may have sovereign ratings that are below investment grade or are unrated. Moreover, to the extent the Underlying Fund invests in corporate or other privately issued debt obligations, many of the issuers of such obligations will be smaller companies with stock market capitalizations of $1 billion or less at the time of investment. Securities of these issuers may be rated below investment grade or unrated. Although a majority of the Underlying Fund’s assets will be denominated in non-U.S. Dollars, the Underlying Fund may invest in securities denominated in the U.S. Dollar.
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Currently, the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s emerging markets debt strategy invests significantly in emerging market sovereign issues. As such, country selection is believed to be the most important factor in the portfolio construction process. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser evaluates macro developments and assesses the net flows within countries. The next most important factor is security selection. Analysis of emerging market debt involves an understanding of the finances, political events, and macroeconomic condition of a country. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s research analysts analyze the “balance sheets” of the countries they follow.
The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser intends to use structured securities and derivative instruments to attempt to improve the performance of the Underlying Fund or to gain exposure to certain countries or currencies in the Underlying Fund’s investment portfolio in accordance with its investment objective, and the Underlying Fund’s investments in these instruments may be significant. These transactions may result in substantial realized and unrealized capital gains and losses relative to the gains and losses from the Underlying Fund’s investments in bonds and other securities. Short-term and long-term realized capital gains distributions paid by the Underlying Fund are taxable to its shareholders.
The Underlying Fund may invest in the aggregate up to 20% of its Net Assets in investments other than emerging country fixed income securities, currency investments and related derivatives, including (without limitation) equity securities and fixed income securities, such as government, corporate and bank debt obligations, of developed country issuers.
The Underlying Fund may invest in securities without regard to credit rating. The Underlying Fund’s target duration range under normal interest rate conditions is that of the J.P. Morgan Government Bond Index—Emerging Markets Global Diversified Index plus or minus 2 years, and since the Index’s inception on December 31, 2002, the duration of this Index has ranged between 3.8 and 4.7 years. The Underlying Fund’s portfolio managers seek to build a portfolio consisting of their “best ideas” across the emerging markets debt market consistent with the Underlying Fund’s overall risk budget and the views of the investment adviser’s Global Fixed Income top-down teams. As market conditions change, the volatility and attractiveness of sectors, securities and strategies can change as well. To optimize the Underlying Fund’s risk/return potential within its long term risk budget, the portfolio managers may dynamically adjust the mix of top-down and bottom-up strategies in the Underlying Fund’s portfolio.
Other. The Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Investment Company Act, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), and may invest more of its assets in fewer issuers than diversified mutual funds.
High Yield Floating Rate Fund
Objective. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund seeks a high level of current income.
Primary Investment Focus. The High Yield Floating Rate Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its Net Assets in domestic or foreign floating rate loans and other floating or variable rate obligations rated below investment grade. Non-investment grade obligations are those rated BB+, Ba1 or below by a NRSRO, or, if unrated, determined by the Investment Adviser to be of comparable quality, and are commonly referred to as “junk bonds. “
The Underlying Fund’s investments in floating and variable rate obligations may include, without limitation, senior secured loans (including assignments and participations), second lien loans, senior unsecured and subordinated loans, senior and subordinated corporate debt obligations (such as bonds, debentures, notes and commercial paper), debt issued by governments, their agencies and instrumentalities, and debt issued by
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central banks. The Underlying Fund may invest indirectly in loans by purchasing participations or sub-participations from financial institutions. Participations and sub-participations represent the right to receive a portion of the principal of, and all of the interest relating to such portion of, the applicable loan. The Underlying Fund expects to invest principally in the U.S. loan market and, to a lesser extent, in the European loan market. The Underlying Fund may also invest in other loan markets, although it does not currently intend to do so.
Under normal conditions, the Underlying Fund may invest up to 20% of its Net Assets in fixed income instruments, regardless of rating, including fixed rate corporate bonds, government bonds, convertible debt obligations, and mezzanine fixed income instruments. The Underlying Fund may also invest in floating or variable rate instruments that are rated investment grade and in preferred stock, repurchase agreements and cash securities.
The Underlying Fund may also invest in derivative instruments. Derivatives are instruments that have a value based on another instrument, exchange rate or index. The Underlying Fund’s investments in derivatives may include credit default swaps on credit and loan indices and forward contracts, among others. The Underlying Fund may use currency management techniques, such as forward foreign currency contracts, for investment or hedging purposes. Derivatives that provide exposure to floating or variable rate loans or obligations rated below investment grade are counted towards the Underlying Fund’s 80% policy.
The Underlying Fund’s target duration under normal interest rate conditions is less than 0.5 years (the Underlying Fund’s duration approximates its price sensitivity to changes in interest rates). The Underlying Fund’s investments in floating rate obligations will generally have short to intermediate maturities (approximately 4-7 years). The Underlying Fund’s investments are selected using a bottom-up analysis that incorporates fundamental research, a focus on market conditions and pricing trends, quantitative research, and news or market events. The selection of individual investments is based on the overall risk and return profile of the investment taking into account liquidity, structural complexity, cash flow uncertainty and downside potential. Research analysts and portfolio managers systematically assess portfolio positions, taking into consideration, among other factors, broader macroeconomic conditions and industry and company specific financial performance and outlook. Based upon this analysis, the Investment Adviser will sell positions determined to be overvalued and reposition the portfolio in more attractive investment opportunities on a relative basis given the current climate.
Commodity Strategy Fund
Objective. The Commodity Strategy Fund seeks long-term total return.
Primary Investment Focus. The Commodity Strategy Fund seeks to maintain substantial economic exposure to the performance of the commodities markets. The Underlying Fund primarily gains exposure to the commodities markets by investing in a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the “Subsidiary”). The Subsidiary is advised by the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser, and has the same investment objective as the Underlying Fund.
The Underlying Fund seeks to provide exposure to the commodities markets and returns that correspond to the performance of the S&P GSCI® Total Return Index, formerly the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (“S&P GSCI”), or other similar indices by investing, through the Subsidiary, in commodity-linked investments. The Underlying Fund will also seek to add incremental returns through the use of “roll-timing” or similar strategies as described further below. The S&P GSCI is a composite index of commodity sector returns, representing an unleveraged, long-only investment in commodity futures that is diversified across the spectrum of commodities. Individual components qualify for inclusion in the S&P GSCI on the basis of liquidity and are weighted by their respective world production quantities. In pursuing its objective, the Underlying Fund attempts to provide exposure to the returns of real assets that trade in the commodity markets without direct investment in physical commodities. The Underlying Fund uses the S&P GSCI as its performance benchmark, but the Underlying Fund will not attempt to replicate the index.
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Investment in the Subsidiary. The Underlying Fund may invest up to 25% of its Total Assets in the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary primarily obtains its commodity exposure by investing in commodity-linked derivative instruments (which may include total return swaps). Commodity-linked swaps are derivative instruments whereby the cash flows agreed upon between counterparties are dependent upon the price of the underlying commodity or commodity index over the life of the swap. The value of the swap will rise and fall in response to changes in the underlying commodity or commodity index. Commodity-linked swaps expose the Subsidiary and the Underlying Fund economically to movements in commodity prices. Neither the Underlying Fund nor the Subsidiary invests directly in commodities. The Subsidiary will also invest in other instruments, including fixed income securities, either as investments or to serve as margin or collateral for its swap positions.
The Underlying Fund employs commodity roll-timing strategies. “Rolling” futures exposure is the process by which the holder of a particular futures contract or other instrument providing futures exposure (e.g. swaps) will sell such contract or instrument on or before the expiration date and simultaneously purchase a new contract or instrument with identical terms except for a later expiration date. This process allows a holder of the instrument to extend its current position through the original instrument’s expiration without delivering the underlying asset. The Underlying Fund’s rolling may differ from that of the S&P GSCI. The Underlying Fund’s “roll-timing” strategies may include, for example, rolling the Fund’s commodity exposure earlier or later versus the S&P GSCI, or holding and rolling positions with longer or different expiration dates than the S&P GSCI.
Fixed Income Investments. As a result of the Underlying Fund’s use of derivatives, the Underlying Fund may hold significant amounts of U.S. Treasury or short-term investments, including money market funds. The Underlying Fund also attempts to enhance returns by investing in investment grade fixed income securities, and may invest up to 10% of its assets in non-investment grade fixed income securities. The Underlying Fund may invest in corporate securities, U.S. Government securities (including agency debentures), Mortgage-Backed Securities, asset-backed securities, and municipal securities. The average duration will vary. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser uses derivatives, including futures and swaps, to manage the duration of the Underlying Fund’s investment portfolio.
Other. The Underlying Fund may also invest in forwards, futures, and swaps. The Underlying Fund invests in forwards, futures and interest rate swaps to seek to increase total return and/or for hedging purposes. The Underlying Fund may invest up to 35% of its Net Assets in foreign securities.
This Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Act, and may invest a larger percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds.
Dynamic Allocation Fund
Objective. The Dynamic Allocation Fund seeks long-term capital appreciation.
Primary Investment Focus. The Dynamic Allocation Fund is intended for investors who seek capital appreciation but also seek asset class and risk diversification. The Underlying Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in ETFs, futures, swaps, structured notes and other derivatives that provide exposure to a broad spectrum of asset classes, including but not limited to equities (both in US and non-US companies), fixed income (US and non-US, investment grade and high yield) and commodities. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser manages the Underlying Fund dynamically by changing the Underlying Fund’s allocations to these asset classes based on the investment adviser’s tactical views and in response to changing market conditions.
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The investment adviser’s Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach in allocating to the asset classes in which the Underlying Fund invests.
| • | | The Underlying Fund’s tactical allocation models use financial and economic factors that seek to capture the expected return and expected volatility of global asset classes across markets. In allocating to each of the Underlying Fund’s asset classes—including, but not limited to, equities, fixed income and commodities—the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser may consider the expected volatility of the Underlying Fund’s overall portfolio and the risk contribution of each asset class. The asset classes used by the Underlying Fund’s tactical allocation models may vary. Moreover, not all of the Underlying Fund’s asset classes may contribute to expected portfolio volatility at a given time, due to market opportunities, compliance with regulatory constraints, changes in the Underlying Fund’s investment process, or other factors. |
| • | | Within a given asset class, the Quantitative Investment Strategies Group will consider a number of factors in selecting individual securities and investment types, including: cost, trading volume and efficiency and regulatory considerations. |
| • | | Additionally, as a measure against inflation, the Underlying Fund will typically allocate some portion of its assets to commodity linked instruments and Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”), asset classes that are intended to (and have historically) provide higher returns during inflationary periods. |
| • | | As a result of the Underlying Fund’s use of derivatives, the Underlying Fund may also hold significant amounts of U.S. Treasury or short-term investments, including money market funds. |
| • | | On a regular basis (typically monthly), the investment adviser will assess the risk contribution of each asset class and rebalance accordingly. |
The investment adviser will tactically shift the Underlying Fund’s portfolio weightings among the different asset classes both to take advantage of changing market opportunities for greater capital appreciation and in response to changing market risk conditions. At any given time, the Underlying Fund will establish overweight positions in those asset classes that the investment adviser believes will outperform relative to other asset classes and hold underweight positions in those asset classes that the investment adviser believes will underperform on a relative basis. Additionally, the investment adviser may adjust the Underlying Fund’s asset class allocation based on the information provided by its Market Sentiment Indicator (the “Indicator”). The Indicator is a proprietary composite of various measures of financial disruption, such as the volatility of the S&P 500 Index and credit spreads. Credit spreads measure the difference in the yield of higher yielding bond sectors relative to Treasury bonds. When those spreads widen, this can indicate higher levels of uncertainty or distress in financial markets. When the Indicator signals high market distress, the investment adviser may allocate more of the Underlying Fund’s assets to cash or other less risky assets. There is no guarantee that the investment adviser’s asset allocation model or Market Sentiment Indicator will be successful predictors of future market activity.
The investment adviser may also establish a short position for the Underlying Fund with respect to an asset class that the investment adviser believes will underperform over a particular time period. The Underlying Fund may also use leverage (e.g. by borrowing or through derivatives).
The investment adviser may, in its discretion, make changes to its tactical allocation and other models, including the Indicator, or use other models that are based on the investment adviser’s proprietary research.
This Underlying Fund is “non-diversified” under the Act, and may invest a larger percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds.
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DESCRIPTION OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES AND PRACTICES
The Short Duration Government Fund and Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund invest in U.S. Government securities and related repurchase agreements, and none of these Underlying Funds make foreign investments. The investments of the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund are limited by SEC regulations applicable to money market funds as described in its prospectus, and do not include many of the types of investments discussed below that are permitted for the other Underlying Funds. With these exceptions, and the further exceptions noted below, the following description applies generally to the Underlying Funds.
An Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s investment adviser uses derivative instruments to manage the duration of an Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s investment portfolio in accordance with its respective target duration. These derivative instruments include financial futures contracts and swap transactions, as well as other types of derivatives. The Underlying Funds’ investments in derivative instruments, including financial futures contracts and swaps, can be significant. These transactions can result in sizeable realized and unrealized capital gains and losses relative to the gains and losses from the Underlying Funds’ investments in bonds and other securities. Short-term and long-term realized capital gains distributions paid by the Underlying Funds are taxable to their shareholders. Financial futures contracts used by an Underlying Fixed Income Fund include interest rate futures contracts including, among others, Eurodollar futures contracts. Eurodollar futures contracts are U.S. dollar-denominated futures contracts that are based on the implied forward London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) of a three-month deposit. Further information is included below regarding futures contracts, swaps and other derivative instruments used by an Underlying Fixed Income Fund, including information on the risks presented by these instruments and other purposes for which they may be used by an Underlying Fixed Income Fund.
Interest rates, fixed income securities prices, the prices of futures and other derivatives, and currency exchange rates can be volatile, and a variance in the degree of volatility or in the direction of the market from the Investment Adviser’s expectations may produce significant losses in an Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s investments in derivatives. In addition, a perfect correlation between a derivatives position and a fixed income security position is generally impossible to achieve. As a result, the Investment Adviser’s use of derivatives may not be effective in fulfilling the Investment Adviser’s investment strategies and may contribute to losses that would not have been incurred otherwise.
As stated in the Prospectus, the Portfolios may also invest a portion of their assets in high quality, short-term debt obligations and engage in certain other investment practices. Further information about the Underlying Funds and their respective investment objectives and policies is included in their respective prospectuses and Statements of Additional Information. There is no assurance that any Portfolio or Underlying Fund will achieve its objective.
Commodity-Linked Securities
The Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may seek to provide exposure to the investment returns of real assets that trade in the commodity markets through investments in commodity-linked derivative securities, which are designed to provide this exposure without direct investment in physical commodities or commodities futures contracts. The Commodity Strategy Fund may also seek to provide exposure to the investment returns of real assets that trade in the commodity markets through investments in the Subsidiary. Real assets are assets such as oil, gas, industrial and precious metals, livestock, and agricultural or meat products, or other items that have tangible properties, as compared to stocks or bonds, which are financial instruments. In choosing investments, an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser seeks to provide exposure to various commodities and commodity sectors. The value of commodity-linked derivative securities held by an Underlying Fund and/or the Subsidiary may be affected by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, overall market movements and other factors affecting the value of particular industries or commodities, such as weather, disease, embargoes, acts of war or terrorism, or political and regulatory developments.
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The prices of commodity-linked derivative securities may move in different directions than investments in traditional equity and debt securities when the value of those traditional securities is declining due to adverse economic conditions. As an example, during periods of rising inflation, debt securities have historically tended to decline in value due to the general increase in prevailing interest rates. Conversely, during those same periods of rising inflation, the prices of certain commodities, such as oil and metals, have historically tended to increase. Of course, there cannot be any guarantee that these investments will perform in that manner in the future, and at certain times the price movements of commodity-linked instruments have been parallel to those of debt and equity securities. Commodities have historically tended to increase and decrease in value during different parts of the business cycle than financial assets. Nevertheless, at various times, commodities prices may move in tandem with the prices of financial assets and thus may not provide overall portfolio diversification benefits. Under favorable economic conditions, an Underlying Fund’s investments may be expected to underperform an investment in traditional securities. Over the long term, the returns on an Underlying Fund’s investments are expected to exhibit low or negative correlation with stocks and bonds.
With respect to the Commodity Strategy Fund, its investment adviser generally intends to invest in commodity-linked investments whose returns are linked to the S&P GSCI. However, the Commodity Strategy Fund is not an index fund and its investment adviser may make allocations that differ from the weightings in the S&P GSCI.
Investments in the Wholly-Owned Subsidiary
The Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in its wholly-owned Subsidiary. Investments in the Subsidiary are expected to provide the Underlying Fund with exposure to the commodity markets within the limitations of Subchapter M of the Code and recent IRS revenue rulings, as discussed in more detail in the Commodity Strategy Fund’s SAI. The Subsidiary is a company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and is overseen by its own board of directors. The Commodity Strategy Fund is currently the sole shareholder of the Subsidiary; however, shares of the Subsidiary may be sold or offered to other investors in the future. The Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity index-linked securities (including leveraged and unleveraged structured notes) and other commodity-linked securities and derivative instruments that provide exposure to the performance of the commodity markets. Although the Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in commodity-linked derivative instruments directly, the Commodity Strategy Fund may gain exposure to these derivative instruments indirectly by investing in the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary also invests in fixed income securities, which are intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivatives positions. To the extent that the Commodity Strategy Fund invests in the Subsidiary, it may be subject to the risks associated with those derivative instruments and other securities, which are discussed elsewhere in the Commodity Strategy Fund’s Prospectus and SAI.
The Subsidiary is not an investment company registered under the Act and is not subject to all of the investor protections of the Act and other U.S. regulations. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Commodity Strategy Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the Commodity Strategy Fund’s Prospectus and SAI and could negatively affect the Commodity Strategy Fund and its shareholders.
Collateralized Debt Obligations
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in collateralized debt obligations (“CDOs”), which include collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”), collateralized bond obligations (“CBOs”), and other similarly structured securities. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CDOs may charge management and other administrative fees.
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The cash flows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the “equity” tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Because it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults, as well as aversion to CLO securities as a class.
The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which the Underlying Fund invests. Normally, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in CDOs may be characterized by the Underlying Fund as illiquid securities, however an active dealer market may exist for CDOs that qualify under the Rule 144A “safe harbor” from the registration requirements of the Securities Act for resales of certain securities to qualified institutional buyers, and such CDOs may be characterized by the Fund as liquid securities. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Underlying Fund’s Prospectuses (e.g., interest rate risk and default risk), CDOs carry additional risks including, but are not limited to, the risk that: (i) distributions from collateral securities may not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Underlying Fund may invest in CDOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Structured Notes
The Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in structured notes. In one type of structured note in which an Underlying Fund may invest, the issuer of the note will be a highly creditworthy party. The terms of such notes will be in accordance with applicable IRS guidelines. The note will be issued at par value. The amount payable at maturity, early redemption or “knockout” (as defined below) of the note will depend directly on the performance of the S&P GSCI Index. As described more precisely below, the amount payable at maturity will be computed using a formula under which the issue price paid for the note is adjusted to reflect the percentage appreciation or depreciation of the index over the term of the note in excess of a specified interest factor, and an agreed-upon multiple (the “leverage factor”) of three. The note will also bear interest at a floating rate that is pegged to LIBOR. The interest rate will be based generally on the issuer’s funding spread and prevailing interest rates. The interest will be payable at maturity. The issuer of the note will be entitled to an annual fee for issuing the note, which will be payable at maturity, and which may be netted against payments otherwise due under the note. The amount payable at maturity, early redemption or knockout of each note will be calculated by starting with an amount equal to the face amount of the note plus any remaining unpaid interest on the note and minus any accumulated fee amount, and then adding (or subtracting, in the case of a negative number) the amount equal to the product of (i) the percentage increase (or decrease) of the S&P GSCI Index over the applicable period, less a specified interest percentage, multiplied by (ii) the face amount of the note, and by (iii) the leverage factor of three. The holder of the note will have a right to put the note to the issuer for redemption at any time before maturity. The note will become automatically payable (i.e., will “knockout”) if the relevant index declines by 15%. In the event that the index has declined to the knockout level (or below) during any day, the redemption price of the note will be based on the closing index value of the next day. The issuer of the note will receive payment in full of the purchase price of the note substantially contemporaneously with the delivery of the note. An Underlying Fund, while holding the note, will not be required to make any payment to the issuer of the note in addition to the purchase price paid for the note, whether as margin, settlement payment, or otherwise, during the life of the note or at maturity. The issuer of the note will not be subject by the terms of the instrument to mark-to-market margining requirements of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”). The note will not be marketed as a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or option on such a contract) subject to the CEA.
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With respect to a second type of structured note in which certain Underlying Funds intend to invest, the issuer of the note will be a highly creditworthy party. The term of the note will be for six months. The note will be issued at par value. The amount payable at maturity or early redemption of the note will depend directly on the performance of a specified basket of 6-month futures contracts with respect to all of the commodities in the S&P GSCI Index, with weightings of the different commodities similar to the weightings in the S&P GSCI Index. As described more precisely below, the amount payable at maturity will be computed using a formula under which the issue price paid for the note is adjusted to reflect the percentage appreciation or depreciation of the value of the specified basket of commodities futures over the term of the note in excess of a specified interest factor, and the leverage factor of three, but in no event will the amount payable at maturity be less than 51% of the issue price of the note. The note will also bear interest at a floating rate that is pegged to LIBOR. The interest rate will be based generally on the issuer’s funding spread and prevailing interest rates. The interest will be payable at maturity. The issuer of the note will be entitled to a fee for issuing the note, which will be payable at maturity, and which may be netted against payments otherwise due under the note. The amount payable at maturity or early redemption of each note will be the greater of (i) 51% of the issue price of the note and (ii) the amount calculated by starting with an amount equal to the face amount of the note plus any remaining unpaid interest on the note and minus any accumulated fee amount, and then adding (or subtracting, in the case of a negative number) the amount equal to the product of (A) the percentage increase (or decrease) of the specified basket of commodities futures over the applicable period, less a specified interest percentage, multiplied by (B) the face amount of the note, and by (C) the leverage factor of three. The holder of the note will have a right to put the note to the issuer for redemption at any time before maturity. The issuer of the note will receive payment in full of the purchase price of the note substantially contemporaneously with the delivery of the note. An Underlying Fund, while holding the note, will not be required to make any payment to the issuer of the note in addition to the purchase price paid for the note, whether as margin, settlement payment, or otherwise, during the life of the note or at maturity. The issuer of the note will not be subject by the terms of the instrument to mark-to-market margining requirements of the CEA. The note will not be marketed as a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or option on such a contract) subject to the CEA.
Corporate Debt Obligations
Each Underlying Fund (other than the Short Duration Government Fund and Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) may, under normal market conditions, invest in corporate debt obligations, including obligations of industrial, utility and financial issuers. Corporate debt obligations include bonds, notes, debentures and other obligations of corporations to pay interest and repay principal. Structured Large Cap Value Fund, Structured Large Cap Growth Fund, Structured Small Cap Equity Fund, Structured International Equity Fund, Structured Emerging Markets Equity Fund, Structured International Small Cap Fund may only invest in debt securities that are cash equivalents. Corporate debt obligations are subject to the risk of an issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payments on the obligations and may also be subject to price volatility due to such factors as market interest rates, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity.
Corporate debt obligations rated BBB or Baa are considered medium-grade obligations with speculative characteristics, and adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken their issuers’ capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Medium to lower rated and comparable non-rated securities tend to offer higher yields than higher rated securities with the same maturities because the historical financial condition of the issuers of such securities may not have been as strong as that of other issuers. The price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to fluctuations in supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to interest rate levels. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in a Underlying Fund’s net asset value (“NAV”).
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Because medium to lower rated securities generally involve greater risks of loss of income and principal than higher rated securities, investors should consider carefully the relative risks associated with investment in securities which carry medium to lower ratings and in comparable unrated securities. In addition to the risk of default, there are the related costs of recovery on defaulted issues. The investment advisers of the Underlying Funds will attempt to reduce these risks through portfolio diversification and by analysis of each issuer and its ability to make timely payments of income and principal, as well as broad economic trends and corporate developments.
The investment adviser for an Underlying Fund employs its own credit research and analysis, which includes a study of existing debt, capital structure, ability to service debt and pay dividends, sensitivity to economic conditions, operating history and current earnings trend. The investment adviser continually monitors the investments in the Underlying Fund’s portfolio and evaluates whether to dispose of or to retain corporate debt obligations whose credit ratings or credit quality may have changed. If after its purchase, a portfolio security is assigned a lower rating or ceases to be rated, an Underlying Fund may continue to hold the security if the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
Commercial Paper and Other Short-Term Corporate Obligations. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in commercial paper and other short-term obligations payable in U.S. dollars and issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations, non-U.S. corporations or other entities. Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations and finance companies.
Preferred Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in trust preferred securities. A trust preferred or capital security is a long dated bond (for example 30 years) with preferred features. The preferred features are that payment of interest can be deferred for a specified period without initiating a default event. From a bondholder’s viewpoint, the securities are senior in claim to standard preferred but are junior to other bondholders. From the issuer’s viewpoint, the securities are attractive because their interest is deductible for tax purposes like other types of debt instruments.
High Yield Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in bonds rated BB or below by Standard & Poor’s or Ba or below by Moody’s (or comparable rated and unrated securities). The other funds in this SAI may not invest directly in high yield securities, but may hold securities that are subsequently downgraded to below investment grade. These bonds are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and are considered speculative. Each of the international equity funds may invest up to 20% of its net assets in non-investment grade securities, and the Balance Fund may invest up to 10% of its Total Assets in non-investment grade securities. The ability of issuers of non-investment grade securities to make principal and interest by payments may be questionable because such issuers are often less creditworthy or are highly leveraged. High yield securities are also issued by governmental issuers that may have difficulty in making all scheduled interest and principal payments. In some cases, such bonds may be highly speculative, have poor prospects for reaching investment grade standing and be in default. As a result, investment in such bonds will entail greater risks than those associated with investment grade bonds (i.e., bonds rated AAA, AA, A or BBB by Standard & Poor’s or Aaa, Aa, A or Baa by Moody’s). Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher quality debt securities, and the ability of an Underlying Fund to achieve its investment objective may, to the extent of its investments in high yield securities, be more dependent upon such creditworthiness analysis than would be the case if the Underlying Fund were investing in higher quality securities. See Appendix A for a description of the corporate bond and preferred stock ratings by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, Fitch, Inc. (“Fitch”) and Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited (“DBRS”).
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Risks associated with acquiring the securities of such issuers generally are greater than is the case with higher rated securities because such issuers are often less creditworthy companies or are highly leveraged and generally less able than more established or less leveraged entities to make scheduled payments of principal and interest. High yield securities are also issued by governmental issuers that may have difficulty in making all scheduled interest and principal payments.
The market values of high yield, fixed income securities tend to reflect individual corporate or municipal developments to a greater extent than do those of higher rated securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Issuers of such high yield securities are often highly leveraged, and may not be able to make use of more traditional methods of financing. Their ability to service debt obligations may be more adversely affected than issuers of higher rated securities by economic downturns, specific corporate or governmental developments or the issuers’ inability to meet specific projected business forecasts. High yield securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-rated securities. In the lower quality segments of the fixed income securities market, changes in perceptions of issuers’ creditworthiness tend to occur more frequently and in a more pronounced manner than do changes in higher quality segments of the fixed income securities market, resulting in greater yield and price volatility. Another factor which causes fluctuations in the prices of high yield, fixed income securities is the supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the prices of investments fluctuate in response to the general level of interest rates. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in an Underlying Fund’s net asset value.
The risk of loss from default for the holders of high yield, fixed income securities is significantly greater than is the case for holders of other debt securities because such high yield, fixed income securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to the rights of other creditors of the issuers of such securities. Investment by an Underlying Fund in already defaulted securities poses an additional risk of loss should nonpayment of principal and interest continue in respect of such securities. Even if such securities are held to maturity, recovery by an Underlying Fund of its initial investment and any anticipated income or appreciation is uncertain. In addition, an Underlying Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent that it is required to seek recovery relating to the default in the payment of principal or interest on such securities or otherwise protect its interests. An Underlying Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to satisfy the Underlying Fund’s annual distribution obligations in respect of accrued interest income on securities which are subsequently written off, even though the Underlying Fund has not received any cash payments of such interest.
The secondary market for high yield, fixed income securities is concentrated in relatively few markets and is dominated by institutional investors, including mutual funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions. Accordingly, the secondary market for such securities may not be as liquid as and may be more volatile than the secondary market for higher-rated securities. In addition, the trading volume for high-yield, fixed income securities is generally lower than that of higher rated securities and the secondary market for high yield, fixed income securities could contract under adverse market or economic conditions independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. These factors may have an adverse effect on the ability of an Underlying Fund to dispose of particular portfolio investments when needed to meet their redemption requests or other liquidity needs. The investment adviser could find it difficult to sell these investments or may be able to sell the investments only at prices lower than if such investments were widely traded. Prices realized upon the sale of such lower rated or unrated securities, under these circumstances, may be less than the prices used in calculating an Underlying Fund’s net asset value. A less liquid secondary market also may make it more difficult for an Underlying Fund to obtain precise valuations of the high yield securities in its portfolio.
The adoption of new legislation could adversely affect the secondary market for high yield securities and the financial condition of issuers of these securities. The form of any future legislation, and the probability of such legislation being enacted, is uncertain.
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Non-investment grade or high-yield, fixed income securities also present risks based on payment expectations. High yield, fixed income securities frequently contain “call” or buy-back features which permit the issuer to call or repurchase the security from its holder. If an issuer exercises such a “call option” and redeems the security, an Underlying Fund may have to replace such security with a lower-yielding security, resulting in a decreased return for investors. In addition, if an Underlying Fund experiences unexpected net redemptions of its shares, it may be forced to sell its higher-rated securities, resulting in a decline in the overall credit quality of the Underlying Fund’s portfolio and increasing the exposure of the Underlying Fund to the risks of high-yield securities.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies are designed to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market value risk of non-investment grade securities and, therefore, may not fully reflect the true risks of an investment. In addition, credit rating agencies may or may not make timely changes in a rating to reflect changes in the economy or in the conditions of the issuer that affect the market value of the security. Consequently, credit ratings are used only as a preliminary indicator of investment quality. Investments in non-investment grade and comparable unrated obligations will be more dependent on the credit analysis of an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser than would be the case with investments in investment-grade debt obligations. An Underlying Fund’s investment adviser employs its own credit research and analysis, which includes a study of an issuer’s existing debt, capital structure, ability to service debt and to pay dividends, sensitivity to economic conditions, operating history and current trend of earnings. The Underlying Fund’s investment adviser monitors the investments in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio and evaluates whether to dispose of or to retain non-investment grade and comparable unrated securities whose credit ratings or credit quality may have changed. If after its purchase, a portfolio security is assigned a lower rating or ceases to be rated, an Underlying Fund may continue to hold the security of the investment adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Underlying Fund and its shareholders.
An economic downtown could severely affect the ability of highly leveraged issuers of junk bond investments to service their debt obligations upon maturity. Factors having an adverse impact on the market value of junk bonds will have an adverse effect on a Fund’s net asset value to the extent it invests in such investments. In addition, the Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek recovery upon a default in paying of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings.
Loan Participations
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in loan participations. A loan participation is an interest in a loan to a U.S. or foreign company or other borrower which is administered and sold by a financial intermediary. In a typical corporate loan syndication, a number of lenders, usually banks (co-lenders), lend a corporate borrower a specified sum pursuant to the terms and conditions of a loan agreement. One of the co-lenders usually agrees to act as the agent bank with respect to the loan.
Participation interests acquired by an Underlying Fund may take the form of a direct or co-lending relationship with the corporate borrower, an assignment of an interest in the loan by a co-lender or another participant, or a participation in the seller’s share of the loan. When an Underlying Fund acts as co-lender in connection with a participation interest or when an Underlying Fund acquires certain participation interests, an Underlying Fund will have direct recourse against the borrower if the borrower fails to pay scheduled principal and interest. In cases where an Underlying Fund lacks direct recourse, it will look to the agent bank to enforce appropriate credit remedies against the borrower. In these cases, an Underlying Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if an Underlying Fund had purchased a direct obligation (such as commercial paper) of such borrower. For example, in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the corporate borrower, a loan participation may be subject to certain defenses by the borrower as a result of improper conduct by the agent bank. Moreover, under the terms of the loan participation, an Underlying Fund may be regarded as a creditor of the agent bank (rather than of the underlying corporate borrower), so that an Underlying Fund may also be subject to the risk that the agent bank may become insolvent. The secondary market, if any, for these loan participations is limited and any loan participations purchased by an Underlying Fund will normally be regarded as illiquid.
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An Underlying Fund limits the amount of Total Assets that it will invest in any one issuer or in issuers within the same industry (see the Underlying Fund’s investment restrictions). For purposes of these limitations, an Underlying Fund generally will treat the borrower as the “issuer” of indebtedness held by the Underlying Fund. In the case of participation interests where a bank or other lending institution serves as intermediate participant between the Underlying Fund and the borrower, if the participation interest does not shift to the Underlying Fund the direct debtor-creditor relationship with the borrower, SEC interpretations require the Underlying Fund, in appropriate circumstances, to treat both the lending bank or other lending institution and the borrower as “issuers” for these purposes. Treating an intermediate participant as an issuer of indebtedness may restrict the Underlying Fund’s ability to invest in indebtedness related to a single intermediate participant, or a group of intermediate participants engaged in the same industry, even if the underlying borrowers represent many different companies and industries.
Floating Rate Loans and Other Floating Rate Debt Securities
Floating rate loans consist generally of obligations of companies or other entities (e.g., a U.S. or foreign bank, insurance company or finance company) (collectively, “borrowers”) incurred for a variety of purposes. Floating rate loans may be acquired by direct investment as a lender, as a participation interest (which represents a fractional interest in a floating rate loan) issued by a lender or other financial institution, or as an assignment of the portion of a floating rate loan previously attributable to a different lender.
Floating rate loans may be obligations of borrowers who are highly leveraged. Floating rate loans may be structured to include both term loans, which are generally fully funded at the time of the making of the loan, and revolving credit facilities, which would require additional investments upon the borrower’s demand. A revolving credit facility may require a purchaser to increase its investment in a floating rate loan at a time when it would not otherwise have done so, even if the borrower’s condition makes it unlikely that the amount will ever be repaid.
A floating rate loan offered as part of the original lending syndicate typically is purchased at par value. As part of the original lending syndicate, a purchaser generally earns a yield equal to the stated interest rate. In addition, members of the original syndicate typically are paid a commitment fee. In secondary market trading, floating rate loans may be purchased or sold above, at, or below par, which can result in a yield that is below, equal to, or above the stated interest rate, respectively. At certain times when reduced opportunities exist for investing in new syndicated floating rate loans, floating rate loans may be available only through the secondary market. There can be no assurance that an adequate supply of floating rate loans will be available for purchase.
Historically, floating rate loans have not been registered with the SEC or any state securities commission or listed on any securities exchange. As a result, the amount of public information available about a specific floating rate loan historically has been less extensive than if the floating rate loan were registered or exchange-traded. As a result, no active market may exist for some floating rate loans.
Purchasers of floating rate loans and other forms of debt obligations depend primarily upon the creditworthiness of the borrower for payment of interest and repayment of principal. If scheduled interest or principal payments are not made, the value of the obligation may be adversely affected. Floating rate loans and other debt obligations that are fully secured provide more protections than unsecured obligations in the event of failure to make scheduled interest or principal payments. Indebtedness of borrowers whose creditworthiness is poor involves substantially greater risks and may be highly speculative. Borrowers that are in bankruptcy or restructuring may never pay off their indebtedness, or may pay only a small fraction of the amount owed. Some floating rate loans and other debt obligations are not rated by any nationally recognized statistical rating organization. In connection with the restructuring of a floating rate loan or other debt obligation outside of bankruptcy court in a negotiated work-out or in the context of bankruptcy proceedings, equity securities or junior debt obligations may be received in exchange for all or a portion of an interest in the obligation.
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From time to time, Goldman Sachs and its affiliates may borrow money from various banks in connection with their business activities. These banks also may sell floating rate loans to an Underlying Fund or acquire floating rate loans from the Underlying Fund, or may be intermediate participants with respect to floating rate loans owned by the Underlying Fund. These banks also may act as agents for floating rate loans that an Underlying Fund owns.
Agents. Floating rate loans typically are originated, negotiated, and structured by a bank, insurance company, finance company, or other financial institution (the “agent”) for a lending syndicate of financial institutions. The borrower and the lender or lending syndicate enter into a loan agreement. In addition, an institution (typically, but not always, the agent) holds any collateral on behalf of the lenders.
In a typical floating rate loan, the agent administers the terms of the loan agreement and is responsible for the collection of principal and interest and fee payments from the borrower and the apportionment of these payments to all lenders that are parties to the loan agreement. Purchasers will rely on the agent to use appropriate creditor remedies against the borrower. Typically, under loan agreements, the agent is given broad discretion in monitoring the borrower’s performance and is obligated to use the same care it would use in the management of its own property. Upon an event of default, the agent typically will enforce the loan agreement after instruction from the lenders. The borrower compensates the agent for these services. This compensation may include special fees paid on structuring and funding the floating rate loan and other fees paid on a continuing basis. The typical practice of an agent or a lender in relying exclusively or primarily on reports from the borrower may involve a risk of fraud by the borrower.
If an agent becomes insolvent, or has a receiver, conservator, or similar official appointed for it by the appropriate bank or other regulatory authority, or becomes a debtor in a bankruptcy proceeding, the agent’s appointment may be terminated, and a successor agent would be appointed. If an appropriate regulator or court determines that assets held by the agent for the benefit of the purchasers of floating rate loans are subject to the claims of the agent’s general or secured creditors, the purchasers might incur certain costs and delays in realizing payment on a floating rate loan or suffer a loss of principal and/or interest. Furthermore, in the event of the borrower’s bankruptcy or insolvency, the borrower’s obligation to repay a floating rate loan may be subject to certain defenses that the borrower can assert as a result of improper conduct by the agent.
Assignments. An Underlying Fund may purchase an assignment of a portion of a floating rate loan from an agent or from another group of investors. The purchase of an assignment typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations under the original loan agreement; however, assignments may also be arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, and the rights and obligations acquired by the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning agent or investor.
Loan Participation Interests. Purchasers of participation interests do not have any direct contractual relationship with the borrower. Purchasers rely on the lender who sold the participation interest not only for the enforcement of the purchaser’s rights against the borrower but also for the receipt and processing of payments due under the floating rate loan. For additional information, see the section “Loan Participations” below.
Liquidity. Floating rate loans may be transferable among financial institutions, but may not have the liquidity of conventional debt securities and are often subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Floating rate loans are not currently listed on any securities exchange or automatic quotation system. As a result, no active market may exist for some floating rate loans. To the extent a secondary market exists for other floating rate loans, such market may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads, and extended trade settlement periods. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market for floating rate loans may have an adverse affect on the value of such loans and may make it more difficult to value the loans for purposes of calculating their respective net asset value.
Collateral. Most floating rate loans are secured by specific collateral of the borrower and are senior to most other securities or obligations of the borrower. The collateral typically has a market value, at the time the
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floating rate loan is made, that equals or exceeds the principal amount of the floating rate loan. The value of the collateral may decline, be insufficient to meet the obligations of the borrower, or be difficult to liquidate. As a result, a floating rate loan may not be fully collateralized and can decline significantly in value.
Floating rate loan collateral may consist of various types of assets or interests, including working capital assets, such as accounts receivable or inventory; tangible or intangible assets; or assets or other types of guarantees of affiliates of the borrower.
Generally, floating rate loans are secured unless (i) the purchaser’s security interest in the collateral is invalidated for any reason by a court, or (ii) the collateral is fully released with the consent of the agent bank and lenders or under the terms of a loan agreement as the creditworthiness of the borrower improves. Collateral impairment is the risk that the value of the collateral for a floating rate loan will be insufficient in the event that a borrower defaults. Although the terms of a floating rate loan generally require that the collateral at issuance have a value at least equal to 100% of the amount of such floating rate loan, the value of the collateral may decline subsequent to the purchase of a floating rate loan. In most loan agreements there is no formal requirement to pledge additional collateral. There is no guarantee that the sale of collateral would allow a borrower to meet its obligations should the borrower be unable to repay principal or pay interest or that the collateral could be sold quickly or easily.
In addition, most borrowers pay their debts from the cash flow they generate. If the borrower’s cash flow is insufficient to pay its debts as they come due, the borrower may seek to restructure its debts rather than sell collateral. Borrowers may try to restructure their debts by filing for protection under the federal bankruptcy laws or negotiating a work-out. If a borrower becomes involved in bankruptcy proceedings, access to the collateral may be limited by bankruptcy and other laws. In the event that a court decides that access to the collateral is limited or void, it is unlikely that purchasers could recover the full amount of the principal and interest due.
There may be temporary periods when the principal asset held by a borrower is the stock of a related company, which may not legally be pledged to secure a floating rate loan. On occasions when such stock cannot be pledged, the floating rate loan will be temporarily unsecured until the stock can be pledged or is exchanged for, or replaced by, other assets.
Some floating rate loans are unsecured. The claims of holders under unsecured loans are subordinated to claims of creditors holding secured indebtedness and possibly also to claims of other creditors holding unsecured debt. Unsecured loans have a greater risk of default than secured loans, particularly during periods of deteriorating economic conditions. If the borrower defaults on an unsecured floating rate loan, there is no specific collateral on which the purchaser can foreclose.
Floating Interest Rates. The rate of interest payable on floating rate loans and other floating or variable rate obligations is the sum of a base lending rate plus a specified spread. Base lending rates are generally the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the Prime Rate of a designated U.S. bank, the Federal Funds Rate, or another base lending rate used by commercial lenders.
A borrower usually has the right to select the base lending rate and to change the base lending rate at specified intervals. The applicable spread may be fixed at time of issuance or may adjust upward or downward to reflect changes in credit quality of the borrower.
The interest rate on LIBOR-based floating rate loans/obligations is reset periodically at intervals ranging from 30 to 180 days, while the interest rate on Prime Rate- or Federal Funds Rate-based floating rate loans/obligations floats daily as those rates change. Investment in floating rate loans/obligations with longer interest rate reset periods can increase fluctuations in the floating rate loans’ values when interest rates change.
The yield on a floating rate loan/obligation will primarily depend on the terms of the underlying floating rate loan/obligation and the base lending rate chosen by the borrower. The relationship between LIBOR, the Prime Rate, and the Federal Funds Rate will vary as market conditions change.
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Maturity. Floating rate loans typically will have a stated term of five to nine years. However, because floating rate loans are frequently prepaid, their average maturity is expected to be two to three years. The degree to which borrowers prepay floating rate loans, whether as a contractual requirement or at their election, may be affected by general business conditions, the borrower’s financial condition, and competitive conditions among lenders. Prepayments cannot be predicted with accuracy. Prepayments of principal to the purchaser of a floating rate loan may result in the principal’s being reinvested in floating rate loans with lower yields.
Supply of Floating Rate Loans. The legislation of state or federal regulators that regulate certain financial institutions may impose additional requirements or restrictions on the ability of such institutions to make loans, particularly with respect to highly leveraged transactions. The supply of floating rate loans may be limited from time to time due to a lack of sellers in the market for existing floating rate loans or the number of new floating rate loans currently being issued. As a result, the floating rate loans available for purchase may be lower quality or higher priced.
Restrictive Covenants. A borrower must comply with various restrictive covenants contained in the loan agreement. In addition to requiring the scheduled payment of interest and principal, these covenants may include restrictions on dividend payments and other distributions to stockholders, provisions requiring the borrower to maintain specific financial ratios, and limits on total debt. The loan agreement may also contain a covenant requiring the borrower to prepay the floating rate loan with any free cash flow. A breach of a covenant that is not waived by the agent (or by the lenders directly) is normally an event of default, which provides the agent or the lenders the right to call the outstanding floating rate loan.
Fees. Purchasers of floating rate loans may receive and/or pay certain fees. These fees are in addition to interest payments received and may include facility fees, commitment fees, commissions, and prepayment penalty fees. When a purchaser buys a floating rate loan, it may receive a facility fee; and when it sells a floating rate loan, it may pay a facility fee. A purchaser may receive a commitment fee based on the undrawn portion of the underlying line of credit portion of a floating rate loan or a prepayment penalty fee on the prepayment of a floating rate loan. A purchaser may also receive other fees, including covenant waiver fees and covenant modification fees.
Other Types of Floating Rate Debt Obligations. Floating rate debt obligations include other forms of indebtedness of borrowers such as notes and bonds, obligations with fixed rate interest payments in conjunction with a right to receive floating rate interest payments, and shares of other investment companies. These instruments are generally subject to the same risks as floating rate loans but are often more widely issued and traded
Distressed Debt
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in the securities and other obligations of financially troubled companies, including stressed, distressed and bankrupt issuers and debt obligations that are in covenant or payment default. Such investments generally trade significantly below par and are considered speculative. The repayment of defaulted obligations is subject to significant uncertainties. Defaulted obligations might be repaid only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. Typically such workout or bankruptcy proceedings result in only partial recovery of cash payments or an exchange of the defaulted obligation for other debt or equity securities of the issuer or its affiliates, which may in turn be illiquid or speculative.
In any investment involving stressed and distressed debt obligations, there exists the risk that the transaction involving such debt obligations will be unsuccessful, take considerable time or will result in a distribution of cash or a new security or obligation in exchange for the stressed and distressed debt obligations, the value of which may be less than the Underlying Fund’s purchase price of such debt obligations. Furthermore, if an anticipated transaction does not occur, the Underlying Fund may be required to sell its investment at a loss. There are a number of significant risks inherent in the bankruptcy process. Many events in a bankruptcy are the
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product of contested matters and adversary proceedings and are beyond the control of the creditors. A bankruptcy filing by an issuer may adversely and permanently affect the issuer, and if the proceeding is converted to a liquidation, the value of the issuer may not equal the liquidation value that was believed to exist at the time of the investment. The duration of a bankruptcy proceeding is difficult to predict, and a creditor’s return on investment can be adversely affected by delays until the plan of reorganization ultimately becomes effective. The administrative costs in connection with a bankruptcy proceeding are frequently high and would be paid out of the debtor’s estate prior to any return to creditors. Because the standards for classification of claims under bankruptcy law are vague, there exists the risk that the Underlying Fund’s influence with respect to the class of securities or other obligations it owns can be lost by increases in the number and amount of claims in the same class or by different classification and treatment. In the early stages of the bankruptcy process it is often difficult to estimate the extent of, or even to identify, any contingent claims that might be made. In addition, certain claims that have priority by law (for example, claims for taxes) may be substantial.
Senior Loans
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in Senior Loans. Senior Loans hold the most senior position in the capital structure of a business entity (the “Borrower”), are typically secured with specific collateral and have a claim on the assets and/or stock of the Borrower that is senior to that held by subordinated debt holders and stockholders of the Borrower. The proceeds of Senior Loans primarily are used to finance leveraged buyouts, recapitalizations, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, refinancings and to finance internal growth and for other corporate purposes. Senior Loans typically have rates of interest which are redetermined daily, monthly, quarterly or semi-annually by reference to a base lending rate, plus a premium or credit spread. These base lending rates are primarily the London-Interbank Offered Rate and secondarily the prime rate offered by one or more major U.S. banks and the certificate of deposit rate or other base lending rates used by commercial lenders.
Senior Loans typically have a stated term of between five and nine years, and have rates of interest which typically are redetermined daily, monthly, quarterly or semi-annually. Longer interest rate reset periods generally increase fluctuations in an Underlying Fund’s net asset value as a result of changes in market interest rates. The Underlying Funds that may invest in Senior Loans are not subject to any restrictions with respect to the maturity of Senior Loans held in its portfolio. As a result, as short-term interest rates increase, interest payable to the Underlying Fund from its investments in Senior Loans should increase, and as short-term interest rates decrease, interest payable to the Underlying Fund from its investments in Senior Loans should decrease. Because of prepayments, it is expected that the average life of the Senior Loans in which an Underlying Fund invests to be shorter than the stated maturity.
Senior Loans are subject to the risk of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal. Such non-payment would result in a reduction of income to an Underlying Fund, a reduction in the value of the investment and a potential decrease in the net asset value of the Underlying Fund. There can be no assurance that the liquidation of any collateral securing a Senior Loan would satisfy the Borrower’s obligation in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal payments, or that such collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy of a Borrower, an Underlying Fund could experience delays or limitations with respect to its ability to realize the benefits of the collateral securing a Senior Loan. The collateral securing a Senior Loan may lose all or substantially all of its value in the event of the bankruptcy of a Borrower. Some Senior Loans are subject to the risk that a court, pursuant to fraudulent conveyance or other similar laws, could subordinate such Senior Loans to presently existing or future indebtedness of the Borrower or take other action detrimental to the holders of Senior Loans including, in certain circumstances, invalidating such Senior Loans or causing interest previously paid to be refunded to the Borrower. If interest were required to be refunded, it could negatively affect the Underlying Fund’s performance.
Many Senior Loans in which an Underlying Fund will invest may not be rated by a rating agency, will not be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any state securities commission, and will not be
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listed on any national securities exchange. The amount of public information available with respect to Senior Loans will generally be less extensive than that available for registered or exchange-listed securities. In evaluating the creditworthiness of Borrowers, the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser will consider, and may rely in part, on analyses performed by others. Borrowers may have outstanding debt obligations that are rated below investment grade by a rating agency. Many of the Senior Loans in which an Underlying Fund will invest will have been assigned below investment grade ratings by independent rating agencies. In the event Senior Loans are not rated, they are likely to be the equivalent of below investment grade quality. Because of the protective features of Senior Loans, the Underlying Funds’ investment adviser(s) believes that Senior Loans tend to have more favorable loss recovery rates as compared to more junior types of below investment grade debt obligations. The Underlying Funds’ investment adviser(s) do not view ratings as the determinative factor in their investment decisions and rely more upon their credit analysis abilities than upon ratings.
No active trading market may exist for some Senior Loans, and some loans may be subject to restrictions on resale. A secondary market may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods, which may impair the ability to realize full value and thus cause a material decline in an Underlying Fund’s net asset value. In addition, an Underlying Fund may not be able to readily dispose of its Senior Loans at prices that approximate those at which the Underlying Fund could sell such loans if they were more widely-traded and, as a result of such illiquidity, the Underlying Fund may have to sell other investments or engage in borrowing transactions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations. During periods of limited supply and liquidity of Senior Loans, an Underlying Fund’s yield may be lower.
When interest rates decline, the value of an Underlying Fund invested in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of an Underlying Fund invested in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. Although changes in prevailing interest rates can be expected to cause some fluctuations in the value of Senior Loans (due to the fact that floating rates on Senior Loans only reset periodically), the value of Senior Loans is substantially less sensitive to changes in market interest rates than fixed rate instruments. As a result, to the extent an Underlying Fund invests in floating-rate Senior Loans, the Underlying Fund’s portfolio may be less volatile and less sensitive to changes in market interest rates than if the Underlying Fund invested in fixed rate obligations. Similarly, a sudden and significant increase in market interest rates may cause a decline in the value of these investments and in the Underlying Fund’s net asset value. Other factors (including, but not limited to, rating downgrades, credit deterioration, a large downward movement in stock prices, a disparity in supply and demand of certain securities or market conditions that reduce liquidity) can reduce the value of Senior Loans and other debt obligations, impairing the Underlying Fund’s net asset value.
An Underlying Fund may purchase and retain in its portfolio a Senior Loan where the Borrower has experienced, or may be perceived to be likely to experience, credit problems, including involvement in or recent emergence from bankruptcy reorganization proceedings or other forms of debt restructuring. Such investments may provide opportunities for enhanced income as well as capital appreciation, although they also will be subject to greater risk of loss. At times, in connection with the restructuring of a Senior Loan either outside of bankruptcy court or in the context of bankruptcy court proceedings, the Underlying Fund may determine or be required to accept equity securities or junior credit securities in exchange for all or a portion of a Senior Loan.
An Underlying Fund may purchase Senior Loans on a direct assignment basis. If an Underlying Fund purchases a Senior Loan on direct assignment, it typically succeeds to all the rights and obligations under the loan agreement of the assigning lender and becomes a lender under the loan agreement with the same rights and obligations as the assigning lender. Investments in Senior Loans on a direct assignment basis may involve additional risks to the Underlying Fund. For example, if such loan is foreclosed, the Underlying Fund could become part owner of any collateral, and would bear the costs and liabilities associated with owning and disposing of the collateral.
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An Underlying Fund may also purchase, without limitation, participations in Senior Loans. The participation by the Underlying Fund in a lender’s portion of a Senior Loan typically will result in the Underlying Fund having a contractual relationship only with such lender, not with the Borrower. As a result, the Underlying Fund may have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the participation and only upon receipt by such lender of payments from the Borrower. Such indebtedness may be secured or unsecured. Loan participations typically represent direct participations in a loan to a Borrower, and generally are offered by banks or other financial institutions or lending syndicates. An Underlying Fund may participate in such syndications, or can buy part of a loan, becoming a part lender. When purchasing loan participations, the Underlying Fund assumes the credit risk associated with the Borrower and may assume the credit risk associated with an interposed bank or other financial intermediary. The participation interests in which the Underlying Funds intend to invest may not be rated by any nationally recognized rating service.
Loans and other types of direct indebtedness may not be readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. In some cases, negotiations involved in disposing of indebtedness may require weeks to complete. Consequently, some indebtedness may be difficult or impossible to dispose of readily at what the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes to be a fair price. In addition, valuation of illiquid indebtedness involves a greater degree of judgment in determining the Underlying Fund’s net asset value than if that valuation were based on available market quotations, and could result in significant variations in the Underlying Fund’s daily share price. At the same time, some loan interests are traded among certain financial institutions and accordingly may be deemed liquid. As the market for different types of indebtedness develops, the liquidity of these instruments is expected to improve. The Underlying Funds currently intend to treat loan indebtedness as liquid when, in the view of the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser and pursuant to procedures adopted by the Underlying Fund’s Board, there is a readily available market at the time of the investment. To the extent a readily available market ceases to exist for a particular investment, such investment would be treated as illiquid for purposes of the Underlying Fund’s limitations on illiquid investments. Investments in loans and loan participations are considered to be debt obligations for purposes of the Underlying Fund’s investment restriction relating to the lending of funds or assets by the Underlying Fund.
Second Lien Loans
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in Second Lien Loans, which have the same characteristics as Senior Loans except that such loans are second in lien property rather than first. Second Lien Loans typically have adjustable floating rate interest payments. Accordingly, the risks associated with Second Lien Loans are higher than the risk of loans with first priority over the collateral. In the event of default on a Second Lien Loan, the first priority lien holder has first claim to the underlying collateral of the loan. It is possible that no collateral value would remain for the second priority lien holder and therefore result in a loss of investment to the Underlying Fund.
This risk is generally higher for subordinated unsecured loans or debt, which are not backed by a security interest in any specific collateral. Second Lien Loans generally have greater price volatility than Senior Loans and may be less liquid. There is also a possibility that originators will not be able to sell participations in Second Lien Loans, which would create greater credit risk exposure for the holders of such loans. Second Lien Loans share the same risks as other below investment grade securities.
U.S. Government Securities
Each Underlying Fund may invest in U.S. Government securities which are obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government and its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises (“U.S. Government securities”). Some U.S. Government securities (such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance) are supported by the full faith and credit of
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the United States. Others, such as obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises, are supported either by (i) the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, (ii) the discretionary authority of the U.S. Government to purchase certain obligations of the issuer or (iii) only the credit of the issuer. The U.S. Government is under no legal obligation, in general, to purchase the obligations of its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. No assurance can be given that the U.S. Government will provide financial support to U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises in the future.
U.S. Government securities include (to the extent consistent with the Act) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. Government, or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. U.S. Government securities may also include (to the extent consistent with the Act) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Government or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. The secondary market for certain of these participations is extremely limited. In the absence of a suitable secondary market, such participations are regarded as illiquid.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may also purchase U.S. Government securities in private placements, subject to the Underlying Fund’s limitation on investment in illiquid securities. The Underlying Funds may also invest in separately traded principal and interest components of securities guaranteed or issued by the U.S. Treasury that are traded independently under the separate trading of registered interest and principal of securities program (“STRIPS”).
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in U.S. Government securities, called “Treasury inflation-protected securities” or “TIPS,” which are fixed income securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. The interest rate on TIPS is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the bond this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. Although repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity is guaranteed, the market value of TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate.
The values of TIPS generally fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in the value of TIPS. In contrast, if nominal interest rates were to increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in the value of TIPS. If inflation is lower than expected during the period an Underlying Fund holds TIPS, an Underlying Fund may earn less on the TIPS than on a conventional bond. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in the currency exchange rates), investors in TIPS may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bonds’ inflation measure. There can be no assurance that the inflation index for TIPS will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services.
Any increase in principal value of TIPS caused by an increase in the consumer price index is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though an Underlying Fund holding TIPS will not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, an Underlying Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company.
If an Underlying Fund invests in Treasury-inflation protected securities (“TIPS”), it will be required to treat as original issue discount any increase in the principal amount of the securities that occurs during the course of its taxable year. If an Underlying Fund purchases such inflation protected securities that are issued in stripped from either as stripped bonds or coupons, it will be treated as if it had purchased a newly issued debt instrument having original issue discount.
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Because an Underlying Fund is required to distribute substantially all of its net investment income (including accrued original issue discount), an Underlying Fund’s investment in either zero coupon bonds or TIPS may require an Underlying Fund to distribute to shareholders an amount greater than the total cash income it actually receives. Accordingly, in order to make the required distributions, an Underlying Fund may be required to borrow or liquidate securities.
Bank Obligations
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in debt obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. or foreign banks. Bank obligations, including without limitation, time deposits, bankers’ acceptances and certificates of deposit, may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or government regulation.
Banks are subject to extensive but different governmental regulations which may limit both the amount and types of loans which may be made and interest rates which may be charged. In addition, the profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. General economic conditions as well as exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers play an important part in the operations of this industry.
Certificates of deposit are certificates evidencing the obligation of a bank to repay funds deposited with it for a specified period of time at a specified rate. Certificates of deposit are negotiable instruments and are similar to saving deposits but have a definite maturity and are evidenced by a certificate instead of a passbook entry. Banks are required to keep reserves against all certificates of deposit. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation.
Deferred Interest, Pay-in-Kind and Capital Appreciation Bonds
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in deferred interest and capital appreciation bonds and pay-in-kind (“PIK”) securities. Deferred interest and capital appreciation bonds are debt securities issued or sold at a discount from their face value and which do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified date. The original issue discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, the liquidity of the security and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. These securities also may take the form of debt securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves or receipts or certificates representing interests in such stripped debt obligations or coupons. The market prices of deferred interest, capital appreciation bonds and PIK securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of interest bearing securities and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than interest bearing securities having similar maturities and credit quality.
PIK securities may be debt obligations or preferred shares that provide the issuer with the option of paying interest or dividends on such obligations in cash or in the form of additional securities rather than cash. Similar to zero coupon bonds and deferred interest bonds, PIK securities are designed to give an issuer flexibility in managing cash flow. PIK securities that are debt securities can either be senior or subordinated debt and generally trade flat (i.e., without accrued interest). The trading price of PIK debt securities generally reflects the market value of the underlying debt plus an amount representing accrued interest since the last interest payment.
Deferred interest, capital appreciation and PIK securities involve the additional risk that, unlike securities that periodically pay interest to maturity, an Underlying Fund will realize no cash until a specified
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future payment date unless a portion of such securities is sold and, if the issuer of such securities defaults, an Underlying Fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. In addition, even though such securities do not provide for the payment of current interest in cash, an Underlying Fund is nonetheless required to accrue income on such investments for each taxable year and generally are required to distribute such accrued amounts (net of deductible expenses, if any) to avoid being subject to tax. Because no cash is generally received at the time of the accrual, an Underlying Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy federal tax distribution requirements applicable to an Underlying Fund. A portion of the discount with respect to stripped tax-exempt securities or their coupons may be taxable.
Zero Coupon Bonds
Each Underlying Fund’s investment in fixed income securities may include zero coupon bonds. Zero coupon bonds are debt obligations issued or purchased at a discount from face value. The discount approximates the total amount of interest the bonds would have accrued and compounded over the period until maturity. A zero coupon bond pays no interest to its holder during its life and its value consists of the difference between its face value at maturity and its cost. Such investments benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of such cash. Such investments may experience greater volatility in market value than debt obligations which provide for regular payments of interest. In addition, if an issuer of zero coupon bonds held by an Underlying Fund defaults, the Underlying Fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. An Underlying Fund will accrue income on such investments for each taxable year which (net of deductible expenses, if any) is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is generally received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy the Underlying Fund’s distribution obligations.
Variable and Floating Rate Securities
The interest rates payable on certain securities in which a Fund may invest are not fixed and may fluctuate based upon changes in market rates. Variable and floating rate obligations are debt instruments issued by companies or other entities with interest rates that reset periodically (typically, daily, monthly, quarterly, or semi-annually) in response to changes in the market rate of interest on which the interest rate is based. Moreover, such obligations may fluctuate in value in response to interest rate changes if there is a delay between changes in market interest rates and the interest resent date for the obligation. The value of these obligations is generally more stable than that of a fixed rate obligation in response to changes in interest rate levels, but they may decline in value if their interest rates do not rise as much, or as quickly, as interest rates in general. Conversely, floating rate securities will not generally increase in value if interest rates decline.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in “leveraged” inverse floating rate debt instruments (“inverse floaters”), including “leveraged inverse floaters.” The interest rate on inverse floaters resets in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. The higher the degree of leverage inherent in inverse floaters is associated with greater volatility in their market values. Accordingly, the duration of an inverse floater may exceed its stated final maturity. Certain inverse floaters may be deemed to be illiquid securities for purposes of each Underlying Fund’s limitation on illiquid investments.
Custodial Receipts and Trust Certificates
Each Underlying Fund may invest in custodial receipts and trust certificates (which may be underwritten by securities dealers or banks), representing interests in securities held by a custodian or trustee. The securities so held may include U.S. Government securities, Municipal Securities or other types of securities in which an Underlying Fund may invest. The custodial receipts or trust certificates are underwritten by securities dealers or banks and may
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evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on the underlying securities, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian or trustee. For certain securities law purposes, custodial receipts and trust certificates may not be considered obligations of the U.S. Government or other issuer of the securities held by the custodian or trustee. As a holder of custodial receipts and trust certificates, an Underlying Fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account or trust. The Underlying Funds may also invest in separately issued interests in custodial receipts and trust certificates.
Although under the terms of a custodial receipt or trust certificate an Underlying Fund would typically be authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, the Underlying Fund could be required to assert through the custodian bank or trustee those rights as may exist against the underlying issuers. Thus, in the event an underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or interest when due, an Underlying Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Underlying Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the trust or custodial account in which the underlying securities have been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying securities would be reduced in recognition of any taxes paid.
Certain custodial receipts and trust certificates may be synthetic or derivative instruments that have interest rates that reset inversely to changing short-term rates and/or have embedded interest rate floors and caps that require the issuer to pay an adjusted interest rate if market rates fall below or rise above a specified rate. Because some of these instruments represent relatively recent innovations, and the trading market for these instruments is less developed than the markets for traditional types of instruments, it is uncertain how these instruments will perform under different economic and interest-rate scenarios. Also, because these instruments may be leveraged, their market values may be more volatile than other types of fixed income instruments and may present greater potential for capital gain or loss. The possibility of default by an issuer or the issuer’s credit provider may be greater for these derivative instruments than for other types of instruments. In some cases, it may be difficult to determine the fair value of a derivative instrument because of a lack of reliable objective information and an established secondary market for some instruments may not exist. In many cases, the Internal Revenue Service has not ruled on the tax treatment of the interest or payments received on the derivative instruments and, accordingly, purchases of such instruments are based on the opinion of counsel to the sponsors of the instruments.
Municipal Securities
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in bonds, notes and other instruments issued by or on behalf of states, territories and possessions of the United States (including the District of Columbia) and their political subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities (“Municipal Securities”). Dividends paid by the Underlying Funds that are derived from interest paid on both tax-exempt and taxable Municipal Securities will be taxable to the Underlying Funds’ shareholders.
Municipal Securities are often issued to obtain funds for various public purposes including refunding outstanding obligations, obtaining funds for general operating expenses, and obtaining funds to lend to other public institutions and facilities. Municipal Securities also include certain “private activity bonds” or industrial development bonds, which are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to provide financing aid to acquire sites or construct or equip facilities within a municipality for privately or publicly owned corporations.
Investments in municipal securities are subject to the risk that the issuer could default on its obligations. Such a default could result from the inadequacy of the sources or revenues from which interest and principal payments are to be made or the assets collateralizing such obligations. Revenue bonds (as described further below), including private activity bonds, are backed only by specific assets or revenue sources and not by the full faith and credit of the governmental issuer.
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The two principal classifications of Municipal Securities are “general obligations” and “revenue obligations.” General obligations are secured by the issuer’s pledge of its full faith and credit for the payment of principal and interest, although the characteristics and enforcement of general obligations may vary according to the law applicable to the particular issuer. Revenue obligations, which include, but are not limited to, private activity bonds, resource recovery bonds, certificates of participation and certain municipal notes, are not backed by the credit and taxing authority of the issuer, and are payable solely from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise or other specific revenue source. Nevertheless, the obligations of the issuer of a revenue obligation may be backed by a letter of credit, guarantee or insurance. General obligations and revenue obligations may be issued in a variety of forms, including commercial paper, fixed, variable and floating rate securities, tender option bonds, auction rate bonds, zero coupon bonds, deferred interest bonds and capital appreciation bonds.
In addition to general obligations and revenue obligations, there are a variety of hybrid and special types of Municipal Securities. There are also numerous differences in the security of Municipal Securities both within and between these two principal classifications.
An entire issue of Municipal Securities may be purchased by one or a small number of institutional investors, including one or more Underlying Funds. Thus, the issue may not be said to be publicly offered. Unlike some securities that are not publicly offered, a secondary market exists for many Municipal Securities that were not publicly offered initially and such securities may be readily marketable.
The credit rating assigned to Municipal Securities may reflect the existence of guarantees, letters of credit or other credit enhancement features available to the issuers or holders of such Municipal Securities.
The obligations of the issuer to pay the principal of and interest on a Municipal Security are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the Federal Bankruptcy Code, and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest or imposing other constraints upon the enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power or ability of the issuer to pay when due principal of or interest on a Municipal Security may be materially affected.
From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress for the purpose of restricting or eliminating the federal income tax exemption for interest on Municipal Securities. For example, under the Tax Reform Act of 1986, interest on certain private activity bonds must be included in an investor’s federal alternative minimum taxable income, and corporate investors must include all tax-exempt interest in their federal alternative minimum taxable income. The Trust cannot predict what legislation, if any, may be proposed in the future in Congress as regards the federal income tax status of interest on Municipal Securities or which proposals, if any, might be enacted. Such proposals, if enacted, might materially and adversely affect the liquidity and value of the Municipal Securities in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio.
Municipal Leases, Certificates of Participation and Other Participation Interests. Municipal Securities include leases, certificates of participation and other participation interests. A municipal lease is an obligation in the form of a lease or installment purchase which is issued by a state or local government to acquire equipment and facilities. Income from such obligations is generally exempt from state and local taxes in the state of issuance. Municipal leases frequently involve special risks not normally associated with general obligations or revenue bonds. Leases and installment purchase or conditional sale contracts (which normally provide for title to the leased asset to pass eventually to the governmental issuer) have evolved as a means for governmental issuers to acquire property and equipment without meeting the constitutional and statutory requirements for the issuance of debt. The debt issuance limitations are deemed to be inapplicable because of the inclusion in many leases or contracts of “non-appropriation” clauses that relieve the governmental issuer of any obligation to make future payments under the lease or contract unless money is appropriated for such purpose by the appropriate legislative body on a yearly or other periodic basis. In addition, such leases or contracts may be subject to the
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temporary abatement of payments in the event the issuer is prevented from maintaining occupancy of the leased premises or utilizing the leased equipment. Although the obligations may be secured by the leased equipment or facilities, the disposition of the property in the event of non-appropriation or foreclosure might prove difficult, time consuming and costly, and result in a delay in recovering or the failure to fully recover an Underlying Fund’s original investment. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in unrated municipal leases or participates in such leases, the credit quality rating and risk of cancellation of such unrated leases will be monitored on an ongoing basis.
Certificates of participation represent undivided interests in municipal leases, installment purchase agreements or other instruments. The certificates are typically issued by a trust or other entity which has received an assignment of the payments to be made by the state or political subdivision under such leases or installment purchase agreements.
Certain municipal lease obligations and certificates of participation may be deemed to be illiquid for the purpose of an Underlying Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. Other municipal lease obligations and certificates of participation acquired by an Underlying Fund may be determined by its investment adviser, pursuant to guidelines adopted by the Trustees of the Trust, to be liquid securities for the purpose of such limitation. In determining the liquidity of municipal lease obligations and certificates of participation, the investment adviser will consider a variety of factors including: (i) the willingness of dealers to bid for the security; (ii) the number of dealers willing to purchase or sell the obligation and the number of other potential buyers; (iii) the frequency of trades or quotes for the obligation; and (iv) the nature of the marketplace trades. In addition, the investment adviser will consider factors unique to particular lease obligations and certificates of participation affecting the marketability thereof. These include the general creditworthiness of the issuer, the importance to the issuer of the property covered by the lease and the likelihood that the marketability of the obligation will be maintained throughout the time the obligation is held by an Underlying Fund.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may purchase participations in Municipal Securities held by a commercial bank or other financial institution. Such participations provide an Underlying Fund with the right to a pro rata undivided interest in the underlying Municipal Securities. In addition, such participations generally provide an Underlying Fund with the right to demand payment, on not more than seven days’ notice, of all or any part of such Underlying Fund’s participation interest in the underlying Municipal Securities, plus accrued interest. An Underlying Fund will only invest in such participations if, in the opinion of bond counsel, counsel for the issuers of such participations or counsel selected by the investment advisors, the interest from such participation is exempt from regular federal income tax.
Auction Rate Securities. Municipal Securities also include auction rate Municipal Securities and auction rate preferred securities issued by closed-end investment companies that invest primarily in Municipal Securities (collectively, “auction rate securities”). Provided that the auction mechanism is successful, auction rate securities usually permit the holder to sell the securities in an auction at par value at specified intervals. The dividend is reset by “Dutch” auction in which bids are made by broker-dealers and other institutions for a certain amount of securities at a specified minimum yield. The dividend rate set by the auction is the lowest interest or dividend rate that covers all securities offered for sale. While this process is designed to permit auction rate securities to be traded at par value, there is some risk that an auction will fail due to insufficient demand for the securities. In certain recent market environments, auction failures have been more prevalent, which may adversely affect the liquidity and price of auction rate securities. Moreover, between auctions, there may be no secondary market for these securities, and sales conducted on a secondary market may not be on terms favorable to the seller. Thus, with respect to liquidity and price stability, auction rate securities may differ substantially from cash equivalents, notwithstanding the frequency of auctions and the credit quality of the security.
An Underlying Fund’s investments in auction rate securities of closed-end funds are subject to the limitations prescribed by the Act. An Underlying Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management and other fees paid by such closed-end funds in addition to the advisory fees payable directly by the Underlying Funds.
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Other Types of Municipal Securities. Other types of Municipal Securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may invest include municipal notes, tax-exempt commercial paper, pre-refunded municipal bonds, industrial development bonds, tender option bonds and insured municipal obligations.
Call Risk and Reinvestment Risk. Municipal Securities may include “call” provisions which permit the issuers of such securities, at any time or after a specified period, to redeem the securities prior to their stated maturity. In the event that Municipal Securities held in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio are called prior to the maturity, the Underlying Fund will be required to reinvest the proceeds on such securities at an earlier date and may be able to do so only at lower yields, thereby reducing the Underlying Fund’s return on its portfolio securities.
Mortgage Loans and Mortgage-Backed Securities
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in mortgage loans and mortgage pass-through securities and other securities representing an interest in or collateralized by adjustable and fixed rate mortgage loans (“Mortgage-Backed Securities”).
Mortgage-Backed Securities are subject to both call risk and extension risk. Because of these risks, these securities can have significantly greater price and yield volatility than traditional fixed income securities.
General Characteristics of Mortgage Backed Securities.
In general, each mortgage pool underlying Mortgage-Backed Securities consists of mortgage loans evidenced by promissory notes secured by first mortgages or first deeds of trust or other similar security instruments creating a first lien on owner occupied and non-owner occupied one-unit to four-unit residential properties, multi-family (i.e., five-units or more) properties, agricultural properties, commercial properties and mixed use properties (the “Mortgaged Properties”). The Mortgaged Properties may consist of detached individual dwelling units, multi-family dwelling units, individual condominiums, townhouses, duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, row houses, individual units in planned unit developments, other attached dwelling units (“Residential Mortgaged Properties”) or commercial properties, such as office properties, retail properties, hospitality properties, industrial properties, healthcare related properties or other types of income producing real property (“Commercial Mortgaged Properties”). Residential Mortgaged Properties may also include residential investment properties and second homes. In addition, the Mortgage-Backed Securities which are residential mortgage-backed securities may also consist of mortgage loans evidenced by promissory notes secured entirely or in part by second priority mortgage liens on Residential Mortgaged Properties.
The investment characteristics of adjustable and fixed rate Mortgage-Backed Securities differ from those of traditional fixed income securities. The major differences include the payment of interest and principal on Mortgage-Backed Securities on a more frequent (usually monthly) schedule, and the possibility that principal may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans or other assets. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than is the case with traditional fixed income securities. As a result, if an Underlying Fund purchases Mortgage-Backed Securities at a premium, a faster than expected prepayment rate will reduce both the market value and the yield to maturity from their anticipated levels. A prepayment rate that is slower than expected will have the opposite effect, increasing yield to maturity and market value. Conversely, if an Underlying Fund purchases Mortgage-Backed Securities at a discount, faster than expected prepayments will increase, while slower than expected prepayments will reduce yield to maturity and market value. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in Mortgage-Backed Securities, its investment adviser may seek to manage these potential risks by investing in a variety of Mortgage-Backed Securities and by using certain hedging techniques.
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Prepayments on a pool of mortgage loans are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors (such as changes in mortgagor housing needs, job transfers, unemployment, mortgagor equity in the mortgage properties and servicing decisions). The timing and level of prepayments cannot be predicted. A predominant factor affecting the prepayment rate on a pool of mortgage loans is the difference between the interest rates on outstanding mortgage loans and prevailing mortgage loan interest rates (giving consideration to the cost of any refinancing). Generally, prepayments on mortgage loans will increase during a period of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during a period of rising mortgage interest rates. Accordingly, the amounts of prepayments available for reinvestment by an Underlying Fund are likely to be greater during a period of declining mortgage interest rates. If general interest rates decline, such prepayments are likely to be reinvested at lower interest rates than an Underlying Fund was earning on the Mortgage-Backed Securities that were prepaid. Due to these factors, Mortgage-Backed Securities may be less effective than U.S. Treasury and other types of debt securities of similar maturity at maintaining yields during periods of declining interest rates. Because an Underlying Fund’s investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities are interest-rate sensitive, an Underlying Fund’s performance will depend in part upon the ability of the Underlying Fund to anticipate and respond to fluctuations in market interest rates and to utilize appropriate strategies to maximize returns to the Underlying Fund, while attempting to minimize the associated risks to its investment capital. Prepayments may have a disproportionate effect on certain Mortgage-Backed Securities and other multiple class pass-through securities, which are discussed below.
The rate of interest paid on Mortgage-Backed Securities is normally lower than the rate of interest paid on the mortgages included in the underlying pool due to (among other things) the fees paid to any servicer, special servicer and trustee for the trust fund which holds the mortgage pool, other costs and expenses of such trust fund, fees paid to any guarantor, such as Ginnie Mae (as defined below) or to any credit enhancers, mortgage pool insurers, bond insurers and/or hedge providers, and due to any yield retained by the issuer. Actual yield to the holder may vary from the coupon rate, even if adjustable, if the Mortgage-Backed Securities are purchased or traded in the secondary market at a premium or discount. In addition, there is normally some delay between the time the issuer receives mortgage payments from the servicer and the time the issuer (or the trustee of the trust fund which holds the mortgage pool) makes the payments on the Mortgage-Backed Securities, and this delay reduces the effective yield to the holder of such securities.
The issuers of certain mortgage-backed obligations may elect to have the pool of mortgage loans (or indirect interests in mortgage loans) underlying the securities treated as a REMIC, which is subject to special federal income tax rules. A description of the types of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may invest is provided below. The descriptions are general and summary in nature, and do not detail every possible variation of the types of securities that are permissible investments for these Underlying Funds.
Certain General Characteristics of Mortgage Loans
Adjustable Rate Mortgage Loans (“ARMs”). Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in ARMs. ARMs generally provide for a fixed initial mortgage interest rate for a specified period of time. Thereafter, the interest rates (the “Mortgage Interest Rates”) may be subject to periodic adjustment based on changes in the applicable index rate (the “Index Rate”). The adjusted rate would be equal to the Index Rate plus a fixed percentage spread over the Index Rate established for each ARM at the time of its origination. ARMs allow an Underlying Fund to participate in increases in interest rates through periodic increases in the securities coupon rates. During periods of declining interest rates, coupon rates may readjust downward resulting in lower yields to an Underlying Fund.
Adjustable interest rates can cause payment increases that some mortgagors may find difficult to make. However, certain ARMs may provide that the Mortgage Interest Rate may not be adjusted to a rate above an applicable lifetime maximum rate or below an applicable lifetime minimum rate for such ARM. Certain ARMs
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may also be subject to limitations on the maximum amount by which the Mortgage Interest Rate may adjust for any single adjustment period (the “Maximum Adjustment”). Other ARMs (“Negatively Amortizing ARMs”) may provide instead or as well for limitations on changes in the monthly payment on such ARMs. Limitations on monthly payments can result in monthly payments which are greater or less than the amount necessary to amortize a Negatively Amortizing ARM by its maturity at the Mortgage Interest Rate in effect in any particular month. In the event that a monthly payment is not sufficient to pay the interest accruing on a Negatively Amortizing ARM, any such excess interest is added to the principal balance of the loan, causing negative amortization, and will be repaid through future monthly payments. It may take borrowers under Negatively Amortizing ARMs longer periods of time to build up equity and may increase the likelihood of default by such borrowers. In the event that a monthly payment exceeds the sum of the interest accrued at the applicable Mortgage Interest Rate and the principal payment which would have been necessary to amortize the outstanding principal balance over the remaining term of the loan, the excess (or “accelerated amortization”) further reduces the principal balance of the ARM. Negatively Amortizing ARMs do not provide for the extension of their original maturity to accommodate changes in their Mortgage Interest Rate. As a result, unless there is a periodic recalculation of the payment amount (which there generally is), the final payment may be substantially larger than the other payments. After the expiration of the initial fixed rate period and upon the periodic recalculation of the payment to cause timely amortization of the related mortgage loan, the monthly payment on such mortgage loan may increase substantially which may, in turn, increase the risk of the borrower defaulting in respect of such mortgage loan. These limitations on periodic increases in interest rates and on changes in monthly payments protect borrowers from unlimited interest rate and payment increases, but may result in increased credit exposure and prepayment risks for lenders. When interest due on a mortgage loan is added to the principal balance of such mortgage loan, the related mortgaged property provides proportionately less security for the repayment of such mortgage loan. Therefore, if the related borrower defaults on such mortgage loan, there is a greater likelihood that a loss will be incurred upon any liquidation of the mortgaged property which secures such mortgage loan.
ARMs also have the risk of prepayment. The rate of principal prepayments with respect to ARMs has fluctuated in recent years. The value of Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by ARMs is less likely to rise during periods of declining interest rates than the value of fixed-rate securities during such periods. Accordingly, ARMs may be subject to a greater rate of principal repayments in a declining interest rate environment resulting in lower yields to an Underlying Fund. For example, if prevailing interest rates fall significantly, ARMs could be subject to higher prepayment rates (than if prevailing interest rates remain constant or increase) because the availability of low fixed-rate mortgages may encourage mortgagors to refinance their ARMs to “lock-in” a fixed-rate mortgage. On the other hand, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of ARMs will lag behind changes in the market rate. ARMs are also typically subject to maximum increases and decreases in the interest rate adjustment which can be made on any one adjustment date, in any one year, or during the life of the security. In the event of dramatic increases or decreases in prevailing market interest rates, the value of an Underlying Fund’s investment in ARMs may fluctuate more substantially because these limits may prevent the security from fully adjusting its interest rate to the prevailing market rates. As with fixed-rate mortgages, ARM prepayment rates vary in both stable and changing interest rate environments.
There are two main categories of indices which provide the basis for rate adjustments on ARMs: those based on U.S. Treasury securities and those derived from a calculated measure, such as a cost of funds index or a moving average of mortgage rates. Indices commonly used for this purpose include the one-year, three-year and five-year constant maturity Treasury rates, the three-month Treasury bill rate, the 180-day Treasury bill rate, rates on longer-term Treasury securities, the 11th District Federal Home Loan Bank Cost of Funds, the National Median Cost of Funds, the one-month, three-month, six-month or one-year London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the prime rate of a specific bank, or commercial paper rates. Some indices, such as the one-year constant maturity Treasury rate, closely mirror changes in market interest rate levels. Others, such as the 11th District Federal Home Loan Bank Cost of Funds index, tend to lag behind changes in market rate levels and tend
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to be somewhat less volatile. The degree of volatility in the market value of ARMs in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio and, therefore, in the net asset value of the Underlying Fund’s shares, will be a function of the length of the interest rate reset periods and the degree of volatility in the applicable indices.
Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans. Generally, fixed-rate mortgage loans included in mortgage pools (the “Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans”) will bear simple interest at fixed annual rates and have original terms to maturity ranging from 5 to 40 years. Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans generally provide for monthly payments of principal and interest in substantially equal installments for the term of the mortgage note in sufficient amounts to fully amortize principal by maturity, although certain Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans provide for a large final “balloon” payment upon maturity.
Certain Legal Considerations of Mortgage Loans. The following is a discussion of certain legal and regulatory aspects of the mortgage loans in which an Underlying Fund may invest. This discussion is not exhaustive, and does not address all of the legal or regulatory aspects affecting mortgage loans. These regulations may impair the ability of a mortgage lender to enforce its rights under the mortgage documents. These regulations may also adversely affect an Underlying Fund’s investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities (including those issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities) by delaying the Underlying Fund’s receipt of payments derived from principal or interest on mortgage loans affected by such regulations.
1. | Foreclosure. A foreclosure of a defaulted mortgage loan may be delayed due to compliance with statutory notice or service of process provisions, difficulties in locating necessary parties or legal challenges to the mortgagee’s right to foreclose. Depending upon market conditions, the ultimate proceeds of the sale of foreclosed property may not equal the amounts owed on the Mortgage-Backed Securities. Furthermore, courts in some cases have imposed general equitable principles upon foreclosure generally designed to relieve the borrower from the legal effect of default and have required lenders to undertake affirmative and expensive actions to determine the causes for the default and the likelihood of loan reinstatement. |
2. | Rights of Redemption. In some states, after foreclosure of a mortgage loan, the borrower and foreclosed junior lienors are given a statutory period in which to redeem the property, which right may diminish the mortgagee’s ability to sell the property. |
3. | Legislative Limitations. In addition to anti-deficiency and related legislation, numerous other federal and state statutory provisions, including the federal bankruptcy laws and state laws affording relief to debtors, may interfere with or affect the ability of a secured mortgage lender to enforce its security interest. For example, a bankruptcy court may grant the debtor a reasonable time to cure a default on a mortgage loan, including a payment default. The court in certain instances may also reduce the monthly payments due under such mortgage loan, change the rate of interest, reduce the principal balance of the loan to the then-current appraised value of the related mortgaged property, alter the mortgage loan repayment schedule and grant priority of certain liens over the lien of the mortgage loan. If a court relieves a borrower’s obligation to repay amounts otherwise due on a mortgage loan, the mortgage loan servicer will not be required to advance such amounts, and any loss may be borne by the holders of securities backed by such loans. In addition, numerous federal and state consumer protection laws impose penalties for failure to comply with specific requirements in connection with origination and servicing of mortgage loans. |
4. | “Due-on-Sale” Provisions. Fixed-rate mortgage loans may contain a so-called “due-on-sale” clause permitting acceleration of the maturity of the mortgage loan if the borrower transfers the property. The Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 sets forth nine specific instances in which no mortgage lender covered by that Act may exercise a “due-on-sale” clause upon a transfer of property. The inability to enforce a “due-on-sale” clause or the lack of such a clause in mortgage loan documents may result in a mortgage loan being assumed by a purchaser of the property that bears an interest rate below the current market rate. |
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5. | Usury Laws. Some states prohibit charging interest on mortgage loans in excess of statutory limits. If such limits are exceeded, substantial penalties may be incurred and, in some cases, enforceability of the obligation to pay principal and interest may be affected. |
6. | Recent Governmental Action, Legislation and Regulation. The rise in the rate of foreclosures of properties in certain states or localities has resulted in legislative, regulatory and enforcement action in such states or localities seeking to prevent or restrict foreclosures, particularly in respect of residential mortgage loans. Actions have also been brought against issuers and underwriters of residential mortgage-backed securities collateralized by such residential mortgage loans and investors in such residential mortgage-backed securities. Legislative or regulatory initiatives by federal, state or local legislative bodies or administrative agencies, if enacted or adopted, could delay foreclosure or the exercise of other remedies, provide new defenses to foreclosure, or otherwise impair the ability of the loan servicer to foreclose or realize on a defaulted residential mortgage loan included in a pool of residential mortgage loans backing such residential mortgage-backed securities. While the nature or extent of limitations on foreclosure or exercise of other remedies that may be enacted cannot be predicted, any such governmental actions that interfere with the foreclosure process could increase the costs of such foreclosures or exercise of other remedies in respect of residential mortgage loans which collateralize Mortgage-Backed Securities held by an Underlying Fund, delay the timing or reduce the amount of recoveries on defaulted residential mortgage loans which collateralize Mortgage-Backed Securities held by an Underlying Fund, and consequently, could adversely impact the yields and distributions an Underlying Fund may receive in respect of its ownership of Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by residential mortgage loans. For example, the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009 authorized bankruptcy courts to assist bankrupt borrowers by restructuring residential mortgage loans secured by a lien on the borrower’s primary residence. Bankruptcy judges are permitted to reduce the interest rate of the bankrupt borrower’s residential mortgage loan, extend its term to maturity to up to 40 years or take other actions to reduce the borrower’s monthly payment. As a result, the value of, and the cash flows in respect of, the Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by these residential mortgage loans may be adversely impacted, and, as a consequence, an Underlying Fund’s investment in such Mortgage-Backed Securities could be adversely impacted. Other federal legislation, including the Home Affordability Modification Program (“HAMP”), encourages servicers to modify residential mortgage loans that are either already in default or are at risk of imminent default. Furthermore, HAMP provides incentives for servicers to modify residential mortgage loans that are contractually current. This program, as well other legislation and/or governmental intervention designed to protect consumers, may have an adverse impact on servicers of residential mortgage loans by increasing costs and expenses of these servicers while at the same time decreasing servicing cash flows. Such increased financial pressures may have a negative effect on the ability of servicers to pursue collection on residential mortgage loans that are experiencing increased delinquencies and defaults and to maximize recoveries on the sale of underlying residential mortgaged properties following foreclosure. Other legislative or regulatory actions include insulation of servicers from liability for modification of residential mortgage loans without regard to the terms of the applicable servicing agreements. The foregoing legislation and current and future governmental regulation activities may have the effect of reducing returns to an Underlying Fund to the extent it has invested in Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by these residential mortgage loans. |
Government Guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities. There are several types of government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities currently available, including guaranteed mortgage pass-through certificates and multiple class securities, which include guaranteed Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit Certificates (“REMIC Certificates”), other collateralized mortgage obligations and stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. An Underlying Fund is permitted to invest in other types of Mortgage-Backed Securities that may be available in the future to the extent consistent with its investment policies and objective.
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An Underlying Fund’s investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities may include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or one of its agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). Ginnie Mae securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, which means that the U.S. Government guarantees that the interest and principal will be paid when due. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have the ability to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, and as a result, they are generally viewed by the market as high quality securities with low credit risks. From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress for the purpose of restricting or eliminating federal sponsorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The Trust cannot predict what legislation, if any, may be proposed in the future in Congress as regards such sponsorship or which proposals, if any, might be enacted. Such proposals, if enacted, might materially and adversely affect the availability of government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities and the liquidity and value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio.
There is risk that the U.S. Government will not provide financial support to its agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. An Underlying Fund may purchase U.S. Government securities that are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, such as those issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government securities held by an Underlying Fund may greatly exceed such issuers’ current resources, including such issuers’ legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that these issuers will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Below is a general discussion of certain types of guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may invest.
| • | | Ginnie Mae Certificates. Ginnie Mae is a wholly-owned corporate instrumentality of the United States. Ginnie Mae is authorized to guarantee the timely payment of the principal of and interest on certificates that are based on and backed by a pool of mortgage loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), or guaranteed by the Veterans Administration (“VA”), or by pools of other eligible mortgage loans. In order to meet its obligations under any guaranty, Ginnie Mae is authorized to borrow from the United States Treasury in an unlimited amount. The National Housing Act provides that the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government is pledged to the timely payment of principal and interest by Ginnie Mae of amounts due on Ginnie Mae certificates. |
| • | | Fannie Mae Certificates. Fannie Mae is a stockholder-owned corporation chartered under an act of the United States Congress. Generally, Fannie Mae Certificates are issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae and represent an undivided interest in a pool of mortgage loans (a “Pool”) formed by Fannie Mae. A Pool consists of residential mortgage loans either previously owned by Fannie Mae or purchased by it in connection with the formation of the Pool. The mortgage loans may be either conventional mortgage loans (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any U.S. Government agency) or mortgage loans that are either insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. However, the mortgage loans in Fannie Mae Pools are primarily conventional mortgage loans. The lenders originating and servicing the mortgage loans are subject to certain eligibility requirements established by Fannie Mae. Fannie Mae has certain contractual |
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| responsibilities. With respect to each Pool, Fannie Mae is obligated to distribute scheduled installments of principal and interest after Fannie Mae’s servicing and guaranty fee, whether or not received, to Certificate holders. Fannie Mae also is obligated to distribute to holders of Certificates an amount equal to the full principal balance of any foreclosed mortgage loan, whether or not such principal balance is actually recovered. The obligations of Fannie Mae under its guaranty of the Fannie Mae Certificates are obligations solely of Fannie Mae. See “Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae” below. |
| • | | Freddie Mac Certificates. Freddie Mac is a publicly held U.S. Government sponsored enterprise. A principal activity of Freddie Mac currently is the purchase of first lien, conventional, residential and multifamily mortgage loans and participation interests in such mortgage loans and their resale in the form of mortgage securities, primarily Freddie Mac Certificates. A Freddie Mac Certificate represents a pro rata interest in a group of mortgage loans or participations in mortgage loans (a “Freddie Mac Certificate group”) purchased by Freddie Mac. Freddie Mac guarantees to each registered holder of a Freddie Mac Certificate the timely payment of interest at the rate provided for by such Freddie Mac Certificate (whether or not received on the underlying loans). Freddie Mac also guarantees to each registered Certificate holder ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans, without any offset or deduction, but does not, generally, guarantee the timely payment of scheduled principal. The obligations of Freddie Mac under its guaranty of Freddie Mac Certificates are obligations solely of Freddie Mac. See “Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae” below. |
Conventional Mortgage Loans. The conventional mortgage loans underlying the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Certificates consist of adjustable rate or fixed-rate mortgage loans normally with original terms to maturity of between five and thirty years. Substantially all of these mortgage loans are secured by first liens on one- to four-family residential properties or multi-family projects. Each mortgage loan must meet the applicable standards set forth in the law creating Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. A Freddie Mac Certificate group may include whole loans, participation interests in whole loans, undivided interests in whole loans and participations comprising another Freddie Mac Certificate group.
Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The volatility and disruption that impacted the capital and credit markets during late 2008 and into 2009 have led to increased market concerns about Freddie Mac’s and Fannie Mae’s ability to withstand future credit losses associated with securities held in their investment portfolios, and on which they provide guarantees, without the direct support of the federal government. On September 6, 2008, both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were placed under the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”). Under the plan of conservatorship, the FHFA has assumed control of, and generally has the power to direct, the operations of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and is empowered to exercise all powers collectively held by their respective shareholders, directors and officers, including the power to (1) take over the assets of and operate Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae with all the powers of the shareholders, the directors, and the officers of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and conduct all business of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; (2) collect all obligations and money due to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; (3) perform all functions of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae which are consistent with the conservator’s appointment; (4) preserve and conserve the assets and property of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; and (5) contract for assistance in fulfilling any function, activity, action or duty of the conservator. In addition, in connection with the actions taken by the FHFA, the U.S. Treasury Department (the “Treasury”) entered into certain preferred stock purchase agreements with each of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae which established the Treasury as the holder of a new class of senior preferred stock in each of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, which stock was issued in connection with financial contributions from the Treasury to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.
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The conditions attached to the financial contribution made by the Treasury to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and the issuance of this senior preferred stock placed significant restrictions on the activities of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae must obtain the consent of the Treasury to, among other things, (i) make any payment to purchase or redeem its capital stock or pay any dividend other than in respect of the senior preferred stock to the Treasury, (ii) issue capital stock of any kind, (iii) terminate the conservatorship of the FHFA except in connection with a receivership, or (iv) increase its debt beyond certain specified levels. In addition, significant restrictions were placed on the maximum size of each of Freddie Mac’s and Fannie Mae’s respective portfolios of mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities, and the purchase agreements entered into by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae provide that the maximum size of their portfolios of these assets must decrease by a specified percentage each year. On June 16, 2010, FHFA ordered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s stock de-listed from the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) after the price of common stock in Fannie Mae fell below the NYSE minimum average closing price of $1 for more than 30 days.
The future status and role of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae could be impacted by (among other things) the actions taken and restrictions placed on Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae by the FHFA in its role as conservator, the restrictions placed on Freddie Mac’s and Fannie Mae’s operations and activities as a result of the senior preferred stock investment made by the Treasury, market responses to developments at Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and future legislative and regulatory action that alters the operations, ownership, structure and/or mission of these institutions, each of which may, in turn, impact the value of, and cash flows on, any Mortgage-Backed Securities guaranteed by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, including any such Mortgage-Backed Securities held by an Underlying Fund.
Privately Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in privately issued Mortgage-Backed Securities. Privately issued Mortgage-Backed Securities are generally backed by pools of conventional (i.e., non-government guaranteed or insured) mortgage loans. The seller or servicer of the underlying mortgage obligations will generally make representations and warranties to certificate-holders as to certain characteristics of the mortgage loans and as to the accuracy of certain information furnished to the trustee in respect of each such mortgage loan. Upon a breach of any representation or warranty that materially and adversely affects the interests of the related certificate-holders in a mortgage loan, the seller or servicer generally will be obligated either to cure the breach in all material respects, to repurchase the mortgage loan or, if the related agreement so provides, to substitute in its place a mortgage loan pursuant to the conditions set forth therein. Such a repurchase or substitution obligation may constitute the sole remedy available to the related certificate-holders or the trustee for the material breach of any such representation or warranty by the seller or servicer.
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Mortgage Pass-Through Securities
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in both government guaranteed and privately issued mortgage pass-through securities (“Mortgage Pass-Throughs”) that are fixed or adjustable rate Mortgage-Backed Securities which provide for monthly payments that are a “pass-through” of the monthly interest and principal payments (including any prepayments) made by the individual borrowers on the pooled mortgage loans, net of any fees or other amounts paid to any guarantor, administrator and/or servicer of the underlying mortgage loans. The seller or servicer of the underlying mortgage obligations will generally make representations and warranties to certificate-holders as to certain characteristics of the mortgage loans and as to the accuracy of certain information furnished to the trustee in respect of each such mortgage loan. Upon a breach of any representation or warranty that materially and adversely affects the interests of the related certificate-holders in a mortgage loan, the seller or servicer may be obligated either to cure the breach in all material respects, to repurchase the mortgage loan or, if the related agreement so provides, to substitute in its place a mortgage loan pursuant to the conditions set forth therein. Such a repurchase or substitution obligation may constitute the sole remedy available to the related certificate-holders or the trustee for the material breach of any such representation or warranty by the seller or servicer.
The following discussion describes certain aspects of only a few of the wide variety of structures of Mortgage Pass-Throughs that are available or may be issued.
General Description of Certificates. Mortgage Pass-Throughs may be issued in one or more classes of senior certificates and one or more classes of subordinate certificates. Each such class may bear a different pass-through rate. Generally, each certificate will evidence the specified interest of the holder thereof in the payments of principal or interest or both in respect of the mortgage pool comprising part of the trust fund for such certificates.
Any class of certificates may also be divided into subclasses entitled to varying amounts of principal and interest. If a REMIC election has been made, certificates of such subclasses may be entitled to payments on the basis of a stated principal balance and stated interest rate, and payments among different subclasses may be made on a sequential, concurrent, pro rata or disproportionate basis, or any combination thereof. The stated interest rate on any such subclass of certificates may be a fixed rate or one which varies in direct or inverse relationship to an objective interest index.
Generally, each registered holder of a certificate will be entitled to receive its pro rata share of monthly distributions of all or a portion of principal of the underlying mortgage loans or of interest on the principal balances thereof, which accrues at the applicable mortgage pass-through rate, or both. The difference between the mortgage interest rate and the related mortgage pass-through rate (less the amount, if any, of retained yield) with respect to each mortgage loan will generally be paid to the servicer as a servicing fee. Because certain adjustable rate mortgage loans included in a mortgage pool may provide for deferred interest (i.e., negative amortization), the amount of interest actually paid by a mortgagor in any month may be less than the amount of interest accrued on the outstanding principal balance of the related mortgage loan during the relevant period at the applicable mortgage interest rate. In such event, the amount of interest that is treated as deferred interest will generally be added to the principal balance of the related mortgage loan and will be distributed pro rata to certificate-holders as principal of such mortgage loan when paid by the mortgagor in subsequent monthly payments or at maturity.
Ratings. The ratings assigned by a rating organization to Mortgage Pass-Throughs generally address the likelihood of the receipt of distributions on the underlying mortgage loans by the related certificate-holders under the agreements pursuant to which such certificates are issued. A rating organization’s ratings normally take into consideration the credit quality of the related mortgage pool, including any credit support providers, structural and legal aspects associated with such certificates, and the extent to which the payment stream on such mortgage pool is adequate to make payments required by such certificates. A rating organization’s ratings on such certificates do not, however, constitute a statement regarding frequency of prepayments on the related
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mortgage loans. In addition, the rating assigned by a rating organization to a certificate may not address the possibility that, in the event of the insolvency of the issuer of certificates where a subordinated interest was retained, the issuance and sale of the senior certificates may be recharacterized as a financing and, as a result of such recharacterization, payments on such certificates may be affected. A rating organization may downgrade or withdraw a rating assigned by it to any Mortgage Pass-Through at any time, and no assurance can be made that any ratings on any Mortgage Pass-Throughs included in an Underlying Fund will be maintained, or that if such ratings are assigned, they will not be downgraded or withdrawn by the assigning rating organization.
Recently, rating agencies have placed on credit watch or downgraded the ratings previously assigned to a large number of mortgage-backed securities (which may include certain of the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may have invested or may in the future be invested), and may continue to do so in the future. In the event that any Mortgage-Backed Security held by an Underlying Fund is placed on credit watch or downgraded, the value of such Mortgage-Backed Security may decline and the Underlying Fund may consequently experience losses in respect of such Mortgage-Backed Security.
Credit Enhancement. Mortgage pools created by non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher yield than government and government-related pools because of the absence of direct or indirect government or agency payment guarantees. To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, Mortgage Pass-Throughs may contain elements of credit support. Credit support falls generally into two categories: (i) liquidity protection and (ii) protection against losses resulting from default by an obligor on the underlying assets. Liquidity protection refers to the provision of advances, generally by the entity administering the pools of mortgages, the provision of a reserve fund, or a combination thereof, to ensure, subject to certain limitations, that scheduled payments on the underlying pool are made in a timely fashion. Protection against losses resulting from default ensures ultimate payment of the obligations on at least a portion of the assets in the pool. Such credit support can be provided by, among other things, payment guarantees, letters of credit, pool insurance, subordination, or any combination thereof.
Subordination; Shifting of Interest; Reserve Fund. In order to achieve ratings on one or more classes of Mortgage Pass-Throughs, one or more classes of certificates may be subordinate certificates which provide that the rights of the subordinate certificate-holders to receive any or a specified portion of distributions with respect to the underlying mortgage loans may be subordinated to the rights of the senior certificate holders. If so structured, the subordination feature may be enhanced by distributing to the senior certificate-holders on certain distribution dates, as payment of principal, a specified percentage (which generally declines over time) of all principal payments received during the preceding prepayment period (“shifting interest credit enhancement”). This will have the effect of accelerating the amortization of the senior certificates while increasing the interest in the trust fund evidenced by the subordinate certificates. Increasing the interest of the subordinate certificates relative to that of the senior certificates is intended to preserve the availability of the subordination provided by the subordinate certificates. In addition, because the senior certificate-holders in a shifting interest credit enhancement structure are entitled to receive a percentage of principal prepayments which is greater than their proportionate interest in the trust fund, the rate of principal prepayments on the mortgage loans may have an even greater effect on the rate of principal payments and the amount of interest payments on, and the yield to maturity of, the senior certificates.
In addition to providing for a preferential right of the senior certificate-holders to receive current distributions from the mortgage pool, a reserve fund may be established relating to such certificates (the “Reserve Fund”). The Reserve Fund may be created with an initial cash deposit by the originator or servicer and augmented by the retention of distributions otherwise available to the subordinate certificate-holders or by excess servicing fees until the Reserve Fund reaches a specified amount.
The subordination feature, and any Reserve Fund, are intended to enhance the likelihood of timely receipt by senior certificate-holders of the full amount of scheduled monthly payments of principal and interest
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due to them and will protect the senior certificate-holders against certain losses; however, in certain circumstances the Reserve Fund could be depleted and temporary shortfalls could result. In the event that the Reserve Fund is depleted before the subordinated amount is reduced to zero, senior certificate-holders will nevertheless have a preferential right to receive current distributions from the mortgage pool to the extent of the then outstanding subordinated amount. Unless otherwise specified, until the subordinated amount is reduced to zero, on any distribution date any amount otherwise distributable to the subordinate certificates or, to the extent specified, in the Reserve Fund will generally be used to offset the amount of any losses realized with respect to the mortgage loans (“Realized Losses”). Realized Losses remaining after application of such amounts will generally be applied to reduce the ownership interest of the subordinate certificates in the mortgage pool. If the subordinated amount has been reduced to zero, Realized Losses generally will be allocated pro rata among all certificate-holders in proportion to their respective outstanding interests in the mortgage pool.
Alternative Credit Enhancement. As an alternative, or in addition to the credit enhancement afforded by subordination, credit enhancement for Mortgage Pass-Throughs may be provided through bond insurers, or at the mortgage loan-level through mortgage insurance, hazard insurance, or through the deposit of cash, certificates of deposit, letters of credit, a limited guaranty or by such other methods as are acceptable to a rating agency. In certain circumstances, such as where credit enhancement is provided by bond insurers, guarantees or letters of credit, the security is subject to credit risk because of its exposure to the credit risk of an external credit enhancement provider.
Voluntary Advances. Generally, in the event of delinquencies in payments on the mortgage loans underlying the Mortgage Pass-Throughs, the servicer may agree to make advances of cash for the benefit of certificate-holders, but generally will do so only to the extent that it determines such voluntary advances will be recoverable from future payments and collections on the mortgage loans or otherwise.
Optional Termination. Generally, the servicer may, at its option with respect to any certificates, repurchase all of the underlying mortgage loans remaining outstanding at such time the aggregate outstanding principal balance of such mortgage loans is less than a specified percentage (generally 5-10%) of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loans as of the cut-off date specified with respect to such series.
Multiple Class Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in multiple class securities including collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and REMIC Certificates. These securities may be issued by U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or by trusts formed by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage bankers, commercial banks, insurance companies, investment banks and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing. In general, CMOs are debt obligations of a legal entity that are collateralized by, and multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities represent direct ownership interests in, a pool of mortgage loans or Mortgage-Backed Securities the payments on which are used to make payments on the CMOs or multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities.
Fannie Mae REMIC Certificates are issued and guaranteed as to timely distribution of principal and interest by Fannie Mae. In addition, Fannie Mae will be obligated to distribute the principal balance of each class of REMIC Certificates in full, whether or not sufficient funds are otherwise available.
Freddie Mac guarantees the timely payment of interest on Freddie Mac REMIC Certificates and also guarantees the payment of principal as payments are required to be made on the underlying mortgage participation certificates (“PCs”). PCs represent undivided interests in specified level payment, residential mortgages or participations therein purchased by Freddie Mac and placed in a PC pool. With respect to principal payments on PCs, Freddie Mac generally guarantees ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans without offset or deduction but the receipt of the required payments may be delayed. Freddie Mac also guarantees timely payment of principal of certain PCs.
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CMOs and guaranteed REMIC Certificates issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are types of multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities. The REMIC Certificates represent beneficial ownership interests in a REMIC trust, generally consisting of mortgage loans or Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities (the “Mortgage Assets”). The obligations of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac under their respective guaranty of the REMIC Certificates are obligations solely of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. See “Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.”
CMOs and REMIC Certificates are issued in multiple classes. Each class of CMOs or REMIC Certificates, often referred to as a “tranche,” is issued at a specific adjustable or fixed interest rate and must be fully retired no later than its final distribution date. Principal prepayments on the mortgage loans or the Mortgage Assets underlying the CMOs or REMIC Certificates may cause some or all of the classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates to be retired substantially earlier than their final distribution dates. Generally, interest is paid or accrues on all classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates on a monthly basis.
The principal of and interest on the Mortgage Assets may be allocated among the several classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates in various ways. In certain structures (known as “sequential pay” CMOs or REMIC Certificates), payments of principal, including any principal prepayments, on the Mortgage Assets generally are applied to the classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates in the order of their respective final distribution dates. Thus, no payment of principal will be made on any class of sequential pay CMOs or REMIC Certificates until all other classes having an earlier final distribution date have been paid in full.
Additional structures of CMOs and REMIC Certificates include, among others, “parallel pay” CMOs and REMIC Certificates. Parallel pay CMOs or REMIC Certificates are those which are structured to apply principal payments and prepayments of the Mortgage Assets to two or more classes concurrently on a proportionate or disproportionate basis. These simultaneous payments are taken into account in calculating the final distribution date of each class.
A wide variety of REMIC Certificates may be issued in parallel pay or sequential pay structures. These securities include accrual certificates (also known as “Z-Bonds”), which only accrue interest at a specified rate until all other certificates having an earlier final distribution date have been retired and are converted thereafter to an interest-paying security, and planned amortization class (“PAC”) certificates, which are parallel pay REMIC Certificates that generally require that specified amounts of principal be applied on each payment date to one or more classes or REMIC Certificates (the “PAC Certificates”), even though all other principal payments and prepayments of the Mortgage Assets are then required to be applied to one or more other classes of the PAC Certificates. The scheduled principal payments for the PAC Certificates generally have the highest priority on each payment date after interest due has been paid to all classes entitled to receive interest currently. Shortfalls, if any, are added to the amount payable on the next payment date. The PAC Certificate payment schedule is taken into account in calculating the final distribution date of each class of PAC. In order to create PAC tranches, one or more tranches generally must be created that absorb most of the volatility in the underlying mortgage assets. These tranches tend to have market prices and yields that are much more volatile than other PAC classes.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”). are a type of Mortgage Pass-Through that are primarily backed by a pool of commercial mortgage loans. The commercial mortgage loans are, in turn, generally secured by commercial mortgaged properties (such as office properties, retail properties, hospitality properties, industrial properties, healthcare related properties or other types of income producing real property). CMBS generally entitle the holders thereof to receive payments that depend primarily on the cash flow from a specified pool of commercial or multifamily mortgage loans. CMBS will be affected by payments, defaults, delinquencies and losses on the underlying mortgage loans. The underlying mortgage loans generally are secured by income producing properties such as office properties, retail properties, multifamily properties, manufactured housing, hospitality properties, industrial properties and self
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storage properties. Because issuers of CMBS have no significant assets other than the underlying commercial real estate loans and because of the significant credit risks inherent in the underlying collateral, credit risk is a correspondingly important consideration with respect to the related CMBS Securities. Certain of the mortgage loans underlying CMBS Securities constituting part of the collateral interests may be delinquent, in default or in foreclosure.
Commercial real estate lending may expose a lender (and the related Mortgage-Backed Security) to a greater risk of loss than certain other forms of lending because it typically involves making larger loans to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, in the case of certain commercial mortgage loans, repayment of loans secured by commercial and multifamily properties depends upon the ability of the related real estate project to generate income sufficient to pay debt service, operating expenses and leasing commissions and to make necessary repairs, tenant improvements and capital improvements, and in the case of loans that do not fully amortize over their terms, to retain sufficient value to permit the borrower to pay off the loan at maturity through a sale or refinancing of the mortgaged property. The net operating income from and value of any commercial property is subject to various risks, including changes in general or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments; declines in real estate values; declines in rental or occupancy rates; increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses; changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies; acts of God; terrorist threats and attacks and social unrest and civil disturbances. In addition, certain of the mortgaged properties securing the pools of commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have a higher degree of geographic concentration in a few states or regions. Any deterioration in the real estate market or economy or adverse events in such states or regions, may increase the rate of delinquency and default experience (and as a consequence, losses) with respect to mortgage loans related to properties in such state or region. Pools of mortgaged properties securing the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may also have a higher degree of concentration in certain types of commercial properties. Accordingly, such pools of mortgage loans represent higher exposure to risks particular to those types of commercial properties. Certain pools of commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS consist of a fewer number of mortgage loans with outstanding balances that are larger than average. If a mortgage pool includes mortgage loans with larger than average balances, any realized losses on such mortgage loans could be more severe, relative to the size of the pool, than would be the case if the aggregate balance of the pool were distributed among a larger number of mortgage loans. Certain borrowers or affiliates thereof relating to certain of the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have had a history of bankruptcy. Certain mortgaged properties securing the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have been exposed to environmental conditions or circumstances. The ratings in respect of certain of the CMBS comprising the Mortgage-Backed Securities may have been withdrawn, reduced or placed on credit watch since issuance. In addition, losses and/or appraisal reductions may be allocated to certain of such CMBS and certain of the collateral or the assets underlying such collateral may be delinquent and/or may default from time to time.
CMBS held by an Underlying Fund may be subordinated to one or more other classes of securities of the same series for purposes of, among other things, establishing payment priorities and offsetting losses and other shortfalls with respect to the related underlying mortgage loans. Realized losses in respect of the mortgage loans included in the CMBS pool and trust expenses generally will be allocated to the most subordinated class of securities of the related series. Accordingly, to the extent any CMBS is or becomes the most subordinated class of securities of the related series, any delinquency or default on any underlying mortgage loan may result in shortfalls, realized loss allocations or extensions of its weighted average life and will have a more immediate and disproportionate effect on the related CMBS than on a related more senior class of CMBS of the same series. Further, even if a class is not the most subordinate class of securities, there can be no assurance that the subordination offered to such class will be sufficient on any date to offset all losses or expenses incurred by the underlying trust. CMBS are typically not guaranteed or insured, and distributions on such CMBS generally will depend solely upon the amount and timing of payments and other collections on the related underlying commercial mortgage loans.
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Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBS”), which are derivative multiclass mortgage securities, issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities or non-governmental originators. SMBS are usually structured with two different classes: one that receives substantially all of the interest payments (the interest-only, or “IO” and/or the high coupon rate with relatively low principal amount, or “IOette”), and the other that receives substantially all of the principal payments (the principal-only, or “PO”), from a pool of mortgage loans.
Certain SMBS may not be readily marketable and will be considered illiquid for purposes of an Underlying Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. The Investment Adviser may determine that SMBS which are U.S. Government securities are liquid for purposes of an Underlying Fund’s limitation on investments in illiquid securities. The market value of POs generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The yields on IOs and IOettes are generally higher than prevailing market yields on other Mortgage-Backed Securities because their cash flow patterns are more volatile and there is a greater risk that the initial investment will not be fully recouped. An Underlying Fund’s investment in SMBS may require the Underlying Fund to sell certain of its portfolio securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
Asset-Backed Securities
Asset-backed securities represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as motor vehicle installment sales, installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property, receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements and other categories of receivables. Such assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations. Payments or distributions of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or a pool insurance policy issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the trust or corporation, or other credit enhancements may be present.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in asset-backed securities. Such securities are often subject to more rapid repayment than their stated maturity date would indicate as a result of the pass-through of prepayments of principal on the underlying loans. During periods of declining interest rates, prepayment of loans underlying asset-backed securities can be expected to accelerate. Accordingly, the Underlying Fund’s ability to maintain positions in such securities will be affected by reductions in the principal amount of such securities resulting from prepayments, and its ability to reinvest the returns of principal at comparable yields is subject to generally prevailing interest rates at that time. To the extent that the Underlying Fund invests in asset-backed securities, the values of the Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities will vary with changes in market interest rates generally and the differentials in yields among various kinds of asset-backed securities.
Asset-backed securities present certain additional risks because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable to mortgage assets. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than residential real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the asset-backed securities. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in the underlying automobiles. Therefore, if the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, the Underlying Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that the Underlying Fund’s recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities.
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Recent Events Relating to the Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities Markets and the Overall Economy
The unprecedented disruption in the residential mortgage-backed securities market (and in particular, the “subprime” residential mortgage market), the broader mortgage-backed securities market and the asset-backed securities market in 2008-2009 has resulted (and continues to result) in downward price pressures and increasing foreclosures and defaults in residential and commercial real estate. Concerns over inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, the mortgage market and a depressed real estate market have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets going forward, and have contributed to dramatic declines in the housing market, with falling home prices and increasing foreclosures and unemployment, and significant asset write-downs by financial institutions. These conditions have prompted a number of financial institutions to seek additional capital, to merge with other institutions and, in some cases, to fail or seek bankruptcy protection. Between 2008-2009, the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities (as well as other asset-backed securities) was particularly adversely impacted by, among other factors, the failure and subsequent sale of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. to J.P. Morgan Chase, the merger of Bank of America Corporation and Merrill Lynch & Co., the insolvency of Washington Mutual Inc., the failure and subsequent bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc., the extension of approximately $152 billion in emergency credit by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to American International Group Inc., and, as described above, the conservatorship and the control by the U.S. Government of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Recently, the global markets have seen an increase in volatility due to uncertainty surrounding the level and sustainability of sovereign debt of certain countries that are part of the European Union, including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy, as well as the sustainability of the European Union itself. Recent concerns over the level and sustainability of the sovereign debt of the United States have aggravated this volatility. No assurance can be made that this uncertainty will not lead to further disruption of the credit markets in the United States or around the globe. These events, coupled with the general global economic downturn, have resulted in a substantial level of uncertainty in the financial markets, particularly with respect to mortgage-related investments.
The continuation or worsening of this general economic downturn may lead to further declines in income from, or the value of, real estate, including the real estate which secures the Mortgage-Backed Securities held by certain of the Underlying Funds. Additionally, a lack of credit liquidity, adjustments of mortgages to higher rates and decreases in the value of real property have occurred and may continue to occur or worsen, and potentially prevent borrowers from refinancing their mortgages, which may increase the likelihood of default on their mortgage loans. These economic conditions, coupled with high levels of real estate inventory and elevated incidence of underwater mortgages, may also adversely affect the amount of proceeds the holder of a mortgage loan or mortgage-backed securities (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities in which certain Underlying Funds may invest) would realize in the event of a foreclosure or other exercise of remedies. Moreover, even if such Mortgage-Backed Securities are performing as anticipated, the value of such securities in the secondary market may nevertheless fall or continue to fall as a result of deterioration in general market conditions for such Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed or structured products. Trading activity associated with market indices may also drive spreads on those indices wider than spreads on Mortgage-Backed Securities, thereby resulting in a decrease in value of such Mortgage-Backed Securities, including the Mortgage-Backed Securities owned by the Underlying Fund.
The U.S. Government, the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and other governmental and regulatory bodies have recently taken or are considering taking actions to address the financial crisis. These actions include, but are not limited to, the enactment by the U.S. Congress of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd Frank Act”), which was signed into law on July 21, 2010 and imposes a new regulatory framework over the U.S. financial services
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industry and the consumer credit markets in general, and proposed regulations by the SEC, which, if enacted, would significantly alter the manner in which asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities, are issued. Given the broad scope, sweeping nature, and relatively recent enactment of some of these regulatory measures, the potential impact they could have on any of the asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities held by the Underlying Funds is unknown. There can be no assurance that these measures will not have an adverse effect on the value or marketability of any asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities held by the Underlying Funds. Furthermore, no assurance can be made that the U.S. Government or any U.S. regulatory body (or other authority or regulatory body) will not continue to take further legislative or regulatory action in response to the economic crisis or otherwise, and the effect of such actions, if taken, cannot be known.
Among its other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act creates a liquidation framework under which the FDIC, may be appointed as receiver following a “systemic risk determination” by the Secretary of Treasury (in consultation with the President) for the resolution of certain nonbank financial companies and other entities, defined as “covered financial companies”, and commonly referred to as “systemically important entities”, in the event such a company is in default or in danger of default and the resolution of such a company under other applicable law would have serious adverse effects on financial stability in the United States, and also for the resolution of certain of their subsidiaries. No assurances can be given that this new liquidation framework would not apply to the originators of asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities, or their respective subsidiaries, including the issuers and depositors of such securities, although the expectation embedded in the Dodd-Frank Act is that the framework will be invoked only very rarely. Recent guidance from the FDIC indicates that such new framework will largely be exercised in a manner consistent with the existing bankruptcy laws, which is the insolvency regime that would otherwise apply to the sponsors, depositors and issuing entities with respect to asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities. The application of such liquidation framework to such entities could result in decreases or delays in amounts paid on, and hence the market value of, the Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that are owned by an Underlying Fund.
Recently, delinquencies, defaults and losses on residential mortgage loans have increased substantially and may continue to increase, which may affect the performance of the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may invest. Mortgage loans backing non-agency Mortgage-Backed Securities are more sensitive to economic factors that could affect the ability of borrowers to pay their obligations under the mortgage loans backing these securities. In addition, housing prices and appraisal values in many states and localities have declined or stopped appreciating. A continued decline or an extended flattening of those values may result in additional increases in delinquencies and losses on Mortgage-Backed Securities generally (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities that the Underlying Funds may invest in as described above).
The foregoing adverse changes in market conditions and regulatory climate may reduce the cash flow which an Underlying Fund, to the extent it invests in Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed securities, receives from such securities and increase the incidence and severity of credit events and losses in respect of such securities. In addition, interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed Securities have widened and are more volatile when compared to the recent past due to these adverse changes in market conditions. In the event that interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities widen following the purchase of such assets by an Underlying Fund, the market value of such securities is likely to decline and, in the case of a substantial spread widening, could decline by a substantial amount. Furthermore, these adverse changes in market conditions have resulted in reduced liquidity in the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities in which certain of the Underlying Funds may invest) and increasing unwillingness by banks, financial institutions and investors to extend credit to servicers, originators and other participants in the market for Mortgage-Backed and other asset-backed securities. As a result, the liquidity and/or the market value of any Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that are owned by an Underlying Fund may experience further declines after they are purchased by the Underlying Fund.
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Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
Each Underlying Fund (other than the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) may purchase and sell futures contracts and may also purchase and write options on futures contracts. The Structured Large Cap Value, Structured Large Cap Growth, Structured Small Cap Equity, Structured Emerging Markets Equity and Structured International Small Cap Funds may only enter into such transactions with respect to a representative index. The other Underlying Funds (other than the Short Duration Government Fund) may purchase and sell futures contracts based on various securities, securities indices, foreign currencies and other financial instruments and indices. An Underlying Fund will engage in futures and related options transactions, in order to seek to increase total return or to hedge against changes in interest rates, securities prices or, to the extent an Underlying Fund invests in foreign securities, currency exchange rates, or to otherwise manage its term structure, sector selection and duration in accordance with its investment objective and policies. Each applicable Underlying Fund may also enter into closing purchase and sale transactions with respect to such contracts and options. The investment adviser of the Underlying Fixed Income Funds will also use futures contracts and options on futures contracts to manage the Underlying Funds’ target duration in accordance with their benchmark or benchmarks.
Futures contracts entered into by an Underlying Fund have historically been traded on U.S. exchanges or boards of trade that are licensed and regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) or, with respect to certain Underlying Funds, on foreign exchanges. More recently, certain futures may also be traded over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as derivatives transaction execution facilities, exempt boards of trade or electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by the CFTC. Also, certain single stock futures and narrow based security index futures may be traded over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as contract markets, derivatives transaction execution facilities and electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by both the CFTC and the SEC or on foreign exchanges.
Neither the CFTC, National Futures Association (“NFA”), SEC nor any domestic exchange regulates activities of any foreign exchange or boards of trade, including the execution, delivery and clearing of transactions, or has the power to compel enforcement of the rules of a foreign exchange or board of trade or any applicable foreign law. This is true even if the exchange is formally linked to a domestic market so that a position taken on the market may be liquidated by a transaction on another market. Moreover, such laws or regulations will vary depending on the foreign country in which the foreign futures or foreign options transaction occurs. For these reasons, an Underlying Fund’s investments in foreign futures or foreign options transactions may not be provided the same protections in respect of transactions on United States exchanges. In particular, persons who trade foreign futures or foreign options contracts may not be afforded certain of the protective measures provided by the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), the CFTC’s regulations and the rules of the NFA and any domestic exchange, including the right to use reparations proceedings before the CFTC and arbitration proceedings provided by the NFA or any domestic futures exchange. Similarly, these persons may not have the protection of the U.S. securities laws.
Futures Contracts. A futures contract may generally be described as an agreement between two parties to buy and sell particular financial instruments or currencies for an agreed price during a designated month (or to deliver the final cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contract).
When interest rates are rising or securities prices are falling, an Underlying Fund can seek to offset a decline in the value of its current portfolio securities through the sale of futures contracts. When interest rates are falling or securities prices are rising, an Underlying Fund, through the purchase of futures contracts, can attempt to secure better rates or prices than might later be available in the market when it effects anticipated purchases. Similarly, certain Underlying Funds may purchase and sell futures contracts on a specified currency in order to seek to increase total return or to protect against changes in currency exchange rates. For example, certain Underlying Funds may purchase futures contracts on foreign currency to establish the price in U.S.
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dollars of a security quoted or denominated in such currency that such Underlying Fund has acquired or expects to acquire. In addition, certain Underlying Funds may enter into futures transactions to seek a closer correlation between the Underlying Fund’s overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of the Underlying Fund’s performance benchmark.
Positions taken in the futures markets are not normally held to maturity, but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions which may result in a profit or a loss. While an Underlying Fund will usually liquidate futures contracts on securities or currency in this manner, an Underlying Fund may instead make or take delivery of the underlying securities or currency whenever it appears economically advantageous for the Underlying Fund to do so. A clearing corporation associated with the exchange on which futures on securities or currency are traded guarantees that, if still open, the sale or purchase will be performed on the settlement date.
Hedging Strategies Using Futures Contracts. When an Underlying Fund uses futures for hedging purposes, the Fund often seeks to establish with more certainty than would otherwise be possible the effective price or rate of return on portfolio securities (or securities that an Underlying Fund proposes to acquire) or the exchange rate of currencies in which portfolio securities are quoted or denominated. An Underlying Fund may, for example, take a “short” position in the futures market by selling futures contracts to seek to hedge against an anticipated rise in interest rates or a decline in market prices or foreign currency rates that would adversely affect the U.S. dollar value of the Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities. Such futures contracts may include contracts for the future delivery of securities held by an Underlying Fund or securities with characteristics similar to those of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities. Similarly, certain Underlying Funds may sell futures contracts on any currency in which its portfolio securities are quoted or denominated or sell futures contracts on one currency to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency if there is an established historical pattern of correlation between the two currencies. If, in the opinion of an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser, there is a sufficient degree of correlation between price trends for an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities and futures contracts based on other financial instruments, securities indices or other indices, the Underlying Fund may also enter into such futures contracts as part of its hedging strategy. Although under some circumstances prices of securities in an Underlying Fund’s portfolio may be more or less volatile than prices of such futures contracts, its investment adviser will attempt to estimate the extent of this volatility difference based on historical patterns and compensate for any such differential by having the Underlying Fund enter into a greater or lesser number of futures contracts or by attempting to achieve only a partial hedge against price changes affecting the Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities. When hedging of this character is successful, any depreciation in the value of portfolio securities will be substantially offset by appreciation in the value of the futures position. On the other hand, any unanticipated appreciation in the value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities would be substantially offset by a decline in the value of the futures position.
On other occasions, an Underlying Fund may take a “long” position by purchasing such futures contracts. This would be done, for example, when an Underlying Fund anticipates the subsequent purchase of particular securities when it has the necessary cash, but expects the prices or currency exchange rates then available in the applicable market to be less favorable than prices or rates that are currently available.
Options on Futures Contracts. The acquisition of put and call options on futures contracts will give an Underlying Fund the right (but not the obligation), for a specified price, to sell or to purchase, respectively, the underlying futures contract at any time during the option period. As the purchaser of an option on a futures contract, an Underlying Fund obtains the benefit of the futures position if prices move in a favorable direction but limits its risk of loss in the event of an unfavorable price movement to the loss of the premium and transaction costs.
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The writing of a call option on a futures contract generates a premium which may partially offset a decline in the value of an Underlying Fund’s assets. By writing a call option, an Underlying Fund becomes obligated, in exchange for the premium, to sell a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. The writing of a put option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase in the price of securities that an Underlying Fund intends to purchase. However, an Underlying Fund becomes obligated (upon exercise of the option) to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. Thus, the loss incurred by an Underlying Fund in writing options on futures is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. An Underlying Fund will incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures.
The holder or writer of an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. An Underlying Fund’s ability to establish and close out positions on such options will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid market.
Other Considerations. An Underlying Fund will engage in transactions in futures contracts and related options from transactions only to the extent such transactions are consistent with the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) for maintaining its qualification as a regulated investment company for federal income tax purposes. Transactions in futures contracts and options on futures involve brokerage costs, require margin deposits and, in certain cases, require an Underlying Fund to identify on its books cash or liquid assets in an amount equal to the underlying value of such contracts and options. An Underlying Fund may cover its transactions in futures contracts and related options by identifying on its books cash or liquid assets or by other means, in any manner permitted by applicable law.
While transactions in futures contracts and options on futures may reduce certain risks, such transactions themselves entail certain other risks. Thus, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance for an Underlying Fund than if it had not entered into any futures contracts or options transactions. When futures contracts and options are used for hedging purposes, perfect correlation between an Underlying Fund’s futures positions and portfolio positions may be impossible to achieve, particularly where futures contracts based on individual equity or corporate fixed income securities are currently not available. In the event of imperfect correlation between a futures position and a portfolio position which is intended to be protected, the desired protection may not be obtained and an Underlying Fund may be exposed to risk of loss.
In addition, it is not possible for an Underlying Fund to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities quoted or denominated in foreign currencies because the value of such securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of independent factors unrelated to currency fluctuations. The profitability of an Underlying Fund’s trading in futures depends upon the ability of its investment adviser to analyze correctly the futures markets.
Options on Securities, Securities Indices and Foreign Currencies
Writing Covered Options. Certain of the Underlying Funds may write (sell) covered call and put options on any securities in which it may invest or any securities index consisting of securities in which it may invest. An Underlying Fund may write such options on securities that are listed on national domestic securities exchanges or foreign securities exchanges or traded in the over-the-counter market. A call option written by an Underlying Fund obligates that Underlying Fund to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised at any time on or before the expiration date. Depending upon the type of call option, the purchaser of a call option either (i) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over a fixed price (the “exercise price”) on a certain date in the future (the “expiration date”) or (ii) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over the exercise price at any time prior to the expiration
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of the option. If the purchaser does not exercise the option, an Underlying Fund pays the purchaser the difference between the price of the security and the exercise price of the option. The premium, the exercise price and the market value of the security determine the gain or loss realized by an Underlying Fund as the seller of the call option. An Underlying Fund can also repurchase the call option prior to the expiration date, ending its obligation. In this case, the cost of entering into closing purchase transactions will determine the gain or loss realized by the Underlying Fund. All call options written by an Underlying Fund are covered, which means that such Underlying Fund will own the securities subject to the option as long as the option is outstanding or such Underlying Fund will use the other methods described below. An Underlying Fund’s purpose in writing covered call options is to realize greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, an Underlying Fund may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the underlying security.
A put option written by an Underlying Fund would obligate such Underlying Fund to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a specified price if, depending upon the type of put option, either (i) the option is exercised on or before the expiration date or (ii) the option is exercised on the expiration date. All put options written by an Underlying Fund would be covered, which means that such Underlying Fund will identify on its books cash or liquid assets with a value at least equal to the exercise price of the put option (less any margin on deposit) or will use the other methods described below. The purpose of writing such options is to generate additional income for the Underlying Fund. However, in return for the option premium, an Underlying Fund accepts the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying securities at a price in excess of the securities’ market value at the time of purchase.
In the case of a call option, the option is “covered” if an Underlying Fund owns the instrument underlying the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that instrument without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, liquid assets in such amount are identified on the Underlying Fund’s books) upon conversion or exchange of other instruments held by it. A call option is also covered if an Underlying Fund holds a call on the same instrument as the option written where the exercise price of the option held is (i) equal to or less than the exercise price of the option written, or (ii) greater than the exercise price of the option written provided the Underlying Fund identifies liquid assets in the amount of the difference. An Underlying Fund may also cover call options on securities by identifying cash or liquid assets, as permitted by applicable law, with a value, when added to any margin on deposit that is equal to the market value of the securities in the case of a call option. A put option is also covered if an Underlying Fund holds a put on the same instrument as the option written where the exercise price of the option held is (i) equal to or higher than the exercise price of the option written, or (ii) less than the exercise price of the option written provided the Underlying Fund identifies on its books liquid assets in the amount of the difference. Identified cash or liquid assets may be quoted or denominated in any currency.
Each Underlying Fund may also write (sell) covered call and put options on any securities index comprised of securities in which it may invest. Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
An Underlying Fund may cover call options on a securities index by owning securities whose price changes are expected to be similar to those of the underlying index, or by having an absolute and immediate right to acquire such securities without additional cash consideration (or for additional consideration which has been identified by the Underlying Fund on its books) upon conversion or exchange of other securities held by it. An Underlying Fund may cover call and put options on a securities index by identifying cash or liquid assets, as permitted by applicable law, with a value when added to any margin on deposit that is equal to the market value of the underlying securities in the case of a call option or the exercise price in the case of a put option or by owning offsetting options as described above.
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An Underlying Fund may terminate its obligations under an exchange-traded call or put option by purchasing an option identical to the one it has written. Obligations under over-the-counter options may be terminated only by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to such option. Such purchases are referred to as “closing purchase transactions.”
Purchasing Options. Each Underlying Fund (other than Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) may purchase put and call options on any securities in which it may invest or any securities index comprised of securities in which it may invest. An Underlying Fund may also enter into closing sale transactions in order to realize gains or minimize losses on options it had purchased.
An Underlying Fund may purchase call options in anticipation of an increase, or put options in anticipation of a decrease (“protective puts”), in the market value of securities or other instruments of the type in which it may invest. The purchase of a call option would entitle an Underlying Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified securities at a specified price during the option period. An Underlying Fund would ordinarily realize a gain on the purchase of a call option if, during the option period, the value of such securities exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise the Underlying Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
The purchase of a put option would entitle an Underlying Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified securities at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of an Underlying Fund’s securities. Put options may also be purchased by an Underlying Fund for the purpose of affirmatively benefiting from a decline in the price of securities which it does not own. An Underlying Fund would ordinarily realize a gain on the purchase of a call option if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise the Underlying Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of put options may be offset by countervailing changes in the value of the underlying portfolio securities.
An Underlying Fund would purchase put and call options on securities indices for the same purposes as it would purchase options on individual securities. For a description of options on securities indices, see “Writing Options” above.
Yield Curve Options. Each Underlying Fixed Income Fund, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, and Commodity Strategy Fund may enter into options on the yield “spread” or differential between two securities. Such transactions are referred to as “yield curve” options. In contrast to other types of options, a yield curve option is based on the difference between the yields of designated securities, rather than the prices of the individual securities, and is settled through cash payments. Accordingly, a yield curve option is profitable to the holder if this differential widens (in the case of a call) or narrows (in the case of a put), regardless of whether the yields of the underlying securities increase or decrease.
An Underlying Fund may purchase or write yield curve options for the same purposes as other options on securities. For example, an Underlying Fund may purchase a call option on the yield spread between two securities if the Underlying Fund owns one of the securities and anticipates purchasing the other security and wants to hedge against an adverse change in the yield spread between the two securities. An Underlying Fund may also purchase or write yield curve options in an effort to increase current income if, in the judgment of its investment adviser, the Underlying Fund will be able to profit from movements in the spread between the yields of the underlying securities. The trading of yield curve options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, such options present risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, or if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
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Yield curve options written by an Underlying Fund will be “covered.” A call (or put) option is covered if an Underlying Fund holds another call (or put) option on the spread between the same two securities and identifies on its books cash or liquid assets sufficient to cover the Underlying Fund’s net liability under the two options. Therefore, an Underlying Fund’s liability for such a covered option is generally limited to the difference between the amount of the Underlying Fund’s liability under the option written by the Underlying Fund less the value of the option held by the Underlying Fund. Yield curve options may also be covered in such other manner as may be in accordance with the requirements of the counterparty with which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations. Yield curve options are traded over-the-counter, and established trading markets for these options may not exist.
Risks Associated with Options Transactions. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on a domestic or foreign options exchange will exist for any particular exchange-traded option or at any particular time. If an Underlying Fund is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction with respect to covered options it has written, the Underlying Fund will not be able to sell the underlying securities or dispose of the assets identified on its books to cover the position until the options expire or are exercised. Similarly, if an Underlying Fund is unable to effect a closing sale transaction with respect to options it has purchased, it will have to exercise the options in order to realize any profit and will incur transaction costs upon the purchase or sale of underlying securities.
Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or the Options Clearing Corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist, although outstanding options on that exchange that had been issued by the Options Clearing Corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
There can be no assurance that higher trading activity, order flow or other unforeseen events will not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the Options Clearing Corporation or various exchanges inadequate. Such events have, in the past, resulted in the institution by an exchange of special procedures, such as trading rotations, restrictions on certain types of order or trading halts or suspensions with respect to one or more options. These special procedures may limit liquidity.
An Underlying Fund may purchase and sell both options that are traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges and options traded over-the-counter with broker-dealers who make markets in these options. The ability to terminate over-the-counter options is more limited than with exchange-traded options and may involve the risk that broker-dealers participating in such transactions will not fulfill their obligations.
Transactions by an Underlying Fund in options will be subject to limitations established by each of the exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facilities on which such options are traded governing the maximum number of options in each class which may be written or purchased by a single investor or group of investors acting in concert regardless of whether the options are written or purchased on the same or different exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facilities or are held in one or more accounts or through one or more brokers. Thus, the number of options which an Underlying Fund may write or purchase may be affected by options written or purchased by other investment advisory clients of the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers. An exchange, board of trade or other trading facility may order the liquidation of positions found to be in excess of these limits, and it may impose certain other sanctions.
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The writing and purchase of options is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of options to seek to increase total return involves the risk of loss if an investment adviser is incorrect in its expectation of fluctuations in securities prices or interest rates. The successful use of options for hedging purposes also depends in part on the ability of an investment adviser to manage future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities markets. If an investment adviser is incorrect in its expectation of changes in securities prices or determination of the correlation between the securities indices on which options are written and purchased and the securities in an Underlying Fund’s investment portfolio, the Underlying Fund may incur losses that it would not otherwise incur. The writing of options could increase an Underlying Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and, therefore, associated brokerage commissions or spreads.
Preferred Stock, Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in preferred stock and in warrants and rights (in addition to those acquired in units or attached to other securities). Preferred stocks are securities that represent an ownership interest providing the holder with claims on the issuer’s earnings and assets before common stock owners but after bond owners. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of such preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default (such as a covenant default or filing of a bankruptcy petition) or other non-compliance by the issuer with the terms of the preferred stock. Often, however, on the occurrence of any such event of default or non-compliance by the issuer, preferred stockholders will be entitled to gain representation on the issuer’s board of directors or increase their existing board representation. In addition, preferred stockholders may be granted voting rights with respect to certain issues on the occurrence of any event of default.
Warrants and other rights are options that entitle the holder to buy equity securities at a specific price for a specific period of time. A Fund will invest in warrants and rights only if such equity securities are deemed appropriate by the Investment Adviser for investment by the Fund. Warrants and rights have no voting rights, receive no dividends and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
Foreign Securities
The Emerging Markets Equity, Structured Emerging Markets Equity, Structured International Equity, Structured International Small Cap and International Small Cap Funds invest primarily in foreign securities under normal circumstances. The Commodity Strategy Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund and International Real Estate Securities Fund may invest in the aggregate up to 35%, 15% and 100%, respectively, of their Total Assets in foreign securities, including securities of issuers in emerging countries. The Large Cap Value Fund may invest up to 25% of its Net Assets in foreign securities, including emerging country securities. The Strategic Growth Fund may invest up to 25% of its Total Assets in foreign securities, including securities of issuers in emerging countries and securities quoted in foreign currencies. The Core Fixed Income Fund, Global Income Fund, High Yield Fund, Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Emerging Markets Debt Fund and the Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in foreign issuers, including in fixed income securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars. Investments in foreign securities may offer potential benefits not available from investments solely in U.S. dollar-denominated or quoted securities of domestic issuers. Such benefits may include the opportunity to invest in foreign issuers that appear, in the opinion of an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser, to offer the potential for better long-term growth of capital and income than investments in U.S. securities, the opportunity to invest in foreign countries with economic policies or business cycles different from those of the United States and the opportunity to reduce fluctuations in portfolio value by taking advantage of foreign securities markets that do not necessarily move in a manner parallel to U.S. markets.
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Investments in foreign securities may offer potential benefits not available from investments solely in U.S. dollar-denominated or quoted securities of domestic issuers. Such benefits may include the opportunity to invest in foreign issuers that appear, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, to offer the potential for better long term growth of capital and income than investments in U.S. securities, the opportunity to invest in foreign countries with economic policies or business cycles different from those of the United States and the opportunity to reduce fluctuations in portfolio value by taking advantage of foreign securities markets that do not necessarily move in a manner parallel to U.S. markets. Investing in the securities of foreign issuers also involves, however, certain special risks, including those discussed in the Funds’ Prospectuses and those set forth below, which are not typically associated with investing in U.S. dollar-denominated securities or quoted securities of U.S. issuers. Many of these risks are more pronounced for investments in emerging countries.
With respect to investments in certain foreign countries, there exist certain economic, political and social risks, including the risk of adverse political developments, nationalization, military unrest, social instability, war and terrorism, confiscation without fair compensation, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, limitations on the movement of funds and other assets between different countries, or diplomatic developments, any of which could adversely affect a Underlying Fund’s investments in those countries. Governments in certain foreign countries continue to participate to a significant degree, through ownership interest or regulation, in their respective economies. Action by these governments could have a significant effect on market prices of securities and dividend payments.
Many countries throughout the world are dependent on a healthy U.S. economy and are adversely affected when the U.S. economy weakens or its markets decline. Additionally, many foreign country economies are heavily dependent on international trade and are adversely affected by protective trade barriers and economic conditions of their trading partners. Protectionist trade legislation enacted by those trading partners could have a significant adverse affect on the securities markets of those countries. Individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position.
Investments in foreign securities often involve currencies of foreign countries. Accordingly, a Underlying Fund may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency rates and in exchange control regulations and may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. Certain of the Underlying Funds may be subject to currency exposure independent of their securities positions. To the extent that an Underlying Fund is fully invested in foreign securities while also maintaining net currency positions, it may be exposed to greater combined risk.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets and the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or anticipated changes in interest rates and other complex factors, as seen from an international perspective. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by intervention (or failure to intervene) by U.S. or foreign governments or central banks or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad. To the extent that a portion of an Underlying Fund’s total assets, adjusted to reflect the Underlying Fund’s net position after giving effect to currency transactions, is denominated or quoted in the currencies of foreign countries, the Underlying Fund will be more susceptible to the risk of adverse economic and political developments within those countries. An Underlying Fund’s net currency positions may expose it to risks independent of its securities positions.
Because foreign issuers generally are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a U.S. company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and securities of many foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. The securities of foreign issuers may
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be listed on foreign securities exchanges or traded in foreign over-the-counter markets. Fixed commissions on foreign securities exchanges are generally higher than negotiated commissions on U.S. exchanges, although certain Underlying Funds endeavor to achieve the most favorable net results on its portfolio transactions. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of foreign securities exchanges, brokers, dealers and listed and unlisted companies than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under certain foreign laws to insider trading and similar investor protections that apply with respect to securities transactions consummated in the United States. Mail service between the United States and foreign countries may be slower or less reliable than within the United States, thus increasing the risk of delayed settlement of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities.
Foreign markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Such delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when some of an Underlying Fund’s assets are uninvested and no return is earned on such assets. The inability of an Underlying Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Underlying Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Underlying Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the portfolio securities or, if the Underlying Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, in possible liability to the purchaser.
Custodial and/or settlement systems in emerging markets countries may not be fully developed. To the extent an Underlying Fund invests in emerging markets, an Underlying Fund’s assets that are traded in such markets and which have been entrusted to such sub-custodians in those markets may be exposed to risks for which the sub-custodian will have no liability.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in foreign securities which take the form of sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and certain of the Underlying Funds may also invest in European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) (and the China Equity Fund may also invest in Taiwan Depositary Receipts (“TDRs”)) or other similar instruments representing securities of foreign issuers (together, “Depositary Receipts”). ADRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a domestic bank or a correspondent bank. ADRs are traded on domestic exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market and, generally, are in registered form. EDRs, GDRs and TDRs are receipts evidencing an arrangement with a non-U.S. bank similar to that for ADRs and are designed for use in the non-U.S. securities markets. EDRs, GDRs and TDRs are not necessarily quoted in the same currency as the underlying security.
To the extent an Underlying Fund acquires Depositary Receipts through banks which do not have a contractual relationship with the foreign issuer of the security underlying the Depositary Receipts to issue and service such unsponsored Depositary Receipts, there is an increased possibility that the Underlying Fund will not become aware of and be able to respond to corporate actions such as stock splits or rights offerings involving the foreign issuer in a timely manner. In addition, the lack of information may result in inefficiencies in the valuation of such instruments. Investment in Depositary Receipts does not eliminate all the risks inherent in investing in securities of non-U.S. issuers. The market value of Depositary Receipts is dependent upon the market value of the underlying securities and fluctuations in the relative value of the currencies in which the Depositary Receipts and the underlying securities are quoted. However, by investing in Depositary Receipts, such as ADRs, which are quoted in U.S. dollars, an Underlying Fund may avoid currency risks during the settlement period for purchases and sales.
As described more fully below, certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in countries with emerging economies or securities markets. Political and economic structures in many of such countries may be
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undergoing significant evolution and rapid development, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. Certain of such countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized or expropriated the assets of private companies. As a result, the risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, may be heightened. See “Investing in Emerging Countries” below.
Investing in Europe. Certain of the Underlying Funds may operate in euros and/ or may hold euros and/or euro-denominated bonds and other obligations. The euro requires participation of multiple sovereign states forming the Euro zone and is therefore sensitive to the credit, general economic and political position of each such state, including each state’s actual and intended ongoing engagement with and/or support for the other sovereign states then forming the European Union, in particular those within the Euro zone. Changes in these factors might materially adversely impact the value of securities that an Underlying Fund has invested in.
European countries can be significantly affected by the tight fiscal and monetary controls that the European Economic and Monetary Union (“EMU”) imposes for membership. Europe’s economies are diverse, its governments are decentralized, and its cultures vary widely. Several EU countries, including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal have faced budget issues, some of which may have negative long-term effects for the economies of those countries and other EU countries. There is continued concern about national-level support for the euro and the accompanying coordination of fiscal and wage policy among EMU member countries. Member countries are required to maintain tight control over inflation, public debt, and budget deficit to qualify for membership in the EMU. These requirements can severely limit the ability of EMU member countries to implement monetary policy to address regional economic conditions.
Foreign Government Obligations. Foreign government obligations include securities, instruments and obligations issued or guaranteed by a foreign government, its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. Investment in foreign government obligations can involve a high degree of risk. The governmental entity that controls the repayment of foreign government obligations may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A governmental entity’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entity’s policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entity’s implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtor’s obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties’ commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtor’s ability or willingness to services its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities may default on their debt. Holders of foreign government obligations (including certain of the Underlying Funds) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental agencies.
Investing in Emerging Countries. The Structured International Equity, International Real Estate Securities, Emerging Markets Equity, Structured Emerging Markets Equity, Structured International Small Cap, and International Small Cap Funds are intended for long-term investors who can accept the risks associated with investing primarily in equity and equity-related securities of foreign issuers, including emerging country issuers, as well as the risks associated with investments quoted or denominated in foreign currencies. Certain of the Underlying Funds may also invest in equity and equity-related securities of foreign issuers, including emerging country issuers, and in debt securities of foreign issuers, including emerging country issuers, and in fixed income securities quoted or denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars. The Core Fixed Income Fund’s,
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Global Income Fund’s and the High Yield Fund’s investments in emerging markets are limited to 10%, 10%, 25% and 10%, respectively, of their Total Assets. Neither the Emerging Markets Debt Fund nor the Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund is limited in its investments in emerging markets.
The securities markets of emerging countries are less liquid and subject to greater price volatility, and have a smaller market capitalization, than the U.S. securities markets. In certain countries, there may be fewer publicly traded securities, and the market may be dominated by a few issuers or sectors. Issuers and securities markets in such countries are not subject to as extensive and frequent accounting, financial and other reporting requirements or as comprehensive government regulations as are issuers and securities markets in the U.S. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of emerging country issuers may not reflect their financial position or results of operations in the same manner as financial statements for U.S. issuers. Substantially less information may be publicly available about emerging country issuers than is available about issuers in the United States.
Emerging country securities markets are typically marked by a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of ownership of such securities by a limited number of investors. The markets for securities in certain emerging countries are in the earliest stages of their development. An Underlying Fund’s investments in emerging countries are subject to the risk that the liquidity of particular instruments, or instruments generally in such countries, will shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic, market or political conditions, or adverse investor perceptions, whether or not accurate. Even the markets for relatively widely traded securities in emerging countries may not be able to absorb, without price disruptions, a significant increase in trading volume or trades of a size customarily undertaken by institutional investors in the securities markets of developed countries. The limited size of many of the securities markets can cause prices to be erratic for reasons apart from factors that affect the soundness and competitiveness of the securities issuers. For example, prices may be unduly influenced by traders who control large positions in these markets. Additionally, market making and arbitrage activities are generally less extensive in such markets, which may contribute to increased volatility and reduced liquidity of such markets. The limited liquidity of emerging country securities may also affect an Underlying Fund’s ability to accurately value its portfolio securities or to acquire or dispose of such securities at the price and times it wishes to do so. The risks associated with reduced liquidity may be particularly acute to the extent that an Underlying Fund needs cash to meet redemption requests, to pay dividends and other distributions or to pay its expenses.
Transaction costs, including brokerage commissions or dealer mark-ups, in emerging countries may be higher than in the United States and other developed securities markets. In addition, existing laws and regulations are often inconsistently applied. As legal systems in emerging countries develop, foreign investors may be adversely affected by new or amended laws and regulations. In circumstances where adequate laws exist, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of the law.
Custodial and/or settlement systems in emerging markets countries may not be fully developed. To the extent a Fund invests in emerging markets, Fund assets that are traded in such markets and will have been entrusted to such sub-custodians in those markets may be exposed to risks for which the sub-custodian will have no liability.
With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, antiquated legal systems may have an adverse impact on the Underlying Funds. For example, while the potential liability of a shareholder of a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the shareholder’s investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
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Foreign investment in the securities markets of certain emerging countries is restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions may limit an Underlying Fund’s investment in certain emerging countries and may increase the expenses of the Underlying Fund. Certain emerging countries require government approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit investment by foreign persons to only a specified percentage of an issuer’s outstanding securities or a specific class of securities which may have less advantageous terms (including price) than securities of the company available for purchase by nationals. In addition, the repatriation of both investment income and capital from emerging countries may be subject to restrictions which require governmental consents or prohibit repatriation entirely for a period of time. Even where there is no outright restriction on repatriation of capital, the mechanics of repatriation may affect certain aspects of the operation of an Underlying Fund. An Underlying Fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before investing in certain emerging countries.
Emerging countries may be subject to a substantially greater degree of economic, political and social instability and disruption than is the case in the United States, Japan and most Western European countries. This instability may result from, among other things, the following: (i) authoritarian governments or military involvement in political and economic decision making, including changes or attempted changes in governments through extra-constitutional means; (ii) popular unrest associated with demands for improved political, economic or social conditions; (iii) internal insurgencies; (iv) hostile relations with neighboring countries; (v) ethnic, religious and racial disaffection or conflict; and (vi) the absence of developed legal structures governing foreign private investments and private property. Such economic, political and social instability could disrupt the principal financial markets in which the Underlying Funds may invest and adversely affect the value of the Underlying Funds’ assets. An Underlying Fund’s investments can also be adversely affected by any increase in taxes or by political, economic or diplomatic developments.
The economies of emerging countries may differ unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resources, self-sufficiency and balance of payments. Many emerging countries have experienced in the past, and continue to experience, high rates of inflation. In certain countries inflation has at times accelerated rapidly to hyperinflationary levels, creating a negative interest rate environment and sharply eroding the value of outstanding financial assets in those countries. Other emerging countries, on the other hand, have recently experienced deflationary pressures and are in economic recessions. The economies of many emerging countries are heavily dependent upon international trade and are accordingly affected by protective trade barriers and the economic conditions of their trading partners. In addition, the economies of some emerging countries are vulnerable to weakness in world prices for their commodity exports.
An Underlying Fund’s income and, in some cases, capital gains from foreign stocks and securities will be subject to applicable taxation in certain of the countries in which it invests, and treaties between the U.S. and such countries may not be available in some cases to reduce the otherwise applicable tax rates. See “TAXATION.”
From time to time, certain of the companies in which an Underlying Fund may invest may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargos imposed by the U.S. Government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. A company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. Government as state sponsors of terrorism. As an investor in such companies, the Underlying Fund will be indirectly subject to those risks. Iran is subject to several United Nations sanctions and is an embargoed country by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the US Department of Treasury.
Restrictions on Investment and Repatriation. Certain emerging countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit investments by foreign persons to only a specified
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percentage of an issuer’s outstanding securities or a specific class of securities which may have less advantageous terms (including price) than securities of the issuer available for purchase by nationals. Repatriation of investment income and capital from certain emerging countries is subject to certain governmental consents. Even where there is no outright restriction on repatriation of capital, the mechanics of repatriation may affect the operation of an Underlying Fund.
Sovereign Debt Obligations. Investment in sovereign debt can involve a high degree of risk. The governmental entity that controls the repayment of sovereign debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A governmental entity’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entity’s policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entity’s implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtor’s obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties’ commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtor’s ability or willingness to service its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities may default on their sovereign debt. Holders of sovereign debt (including an Underlying Fund) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental agencies.
Emerging country governmental issuers are among the largest debtors to commercial banks, foreign governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions. Certain emerging country governmental issuers have not been able to make payments of interest on or principal of debt obligations as those payments have come due. Obligations arising from past restructuring agreements may affect the economic performance and political and social stability of those issuers.
The ability of emerging country governmental issuers to make timely payments on their obligations is likely to be influenced strongly by the issuer’s balance of payments, including export performance, and its access to international credits and investments. An emerging country whose exports are concentrated in a few commodities could be vulnerable to a decline in the international prices of one or more of those commodities. Increased protectionism on the part of an emerging country’s trading partners could also adversely affect the country’s exports and tarnish its trade account surplus, if any. To the extent that emerging countries receive payment for their exports in currencies other than dollars or non-emerging country currencies, the emerging country issuer’s ability to make debt payments denominated in dollars or non-emerging market currencies could be affected.
To the extent that an emerging country cannot generate a trade surplus, it must depend on continuing loans from foreign governments, multilateral organizations or private commercial banks, aid payments from foreign governments and on inflows of foreign investment. The access of emerging countries to these forms of external funding may not be certain, and a withdrawal of external funding could adversely affect the capacity of emerging country governmental issuers to make payments on their obligations. In addition, the cost of servicing emerging country debt obligations can be affected by a change in international interest rates since the majority of these obligations carry interest rates that are adjusted periodically based upon international rates.
Another factor bearing on the ability of emerging countries to repay debt obligations is the level of international reserves of a country. Fluctuations in the level of these reserves affect the amount of foreign exchange readily available for external debt payments and thus could have a bearing on the capacity of emerging countries to make payments on these debt obligations.
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As a result of the foregoing or other factors, a governmental obligor, especially in an emerging country, may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, an Underlying Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign sovereign debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign sovereign debt obligations in the event of default under the commercial bank loan agreements.
Brady Bonds. Certain foreign debt obligations, customarily referred to as “Brady Bonds,” are created through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to foreign entities for new obligations in connection with debt restructuring under a plan introduced by former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Nicholas F. Brady (the “Brady Plan”). Brady Bonds may be fully or partially collateralized or uncollateralized and issued in various currencies (although most are U.S. dollar denominated). In the event of a default on collateralized Brady Bonds for which obligations are accelerated, the collateral for the payment of principal will not be distributed to investors, nor will such obligations be sold and the proceeds distributed. The collateral will be held by the collateral agent to the scheduled maturity of the defaulted Brady Bonds, which will continue to be outstanding, at which time the face amount of the collateral will equal the principal payments which would have then been due on the Brady Bonds in the normal course. In light of the residual risk of the Brady Bonds and, among other factors, the history of default with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds, investments in Brady Bonds may be speculative.
Investing in Central and South American Countries. A significant portion of certain Underlying Funds’ portfolios may be invested in issuers located in Central and South American countries. The economies of Central and South American countries have experienced considerable difficulties in the past decade, including high inflation rates, high interest rates and currency devaluations. As a result, Central and South American securities markets have experienced great volatility. In addition, a number of Central and South American countries are among the largest emerging country debtors. There have been moratoria on, and reschedulings of, repayment with respect to these debts. Such events can restrict the flexibility of these debtor nations in the international markets and result in the imposition of onerous conditions on their economies.
In the past, many Central and South American countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. High inflation rates have also led to high interest rates. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and could, in the future, have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain Central and South American countries. Many of the currencies of Central and South American countries have experienced steady devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar, and major devaluations have historically occurred in certain countries. Any devaluations in the currencies in which an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities are denominated may have a detrimental impact on the Underlying Fund. There is also a risk that certain Central and South American countries may restrict the free conversion of their currencies into other currencies. Some Central and South American countries may have managed currencies which are not free floating against the U.S. dollar. This type of system can lead to sudden and large adjustments in the currency that, in turn, can have a disruptive and negative effect on foreign investors. Certain Central and South American currencies may not be internationally traded and it would be difficult for an Underlying Fund to engage in foreign currency transactions designed to protect the value of the Underlying Fund’s interests in securities denominated in such currencies.
In addition, substantial limitations may exist in certain countries with respect to an Underlying Fund’s ability to repatriate investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors. An Underlying Fund could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Underlying Fund of any restrictions on investments.
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The emergence of the Central and South American economies and securities markets will require continued economic and fiscal discipline that has been lacking at times in the past, as well as stable political and social conditions. Governments of many Central and South American countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. The political history of certain Central and South American countries has been characterized by political uncertainty, intervention by the military in civilian and economic spheres and political corruption. Such developments, if they were to recur, could reverse favorable trends toward market and economic reform, privatization and removal of trade barriers.
International economic conditions, particularly those in the United States, as well as world prices for oil and other commodities may also influence the recovery of the Central and South American economies. Because commodities such as oil, gas, minerals and metals represent a significant percentage of the region’s exports, the economies of Central and South American countries are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. As a result, the economies in many of these countries can experience significant volatility.
Certain Central and South American countries have entered into regional trade agreements that would, among other things, reduce barriers among countries, increase competition among companies and reduce government subsidies in certain industries. No assurance can be given that these changes will result in the economic stability intended. There is a possibility that these trade arrangements will not be implemented, will be implemented but not completed or will be completed but then partially or completely unwound. It is also possible that a significant participant could choose to abandon a trade agreement, which could diminish its credibility and influence. Any of these occurrences could have adverse effects on the markets of both participating and non-participating countries, including share appreciation or depreciation of participant’s national currencies and a significant increase in exchange rate volatility, a resurgence in economic protectionism, an undermining of confidence in the Central and South American markets, an undermining of Central and South American economic stability, the collapse or slowdown of the drive toward Central and South American economic unity, and/or reversion of the attempts to lower government debt and inflation rates that were introduced in anticipation of such trade agreements. Such developments could have an adverse impact on an Underlying Fund’s investments in Central and South America generally or in specific countries participating in such trade agreements.
Investing in Australia. The Australian economy is dependent on the economies of Asia, Europe and the U.S. as key trading partners and, in particular, on the price and demand for agricultural products and natural resources. Asia includes countries in all stages of economic development, although most Asian economies are characterized by over-extension of credit, currency devaluations and restrictions, rising unemployment, high inflation, decreased exports and economic recessions. Currency devaluations in any one country can have a significant effect on the entire Asian region. Recently, the economies in the Asian region have suffered significant downturns as well as significant volatility. Increased political and social unrest in any Asian country could cause further economic and market uncertainty in the region. Europe includes both developed and emerging economies. Most developed countries in Western Europe are members of the European Union (“EU”), and many are also members of the European Monetary Union (“EMU”). The EMU requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, and debt levels, and the tight fiscal and monetary controls necessary to join the EMU may significantly affect every country in Europe. The U.S. is Australia’s single largest trade and investment partner and is susceptible to sustained increases in energy prices, weakness in the labor market, and rising long-term interest rates.
Australia’s stock exchanges are members of The Australian Stock Exchange. Trading is done by a computerized system that enables all exchanges to quote uniform prices. The exchanges are subject to oversight by both The Australian Stock Exchange and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, which work
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together to regulate the major aspects of stock exchange operations. Australian reporting, accounting and auditing standards differ substantially from U.S. standards. In general, Australian corporations do not provide all of the disclosure required by U.S. law and accounting practice, and such disclosure may be less timely and less frequent than that required of U.S. companies.
The total market capitalization of the Australian stock market is small relative to the U.S. stock market. Australia’s chief industries are mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals and steel. Australia’s chief imports consist of machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunications equipment and parts, crude oil, and petroleum products. Australia’s chief exports consist of coal, gold, meat, wool, aluminum, iron ore, wheat, machinery, and transport equipment.
Investing in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong economy is dependent on the U.S. economy and the economies of other Asian countries and can be significantly affected by currency fluctuations and increasing competition from Asia’s other emerging economies. The willingness and ability of the Chinese government to support the Hong Kong economy and market is uncertain, and changes in the Chinese government’s position could significantly affect Hong Kong’s economy. Asia includes countries in all stages of economic development, although most Asian economies are characterized by over-extension of credit, currency devaluations and restrictions, rising unemployment, high inflation, decreased exports and economic recessions. Currency devaluations in any one country can have a significant effect on the entire Asian region. In the late 1990s, the economies in the Asian region suffered significant downturns and significant volatility increased. Heightened political and social unrest in any Asian country could cause further economic and market uncertainty in the region.
In 1997, Great Britain handed over control of Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland government. Since that time, Hong Kong has been governed by a semi-constitution known as the Basic Law, which guarantees a high degree of autonomy in certain matters until 2047, while defense and foreign affairs are the responsibility of the central government in Beijing. The chief executive of Hong Kong is appointed by the Chinese government. Hong Kong is able to participate in international organizations and agreements and it continues to function as an international financial center, with no exchange controls, free convertibility of the Hong Kong dollar and free inward and outward movement of capital. The Basic Law guarantees existing freedoms, including free speech and assembly, press, religion, and the right to strike and travel. Business ownership, private property, the right of inheritance and foreign investment are also protected by law. China has committed by treaty to preserve Hong Kong’s autonomy until 2047. However, if China were to exert its authority so as to alter the economic, political or legal structures of existing social policy of Hong Kong, investor and business confidence in Hong Kong could be negatively affected, which in turn could negatively affect markets and business performance.
Trading on Hong Kong’s stock exchange is conducted in the post trading method, matching buyers and sellers through public outcry. Securities are denominated in the official unit of currency, the Hong Kong dollar. Foreign investment in Hong Kong is generally unrestricted and proper regulatory oversight is administered by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission. Investors are subject to a small stamp duty and a stock exchange levy, but capital gains are tax-exempt. Despite significant upgrades in the required presentation of financial information in the past decade, reporting, accounting and auditing practices remain significantly less rigorous than U.S. standards. In general, Hong Kong corporations are not required to provide all the disclosure required by U.S. law and accounting practice, and such disclosure may be less timely and less frequent than that required of U.S. corporations.
The total market capitalization of the Hong Kong stock market is small relative to the U.S. stock market. Hong Kong’s chief industries are textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping, electronics, plastics, toys, watches and clocks. Hong Kong’s chief imports consist of electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semi manufactures, petroleum and plastics. Hong Kong’s chief exports consist of electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel footwear, watches and clocks, toys, plastics, and precious stones.
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Investing in Japan. Japan’s economy grew substantially after World War II. The boom in Japan’s equity and property markets during the expansion of the late 1980’s supported high rates of investment and consumer spending on durable goods, but both of these components of demand subsequently retreated sharply following a decline in asset prices. More recently, Japan’s economic growth has been substantially below the levels of earlier decades. The banking sector has continued to suffer from non-performing loans and the economy generally has been subject to deflationary pressures. Many Japanese banks have required public funds to avert insolvency, and large amounts of bad debt have prevented banks from expanding their loan portfolios despite low discount rates. In 2003, Japan’s Financial Services Agency established the Industrial Revitalization Corporation Japan (“IRCJ”) to assist in cleaning up the non-performing loans of the Japanese banking sector. The IRCJ is modeled after the Resolution Trust Corporation, which was created in the United States to address the savings and loans crisis, and is scheduled to complete its work and be dissolved in 2008. However, several banks paid back all their public money in 2006. Recent economic performance has shown improvements with positive growth in gross domestic product in 2004 and 2005 and a reduction in non-performing loans since 2002.
Like many European countries, Japan is experiencing a deterioration of its competitiveness. Factors contributing to this include high wages, a generous pension and universal health care system, an aging populace and structural rigidities. Japan is reforming its political process and deregulating its economy to address this situation. Among other things, the Japanese labor market is moving from a system of lifetime company employment in response to the need for increased labor mobility, and corporate governance systems are being introduced to new accounting rules, decision-making mechanisms and managerial incentives. Internal conflict over the proper way to reform the financial system will continue as Japan Post’s banking, insurance and delivery service undergoes privatization between 2007 and 2017. Japan’s huge government debt which currently totals 170% of GDP is also a major long-run problem.
The conservative Liberal Democratic Party has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993 following the economic crisis of 1990-1992. Former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi focused on stabilizing the Japanese banking system to allow for sustained economic recovery. It is too soon to know where current Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, elected in September 2006, will focus. However, he has placed reformers on the Council of Economic and Fiscal Policy and indicated an interest in foreign policy. Future political developments may lead to changes in policy that might adversely affect an Underlying Fund’s investments.
Japan’s heavy dependence on international trade has been adversely affected by trade tariffs and other protectionist measures as well as the economic condition of its trading partners. While Japan subsidizes its agricultural industry, only approximately 12% of its land is suitable for cultivation and the country must import 60% of its requirements for grains (other than rice) and fodder crops. In addition, its export industry, its most important economic sector, depends on imported raw materials and fuels, including iron ore, copper, oil and many forest products. As a result, Japan is sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. Japan’s high volume of exports, such as automobiles, machine tools and semiconductors, have caused trade tensions, particularly with the United States. Some trade agreements, however, have been implemented to reduce these tensions and members of the Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy have indicated an interest in seeking more free trade agreements. The relaxing of official and de facto barriers to imports, or hardships created by any pressures brought by trading partners, could adversely affect Japan’s economy. A substantial rise in world oil or commodity prices could also have a negative effect. The Japanese yen has fluctuated widely during recent periods. A weak yen is disadvantageous to U.S. shareholders investing in yen-denominated securities. A strong yen, however, could be an impediment to strong continued exports and economic recovery, because it makes Japanese goods sold in other countries more expensive and reduces the value of foreign earnings repatriated to Japan. Because the Japanese economy is so dependent on exports, any fall-off in exports may be seen as a sign of economic weakness, which may adversely affect the market.
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Reporting, accounting, and auditing practices for the Japanese market are similar to those in the United States, for the most part, with certain exceptions. In particular, the Japanese government does not require companies to provide the same depth and frequency of disclosure required by U.S. law.
Geologically, Japan is located in a volatile area of the world, and has historically been vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanoes and other natural disasters. As demonstrated by the Kobe earthquake in January of 1995, in which 5,000 people were killed and billions of dollars of damage was sustained, these natural disasters can be significant enough to affect the country’s economy.
Investing in the United Kingdom. The economies of the United Kingdom may be significantly affected by the economies of other European countries. Europe includes both developed and emerging economies. Most developed countries in Western Europe are members of the EU, and many are also members of the EMU. The EMU requires compliance with restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, and debt levels, and the tight fiscal and monetary controls necessary to join the EMU may significantly affect every country in Europe. Many Eastern European countries continue to move toward market economies. However, Eastern European markets remain relatively undeveloped and can be particularly sensitive to political and economic developments.
The United Kingdom is Europe’s largest equity market in terms of aggregate market capitalization. Despite having a great deal of common purpose and common concepts, the accounting principles in the United Kingdom and the U.S. can lead to markedly different financial statements. In the global market for capital, investors may want to know about a company’s results and financial position under their own principles. This is particularly so in the U.S. capital markets. The overriding requirement for a United Kingdom company’s financial statements is that they give a “true and fair” view. Accounting standards are an authoritative source as to what is and is not a true and fair view, but do not define it unequivocally. Ad hoc adaptations to specific circumstances may be required. In the U.S., financial statements are more conformed because they must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
The United Kingdom’s chief industries are machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing and other consumer goods. The United Kingdom’s chief imports consist of manufactured goods, machinery, fuels and foodstuffs. Chief exports consist of manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, food, beverages and tobacco.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts for hedging purposes and to seek to protect against anticipated changes in future foreign currency exchange rates. Certain of the Underlying Funds may also enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts to seek to increase total return. A forward foreign currency exchange contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded in the interbank market between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are generally charged at any stage for trades.
At the maturity of a forward contract an Underlying Fund may either accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract or, at or prior to maturity, enter into a closing purchase transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing purchase transactions with respect to forward contracts are often, but not always, effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract.
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An Underlying Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts in several circumstances. First, when an Underlying Fund enters into a contract for the purchase or sale of a security denominated or quoted in a foreign currency, or when an Underlying Fund anticipates the receipt in a foreign currency of dividend or interest payments on such a security which it holds, the Underlying Fund may desire to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of the security or the U.S. dollar equivalent of such dividend or interest payment, as the case may be. By entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, of the amount of foreign currency involved in the underlying transactions, the Underlying Fund will attempt to protect itself against an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the subject foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is declared, and the date on which such payments are made or received.
Additionally, when an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser believes that the currency of a particular foreign country may suffer a substantial decline against the U.S. dollar, it may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of foreign currency approximating the value of some or all of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities quoted or denominated in such foreign currency. The precise matching of the forward contract amounts and the value of the securities involved will not generally be possible because the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the date on which the contract is entered into and the date it matures. Using forward contracts to protect the value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities against a decline in the value of a currency does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities. It simply establishes a rate of exchange which an Underlying Fund can achieve at some future point in time. The precise projection of short-term currency market movements is not possible, and short-term hedging provides a means of fixing the U.S. dollar value of only a portion of an Underlying Fund’s foreign assets.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may engage in cross-hedging by using forward contracts in one currency to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency if the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser determines that there is a pattern of correlation between the two currencies. In addition, certain Underlying Funds may enter into foreign currency transactions to seek a closer correlation between an Underlying Fund’s overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of the Underlying Fund’s performance benchmark.
Certain Underlying Funds are not required to post cash collateral with their non-U.S. counterparties in certain foreign currency transactions. Accordingly, such an Underlying Fund may remain more fully invested (and more of the Underlying Fund’s assets may be subject to investment and market risk) than if it were required to post cash collateral with its counterparties (which is the case with U.S. counterparties). Because such an Underlying Fund’s non-U.S. counterparties are not required to post cash collaterial with the Underlying Fund, the Underlying Fund will be subject to additional counterparty risk. Certain of the Underlying Funds will not enter into a forward contract with a term of greater than one year.
As an investment company registered with the SEC, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets, or engage in other appropriate measures, to “cover” open positions with respect to its transactions in forward contracts. In the case of forward contracts that do not cash settle, for example, an Underlying Fund must identify on its books liquid assets equal to the full notional amount of the forward contracts while the positions are open. With respect to forward contracts that do cash settle, however, an Underlying Fund is permitted to identify liquid assets in an amount equal to the Underlying Fund’s daily marked-to-market net obligations (i.e., the Underlying Fund’s daily net liability) under the forward contracts, if any, rather than their full notional amount. Each Underlying Fund reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future in its discretion. By identifying assets equal to only its net obligations under cash-settled forward contracts, the Underlying Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if the Underlying Fund were required to identify assets equal to the full notional amount of the forward contracts.
While an Underlying Fund may enter into forward contracts to reduce currency exchange rate risks, transactions in such contracts involve certain other risks. Thus, while an Underlying Fund may benefit from such transactions, unanticipated changes in currency prices may result in a poorer overall performance for the Underlying Fund than if it had not engaged in any such transactions. Moreover, there may be imperfect correlation between an Underlying Fund’s portfolio holdings of securities quoted or denominated in a particular currency and forward contracts entered into by such Underlying Fund. Such imperfect correlation may cause an Underlying Fund to sustain losses which will prevent the Underlying Fund from achieving a complete hedge or expose the Underlying Fund to risk of foreign exchange loss.
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Markets for trading foreign forward currency contracts offer less protection against defaults than is available when trading in currency instruments on an exchange. Forward contracts are subject to the risk that the counterparty to such contract will default on its obligations. Because a forward foreign currency exchange contract is not guaranteed by an exchange or clearinghouse, a default on the contract would deprive an Underlying Fund of unrealized profits, transaction costs or the benefits of a currency hedge or force the Underlying Fund to cover its purchase or sale commitments, if any, at the current market price. In addition, the institutions that deal in forward currency contracts are not required to make markets in the currencies they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity.
Forward contracts are subject to the risk that the counterparty to such contract will default on its obligations. Because a forward foreign currency exchange contract is not guaranteed by an exchange or clearinghouse, a default on the contract would deprive an Underlying Fund of unrealized profits, transaction costs or the benefits of a currency hedge or force the Underlying Fund to cover its purchase or sale commitments, if any, at the current market price. An Underlying Fund will not enter into such transactions unless the credit quality of the unsecured senior debt or the claims-paying ability of the counterparty is considered to be investment grade by its investment adviser. To the extent that a substantial portion of an Underlying Fund’s total assets, adjusted to reflect the Underlying Fund’s net position after giving effect to currency transactions, is denominated or quoted in the currencies of foreign countries, the Underlying Fund will be more susceptible to the risk of adverse economic and political developments within those countries.
Writing and Purchasing Currency Call and Put Options.
Certain of the Underlying Funds may, to the extent they invest in foreign securities, write covered put and call options and purchase put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of protecting against declines in the U.S. dollar value of foreign portfolio securities and against increases in the U.S. dollar cost of foreign securities to be acquired. As with other kinds of option transactions, however, the writing of an option on foreign currency will constitute only a partial hedge, up to the amount of the premium received. If an option that an Underlying Fund has written is exercised, the Underlying Fund seeks to close out an option, the Underlying Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on foreign currency may constitute an effective hedge against exchange rate fluctuations; however, in the event of exchange rate movements adverse to an Underlying Fund’s position, the Underlying Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs. Options on foreign currencies may be traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or over-the-counter. Certain of the Underlying Funds may purchase call options on currency to seek to increase total return.
Options on currency may also be used for cross-hedging purposes, which involves writing or purchasing options on one currency to seek to hedge against changes in exchange rates for a different currency with a pattern of correlation, or to seek to increase total return when an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser anticipates that the currency will appreciate or depreciate in value, but the securities quoted or denominated in that currency do not present attractive investment opportunities and are not included in the Underlying Fund’s portfolio.
A currency call option written by an Underlying Fund obligates an Underlying Fund to sell a specified currency to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised before the expiration date. A currency put option written by an Underlying Fund obligates the Underlying Fund to purchase a specified currency from the option holder at a specified price if the option is exercised before the expiration date. The writing of currency options involves a risk that an Underlying Fund will, upon exercise of the option, be required to sell currency subject to a call at a price that is less than the currency’s market value or be required to purchase currency subject to a put at a price that exceeds the currency’s market value. Written put and call options on foreign currencies may be covered in a manner similar to written put and call options on securities and securities indices described under “Options on Securities and Securities Indices—Writing Covered Options” above.
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An Underlying Fund may terminate its obligations under a written call or put option by purchasing an option identical to the one it has written. Such purchases are referred to as “closing purchase transactions.” An Underlying Fund may enter into closing sale transactions in order to realize gains or minimize losses on options purchased by the Underlying Fund.
An Underlying Fund may purchase call options on foreign currency in anticipation of an increase in the U.S. dollar value of currency in which securities to be acquired by an Underlying Fund are quoted or denominated. The purchase of a call option would entitle the Underlying Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified currency at a specified price during the option period. An Underlying Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of such currency exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise the Underlying Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
An Underlying Fund may purchase put options in anticipation of a decline in the U.S. dollar value of the currency in which securities in its portfolio are quoted or denominated (“protective puts”). The purchase of a put option would entitle an Underlying Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified currency at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is usually designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the U.S. dollar value of an Underlying Fund’s portfolio securities due to currency exchange rate fluctuations. An Underlying Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying currency decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to more than cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise the Underlying Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of protective put options would tend to be offset by countervailing changes in the value of underlying currency or portfolio securities.
In addition to using options for the hedging purposes described above, certain Underlying Funds may use options on currency to seek to increase total return. These Underlying Funds may write (sell) covered put and call options on any currency in an attempt to realize greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, in writing covered call options for additional income, an Underlying Fund may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the underlying currency. Also, when writing put options, an Underlying Fund accepts, in return for the option premium, the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying currency at a price in excess of the currency’s market value at the time of purchase.
Special Risks Associated with Options on Currency. An exchange traded options position may be closed out only on an options exchange that provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. Although an Underlying Fund will generally purchase or write only those options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option, or at any particular time. For some options, no secondary market on an exchange may exist. In such event, it might not be possible to effect closing transactions in particular options, with the result that an Underlying Fund would have to exercise its options in order to realize any profit and would incur transaction costs upon the sale of underlying securities pursuant to the exercise of put options. If an Underlying Fund as an option writer is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction in a secondary market, it may not be able to sell the underlying currency (or security quoted or denominated in that currency) or dispose of the identified assets, until the option expires or it delivers the underlying currency upon exercise.
There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the Options Clearing Corporation inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by an exchange of special procedures which may interfere with the timely execution of customers’ orders.
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An Underlying Fund may purchase and write over-the-counter options to the extent consistent with its limitation on investments in illiquid securities. Trading in over-the-counter options is subject to the risk that the other party will be unable or unwilling to close out options purchased or written by an Underlying Fund.
The amount of the premiums which an Underlying Fund may pay or receive may be adversely affected as new or existing institutions, including other investment companies, engage in or increase their option purchasing and writing activities.
Mortgage Dollar Rolls
Certain of the Underlying Funds may enter into mortgage “dollar rolls” in which an Underlying Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts with the same counterparty to repurchase similar, but not identical securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, an Underlying Fund loses the right to receive principal and interest paid on the securities sold. However, an Underlying Fund would benefit to the extent of any difference between the price received for the securities sold and the lower forward price for the future purchase or fee income plus the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the securities sold until the settlement date of the forward purchase. All cash proceeds will be invested in instruments that are permissible investments for the applicable Underlying Fund. An Underlying Fund will, until the settlement date, identify cash or liquid assets on its books, as permitted by applicable law, in an amount equal to its forward purchase price.
For financial reporting and tax purposes, the Underlying Funds treat mortgage dollar rolls as two separate transactions; one involving the purchase of a security and a separate transaction involving a sale. The Underlying Funds do not currently intend to enter into mortgage dollar rolls for financing and do not treat them as borrowings.
Mortgage dollar rolls involve certain risks including the following: if the broker-dealer to whom an Underlying Fund sells the security becomes insolvent, an Underlying Fund’s right to purchase or repurchase the mortgage-related securities subject to the mortgage dollar roll may be restricted. Also the instrument which an Underlying Fund is required to repurchase may be worth less than an instrument which an Underlying Fund originally held. Successful use of mortgage dollar rolls will depend upon the ability of an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser to manage an Underlying Fund’s interest rate and mortgage prepayments exposure. For these reasons, there is no assurance that mortgage dollar rolls can be successfully employed. The use of this technique may diminish the investment performance of an Underlying Fund compared to what such performance would have been without the use of mortgage dollar rolls.
Convertible Securities
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a specified amount of common stock (or other securities) of the same or different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued on debt or a dividend that is paid or accrued on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities have unique investment characteristics, in that they generally (i) have higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable non-convertible securities, (ii) are less subject to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock due to their fixed income characteristics and (iii) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
The value of a convertible security is a function of its “investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying
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common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value normally declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a convertible security held by an Underlying Fund is called for redemption, the Underlying Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party or permit the issuer to redeem the security. Any of these actions could have an adverse effect on an Underlying Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective, which, in turn, could result in losses to the Underlying Fund.
Index Swaps, Interest Rate Swaps, Mortgage Swaps, Credit Swaps, Currency Swaps, Total Return Swaps, Options on Swaps, and Floors and Collars
Certain of the Underlying Funds may enter into index, interest rate, mortgage, credit, currency and total return swaps and other interest rate swap arrangements such as rate caps, floors and collars, for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. Certain of the Underlying Funds may also purchase and write (sell) options on swaps, commonly referred to as swaptions.
In a standard “swap” transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns differentials in rates of return or some other amount earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency or security, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. Bilateral swap agreements are two party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors. Cleared swaps are transacted through futures commission merchants (“FCMs”) that are members of central clearinghouses with the clearinghouse serving as a central counterparty similar to transactions in futures contracts. Funds post initial and variation margin by making payments to their clearing member FCMs.
Currency swaps involve the exchange by an Underlying Fund with another party of their respective rights to make or receive payments in specified currencies. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by an Underlying Fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive interest, such as an exchange of fixed rate payments for floating rate payments. Mortgage swaps are similar to interest rate swaps in that they represent commitments to pay and receive interest. The notional principal amount, however, is tied to a reference pool or pools of mortgages. Index swaps involve the exchange by an Underlying Fund with another party of the respective amounts payable with respect to a notional principal amount at interest rates equal to two specified indices. Total return swaps are contracts that obligate a party to pay or receive interest in exchange for payment by the other party of the total return generated by a security, a basket of securities, an index, or an index component.
A swaption is an option to enter into a swap agreement. Like other types of options, the buyer of a swaption pays a non-refundable premium for the option and obtains the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an underlying swap or to modify the terms of an existing swap on agreed-upon terms. The seller of a swaption, in exchange for the premium, becomes obligated (if the option is exercised) to enter into or modify an
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underlying swap on agreed-upon terms, which generally entails a greater risk of loss than incurred in buying a swaption. The purchase of an interest rate cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined interest rate, to receive payment of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling such interest rate cap. The purchase of an interest rate floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined interest rate, to receive payments of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling the interest rate floor. An interest rate collar is the combination of a cap and a floor that preserves a certain return within a predetermined range of interest rates. Since interest rate, mortgage and currency swaps and interest rate caps, floors and collars are individually negotiated, each Underlying Fund expects to achieve an acceptable degree of correlation between its portfolio investments and its swap, cap, floor and collar positions.
A great deal of flexibility may be possible in the way swap transactions are structured. However, generally an Underlying Fund will enter into interest rate, total return, credit, mortgage and index swaps on a net basis, which means that the two payment streams are netted out, with the Underlying Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. Interest rate, total return, credit, index and mortgage swaps do not normally involve the delivery of securities, other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate, total return, credit, index and mortgage swaps is normally limited to the net amount of interest payments that the Underlying Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an interest rate, total return, credit, index or mortgage swap defaults, the Underlying Fund’s risk of loss consists of the net amount of interest payments that the Underlying Fund is contractually entitled to receive.
As a result of new rules adopted in 2012, certain standardized swaps are currently subject to mandatory central clearing. Central clearing is expected to decrease counterparty risk and increase liquidity compared to bilateral swaps because central clearing interposes the central clearinghouse as the counterparty to each participant’s swap. However, central clearing does not eliminate counterparty risk or illiquidity risk entirely. In addition, depending on the size of the Fund and other factors, the margin required under the rules of a clearinghouse and by a clearing member may be in excess of the collateral required to be posted by the Fund to support its obligations under a similar bilateral swap. However, regulators are expected to adopt rules imposing certain margin requirements, including minimums, on uncleared swaps in the near future, which could change this comparison.
In contrast, currency swaps usually involve the delivery of the entire principal amount of one designated currency in exchange for the other designated currency. Therefore, the entire principal value of a currency swap is subject to the risk that the other party to the swap will default on its contractual delivery obligations. A credit swap may have as reference obligations one or more securities that may, or may not, be currently held by an Underlying Fund. The protection “buyer” in a credit swap is generally obligated to pay the protection “seller” an upfront or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the swap provided that no credit event, such as a default, on a reference obligation has occurred. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the “par value” (full notional value) of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity described in the swap, or the seller may be required to deliver the related net cash amount, if the swap is cash settled. An Underlying Fund may be either the protection buyer or seller in the transaction. If the Underlying Fund is a buyer and no credit event occurs, the Underlying Fund may recover nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the buyer generally may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity whose value may have significantly decreased. As a seller, an Underlying Fund generally receives an upfront payment or a rate of income throughout the term of the swap provided that there is no credit event. As the seller, an Underlying Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, an Underlying Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If a credit event occurs, the value of any deliverable obligation received by the Underlying Fund as seller, coupled with the upfront
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or periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Underlying Fund. To the extent that an Underlying Fund’s exposure in a transaction involving a swap, a swaption or an interest rate floor, cap or collar is covered by identifying cash or liquid assets on the Underlying Fund’s books or is covered by other means in accordance with SEC guidance or otherwise, the Underlying Funds and their investment advisers believe that the transactions do not constitute senior securities under the Act and, accordingly, will not treat them as being subject to an Underlying Fund’s borrowing restrictions.
An Underlying Equity Fund, the Commodity Strategy Fund and the Dynamic Allocation Fund will not enter into swap transactions unless the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims paying ability of the other party thereto is considered to be investment grade by its investment adviser. To the extent that it is permitted to invest in the following, an Underlying Fixed Income Fund will not enter into any bilateral transactions involving total return, interest rate, mortgage or credit swap transactions unless the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims-paying ability of the other party is rated either A or A-1 or better by Standard & Poor’s or A or P-1 or better by Moody’s or their equivalent ratings. The Underlying Fixed Income Funds permitted to invest in currency swap transactions will do so only if the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims-paying ability of the other party thereto is rated investment grade by Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s or their equivalent ratings or, if unrated by such rating agencies, determined to be of comparable quality by the applicable investment adviser. If there is a default by the other party to such a transaction, an Underlying Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction.
The use of interest rate, total return, mortgage, credit, index and currency swaps, as well as swaptions and interest rate caps, floors and collars is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of a swap requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the swap under all possible market conditions. If an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, credit quality, interest rates and currency exchange rates, the investment performance of an Underlying Fund would be less favorable than it would have been if this investment technique were not used.
In addition, these transactions can involve greater risks than if an Underlying Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly because, in addition to general market risks, swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk, credit risk and pricing risk. Regulators also may impose limits on an entity’s or group of entities’ positions in certain swaps. However, certain risks are reduced (but not eliminated) if the Fund invests in cleared swaps. Because bilateral swap agreements are two party contracts and because they may have terms of greater than seven days, swap transactions these swaps may be considered to be illiquid. Moreover, the Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap counterparty. Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Swaps and other derivatives may also be subject to pricing or “basis” risk, which exists when the price of a particular derivative diverges from the price of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions it may not be economically feasible to imitate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity. If a swap transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid, it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
Regulators are in the process of developing rules that would require trading and execution of most liquid swaps on trading facilities. Moving trading to an exchange-type system may increase market transparency and liquidity but may require the Fund to incur increased expenses to access the same types of swaps.
Rules adopted in 2012 also require centralized reporting of detailed information about many types of cleared and uncleared swaps. This information is available to regulators and, to a more limited extent and on an anonymous basis, to the public. Reporting of swap data may result in greater market transparency, which may be beneficial to funds that use swaps to implement trading strategies. However, these rules place potential additional administrative obligations on these funds, and the safeguards established to protect anonymity may not function as expected.
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The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has become relatively liquid in comparison with the markets for other similar instruments which are traded in the interbank market. The investment advisers for the Underlying Funds, under the supervision of the Board of Trustees, are responsible for determining and monitoring the liquidity of the Underlying Funds’ transactions in swaps, swaptions, caps, floors and collars.
Equity Swaps
Each Underlying Equity Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund may enter into equity swap contracts to invest in a market without owning or taking physical custody of securities in various circumstances, including circumstances where direct investment in the securities is restricted for legal reasons or is otherwise impracticable. Equity swaps may also be used for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. The counterparty to an equity swap contract will typically be a bank, investment banking firm or broker/dealer. Equity swaps may be structured in different ways. For example, a counterparty may agree to pay the Underlying Fund the amount, if any, by which the notional amount of the equity swap contract would have increased in value had it been invested in particular stocks (or an index of stocks), plus the dividends that would have been received on those stocks. In these cases, the Underlying Fund may agree to pay to the counterparty a floating rate of interest on the notional amount of the equity swap contract plus the amount, if any, by which that notional amount would have decreased in value had it been invested in such stocks. Therefore, the return to the Underlying Fund on the equity swap contract should be the gain or loss on the notional amount plus dividends on the stocks less the interest paid by the Underlying Fund on the notional amount. In other cases, the counterparty and the Underlying Fund may each agree to pay the other the difference between the relative investment performances that would have been achieved if the notional amount of the equity swap contract had been invested in different stocks (or indices of stocks).
An Underlying Fund will generally enter into equity swaps on a net basis, which means that the two payment streams are netted out, with the Underlying Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. Payments may be made at the conclusion of an equity swap contract or periodically during its term. Equity swaps normally do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to equity swaps is normally limited to the net amount of payments that an Underlying Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an equity swap defaults, an Underlying Fund’s risk of loss consists of the net amount of payments that such Underlying Fund is contractually entitled to receive, if any. Inasmuch as these transactions are entered into for hedging purposes or are offset by the cash or liquid assets identified on the Underlying Fund’s books to cover the Underlying Fund’s exposure, the Underlying Funds and their investment advisers believe that transactions do not constitute senior securities under the Act and, accordingly, will not treat them as being subject to an Underlying Fund’s borrowing restrictions.
An Underlying Fund will enter into equity swap transactions only if the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims paying ability of the other party thereto is considered to be investment grade by the investment adviser. An Underlying Fund’s ability to enter into certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
The Underlying Equity Funds, Dynamic Allocation Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in shares of REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles which invest primarily in real estate or real estate related loans. REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income
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primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Like regulated investment companies such as the Underlying Funds, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided they comply with certain requirements under the Code. An Underlying Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the expenses paid by an Underlying Fund.
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by such REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified (except to the extent the Code requires), and are subject to the risks of financing projects. REITs are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibilities of failing to qualify for the exemption from tax for distributed income under the Code and failing to maintain their exemptions from the Act. REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks.
Lending of Portfolio Securities
Certain of the Underlying Funds may lend their portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other institutions, including Goldman Sachs. By lending its securities, an Underlying Fund attempts to increase its net investment income.
Securities loans are required to be secured continuously by collateral in cash, cash equivalents, letters of credit or U.S. Government securities equal to at least 100% of the value of the loaned securities. This collateral must be valued, or “marked to market,” daily. Borrowers are required to furnish additional collateral to the Underlying Fund as necessary to fully cover their obligations.
With respect to loans that are collateralized by cash, the Underlying Fund may reinvest that cash in short-term investments and pay the borrower a pre-negotiated fee or “rebate” from any return earned on the investment. Investing the collateral subjects it to market depreciation or appreciation, and the Underlying Fund is responsible for any loss that may result from its investment of the borrowed collateral. Cash collateral may be invested in, among other things, other registered or unregistered funds, including private investing funds or money market funds that are managed by the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser or its affiliates and which pay the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser or its affiliates for their services. If an Underlying Fund were to receive non-cash collateral, the Underlying Fund would receive a fee from the borrower equal to a negotiated percentage of the market value of the loaned securities.
For the duration of any securities loan, the Underlying Fund will continue to receive the equivalent of the interest, dividends or other distributions paid by the issuer on the loaned securities. The Underlying Fund will not have the right to vote its loaned securities during the period of the loan, but the Underlying Fund may attempt to recall a loaned security in anticipation of a material vote if it desires to do so. An Underlying Fund will have the right to terminate a loan at any time and recall the loaned securities within the normal and customary settlement time for securities transactions.
Securities lending involves certain risks. An Underlying Fund may lose money on its investment of cash collateral, resulting in a loss of principal, or may fail to earn sufficient income on its investment to cover the fee or rebate it has agreed to pay the borrower. The Underlying Fund may incur losses in connection with its securities lending activities that exceed the value of the interest income and fees received in connection with such transactions. Securities lending subjects an Underlying Fund to the risk of loss resulting from problems in the settlement and accounting process, and to additional credit, counterparty and market risk. These risks could be greater with respect to non-U.S. securities. Engaging in securities lending could have a leveraging effect, which may intensify the other risks associated with investments in the Underlying Fund. In addition, an Underlying Fund bears the risk that the price of the securities on loan will increase while they are on loan, or
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that the price of the collateral will decline in value during the period of the loan, and that the counterparty will not provide, or will delay in providing, additional collateral. An Underlying Fund also bears the risk that a borrower may fail to return securities in a timely manner or at all, either because the borrower fails financially or for other reasons. If a borrower of securities fails financially, an Underlying Fund may also lose its rights in the collateral. An Underlying Fund could experience delays and costs in recovering loaned securities or in gaining access to and liquidating the collateral, which could result in actual financial loss and which could interfere with portfolio management decisions or the exercise of ownership rights in the loaned securities. If an Underlying Fund is not able to recover the loaned securities, the Underlying Fund may sell the collateral and purchase replacement securities in the market. However, the Underlying Fund will incur transaction costs on the purchase of replacement securities. These events could trigger adverse tax consequences for the Underlying Fund. In determining whether to lend securities to a particular borrower, and throughout the period of the loan, the creditworthiness of the borrower will be considered and monitored. Loans will only be made to firms deemed to be of good standing, and where the consideration that can be earned currently from securities loans of this type is deemed to justify the attendant risk. It is intended that the value of securities loaned by an Underlying Fund will not exceed one-third of the value of an Underlying Fund’s total assets (including the loan collateral).
An Underlying Fund will consider the loaned securities as assets of the Underlying Fund, but will not consider any collateral as an Underlying Fund asset except when determining total assets for the purpose of the above one-third limitation. Loan collateral (including any investment of the collateral) is not subject to the percentage limitations stated elsewhere in this SAI, the Prospectus or the Underlying Funds’ Prospectuses or SAIs regarding investing in fixed income securities and cash equivalents.
The Underlying Funds’ Board of Trustees has approved certain Underlying Funds’ participation in a securities lending program and has adopted policies and procedures relating thereto. Under the current securities lending program, each participating Underlying Fund has retained an affiliate of its investment adviser to serve as its securities lending agent.
For its services, the securities lending agent may receive a fee from an Underlying Fund, including a fee based on the returns earned on the Underlying Fund’s investment of cash received as collateral for the loaned securities. In addition, an Underlying Fund may make brokerage and other payments to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates in connection with the Underlying Fund’s portfolio investment transactions. An Underlying Fund’s Board of Trustees periodically reviews securities loan transactions for which a Goldman Sachs affiliate has acted as lending agent for compliance with the Underlying Fund’s securities lending procedures. Goldman Sachs also has been approved as a borrower under the Underlying Funds’ securities lending program, subject to certain conditions.
When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments
Each Underlying Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis beyond the customary settlement time. These transactions involve a commitment by an Underlying Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date beyond the customary settlement time. The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield) and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. When-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions are negotiated directly with the other party, and such commitments are not traded on exchanges. An Underlying Fund will generally purchase securities on a when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, an Underlying Fund may dispose of or negotiate a commitment after entering into it. An Underlying Fund may also sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Underlying Fund on the settlement date. The Underlying Funds may realize a capital gain or loss in
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connection with these transactions. For purposes of determining an Underlying Fund’s duration, the maturity of when-issued or forward commitment securities for fixed-rate obligations will be calculated from the commitment date. Each Underlying Fund is generally required to identify on its books, until three days prior to the settlement date, cash and liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price unless the Underlying Fund’s obligations are otherwise covered. Alternatively, each Underlying Fund may enter into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities that it owns. Securities purchased or sold on a when-issued or forward commitment basis involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date or if the value of the security to be sold increases prior to the settlement date.
Variable Amount Master Demand Notes
The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund may purchase variable amount master demand notes. These obligations permit the investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest pursuant to direct arrangements between the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund, as lender, and the borrower. Variable amount master demand notes are not generally transferable, and are not ordinarily rated. The Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund may invest in them only if the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund’s investment adviser believes that the notes are of comparable quality to the other obligations in which the Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund may invest.
Investment in Unseasoned Companies
Each Underlying Equity Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in companies (including predecessors) which have operated less than three years. The securities of such companies may have limited liquidity, which can result in their being priced higher or lower than might otherwise be the case. In addition, investments in unseasoned companies are more speculative and entail greater risk than do investments in companies with an established operating record.
Other Investment Companies
Each Underlying Fund may invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs. An Underlying Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other expenses paid by investment companies in which it invests, in addition to the management fees (and other expenses) paid by the Underlying Fund. An Underlying Fund’s investments in other investment companies are subject to statutory limitations prescribed by the Act, including in certain circumstances a prohibition on the Underlying Fund acquiring more that 3% of the voting shares of any other investment company, and a prohibition on investing more than 5% of the Underlying Fund’s total assets in securities of any one investment company or more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of all investment companies. Many ETFs, however, have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds (such as the Underlying Funds) to invest in their shares beyond these statutory limits, subject to certain conditions and pursuant to contractual arrangements between the ETFs and the investing funds. An Underlying Fund may rely on these exemptive orders in investing in ETFs. Moreover, pursuant to an exemptive order obtained from the SEC or under an exemptive rule adopted by the SEC, the Underlying Funds may invest in investment companies and money market funds for which an Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates serves as investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. However, to the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in a money market fund for which an Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates acts as investment adviser, the management fees payable by the Underlying Fund to the Investment Adviser will, to the extent required by the SEC, be reduced by an amount equal to the Underlying Fund’s proportionate share of the management fees paid by such money market fund to its investment adviser. Although the Underlying Funds do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future, each Underlying Fund is authorized to invest substantially all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof that has substantially the same investment objective, policies and fundamental restrictions as the Underlying Fund. Additionally, for so long as any Underlying Fund serves as an underlying fund to another Goldman Sachs Fund, including the Portfolios, that Underlying Fund may invest a percentage of its assets in other investment companies if those investments are consistent with applicable law and/or exemptive relief obtained from the SEC.
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Certain of the Underlying Funds may purchase shares of investment companies investing primarily in foreign securities, including “country funds.” Country funds have portfolios consisting primarily of securities of issuers located in specified foreign countries or regions.
ETFs are pooled investment vehicles issuing shares which are traded like traditional equity securities on a stock exchange. An ETF represents a portfolio of securities, which is often designed to track a particular market segment or index. An investment in an ETF, like one in any investment vehicles, carries risks of its underlying securities. An ETF may fail to accurately track the returns of the market segment or index that it is designed to track, and the price of an ETF’s shares may fluctuate or lose money. In addition, because they, unlike other pooled investment vehicles, are traded on an exchange, ETFs are subject to the following risks: (i) the market price of the ETF’s shares may trade at a premium or discount to the ETF’s net asset value; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF may not develop or be maintained; and (iii) there is no assurance that the requirements of the exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the ETF will continue to be met or remain unchanged. In the event substantial market or other disruptions affecting ETFs should occur in the future, the liquidity and value of an Underlying Fund’s shares could also be substantially and adversely affected.
Repurchase Agreements
Each Underlying Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, and dealers which furnish collateral at least equal in value or market price to the amount of the repurchase obligation. Certain Underlying Funds may also enter into repurchase agreements involving certain foreign government securities. A repurchase agreement is an arrangement under which an Underlying Fund purchases securities and the seller agrees to repurchase the securities within a particular time and at a specified price for the duration of the agreement. Custody of the securities is maintained by an Underlying Fund’s custodian (or sub-custodian). The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to an Underlying Fund, or the purchase and repurchase prices may be the same, with interest at a stated rate due to an Underlying Fund together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to an Underlying Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security subject to the repurchase agreement.
For purposes of the Act and generally for tax purposes, a repurchase agreement is deemed to be a loan from a Fund to the seller of the security. For other purposes, it is not always clear whether a court would consider the security purchased by a Fund subject to a repurchase agreement as being owned by a Fund or as being collateral for a loan by a Fund to the seller. In the event of commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings with respect to the seller of the security before repurchase of the security under a repurchase agreement, a Fund may encounter delay and incur costs before being able to sell the security. Such a delay may involve loss of interest or a decline in price of the security. If the court characterizes the transaction as a loan and a Fund has not perfected a security interest in the security, a Fund may be required to return the security to the seller’s estate and be treated as an unsecured creditor of the seller. As an unsecured creditor, a Fund would be at risk of losing some or all of the principal and interest involved in the transaction.
Apart from the risk of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, there is also the risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the security. However, if the market value of the security subject to the repurchase agreement becomes less than the repurchase price (including accrued interest), a Fund will direct the seller of the security to deliver additional securities so that the market value of all securities subject to the repurchase agreement equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Certain repurchase agreements which provide for settlement in more than seven days can be liquidated before the nominal fixed term on seven days or less notice. Such repurchase agreements will be regarded as liquid instruments.
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The Underlying Funds, together with other registered investment companies having advisory agreements with the Investment Advisers or their affiliates, may transfer uninvested cash balances into a single joint account, the daily aggregate balance of which will be invested in one or more repurchase agreements.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Certain of the Underlying Funds may borrow money by entering into transactions called reverse repurchase agreements. Under these arrangements, an Underlying Fund will sell portfolio securities to banks and other financial institutions, with an agreement to repurchase the security on an agreed date, price and interest payment. Certain of these Underlying Funds may also enter into reverse repurchase agreements involving certain foreign government securities. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the possible risk that the value of portfolio securities an Underlying Fund relinquishes may decline below the price the Underlying Fund must pay when the transaction closes. Borrowings may magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested resulting in an increase in the speculative character of an Underlying Fund’s outstanding shares.
When an Underlying Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it identifies on its books cash or liquid assets that have a value equal to or greater than the repurchase price. The amount of cash or liquid assets so identified is then monitored continuously by its investment adviser to make sure that an appropriate value is maintained. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings under the Act.
Restricted and Illiquid Securities
The Underlying Funds may not invest more than 15% (5% of total assets, in the case of Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) of their net assets in illiquid investments, which include securities (both foreign and domestic) that are not readily marketable, certain SMBS, certain municipal leases and participation interests, certain over-the-counter options, repurchase agreements and time deposits with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, and certain restricted securities, unless it is determined, based upon a continuing review of the trading markets for the specific instrument, that such instrument is liquid. The Trustees have adopted guidelines under which the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers determine and monitor the liquidity of the Underlying Funds’ portfolio securities. This investment practice could have the effect of increasing the level of illiquidity in an Underlying Fund to the extent that qualified institutional buyers become for a time uninterested in purchasing these instruments.
The purchase price and subsequent valuation of restricted securities may reflect a discount from the price at which such securities trade when they are not restricted, since the restriction may make them less liquid. The amount of the discount from the prevailing market price is expected to vary depending upon the type of security, the character of the issuer, the party who will bear the expenses of registering the restricted securities and prevailing supply and demand conditions.
Short Sales
Certain of the Underlying Funds may engage in short sales. Short sales are transactions in which an Underlying Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete such a transaction, the Underlying Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Underlying Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Underlying Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Underlying Fund is required to pay to the lender amounts equal to any dividend which accrues during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Underlying Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. There will also be other costs associated with short sales.
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An Underlying Fund will incur a loss as a result of the short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Underlying Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Underlying Fund will realize a gain if the security declines in price between those dates. This result is the opposite of what one would expect from a cash purchase of a long position in a security. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of any premium or amounts in lieu of interest the Underlying Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale, and will be also decreased by any transaction or other costs.
Until an Underlying Fund replaces a borrowed security in connection with a short sale, the Underlying Fund will (a) identify on its books cash or liquid assets at such a level that the identified assets plus any amount deposited as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short or (b) otherwise cover its short position in accordance with applicable law.
There is no guarantee that an Underlying Fund will be able to close out a short position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. During the time that an Underlying Fund is short a security, it is subject to the risk that the lender of the security will terminate the loan at a time when the Underlying Fund is unable to borrow the same security from another lender. If that occurs, the Underlying Fund may be “bought in” at the price required to purchase the security needed to close out the short position, which may be a disadvantageous price.
Short Sales Against the Box
Certain of the Underlying Funds may engage in short sales against the box. As noted above, a short sale is made by selling a security the seller does not own. A short sale is “against the box” to the extent that the seller contemporaneously owns or has the right to obtain, at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. It may be entered into by an Underlying Fund, for example, to lock in a sales price for a security the Underlying Fund does not wish to sell immediately. If an Underlying Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect itself from loss if the price of the securities declines in the future, but will lose the opportunity to profit on such securities if the price rises.
If an Underlying Fund effects a short sale of securities at a time when it has an unrealized gain on the securities, it may be required to recognize that gain as if it had actually sold the securities (as a “constructive sale”) on the date it effects the short sale. However, such constructive sale treatment may not apply if an Underlying Fund closes out the short sale with securities other than the appreciated securities held at the time of the short sale and if certain other conditions are satisfied. Uncertainty regarding the tax consequences of effecting short sales may limit the extent to which an Underlying Fund may effect short sales.
Temporary Investments
Each Underlying Fund (with the exception of Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund) may, for temporary defensive purposes (and to the extent it is permitted to invest in the following), invest a certain percentage of its total assets in: U.S. Government securities; commercial paper rated at least A-2 by Standard & Poor’s, P-2 by Moody’s or having a comparable rating by another NRSRO (or, if unrated, determined by the Investment Adviser to be of comparable credit quality); certificates of deposit; bankers’ acceptances; repurchase agreements; non-convertible preferred stocks and non-convertible corporate bonds with a remaining maturity of less than one year; ETFs; other investment companies; and cash items. When an Underlying Fund’s assets are invested in such instruments, the Underlying Fund may not be achieving its investment objective.
Participation Notes
Certain of the Underlying Funds may invest in participation notes. Some countries, especially emerging markets countries, do not permit foreigners to participate directly in their securities markets or otherwise present
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difficulties for efficient foreign investment. The Underlying Funds may use participation notes to establish a position in such markets as a substitute for direct investment. Participation notes are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to track the return of a particular underlying equity or debt security, currency or market. When a participation note matures, the issuer of the participation note will pay to, or receive from, the Underlying Fund the difference between the nominal value of the underlying instrument at the time of purchase and that instrument’s value at maturity. Investments in participation notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying security, currency or market that they seek to replicate. In addition, participation notes are generally traded over-the-counter and are subject to counterparty risk. Counterparty risk is the risk that the broker-dealer or bank that issues them will not fulfill its contractual obligation to complete the transaction with an Underlying Fund. Participation notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them, and an Underlying Fund would be relying on the creditworthiness of such banks or broker-dealers and would have no rights under a participation note against the issuer of the underlying assets. In addition, participation notes may trade at a discount to the value of the underlying securities or markets that they seek to replicate.
Low Exercise Price Options
From time to time, certain Underlying Funds may use non-standard warrants, including low exercise price warrants or low exercise price options (“LEPOs”), to gain exposure to issuers in certain countries. LEPOs are different from standard warrants in that they do not give their holders the right to receive a security of the issuer upon exercise. Rather, LEPOs pay the holder the difference in price of the underlying security between the date the LEPO was purchased and the date it is sold. Additionally, LEPOs entail the same risks as other over-the-counter derivatives. These include the risk that the counterparty or issuer of the LEPO may not be able to fulfill its obligations, that the holder and counterparty or issuer may disagree as to the meaning or application of contractual terms, or that the instrument may not perform as expected. Additionally, while LEPOs may be listed on an exchange, there is no guarantee that a liquid market will exist or that the counterparty or issuer of a LEPO will be willing to repurchase such instrument when the Underlying Fund wishes to sell it.
Optimized Portfolio as Listed Securities
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in optimized portfolio as listed securities (“OPALS”). OPALS represent an interest in a basket of securities of companies primarily located in a specific country generally designed to track an index for that country. Investments in OPALS are subject to the same risks inherent in directly investing in foreign securities and also have the risk that they will not track the underlying index. In addition, because the OPALS are not registered under applicable securities laws, they may only be sold to certain classes of investors, and it may be more difficult for the Underlying Fund to sell OPALS than other types of securities. However, the OPALS may generally be exchanged with the issuer for the underlying securities, which may be more readily tradable.
Equity-Linked Structured Notes
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in equity-linked structured notes. Equity-linked structured notes are derivatives that are specifically designed to combine the characteristics of one or more underlying securities and their equity derivatives in a single note form. The return and/or yield or income component may be based on the performance of the underlying equity securities, an equity index, and/or option positions. Equity-linked structured notes are typically offered in limited transactions by financial institutions in either registered or non-registered form. An investment in equity-linked notes creates exposure to the credit risk of the issuing financial institution, as well as to the market risk of the underlying securities. There is no guaranteed return of principal with these securities and the appreciation potential of these securities may be limited by a maximum payment or call right. In certain cases, equity-linked notes may be more volatile and less liquid than less complex securities or other types of fixed-income securities. Such securities may exhibit price behavior that does not correlate with other fixed-income securities.
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Commodity-Linked Notes
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in commodity-linked notes. Commodity-linked notes are a type of structured note. Commodity-linked notes are privately negotiated structured debt securities indexed to the return of an index such as the Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Index Total Return, which is representative of the commodities market. They are available from a limited number of approved counterparties, and all invested amounts are exposed to the dealer’s credit risk. Commodity-linked notes may be leveraged. For example, if the Underlying Fund invests $100 in a three-times leveraged commodity-linked note, it will exchange $100 principal with the dealer to obtain $300 exposure to the commodities market because the value of the note will change by a magnitude of three for every percentage change (positive or negative) in the value of the underlying index. This means a $100 note would be worth $70 if the commodity index decreased by 10 percent. Structured notes also are subject to counterparty risk.
Currency-Linked Notes
Certain Underlying Funds may invest in currency-linked notes. Currency-linked notes are short- or intermediate-term debt securities whose value at maturity or interest payments are linked to the change in value of the U.S. dollar against the performance of a currency index or one or more foreign currencies. In some cases, these securities pay an amount at maturity based on a multiple of the amount of a currency’s change against the dollar. If they are sold prior to their maturity, their price may be higher or lower than their purchase price as a result of market conditions or changes in the credit quality of the issuer.
Non-Diversified Status
Each of the International Real Estate Securities Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, Local Emerging Markets Debt Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, Dynamic Allocation Fund, Global Income Fund and Emerging Markets Debt Fund is “non-diversified” under the Act and may invest more of its assets in fewer issuers than “diversified” mutual funds. These Underlying Funds are subject only to certain federal tax diversification requirements. Under federal tax laws, each of these Underlying Funds may, with respect to 50% of its total assets, invest up to 25% of its total assets in the securities of any issuer. With respect to the remaining 50% of their respective total assets, (i) each Underlying Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one issuer, and (ii) each Underlying Fund may not acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. These tests apply at the end of each quarter of the taxable year and are subject to certain conditions and limitations under the Code. These tests do not apply to investments in United States Government Securities and regulated investment companies.
Portfolio Maturity
Dollar-weighted average maturity is derived by multiplying the value of each investment by the time remaining to its maturity, adding these calculations, and then dividing the total by the value of an Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s portfolio. An obligation’s maturity is typically determined on a stated final maturity basis, although there are some exceptions. For example, if an issuer of an instrument takes advantage of a maturity-shortening device, such as a call, refunding, or redemption provision, the date on which the instrument is expected to be called, refunded, or redeemed may be considered to be its maturity date. There is no guarantee that the expected call, refund or redemption will occur and an Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s average maturity may lengthen beyond an investment adviser’s expectations should the expected call refund or redemption not occur. Similarly, in calculating its dollar-weighted average maturity, an Underlying Fund may determine the maturity of a variable or floating rate obligation according to the interest rate reset date, or the date principal can be recovered on demand, rather than the date of ultimate maturity.
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Portfolio Turnover
Each Underlying Fund may engage in active short-term trading to benefit from price disparities among different issues of securities or among the markets for equity or fixed income securities, or for other reasons. As a result of active management, it is anticipated that the portfolio turnover rate of each Underlying Fund may vary greatly from year to year as well as within a particular year, and may be affected by changes in the holdings of specific issuers, changes in country and currency weightings, cash requirements for redemption of shares and by requirements which enable the Underlying Funds to receive favorable tax treatment. The Underlying Funds are not restricted by policy with regard to portfolio turnover and will make changes in their investment portfolio from time to time as business and economic conditions as well as market prices may dictate.
The Balanced Strategy Portfolio’s experienced an increased portfolio turnover rate in 2012 driven by the fact the Dynamic Allocation Fund was added as an investment at the end of the second quarter. Additionally, the Balanced Strategy Portfolio’s benchmark was changed at the same time to be more global in nature, which resulted in slightly higher turnover in the Fund’s optimization process. The Income Strategies Portfolio also experienced an increased portfolio turnover in 2012, as it went through a restructuring in mid-December 2012 in which the portfolio moved from a 40/60 balanced portfolio across core and satellite asset classes, to a new structure where it only invested in income-generating satellite asset classes.
Private Investments in Public Equity
Certain of the Underlying Funds may purchase equity securities in a private placement that are issued by issuers who have outstanding, publicly-traded equity securities of the same class (“private investments in public equity” or “PIPES”). Shares in PIPES generally are not registered with the SEC until after a certain time period from the date the private sale is completed. This restricted period can last many months. Until the public registration process is completed, PIPES are restricted as to resale and the Underlying Fund cannot freely trade the securities. Generally such restrictions cause the PIPES to be illiquid during this time. PIPES may contain provisions that the issuer will pay specified financial penalties to the holder if the issuer does not publicly register the restricted equity securities within a specified period of time, but there is no assurance that the restricted equity securities will be publicly registered, or that the registration will remain in effect.
Restructured Investments
Included among the issuers of emerging country debt securities are entities organized and operated solely for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of various securities. These entities are often organized by investment banking firms which receive fees in connection with establishing each entity and arranging for the placement of its securities. This type of restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments, such as Brady Bonds, and the issuance by the entity of one or more classes of securities (“Restructured Investments”) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued Restructured Investments to create securities with different investment characteristics such as varying maturities, payment priorities or investment rate provisions. Because Restructured Investments of the type in which an Underlying Fund may invest typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk will generally be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments.
Certain of the Underlying Funds are permitted to invest in a class of Restructured Investments that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated Restructured Investments typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated Restructured Investments. Although an Underlying Fund’s purchases of subordinated Restructured Investments would have a similar economic effect to that of borrowing against the underlying securities, such purchases will not be deemed to be borrowing for purposes of the limitations placed on the extent of an Underlying Fund’s assets that may be used for borrowing.
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Certain issuers of Restructured Investments may be deemed to be “investment companies” as defined in the Act. As a result, an Underlying Fund’s investments in these Restructured Investments may be limited by the restrictions contained in the Act. Restructured Investments are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for most Restructured Investments.
Combined Transactions
Certain of the Underlying Funds may enter into multiple transactions, including multiple options transactions, multiple futures transactions, multiple currency transactions (as applicable) (including forward currency contracts) and multiple interest rate and other swap transactions and any combination of futures, options, currency and swap transactions (“component” transactions) as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the opinion of the Underlying Fund’s investment adviser, it is in the best interests of an Underlying Fund to do so. A combined transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. Although combined transactions are normally entered into based on an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser’s judgment that the combined strategies will reduce risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase such risks or hinder achievement of the portfolio management objective.
Special Note Regarding Market Events
Events in the financial sector over the past several years have resulted in reduced liquidity in credit and fixed income markets and in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets, both domestically and internationally. While entire markets have been impacted, issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets have been particularly affected. These events and the potential for continuing market turbulence may have an adverse effect on the Underlying Funds’ investments. It is uncertain how long these conditions will continue.
The instability in the financial markets led the U.S. Government to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and certain segments of the financial markets. Federal, state, and foreign governments, regulatory agencies, and self -regulatory organizations may take actions that affect the regulation of the instruments in which the Underlying Funds invest, or the issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Such legislation or regulation could limit or preclude the Portfolios’ ability to achieve their investment objectives.
Governments or their agencies may also acquire distressed assets from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests in those institutions. The implications of government ownership and disposition of these assets are unclear, and such ownership or disposition may have positive or negative effects on the liquidity, valuation and performance of the Underlying Funds’ portfolio holdings.
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
The investment restrictions set forth below have been adopted by the Trust as fundamental policies that cannot be changed without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined in the Act) of the affected Portfolio. The investment objective of each Portfolio and all other investment policies or practices of each Portfolio are considered by the Trust not to be fundamental and accordingly may be changed without shareholder approval. For purposes of the Act, a “majority of the outstanding voting securities” means the lesser of the vote of (i) 67% or more of the shares of a Portfolio present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of a Portfolio are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the shares of a Portfolio. For purposes of the following limitations, any limitation which involves a maximum percentage will not be considered violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after, and is caused by, an acquisition or encumbrance of securities or assets of, or borrowings by, a Portfolio. With respect to the Portfolios’ fundamental investment restriction number (3) below, asset coverage of at least 300% (as defined in the Act), inclusive of any amounts borrowed, must be maintained at all times.
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As a matter of fundamental policy, a Portfolio may not:
| (1) | Make any investment inconsistent with the Portfolio’s classification as a diversified company under the Act; |
Each Portfolio is classified as a diversified open-end management company under the Act.
| (2) | Invest 25% or more of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (excluding investment companies and the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities). (For the purposes of this restriction, state and municipal governments and their agencies, authorities and instrumentalities are not deemed to be industries; telephone companies are considered to be a separate industry from water, gas or electric utilities; personal credit finance companies and business credit finance companies are deemed to be separate industries; and wholly-owned finance companies are considered to be in the industry of their parents if their activities are primarily related to financing the activities of their parents.) This restriction does not apply to investments in Municipal Securities which have been pre-refunded by the use of obligations of the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities; |
| (3) | Borrow money, except (a) the Portfolio may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act) or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) the Portfolio may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Portfolio may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Portfolio may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law and (e) the Portfolio may engage transactions in mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings; |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances.
| (4) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Portfolio’s investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions and (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law; |
| (5) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Portfolio may be deemed to be an underwriting; |
| (6) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although a Portfolio may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by a Portfolio as a result of the ownership of securities; |
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| (7) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Portfolio may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts that are commodities or commodity contracts; and |
| (8) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
Notwithstanding any other fundamental investment restriction or policy, each Portfolio may invest some or all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof with substantially the same investment objective, restrictions and policies as the Portfolio.
In addition to the fundamental policies mentioned above, the Trustees have adopted the following non-fundamental policies which can be changed or amended by action of the Trustees without approval of shareholders. Again, for purposes of the following limitations, any limitation which involves a maximum percentage shall not be considered violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after, and is caused by, an acquisition of securities by the Fund.
A Portfolio may not:
| (a) | Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control or management (but this does not prevent a Portfolio from purchasing a controlling interest in one or more of the Underlying Funds consistent with its investment objective and policies). |
| (b) | Invest more than 15% of the Portfolio’s net assets in illiquid investments, including illiquid repurchase agreements with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, securities which are not readily marketable and restricted securities not eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “1933 Act”). |
| (c) | Purchase additional securities if the Portfolio’s borrowings (excluding covered mortgage dollar rolls) exceed 5% of its net assets. |
| (d) | Make short sales of securities, except short sales against the box. |
The Underlying Funds in which the Portfolios may invest have adopted certain investment restrictions which may be more or less restrictive than those listed above, thereby allowing a Portfolio to participate in certain investment strategies indirectly that are prohibited under the fundamental and non-fundamental investment restrictions and policies listed above. The investment restrictions of these Underlying Funds are set forth in their respective SAIs.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS
The Trust’s Leadership Structure
The business and affairs of the Portfolios are managed under the direction of the Board of Trustees (the “Board”), subject to the laws of the State of Delaware and the Trust’s Declaration of Trust. The Trustees are responsible for deciding matters of overall policy and reviewing the actions of the Trust’s service providers. The officers of the Trust conduct and supervise each Portfolio’s daily business operations. Trustees who are not deemed to be “interested persons” of the Trust as defined in the Act are referred to as “Independent Trustees.” Trustees who are deemed to be “interested persons” of the Trust are referred to as “Interested Trustees.” The Board is currently composed of nine Independent Trustees and two Interested Trustees. The Board has selected an Independent Trustee to act as Chairman, whose duties include presiding at meetings of the Board and acting as a focal point to address significant issues that may arise between regularly scheduled Board and
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Committee meetings. In the performance of the Chairman’s duties, the Chairman will consult with the other Independent Trustees and the Portfolios’ officers and legal counsel, as appropriate. The Chairman may perform other functions as requested by the Board from time to time.
The Board meets as often as necessary to discharge its responsibilities. Currently, the Board conducts regular, in-person meetings at least six times a year, and holds special in-person or telephonic meetings as necessary to address specific issues that require attention prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting. In addition, the Independent Trustees meet at least annually to review, among other things, investment management agreements, distribution (Rule 12b-1) and/or service plans and related agreements, transfer agency agreements and certain other agreements providing for the compensation of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates by the Portfolios, and to consider such other matters as they deem appropriate.
The Board has established six standing committees – Audit, Governance and Nominating, Compliance, Valuation, Dividend and Contract Review Committees. The Board may establish other committees, or nominate one or more Trustees to examine particular issues related to the Board’s oversight responsibilities, from time to time. Each Committee meets periodically to perform its delegated oversight functions and reports its findings and recommendations to the Board. For more information on the Committees, see the section “STANDING BOARD COMMITTEES,” below.
The Trustees have determined that the Trust’s leadership structure is appropriate because it allows the Trustees to effectively perform their oversight responsibilities.
Trustees of the Trust
Information pertaining to the Trustees of the Trust as of December 10, 2013 is set forth below.
Independent Trustees
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Name, Address and Age1 | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served2 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | | Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee3 | | | Other Directorships Held by Trustee4 | |
Ashok N. Bakhru
Age: 71 | | Chairman
of the Board of Trustees | | Since 1996 (Trusteesince 1991) | | Mr. Bakhru is retired. He was formerly Director, Apollo Investment Corporation (a business development company) (2008-2013); President, ABN Associates (a management and financial consulting firm) (1994–1996 and 1998–2012); Trustee, Scholarship America (1998–2005); Trustee, Institute for Higher Education Policy (2003–2008); Director, Private Equity Investors–III and IV (1998–2007), and Equity-Linked Investors II (April 2002–2007). Chairman of the Board of Trustees—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | | 109 | | | | None | |
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Donald C. Burke Age: 53 | | Trustee | | Since 2010 | | Mr. Burke is retired. He is Director, Avista Corp. (2011–Present); and was formerly a Director, BlackRock Luxembourg and Cayman Funds (2006–2010); President and Chief Executive Officer, BlackRock U.S. Funds (2007–2009); Managing Director, BlackRock, Inc. (2006–2009). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | | 106 | | | | Avista Corp. (an energy company) | |
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John P. Coblentz, Jr. Age: 72 | | Trustee | | Since 2003 | | Mr. Coblentz is retired. Formerly, he was Partner, Deloitte & Touche LLP (1975–2003); Director, Emerging Markets Group, Ltd. (2004–2006); and Director, Elderhostel, Inc. (2006–2012). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | | 109 | | | | None | |
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Name, Address and Age1 | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served2 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | | Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee3 | | Other Directorships Held by Trustee4 |
Diana M. Daniels
Age: 64 | | Trustee | | Since 2007 | | Ms. Daniels is retired. Formerly, she was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, The Washington Post Company (1991–2006). Ms. Daniels serves as a Presidential Councillor of Cornell University (2013–Present); Member, Advisory Board, Psychology Without Borders (international humanitarian aid organization) (2007-Present), and former Member of the Legal Advisory Board, New York Stock Exchange (2003–2006) and of the Corporate Advisory Board, Standish Mellon Management Advisors (2006–2007). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | None |
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Joseph P. LoRusso
Age: 56 | | Trustee | | Since 2010 | | Mr. LoRusso is retired. Formerly, he was President, Fidelity Investments Institutional Services Co. (“FIIS”) (2002–2008); Director, FIIS (2002–2008); Director, Fidelity Investments Institutional Operations Company (2003–2007); Executive Officer, Fidelity Distributors Corporation (2007–2008). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | None |
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Herbert J. Markley
Age: 63 | | Trustee | | Since 2013 | | Mr. Markley is retired. Formerly, he was Executive Vice President, Deere & Company (an agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer) (2007–2009), and President, Agricultural Division, Deere & Company (2001–2007). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | None |
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Jessica Palmer
Age: 64 | | Trustee | | Since 2007 | | Ms. Palmer is retired. She is Director, Emerson Center for the Arts and Culture (2011-Present); and was formerly a Consultant, Citigroup Human Resources Department (2007-2008); Managing Director, Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking (previously, Salomon Smith Barney/Salomon Brothers) (1984–2006). Ms. Palmer was a Member of the Board of Trustees of Indian Mountain School (private elementary and secondary school) (2004–2009). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | None |
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Name, Address and Age1 | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served2 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | | Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee3 | | Other Directorships Held by Trustee4 |
Richard P. Strubel
Age: 74 | | Trustee | | Since 1987 | | Mr. Strubel is retired. Formerly, he was Director, Cardean Learning Group (provider of educational services via the internet) (2003–2008); Trustee Emeritus, The University of Chicago (1987–Present). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 109 | | The Northern Trust Mutual Fund Complex (64 Portfolios) (Chairman of the Board of Trustees); Gildan Activewear Inc. (a clothing marketing and manufacturing company) |
Roy W. Templin
Age: 53 | | Trustee | | Since 2013 | | Mr. Templin is retired. He is Director, Con-Way Incorporated (2012– Present); and was formerly Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Whirlpool Corporation (an appliance manufacturer and marketer) (2004–2012). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | Con-Way Incorporated (a transportation, supply-chain management and logistics services company) |
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Interested Trustees |
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Name, Address and Age1 | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served2 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | | Number of Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee3 | | Other Directorships Held by Trustee4 |
James A. McNamara* Age: 51 | | President and Trustee | | Since 2007 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 1998–Present); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998–December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (January 1993–April 1998). President—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2007–Present); Senior Vice President—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007–November 2007); and Vice President—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (2001–2007). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (since November 2007 and December 2002–May 2004). | | 109 | | None |
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Alan A. Shuch* Age: 64 | | Trustee | | Since 1990 | | Advisory Director—GSAM (May 1999–Present); Consultant to GSAM (December 1994–May 1999); and Limited Partner, Goldman Sachs (December 1994–May 1999). Trustee—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | | 106 | | None |
* | These persons are considered to be “Interested Trustees” because they hold positions with Goldman Sachs and own securities issued by The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Each Interested Trustee holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. |
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1 | Each Trustee may be contacted by writing to the Trustee, c/o Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, New York, 10282, Attn: Caroline Kraus. |
2 | Each Trustee holds office for an indefinite term until the earliest of: (a) the election of his or her successor; (b) the date the Trustee resigns or is removed by the Board of Trustees or shareholders, in accordance with the Trust’s Declaration of Trust; (c) the conclusion of the first Board meeting held subsequent to the day the Trustee attains the age of 74 years, subject to waiver by a majority of the Trustees (in accordance with the current resolutions of the Board of Trustees, which may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder vote); or (d) the termination of the Trust. By resolution of the Board of Trustees determining that an extension of service would be beneficial to the Trust, the retirement age has been extended for one year with respect to Richard P. Strubel. |
3 | The Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex includes the Trust, Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund and Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust. As of December 10, 2013, the Trust consisted of 93 portfolios (83 of which offered shares to the public), Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust consisted of 12 portfolios and Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund consisted of one portfolio. The Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex also includes, with respect to Messrs. Bakhru, Coblentz, Strubel and McNamara, Goldman Sachs Trust II, Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc. and Goldman Sachs MLP Income Opportunities Fund. Goldman Sachs Trust II, Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc. and Goldman Sachs MLP Income Opportunities Fund each consisted of one portfolio. Goldman Sachs BDC, Inc. did not offer shares to the public. |
4 | This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (i.e., “public companies”) or other investment companies registered under the Act. |
The significance or relevance of a Trustee’s particular experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills is considered by the Board on an individual basis. Experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills common to all Trustees include the ability to critically review, evaluate and discuss information provided to them and to interact effectively with the other Trustees and with representatives of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, other service providers, legal counsel and the Portfolios’ independent registered public accounting firm, the capacity to address financial and legal issues and exercise reasonable business judgment, and a commitment to the representation of the interests of each Portfolio and its Shareholders. The Governance and Nominating Committee’s charter contains certain other factors that are considered by the Governance and Nominating Committee in identifying and evaluating potential nominees to serve as Independent Trustees. Based on each Trustee’s experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills, considered individually and with respect to the experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills of other Trustees, the Board has concluded that each Trustee should serve as a Trustee. Below is a brief discussion of the experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills of each individual Trustee as of December 10, 2013 that led the Board to conclude that such individual should serve as a Trustee.
Ashok N. Bakhru. Mr. Bakhru has served as a Trustee since 1991 and Chairman of the Board since 1996. Previously, Mr. Bakhru served as Director, Apollo Investment Corporation (a business development company) (2008-2013), and President of ABN Associates, a management and financial consulting firm, and was the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Administrative Officer and Director of Coty Inc., a multinational cosmetics, fragrance and personal care company. In addition, Mr. Bakhru formerly held several senior management positions at Scott Paper Company, a major manufacturer of paper products, including Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Bakhru also serves on the Governing Council of the Independent Directors Council and the Board of Governors of the Investment Company Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of BoardIQ, an investment publication. In addition, Mr. Bakhru has served as Director of Equity-Linked Investments II and Private Equity Investors III and IV, which are private equity partnerships based in New York City. Mr. Bakhru was also a Director of Arkwright Mutual Insurance Company. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Bakhru is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Donald C. Burke. Mr. Burke has served as Trustee since 2010. Mr. Burke serves as a Director of Avista Corp., an energy company. Mr. Burke was a Managing Director of BlackRock, Inc., where he was President and Chief Executive Officer of BlackRock’s U.S. funds and a director and chairman of several offshore funds advised by BlackRock. As President and Chief Executive Officer of BlackRock’s U.S. funds, he was responsible for all accounting, tax and regulatory reporting requirements for over 300 open-end and closed-end BlackRock funds. Previously, he was a Managing Director, First Vice President and Vice President of Merrill Lynch Investment Managers, L.P. (“MLIM”), where he worked for 16 years prior to MLIM’s merger with BlackRock, and was instrumental in the integration of BlackRock’s and MLIM’s operating infrastructure following the merger. While at MLIM, he was Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of MLIM’s U.S. funds and Head of Global Operations and Client Services, where he was responsible for the development and maintenance of MLIM’s operating infrastructure across the Americas, Europe and the Pacific Rim. He also developed controls for the MLIM U.S. funds’ financial statement certification process to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, worked with fund auditors in connection with the funds’ annual audits and established the department responsible for all tax issues impacting the MLIM U.S. funds. Previously, Mr. Burke was Tax Manager at Deloitte & Touche, where he was designated as one of the firm’s lead specialists in the investment company industry, and advised multinational corporations, partnerships, universities and high net worth individuals in tax matters. Mr. Burke is a certified public accountant. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Burke is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
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John P. Coblentz, Jr. Mr. Coblentz has served as Trustee since 2003. Mr. Coblentz has been designated as the Board’s “audit committee financial expert” given his extensive accounting and finance experience. Mr. Coblentz was a partner with Deloitte & Touche LLP for 28 years. While at Deloitte & Touche LLP, Mr. Coblentz was lead partner responsible for all auditing and accounting services to a variety of large, global companies, a significant portion of which operated in the financial services industry. Mr. Coblentz was also the national managing partner for the firm’s risk management function, a member of the firm’s Management Committee and the first managing partner of the firm’s Financial Advisory Services practice, which brought together the firm’s mergers and acquisition services, forensic and dispute services, corporate finance, asset valuation and reorganization businesses under one management structure. He served as a member of the firm’s Board of Directors. Mr. Coblentz is a certified public accountant. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Coblentz is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Diana M. Daniels. Ms. Daniels has served as Trustee since 2007. Ms. Daniels also serves as a Trustee Emeritus and Presidential Councillor of Cornell University. Ms. Daniels held several senior management positions at The Washington Post Company and its subsidiaries, where she worked for 29 years. While at The Washington Post Company, Ms. Daniels served as Vice President, General Counsel, Secretary to the Board of Directors and Secretary to the Audit Committee. Previously, Ms. Daniels served as Vice President and General Counsel of Newsweek, Inc. Ms. Daniels also serves on the Executive Committee of the Governing Council of the Independent Directors Council of the Investment Company Institute. Ms. Daniels has also served as Vice Chair and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University and as a member of the Corporate Advisory Board of Standish Mellon Management Advisors and of the Legal Advisory Board of New York Stock Exchange. Ms. Daniels is also a member of the American Law Institute and of the Advisory Council of the Inter-American Press Association. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Daniels is experienced with legal, financial and investment matters.
Joseph P. LoRusso. Mr. LoRusso has served as Trustee since 2010. Mr. LoRusso held a number of senior management positions at Fidelity Investments for over 15 years, where he was most recently President of Fidelity Investments Institutional Services Co. (“FIIS”). As President of FIIS, Mr. LoRusso oversaw the development, distribution and servicing of Fidelity’s investment and retirement products through various financial intermediaries. Previously, he served as President, Executive Vice President and Senior Vice President of Fidelity Institutional Retirement Services Co., where he helped establish Fidelity’s 401(k) business and built it into the largest in the U.S. In these positions, he oversaw sales, marketing, implementation, client services, operations and technology. Mr. LoRusso also served on Fidelity’s Executive Management Committee. Prior to his experience with Fidelity, he was Second Vice President in the Investment and Pension Group of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance, where he had responsibility for developing and running the company’s 401(k) business. Previously, he worked at The Equitable (now a subsidiary of AXA Financial), where he was Product Manager of the company’s then-nascent 401(k) business, and at Arthur Andersen & Co. (now Accenture), as a Senior Consultant within the firm’s consulting practice. Based on the foregoing, Mr. LoRusso is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Herbert J. (H.J.) Markley. Mr. Markley has served as a Trustee since 2013. Previously, Mr. Markley held several senior management positions at Deere & Company, where he worked for 35 years, including Executive Vice President of Worldwide Parts Service, Global Supply Management and Logistics, Enterprise Information Technology and Corporate Communications. Mr. Markley’s experience at Deere included managing manufacturing and engineering facilities, including the two largest manufacturing facilities and a joint venture with Hitachi. He later served as Senior Vice President of Worldwide Human Resources where he helped to lay the foundation for a new human resources system, and as a President of the Agricultural Division, Deere’s largest business unit. In addition to his work with Deere, Mr. Markley has served on the Boards of Directors of the Dubuque Chamber of Commerce, the First National Bank of Dubuque, the University of Dubuque and the Iowa Public Television Foundation as well as the Board of Overseers of the Amos Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Markley is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Jessica Palmer. Ms. Palmer has served as Trustee since 2007. Ms. Palmer serves as a Director of Emerson Center for the Arts and Culture, a not-for-profit organization. Ms. Palmer worked at Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking (previously, Salomon Smith Barney/Salomon Brothers) for over 20 years, where she was a Managing Director. While at Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking, Ms. Palmer was Head of Global Risk Management, Chair of the Global Commitment Committee, Co-Chair of International Investment Banking (New York) and Head of Fixed Income Capital Markets. Ms. Palmer was also a member of the Management Committee and Risk Management Operating Committee of Citigroup, Inc. Prior to that, Ms. Palmer was a Vice President at Goldman Sachs in its international corporate finance department. Ms. Palmer was also Assistant Vice President of the International Division at Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Ms. Palmer was also a member of the Board of Trustees of a private elementary and secondary school. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Palmer is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Richard P. Strubel. Mr. Strubel has served as Trustee since 1987. Mr. Strubel also serves as Chairman of the Northern Funds, a family of retail and institutional mutual funds managed by The Northern Trust Company. He also serves on the board of Gildan Activewear Inc., which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Mr. Strubel was Vice-Chairman of the Board of Cardean Learning Group (formerly known as Unext), and previously served as Unext’s President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Strubel was Managing Director of Tandem Partners, Inc., a privately-held management services firm, and served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Microdot, Inc. Previously, Mr. Strubel served as President of Northwest Industries, then a NYSE-listed company, a conglomerate with various operating entities located around the country. Before joining Northwest, Mr. Strubel was an associate and later managing principal of Fry Consultants, a management consulting firm based in Chicago. Mr. Strubel is also a Trustee Emeritus of the University of Chicago and is an adjunct professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Strubel is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Roy W. Templin. Mr. Templin has served as a Trustee since 2013. Mr. Templin is a Director of Con-Way Incorporated, a transportation, supply-chain management and logistics services company, and serves on its Finance and Audit Committees (he is the Chair of the Finance Committee). Mr. Templin held a number of senior management positions at Whirlpool Corporation, an appliance manufacturer and marketer, including Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Vice President and Corporate Controller there. At Whirlpool, Mr. Templin served on the Executive Committee and was responsible for all aspects of finance globally, including treasury, accounting, risk management, investor relations, internal auditing, tax and facilities. Prior to joining Whirlpool, Mr. Templin served in several roles at Kimball International, a furniture and electronic assemblies manufacturer, including Vice President of Finance and Chief Accounting Officer. Mr. Templin was also a Director of Corporate Finance for Cummins, Inc., a diesel engine manufacturer, a Director of Financial Development at NCR Corporation, a computer hardware and electronics company, and a member of the audit staff of Price Waterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP). Mr. Templin is a certified public accountant. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Templin is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
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James A. McNamara. Mr. McNamara has served as Trustee and President of the Trust since 2007 and has served as an officer of the Trust since 2001. Mr. McNamara is a Managing Director at Goldman Sachs. Mr. McNamara is currently head of Global Third Party Distribution at GSAM, where he was previously head of U.S. Third Party Distribution. Prior to that role, Mr. McNamara served as Director of Institutional Fund Sales. Prior to joining Goldman Sachs, Mr. McNamara was Vice President and Manager at Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation. Based on the foregoing, Mr. McNamara is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Alan A. Shuch. Mr. Shuch has served as a Trustee since 1990. Mr. Shuch is an Advisory Director to Goldman Sachs. Mr. Shuch serves on the Board of Trustees of a number of offshore funds managed by GSAM. He serves on GSAM’s Valuation Committee. Prior to retiring as a general partner of Goldman Sachs in 1994, Mr. Shuch was president and chief operating officer of GSAM which he founded in 1988. Mr. Shuch joined the Goldman Sachs Fixed Income Division in 1976. He was instrumental in building Goldman Sachs’ Corporate Bond Department and served as co-head of the Global Fixed Income Sales and the High Yield Bond and Preferred Stock Departments. He headed the Portfolio Restructuring and Fixed Income Quantitative and Credit Research Departments. Mr. Shuch also served on a variety of firm-wide committees including the International Executive, New Product and Strategic Planning Committees and was a member of the Stone Street/Bridge Street Private Equity Board. Mr. Shuch serves on Wharton’s Graduate Executive Board. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Shuch is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Officers of the Trust
Information pertaining to the officers of the Trust as of December 10, 2013 is set forth below.
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Name, Age and Address | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served1 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
James A. McNamara 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 51 | | Trustee and President | | Since 2007 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 1998 – Present); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998 – December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (January 1993 – April 1998). President, Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2007 – Present); Senior Vice President, Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007 – November 2007); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (2001 – 2007). Trustee – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2007 – Present and December 2002 – May 2004). |
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Scott McHugh 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 42 | | Treasurer, Senior Vice President and Principal Financial Officer | | Since 2009(Principal Financial Officer since 2013) | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (February 2007 – Present); Assistant Treasurer of certain mutual funds administered by DWS Scudder (2005 – 2007); and Director (2005 – 2007), Vice President (2000 – 2005), and Assistant Vice President (1998 – 2000), Deutsche Asset Management or its predecessor (1998 – 2007). Principal Financial Officer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2013 – Present); Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (October 2009 – Present); Senior Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2009 – Present); and Assistant Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007 – October 2009). |
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Name, Age and Address | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served1 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Philip V. Giuca, Jr. 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 51 | | Assistant Treasurer | | Since 1997 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (May 1992 – Present). Assistant Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Peter Fortner 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 55 | | Assistant Treasurer | | Since 2000 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (July 2000 – Present); Principal Financial Officer, Commerce Bank Mutual Fund Complex (2008 – Present); Associate, Prudential Insurance Company of America (November 1985 –June 2000); and Assistant Treasurer, certain closed-end funds administered by Prudential (1999 – 2000). Assistant Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Kenneth G. Curran 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 49 | | Assistant Treasurer | | Since 2001 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (November 1998 – Present); and Senior Tax Manager, KPMG Peat Marwick (accountants) (August 1995 – October 1998). Assistant Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Sarah Walton 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 42 | | Assistant Treasurer | | Since 2012 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2002 – Present); and Associate, Goldman Sachs (February 2000 – December 2002). Assistant Treasurer – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Jesse Cole 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 50 | | Vice President | | Since 1998 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 2006 – Present); Vice President, GSAM (June 1998 – Present); and Vice President, AIM Management Group, Inc. (investment adviser) (April 1996 – June 1998). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Kerry K. Daniels 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 50 | | Vice President | | Since 2000 | | Manager, Financial Control – Shareholder Services, Goldman Sachs (1986 – Present). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Mark Hancock 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 45 | | Vice President | | Since 2007 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (November 2005 – Present); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2000 – November 2005); Senior Vice President, Dreyfus Service Corp (1999 – 2000); and Vice President, Dreyfus Service Corp (1996 – 1999). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Carlos W. Samuels 6011 Connection Drive Irving, TX 75039 Age: 39 | | Vice President | | Since 2007 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2007 – Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (December 2005 – December 2007); and Analyst, Goldman Sachs (January 2004 – December 2005). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Name, Age and Address | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served1 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Miriam Cytryn 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 55 | | Vice President | | Since 2008 | | Vice President, GSAM (2008 – Present); Vice President of Divisional Management, Investment Management Division (2007 – 2008); Vice President and Chief of Staff, GSAM US Distribution (2003 – 2007); and Vice President of Employee Relations, Goldman Sachs (1996 – 2003). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Glen Casey 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 49 | | Vice President | | Since 2008 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (2007 – Present); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1997 – 2007). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Mark Heaney Christchurch Court 10-15 Newgate Street London, EC1A 7HD, UK Age: 46 | | Vice President | | Since 2010 | | Executive Director, GSAM (May 2005 – Present); Director of Operations (UK and Ireland), Invesco Asset Management (May 2004 – March 2005); Global Head of Investment Administration, Invesco Asset Management (September 2001 – May 2004); Managing Director (Ireland), Invesco Asset Management (March 2000 – September 2001); and Director of Investment Administration, Invesco Asset Management (December 1998 – March 2000). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Michael Magee 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 36 | | Vice President | | Since 2012 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2007-Present); Associate (December 2004-December 2007); and Analyst (December 2002-December 2004). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Robert McCormack 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 40 | | Vice President | | Since 2012 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2008 – Present); and Associate, Goldman Sachs (September 2005 – December 2008). Vice President – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Greg R. Wilson 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 40 | | Vice President | | Since 2013 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (January 2011 – Present); Head of the North American Sub-Advisory & Platform Distribution Group, GSAM (April 2010 – Present); and Business Development and Relationship Management Sub-Advisory & Platform Distribution Group, GSAM (May 2003 – April 2010). Vice President—Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Caroline Kraus 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 36 | | Secretary | | Since 2012 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2006 – Present); Associate General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (2012 – Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2006 – December 2011); and Associate, Weil, Gotshal & Manges, LLP (2002 – 2006). Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (August 2012 – Present); and Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (June 2012 – August 2012). |
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David Fishman 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 49 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2001 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 2001 – Present); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1997 – December 2001). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Name, Age and Address | | Position(s) Held with the Trust | | Term of Office and Length of Time Served1 | | Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years |
Danny Burke 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 51 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2001 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1987 – Present). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Deborah Farrell 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 42 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2007 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2005 – Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (2001 – 2005); and Analyst, Goldman Sachs (1994 – 2005). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Patrick T. O’Callaghan 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 41 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2009 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2000 – Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (1998 – 2000); and Analyst, Goldman Sachs (1995 – 1998). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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James P. McCarthy 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 49 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2009 | | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (2003 – Present); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1996 – 2003); and Portfolio Manager, Goldman Sachs (1995 – 1996). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Andrew Murphy 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 41 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2010 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (April 2009 – Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (April 2009 – Present); Attorney, Axiom Legal (2007 – 2009); and Vice President and Counsel, AllianceBernstein, L.P. (2001 – 2007). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Robert Griffith 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 39 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2011 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2011 – Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2011 – Present); Vice President and Counsel, Nomura Holding America, Inc. (2010 – 2011); and Associate, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP (2005 – 2010). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
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Matthew Wolfe 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 31 | | Assistant Secretary | | Since 2012 | | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (July 2012 – Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (July 2012 – Present); and Associate, Dechert LLP (2007 – 2012). Assistant Secretary – Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
1 | Officers hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Trustees or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Each officer holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. |
Standing Board Committees
The Audit Committee oversees the audit process and provides assistance to the Board with respect to fund accounting, tax compliance and financial statement matters. In performing its responsibilities, the Audit
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Committee selects and recommends annually to the Board an independent registered public accounting firm to audit the books and records of the Trust for the ensuing year, and reviews with the firm the scope and results of each audit. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee held five meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.
The Governance and Nominating Committee has been established to: (i) assist the Board in matters involving mutual fund governance, which includes making recommendations to the Board with respect to the effectiveness of the Board in carrying out its responsibilities in governing the Funds and overseeing their management; (ii) select and nominate candidates for appointment or election to serve as Independent Trustees; and (iii) advise the Board on ways to improve its effectiveness. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Governance and Nominating Committee. The Governance and Nominating Committee held two meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. As stated above, each Trustee holds office for an indefinite term until the occurrence of certain events. In filling Board vacancies, the Governance and Nominating Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders. Nominee recommendations should be submitted to the Trust at its mailing address stated in the Portfolios’ Prospectus and should be directed to the attention of the Goldman Sachs Trust Governance and Nominating Committee.
The Compliance Committee has been established for the purpose of overseeing the compliance processes: (i) of the Portfolios; and (ii) insofar as they relate to services provided to the Portfolios, of the Portfolios’ investment advisers, distributor, administrator (if any), and transfer agent, except that compliance processes relating to the accounting and financial reporting processes, and certain related matters, are overseen by the Audit Committee. In addition, the Compliance Committee provides assistance to the full Board with respect to compliance matters. The Compliance Committee met three times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Compliance Committee.
The Valuation Committee is authorized to act for the Board in connection with the valuation of portfolio securities held by the Portfolios in accordance with the Trust’s Valuation Procedures. Messrs. McNamara and Shuch serve on the Valuation Committee, together with certain employees of GSAM who are not Trustees. The Valuation Committee met twelve times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. The Valuation Committee reports periodically to the Board.
The Dividend Committee is authorized, subject to the ratification of Trustees who are not members of the committee, to declare dividends and capital gain distributions consistent with each Portfolio’s Prospectus. Messrs. McNamara and McHugh serve on the Dividend Committee. The Dividend Committee met twelve times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.
The Contract Review Committee has been established for the purpose of overseeing the processes of the Board for reviewing and monitoring performance under the Portfolios’ investment management, distribution, transfer agency, and certain other agreements with the Portfolios’ Investment Advisers and their affiliates. The Contract Review Committee is also responsible for overseeing the Board’s processes for considering and reviewing performance under the operation of the Portfolios’ distribution, service, shareholder administration and other plans, and any agreements related to the plans, whether or not such plans and agreements are adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act. The Contract Review Committee also provides appropriate assistance to the Board in connection with the Board’s approval, oversight and review of the Portfolios’ other service providers including, without limitation, the Portfolios’ custodian/accounting agent, sub-transfer agents, professional (legal and accounting) firms and printing firms. The Contract Review Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Contract Review Committee.
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Risk Oversight
The Board is responsible for the oversight of the activities of the Funds, including oversight of risk management. Day-to-day risk management with respect to the Portfolios is the responsibility of GSAM or other service providers (depending on the nature of the risk), subject to supervision by GSAM. The risks of the Portfolios include, but are not limited to, investment risk, compliance risk, operational risk, reputation risk, credit risk and counterparty risk. Each of GSAM and the other service providers have their own independent interest in risk management and their policies and methods of risk management may differ from the Portfolios and each other’s in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result, the Board recognizes that it is not possible to identify all of the risks that may affect the Portfolios or to develop processes and controls to eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects, and that some risks are simply beyond the control of the Portfolios or GSAM, its affiliates or other service providers.
The Board effectuates its oversight role primarily through regular and special meetings of the Board and Board committees. In certain cases, risk management issues are specifically addressed in presentations and discussions. For example, GSAM has an independent dedicated Market Risk Group that assists GSAM in managing investment risk. Representatives from the Market Risk Group regularly meet with the Board to discuss their analysis and methodologies. In addition, investment risk is discussed in the context of regular presentations to the Board on Portfolio strategy and performance. Other types of risk are addressed as part of presentations on related topics (e.g. compliance policies) or in the context of presentations focused specifically on one or more risks. The Board also receives reports from GSAM management on operational risks, reputational risks and counterparty risks relating to the Portfolios.
Board oversight of risk management is also performed by various Board committees. For example, the Audit Committee meets with both the Portfolios’ independent registered public accounting firm and the GSAM’s internal audit group to review risk controls in place that support the Portfolios as well as test results, and the Compliance Committee meets with the CCO and representatives of GSAM’s compliance group to review testing results of the Portfolios’ compliance policies and procedures and other compliance issues. Board oversight of risk is also performed as needed between meetings through communications between the GSAM and the Board. The Board may, at any time and in its discretion, change the manner in which it conducts risk oversight. The Board’s oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Portfolio’s investments or activities.
Trustee Ownership of Portfolio Shares
The following table shows the dollar range of shares beneficially owned by each Trustee (then serving) in the Portfolios and other portfolios of the Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund as of December 31, 2012, unless otherwise noted.
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| | | | | | |
Name of Trustee | | Dollar Range of Equity Securities in the Portfolios(1) | | Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in All Portfolios in Fund Complex Overseen By Trustee | |
Ashok N. Bakhru | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Donald C. Burke | | Balanced Strategy Portfolio: $1 - $10,000 Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio: $1 - $10,000 Growth Strategy Portfolio: $1- $10,000 Income Strategy Portfolio: $10,001 - $50,000 Satellite Strategies Portfolio: $10,001 - $50,000 Growth and Income Strategies: $1 - $10,000 | | | Over $100,000 | |
John P. Coblentz, Jr. | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Diana M. Daniels | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Joseph P. LoRusso | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
James A. McNamara | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Jessica Palmer | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Alan A. Shuch | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
Richard P. Strubel | | None | | | Over $100,000 | |
1 | Includes the value of shares beneficially owned by each Trustee in each Portfolio described in this SAI. |
As of April 1st, 2013, the Trustees and Officers of the Trust as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of beneficial interest of each Portfolio.
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Board Compensation
Each Independent Trustee is compensated with a unitary annual fee for his or her services as a Trustee of the Trust and as a member of the Governance and Nominating Committee, Compliance Committee, Contract Review Committee, and Audit Committee. The Chairman and “audit committee financial expert” receive additional compensation for their services. The Independent Trustees are also reimbursed for travel expenses incurred in connection with attending meetings. The Trust may also pay the incidental costs of a Trustee to attend training or other types of conferences relating to the investment company industry.
The following tables set forth certain information with respect to the compensation of each Trustee of the Trust (then serving) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012:
Trustee Compensation
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Name of Trustee | | Balanced Strategy Portfolio | | | Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio | | | Growth Strategy Portfolio | | | Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio | | | Income Strategies Portfolio | | | Satellite Strategies Portfolio | | | Aggregate Compensation from the Portfolios | | | Pension or Retirement Benefits Accrued as Part of the Trust’s Expenses | | | Total Compensation From Fund Complex (including the Portfolios)* | |
Ashok N. Bakhru1 | | $ | 3,309 | | | $ | 3,563 | | | $ | 3,206 | | | $ | 3,206 | | | $ | 3,037 | | | $ | 3,611 | | | $ | 19,932 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 395,000 | |
Donald C. Burke | | $ | 2,126 | | | $ | 2,300 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 1,960 | | | $ | 2,331 | | | $ | 12,857 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 255,000 | |
John P. Coblentz, Jr.2 | | $ | 2,471 | | | $ | 2,661 | | | $ | 2,395 | | | $ | 2,395 | | | $ | 2,268 | | | $ | 2,697 | | | $ | 14,887 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 295,000 | |
Diana M. Daniels | | $ | 2,136 | | | $ | 2,300 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 1,960 | | | $ | 2,331 | | | $ | 12,867 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 255,000 | |
Joseph P. LoRusso | | $ | 2,136 | | | $ | 2,300 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 1,960 | | | $ | 2,331 | | | $ | 12,867 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 255,000 | |
James A. McNamara3 | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | |
Jessica Palmer | | $ | 2,136 | | | $ | 2,300 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 1,960 | | | $ | 2,331 | | | $ | 12,867 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 255,000 | |
Alan A. Shuch3 | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 0 | |
Richard P. Strubel | | $ | 2,136 | | | $ | 2,300 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 2,070 | | | $ | 1,960 | | | $ | 2,331 | | | $ | 12,867 | | | $ | 0 | | | $ | 255,000 | |
* | Represents fees paid to each Trustee during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 from the Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. As of the most recent fiscal year end, neither the Portfolios nor the Fund Complex paid any fees to Messrs. Markley or Templin, who were not yet serving as Trustees. |
1 | Includes compensation as Board Chairman. |
2 | Includes compensation as “audit committee financial expert”, as defined in Item 3 of Form N-CSR. |
3 | Messrs. McNamara and Shuch are Interested Trustees, and as such, receive no compensation from the Portfolios or the Fund Complex. |
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Miscellaneous
Class A Shares of the Portfolios may be sold at NAV without payment of any sales charge to Goldman Sachs, its affiliates and their respective officers, partners, directors or employees (including retired employees and former partners), any partnership of which Goldman Sachs is a general partner, any Trustee or officer of the Trust and designated family members of any of the above individuals. These and the Portfolios’ other sales load waivers are due to the nature of the investors and/or the reduced sales effort and expense that are needed to obtain such investments.
The Trust, its Investment Adviser and principal underwriter have adopted codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1 of the Act that permit personnel subject to their particular codes of ethics to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Portfolios or the Underlying Funds.
MANAGEMENT SERVICES
As stated in the Portfolios’ Prospectus, GSAM, 200 West Street, New York, New York 10282, serves as Investment Adviser to the Portfolios and to most of the Underlying Funds. GSAM is a subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. Prior to the end of April, 2003, Goldman Sachs Asset Management, a business unit of the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs served as the investment adviser to the Portfolios and to most of the Underlying Funds. On or about April 26, 2003, GSAM assumed investment advisory responsibilities for the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds that had been advised by Goldman Sachs Asset Management. Goldman Sachs Asset Management International (“GSAMI”), Procession House, Christchurch Court, 10-15 Newgate Street, London, England EC1A7HD, an affiliate of Goldman Sachs, serves as investment adviser to International Small Cap, Emerging Markets Equity and Global Income Funds, as well as certain other investment portfolios of the Trust pursuant to a Management Agreement. As a company with unlimited liability under the laws of England, GSAMI is regulated by the Investment Management Regulatory Organization Limited, a United Kingdom self-regulatory organization, in the conduct of its investment advisory business. See “Service Providers” in the Portfolios’ Prospectus for a description of the Investment Adviser’s duties to the Portfolios.
Founded in 1869, Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a financial holding company and a leading investment banking, securities and investment management firm. Goldman Sachs is a leader in developing portfolio strategies and in many fields of investing and financing, participating in financial markets worldwide and serving individuals, institutions, corporations and governments. Goldman Sachs is also among the principal market sources for current and thorough information on companies, industrial sectors, markets, economies and currencies, and trades and makes markets in a wide range of equity and debt securities 24 hours a day. The firm is headquartered in New York with offices in countries throughout the world. It has trading professionals throughout the United States, as well as in London, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Seoul, Sao Paulo and other major financial centers around the world. The active participation of Goldman Sachs in the world’s financial markets enhances its ability to identify attractive investments. Goldman Sachs has agreed to permit the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds to use the name “Goldman Sachs” or a derivative thereof as part of each Portfolio’s and Underlying Fund’s name for as long as a Portfolio’s and Underlying Fund’s respective Management Agreement is in effect.
The Underlying Funds’ investment advisers are able to draw on the substantial research and market expertise of Goldman Sachs, whose investment research effort is one of the largest in the industry. Our Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research division provides original fundamental insights and analysis for clients in the equity, fixed income and currency and commodities markets. The group covers areas such as economics, portfolio strategy, derivatives and equity and credit securities in more than 25 stock markets and 50 economies and regions around the world. The in-depth information and analyses generated by Goldman Sachs’ research analysts are available to the investment advisers, subject to Chinese Wall restrictions.
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In addition, many of Goldman Sachs’ economists, securities analysts, portfolio strategists and credit analysts have consistently been highly ranked in respected industry surveys conducted in the United States and abroad. Goldman Sachs is also among the leading investment firms using quantitative analytics (now used by a growing number of investors) to structure and evaluate portfolios. For example, Goldman Sachs’ options evaluation model analyzes a security’s term, coupon and call option, providing an overall analysis of the security’s value relative to its interest risk.
In managing the Underlying Funds, the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers have access to Goldman Sachs’ economics research. The Economics Research Department, based in London, conducts economic, financial and currency markets research which analyzes economic trends and interest and exchange rate movements worldwide. The Economics Research Department tracks factors such as inflation and money supply figures, balance of trade figures, economic growth, commodity prices, monetary and fiscal policies, and political events that can influence interest rates and currency trends. The success of Goldman Sachs’ international research team has brought wide recognition to its members. The team has earned top rankings in various external surveys such as Pensions and Investments, Forbes and Dalbar. These rankings acknowledge the achievements of the firm’s economists, strategists and equity analysts.
In structuring certain Underlying Fixed Income Funds’ securities portfolios, each Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s investment adviser will review the existing overall economic and mortgage market trends. Each investment adviser will then study yield spreads, the implied volatility and the shape of the yield curve. The investment adviser will then apply this analysis to a list of eligible securities that meet each Underlying Fund’s investment guidelines.
With respect to certain Underlying Fixed Income Funds, each investment adviser expects to utilize Goldman Sachs’ sophisticated option-adjusted analytics to help make strategic asset allocations within the markets for U.S. Government securities, Mortgage-Backed Securities and other securities and to employ this technology periodically to re-evaluate the Funds’ investments as market conditions change. Goldman Sachs has also developed a prepayment model designed to estimate mortgage prepayments and cash flows under different interest rate scenarios. Because a Mortgage-Backed Security incorporates the borrower’s right to prepay the mortgage, the investment adviser uses a sophisticated option-adjusted spread (“OAS”) model to measure expected returns. A security’s OAS is a function of the level and shape of the yield curve, volatility and the investment adviser expectation of how a change in interest rates will affect prepayment levels. Since the OAS model assumes a relationship between prepayments and interest rates, the investment adviser considers it a better way to measure a security’s expected return and absolute and relative values than yield to maturity. In using OAS technology, the investment adviser will first evaluate the absolute level of a security’s OAS and consider its liquidity and its interest rate, volatility and prepayment sensitivity. The investment adviser will then analyze its value relative to alternative investments and to its own investments. The investment adviser will also measure a security’s interest rate risk by computing an option adjusted duration (“OAD”). The investment adviser believes a security’s OAD is a better measurement of its price sensitivity than cash flow duration, which systematically misstates portfolio duration. The investment adviser also evaluates returns for different mortgage market sectors and evaluates the credit risk of individual securities. This sophisticated technical analysis allows the investment advisers to develop portfolio and trading strategies using Mortgage-Backed Securities that are believed to be superior investments on a risk-adjusted basis and which provide the flexibility to meet the respective Underlying Fixed Income Fund’s duration targets and cash flow pattern requirements.
Because the OAS is adjusted for the differing characteristics of the underlying securities, the OAS of different Mortgage-Backed Securities can be compared directly as an indication of their relative value in the market. The investment adviser also expects to use OAS-based pricing methods to calculate projected security returns under different, discrete interest rate scenarios, and Goldman Sachs’ proprietary prepayment model to generate yield estimates under these scenarios. The OAS, scenario returns, expected returns, and yields of securities in the mortgage market can be combined and analyzed in an optimal risk-return matching framework.
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The investment adviser will use OAS analytics to choose what it believes is an appropriate portfolio of investments for an Underlying Fund from a universe of eligible investments. In connection with initial portfolio selections, in addition to using OAS analytics as an aid to meeting each Underlying Fund’s particular composition and performance targets, the investment adviser will also take into account important market criteria like the available supply and relative liquidity of various mortgage securities in structuring the portfolio.
The Underlying Funds’ investment advisers also expect to use OAS analytics to evaluate the mortgage market on an ongoing basis. Changes in the relative value of various Mortgage-Backed Securities could suggest tactical trading opportunities for the Underlying Funds. The investment advisers will have access to both current market analysis as well as historical information on the relative value relationships among different Mortgage-Backed Securities. Current market analysis and historical information is available in the Goldman Sachs database for most actively traded Mortgage-Backed Securities.
Goldman Sachs has agreed to provide the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers, on a non-exclusive basis, use of its mortgage prepayment model, OAS model and any other proprietary services which it now has or may develop, to the extent such services are made available to other similar customers. Use of these services by the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers with respect to an Underlying Fund does not preclude Goldman Sachs from providing these services to third parties or using such services as a basis for trading for its own account or the account of others.
The fixed income research capabilities of Goldman Sachs available to the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers include the Goldman Sachs Fixed Income Research Department and the Credit Department. The Fixed Income Research Department monitors developments in U.S. and foreign fixed income markets, assesses the outlooks for various sectors of the markets and provides relative value comparisons, as well as analyzes trading opportunities within and across market sectors. The Fixed Income Research Department is at the forefront in developing and using computer-based tools for analyzing fixed income securities and markets, developing new fixed income products and structuring portfolio strategies for investment policy and tactical asset allocation decisions. The Credit Department tracks specific governments, regions and industries and from time to time may review the credit quality of an Underlying Fund’s investments.
In allocating assets among foreign countries and currencies for the Underlying Funds which can invest in foreign securities, the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers will have access to the Global Asset Allocation Model. The model is based on the observation that the prices of all financial assets, including foreign currencies, will adjust until investors globally are comfortable holding the pool of outstanding assets. Using the model, the investment advisers will estimate the total returns from each currency sector which are consistent with the average investor holding a portfolio equal to the market capitalization of the financial assets among those currency sectors. These estimated equilibrium returns are then combined with the expectations of Goldman Sachs’ research professionals to produce an optimal currency and asset allocation for the level of risk suitable for an Underlying Fund given its investment objectives and criteria.
The Management Agreements for the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds provide that their investment advisers (and their affiliates) may render similar services to others as long as the services provided by them thereunder are not impaired thereby.
The Portfolios’ Management Agreement was most recently approved by the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not parties to the management agreement or “interested persons” (as such term is defined in the Act) of any party thereto (the “non-interested Trustees”), on June 13 2012. A discussion regarding the Trustees’ basis for approving the Management Agreement on behalf of each Portfolio is available in the Portfolios’ Semi-Annual Report dated June 30, 2012.
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The Portfolios’ Management Agreement will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and will continue in effect with respect to the applicable Portfolio from year to year thereafter provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (i) the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of such Portfolio or a majority of the Trustees of the Trust, and (ii) the vote of a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.
The Management Agreements for the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds then in existence were last approved by the shareholders of such Portfolios and such Underlying Funds on April 21, 1997. The Management Agreements for those Portfolios and Underlying Funds that commenced investment operations after April 21, 1997 were last approved by the initial sole shareholder of each such Portfolio and Underlying Fund prior to its commencement of operations.
The Portfolios’ Management Agreement will terminate automatically with respect to a Portfolio if assigned (as defined in the Act) and is terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the applicable Portfolio on 60 days’ written notice to the Investment Adviser and by the Investment Adviser on 60 days’ written notice to the Trust.
Pursuant to the Portfolios’ Management Agreement, the Investment Adviser is entitled to receive the fees set forth below, payable monthly, based on such Portfolio’s average daily net assets:
| | | | |
Portfolio | | Contractual Rate | |
Balanced Strategy | | | 0.15 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 0.15 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 0.15 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 0.15 | |
Income Strategies | | | 0.124 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 0.124 | |
The fees paid by the Portfolios for services rendered pursuant to the Management Agreement were as follows (with and without the fee limitations that were then in effect) for the fiscal year ended December 31:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2012 | | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
Portfolio | | With Fee Limitations | | | Without Fee Limitations | | | With Fee Limitations | | | Without Fee Limitations | | | With Fee Limitations | | | Without Fee Limitations | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 876,628 | | | $ | 876,628 | | | $ | 1,053,929 | | | $ | 1,053,929 | | | $ | 1,126,002 | | | $ | 1,126,002 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | $ | 1,682,441 | | | $ | 1,682,441 | | | | 2,290,458 | | | | 2,290,458 | | | | 2,714,121 | | | | 2,714,121 | |
Growth Strategy | | $ | 1,393,865 | | | $ | 1,393,865 | | | | 1,841,617 | | | | 1,841,617 | | | | 2,138,375 | | | | 2,138,375 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | $ | 574,343 | | | $ | 574,343 | | | | 737,082 | | | | 737,082 | | | | 833,794 | | | | 833,794 | |
Income Strategies | | $ | 45,276 | | | $ | 45,276 | | | | 48,301 | | | | 48,301 | | | | 31,548 | | | | 31,548 | |
Satellite Strategies | | $ | 1,455,531 | | | $ | 1,455,531 | | | | 1,187,483 | | | | 1,187,483 | | | | 742,698 | | | | 742,698 | |
In addition to providing advisory services, under the Management Agreement, the Investment Adviser also performs administrative services for the applicable Portfolio, which include, subject to the general supervision of the Trustees of the Trust: (i) providing supervision of all aspects of the Portfolios’ non-
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investment operations (other than certain operations performed by others pursuant to agreements with the Portfolios); (ii) providing the Portfolios, to the extent not provided pursuant to the agreement with the Trust’s custodian, transfer and dividend disbursing agent or agreements with other institutions, with personnel to perform such executive, administrative and clerical services as are reasonably necessary to provide effective administration of the Portfolios; (iii) arranging, to the extent not provided pursuant to such agreements, for the preparation at the Portfolios’ expense, of each Portfolios’ tax returns, reports to shareholders, periodic updating of the Portfolios’ Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, and reports filed with the SEC and other regulatory authorities; (iv) providing the Portfolios, to the extent not provided pursuant to such agreements, with adequate office space and certain related office equipment and services; and (v) maintaining all of the Portfolios’ records other than those maintained pursuant to such agreements.
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Portfolio Managers –Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers
The following tables disclose accounts within each type of category listed below for which the portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for day to day portfolio management as of December 31, 2012, unless otherwise noted. For each portfolio manager listed below, the total number of accounts managed is a reflection of accounts within the strategy they oversee or manage, as well as accounts which participate in the sector they manage. There are multiple portfolio managers involved with each account.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Other Accounts Managed and Total Assets by Account Type | | | Number of Accounts and Total Assets for Which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based | |
Name of Portfolio Manager | | Registered Investment Companies | | | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | | | Other Accounts | | | Registered Investment Companies | | | Other Pooled Investment Vehicles | | | Other Accounts | |
| | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | | | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | | | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | | | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | | | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | | | Number of Accounts | | | Assets Managed | |
Balanced Strategy Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Growth Strategy Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Income Strategies Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Satellite Strategies Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Nicholas Chan | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
William Fallon | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
Steve Jeneste | | | 37 | | | $ | 8.6 billion | | | | 47 | | | $ | 5.6 billion | | | | 1654 | | | $ | 21.1 Billion | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2 | | | $ | 0.17 Billion | | | | 7 | | | $ | 2 Billion | |
B-112
Conflicts of Interest. The Investment Adviser’s portfolio managers are often responsible for managing one or more of the Portfolios as well as other accounts, including proprietary accounts, separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles, such as unregistered hedge funds. A portfolio manager may manage a separate account or other pooled investment vehicle which may have materially higher fee arrangements than the Portfolio and may also have a performance-based fee. The side-by-side management of these funds may raise potential conflicts of interest relating to cross trading, the allocation of investment opportunities and the aggregation and allocation of trades.
The Investment Adviser has a fiduciary responsibility to manage all client accounts in a fair and equitable manner. The Investment Adviser seeks to provide best execution of all securities transactions and aggregate and then allocate securities to client accounts in a fair and timely manner. To this end, the Investment Adviser has developed policies and procedures designed to mitigate and manage the potential conflicts of interest that may arise from side-by-side management. In addition, the Investment Adviser and the Portfolios have adopted policies limiting the circumstances under which cross-trades may be effected between a Portfolio and another client account. The Investment Adviser conducts periodic reviews of trades for consistency with these policies. For more information about conflicts of interests that may arise in connection with the portfolio manager’s management of the Portfolios’ investments and the investments of other accounts, see “POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST – Potential Conflicts Relating to the Allocation of Investment Opportunities Among the Funds and Other Goldman Sachs Accounts and Potential Conflicts Relating to Goldman Sachs’ and the Investment Adviser’s Proprietary Activities and Activities on Behalf of Other Accounts.”
Portfolio Managers - Compensation
Compensation for portfolio managers of the Investment Adviser is comprised of a base salary and discretionary variable compensation. The base salary is fixed from year to year. Year-end discretionary variable compensation is primarily a function of each portfolio manager’s individual performance; his or her contribution to the overall team performance; the performance of the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs; the team’s net revenues for the past year which in part is derived from advisory fees, and for certain accounts, performance-based fees; and anticipated compensation levels among competitor firms. Portfolio managers are rewarded in part for their delivery of investment performance, measured on a pre-tax basis, which is reasonably expected to meet or exceed the expectations of clients and fund shareholders in terms of excess return over an applicable benchmark, peer group ranking, risk management and factors specific to certain funds such as yield or regional focus. Performance is judged over 1-, 3- and 5-year time horizons.
For compensation purposes, the benchmarks for these funds are:
| | |
Fund of Funds Portfolio | | Benchmarks |
Balanced Strategy Portfolio | | Balanced Strategy Composite Index (comprised of the MSCI ACWI Index (40%) and the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (60%)) |
Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio | | Growth and Income Strategy Composite Index (comprised of the MSCI ACWI Index (60%) and the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (40%)) |
Growth Strategy Portfolio | | Growth Strategy Composite Index (comprised of the MSCI ACWI Index (80%) and the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (20%)) |
Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio | | MSCI ACWI Index |
Income Strategies Portfolio | | Income Strategies Composite Index (comprised of the MSCI World Index (40%) and the Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index (60%)) |
Satellite Strategies Portfolio | | Satellite Strategies Composite Index (comprised of the MSCI EAFE Index (30%), the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (40%), and the S&P 500 Index (30%)) |
B-113
The discretionary variable compensation for portfolio managers is also significantly influenced by: (1) effective participation in team research discussions and process; and (2) management of risk in alignment with the targeted risk parameter and investment objective of the Portfolio. Other factors may also be considered, including: (1) general client/shareholder orientation and (2) teamwork and leadership. Portfolio managers may receive equity-based awards as part of their discretionary variable compensation.
Other Compensation. In addition to base salary and discretionary variable compensation, the Investment Adviser has a number of additional benefits in place including: (1) a 401(k) program that enables employees to direct a percentage of their pretax salary and bonus income into a tax-qualified retirement plan; and (2) investment opportunity programs in which certain professionals may participate subject to certain eligibility requirements.
Portfolio Managers - Portfolio Managers’ Ownership of Shares of the Portfolios They Manage
The following table shows the portfolio managers’ ownership of shares of the Portfolios they manage.
| | |
Name of Portfolio Manager | | Dollar Range of Equity Securities Beneficially Owned by Portfolio Manager* |
Balanced Strategy Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $1 - $10,000 |
Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $1 - $10,000 |
Growth Strategy Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $1 - $10,000 |
Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $1 - $10,000 |
Income Strategies Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $1 - $10,000 |
Satellite Strategies Portfolio | | |
Nicholas Chan | | $1 - $10,000 |
William Fallon | | $100,001 - $500,000 |
Steve Jeneste | | $10,001 - $50,000 |
* | This information is as of May 31, 2013, unless otherwise noted. |
B-114
Distributor and Transfer Agent
Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, New York 10282, serves as the exclusive distributor of shares of the Portfolios pursuant to a “best efforts” arrangement as provided by a distribution agreement with the Trust on behalf of each Portfolio. Shares of the Portfolios are offered and sold on a continuous basis by Goldman Sachs, acting as agent. Pursuant to the distribution agreement, after the Portfolios’ Prospectus and periodic reports have been prepared, set in type and mailed to shareholders, Goldman Sachs will pay for the printing and distribution of copies thereof used in connection with the offering to prospective investors. Goldman Sachs will also pay for other supplementary sales literature and advertising costs. Goldman Sachs may enter into sales agreements with certain investment dealers and other financial service firms (the “Authorized Institutions”) to solicit subscriptions for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shares of each of the Portfolios that offer such classes of shares. Goldman Sachs receives a portion of the sales charge imposed on the sale, in the case of Class A Shares, or redemption in the case of Class B and Class C Shares (and in certain cases, Class A Shares), of such Portfolio shares.
Goldman Sachs retained approximately the following combined commissions on sales of Class A, Class B and Class C Shares during the fiscal periods ended December 31:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | 2012 | | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 28,114 | | | $ | 158,517 | | | $ | 274,856 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 55,666 | | | | 214,670 | | | | 418,324 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 43,567 | | | | 126,452 | | | | 208,191 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 19,288 | | | | 50,775 | | | | 69,477 | |
Income Strategies | | | 3,392 | | | | 8,715 | | | | 10,687 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 96,670 | | | | 240,690 | | | | 246,226 | |
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Dealer Reallowances. Class A Shares of the Portfolios are sold subject to a front-end sales charge, as described in the Prospectus and in this SAI in the section “SHARES OF THE TRUST.” Goldman Sachs pays commissions to Authorized Institutions who sell Class A shares of the Portfolios in the form of a “reallowance” of all or a portion of the sales charge paid on the purchase of those shares. Goldman Sachs reallows the following amounts, expressed as a percentage of each Portfolio’s offering price with respect to purchases under $50,000:
| | | | |
Portfolio | | Dealer Reallowance as Percentage of Offering Price | |
Balanced Strategy | | | 4.93 | % |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 4.94 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 4.94 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 4.94 | |
Income Strategies | | | 4.95 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 4.80 | |
Dealer allowances may be changed periodically. During special promotions, the entire sales charge may be reallowed to Authorized Institutions. Authorized Institutions to whom substantially the entire sales charge is reallowed may be deemed to be “underwriters” under the Securities Act of 1933.
Transfer Agent. Goldman Sachs, 71 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606, also serves as the Trust’s transfer and dividend disbursing agent. Under its transfer agency agreement with the Trust, Goldman Sachs has undertaken with the Trust with respect to each Portfolio to: (i) record the issuance, transfer and redemption of shares, (ii) provide purchase and redemption confirmations and quarterly statements, as well as certain other statements, (iii) provide certain information to the Trust’s custodian and the relevant sub-custodian in connection with redemptions, (iv) provide dividend crediting and certain disbursing agent services, (v) maintain shareholder accounts, (vi) provide certain state Blue Sky and other information, (vii) provide shareholders and certain regulatory authorities with tax-related information, (viii) respond to shareholder inquiries, and (ix) render certain other miscellaneous services. For its transfer agency and dividend disbursing agent services, Goldman Sachs is entitled to receive a fee equal, on an annualized basis, to 0.04% of average daily net assets with respect to a Portfolio’s Institutional and Service Shares and 0.19% of average daily net assets with respect to a Portfolio’s Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shares. Goldman Sachs may pay to certain intermediaries who perform transfer agent services to shareholders a networking or sub-transfer agent fee. These payments will be made from the transfer agency fees noted above and in the Portfolios’ Prospectus.
As compensation for the services rendered to the Trust by Goldman Sachs as transfer agent and the assumption by Goldman Sachs of the expenses related thereto, Goldman Sachs received fees for the fiscal periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 from each Portfolio as follows under the fee schedules then in effect:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | 2012 | | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
Balanced Strategy | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 558,815 | | | $ | 748,158 | | | $ | 828,177 | |
Class B Shares | | | 40,234 | | | | 54,936 | | | | 65,959 | |
Class C Shares | | | 165,054 | | | | 211,932 | | | | 256,519 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 68,699 | | | | 63,102 | | | | 54,939 | |
Service Shares | | | 867 | | | | 1,248 | | | | 1,466 | |
Class R Shares | | | 14,455 | | | | 13,533 | | | | 6,499 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 1,398 | | | | 757 | | | | 1,194 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 1,241,013 | | | $ | 1,829,740 | | | $ | 2,205,681 | |
Class B Shares | | | 126,399 | | | | 171,412 | | | | 202,922 | |
Class C Shares | | | 440,857 | | | | 587,249 | | | | 725,305 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 64,140 | | | | 62,070 | | | | 60,844 | |
Service Shares | | | 1,614 | | | | 1,847 | | | | 2,275 | |
Class R Shares | | | 3,163 | | | | 7,951 | | | | 3,785 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 7,327 | | | | 1,289 | | | | 375 | |
Growth Strategy | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 972,359 | | | $ | 1,328,566 | | | $ | 1,545,684 | |
Class B Shares | | | 121,132 | | | | 162,408 | | | | 194,382 | |
Class C Shares | | | 462,112 | | | | 605,810 | | | | 749,179 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 40,397 | | | | 45,807 | | | | 42,312 | |
Service Shares | | | 1,385 | | | | 1,751 | | | | 2,597 | |
Class R Shares | | | 8,728 | | | | 8,036 | | | | 4,883 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 2,767 | | | | 1,996 | | | | 1,163 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 374,582 | | | $ | 495,711 | | | $ | 579,574 | |
Class B Shares | | | 37,312 | | | | 49,109 | | | | 56,476 | |
Class C Shares | | | 204,790 | | | | 264,644 | | | | 309,610 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 20,801 | | | | 23,098 | | | | 20,678 | |
Service Shares | | | 434 | | | | 748 | | | | 1,558 | |
Class R Shares | | | 9,010 | | | | 9,810 | | | | 3,947 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 938 | | | | 1,096 | | | | 912 | |
Income Strategies | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 33,400 | | | $ | 36,896 | | | $ | 20,509 | |
Class C Shares | | | 21,690 | | | | 20,321 | | | | 10,815 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 2,158 | | | | 3,214 | | | | 3,404 | |
Class R Shares | | | 189 | | | | 108 | | | | 216 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 3,845 | | | | 1,418 | | | | 631 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Class A Shares | | $ | 435,020 | | | $ | 429,624 | | | $ | 314,286 | |
Class C Shares | | | 238,880 | | | | 225,206 | | | | 141,200 | |
Institutional Shares | | | 285,740 | | | | 218,154 | | | | 131,324 | |
Service Shares | | | 13,664 | | | | 11,380 | | | | 6,276 | |
Class R Shares | | | 4,957 | | | | 1,714 | | | | 930 | |
Class IR Shares | | | 129,225 | | | | 72,699 | | | | 27,990 | |
B-116
The Trust’s distribution and transfer agency agreements each provide that Goldman Sachs may render similar services to others so long as the services Goldman Sachs provides thereunder to the Portfolios are not impaired thereby. Such agreements also provide that the Trust will indemnify Goldman Sachs against certain liabilities.
Expenses
The Trust, on behalf of each Portfolio, is responsible for the payment of each Portfolio’s respective expenses. The expenses include, without limitation, the fees payable to the Investment Adviser, service fees and shareholder administration fees paid to Authorized Institutions, the fees and expenses payable to the Trust’s custodian and sub-custodians, transfer agent fees and expenses, brokerage fees and commissions, filing fees for the registration or qualification of the Trust’s shares under federal or state securities laws, expenses of the organization of the Portfolios, fees and expenses incurred by the Trust in connection with membership in investment company organizations including, but not limited to, the Investment Company Institute, taxes, interest, costs of liability insurance, fidelity bonds or indemnification, any costs, expenses or losses arising out of any liability of, or claim for damages or other relief asserted against, the Trust for violation of any law, legal, tax and auditing fees and expenses
B-117
(including the cost of legal and certain accounting services rendered by employees of Goldman Sachs or its affiliates with respect to the Trust), expenses of preparing and setting in type Prospectuses, SAIs, proxy material, reports and notices and the printing and distributing of the same to the Trust’s shareholders and regulatory authorities, shareholder expenses, any expenses assumed by a Portfolio pursuant to its distribution and service plans, compensation and expenses of its Independent Trustees, the fees and expenses of pricing services and extraordinary expenses, if any, incurred by the Trust. Except for fees and expenses under any service plan, shareholder administration plan, or distribution and service plan applicable to a particular class and transfer agency fees and expenses, all Portfolio expenses are borne on a non-class specific basis.
Fees and expenses borne by the Underlying Funds relating to legal counsel, registering shares of an Underlying Fund, holding meetings and communicating with shareholders may include an allocable portion of the cost of maintaining an internal legal and compliance department. Each Underlying Fund may also bear an allocable portion of the underlying investment adviser’s costs of performing certain accounting services not being provided by an Underlying Fund’s custodian.
The imposition of the Investment Adviser’s fees, as well as other operating expenses, will have the effect of reducing the total return to investors. From time to time, the Investment Adviser may waive receipt of its fees and/or voluntarily assume certain expenses of a Portfolio or Underlying Fund, which would have the effect of lowering that Portfolio or Underlying Fund’s overall expense ratio and increasing total return to investors at the time such amounts are waived or assumed, as the case may be.
The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit “Other Expenses” of the Portfolios (excluding service and shareholder administration fees (as applicable), Acquired (Underlying) Fund Fees and Expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, taxes, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to 0.010% of the Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolio’s average daily net assets, and to 0.004% of all other Portfolio’s average daily net assets through at least April 30, 2014, and prior to such date, the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangements without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitation may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so. The Portfolio’s “Other Expenses” may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Portfolio.
Such reductions or limits, if any, are calculated monthly on a cumulative basis during each Portfolio’s fiscal year.
Fees and expenses borne by the Portfolios relating to legal counsel, registering shares of an Underlying Fund, holding meetings and communicating with shareholders may include an allocable portion of the cost of maintaining an internal legal and compliance department. Each Portfolio may also bear an allocable portion of the Investment Adviser’s costs of performing certain accounting services not being provided by a Portfolio’s custodian.
B-118
Reimbursement
For the fiscal periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, the amounts of certain “Other Expenses” of each Portfolio then in existence were reduced or otherwise limited by the Investment Adviser as follows under the expense limitations with the Portfolios that were then in effect:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | 2012 | | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 317,476 | | | $ | 334,786 | | | $ | 355,825 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 375,507 | | | | 446,314 | | | | 521,313 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 379,834 | | | | 471,042 | | | | 540,769 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 312,579 | | | | 333,064 | | | | 361,752 | |
Income Strategies | | | 239,775 | | | | 236,954 | | | | 221,900 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 322,671 | | | | 360,269 | | | | 313,943 | |
Custodian and Sub-Custodians
State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”), 225 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is the custodian of the Trust’s portfolio securities and cash. State Street also maintains the Trust’s accounting records. State Street may appoint domestic and foreign sub-custodians and use depositories from time to time to hold certain securities and other instruments purchased by the Trust in foreign countries and to hold cash and currencies for the Trust.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 125 High Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110 has been appointed the Portfolios’ independent registered public accounting firm. In addition to audit services, as of January 21, 2007, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP prepares the Portfolios’ federal and state tax returns as of the Portfolios’ fiscal year beginning January 1, 2007, and provides assistance on certain non-audit matters.
POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
General Categories of Conflicts Associated with the Funds
Goldman Sachs (which, for purposes of this “POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST” section, shall mean, collectively, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., the Investment Adviser and their affiliates, directors, partners, trustees, managers, members, officers and employees) is a worldwide, full-service investment banking, broker-dealer, asset management and financial services organization and a major participant in global financial markets. As such, Goldman Sachs provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base. In those and other capacities, Goldman Sachs advises clients in all markets and transactions and purchases, sells, holds and recommends a broad array of investments for its own accounts and for the accounts of clients and of its personnel, through client accounts and the relationships and products it sponsors, manages and advises (such Goldman Sachs or other client accounts (including the Funds), relationships and products collectively, the “Accounts”). Goldman Sachs has direct and indirect interests in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, bank loan and other markets, and the securities and issuers, in which the Funds may directly and indirectly invest. As a result, Goldman Sachs’ activities and dealings may affect the Funds in ways that may disadvantage or restrict the Funds and/or benefit Goldman Sachs or other Accounts. For purposes of this “Potential Conflicts of Interest” section, “Funds” shall mean, collectively, the Portfolios and any of the other Goldman Sachs Funds.
The following are descriptions of certain conflicts of interest and potential conflicts of interest that may be associated with the financial or other interests that the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs may have in transactions effected by, with, and on behalf of the Funds. They are not, and are not intended to be, a complete enumeration or explanation of all of the potential conflicts of interest that may arise. Additional information about potential conflicts of interest regarding the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs is set forth in the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV, which prospective shareholders should review prior to purchasing Fund shares. A copy of Part 1 and Part 2 of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV is available on the SEC’s website (www.adviserinfo.sec.gov). A copy of Part 2 of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV will be provided to shareholders or prospective shareholders upon request.
The Sale of Fund Shares and the Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Sales Incentives and Related Conflicts Arising from Goldman Sachs’ Financial and Other Relationships with Intermediaries
Goldman Sachs and its personnel, including employees of the Investment Adviser, may have relationships (both involving and not involving the Funds, and including without limitation placement, brokerage, advisory and board relationships) with distributors, consultants and others who recommend, or engage in transactions with or for, the Funds. Such distributors, consultants and other parties may receive compensation from Goldman Sachs or the Funds in connection with such relationships. As a result of these relationships, distributors, consultants and other parties may have conflicts that create incentives for them to promote the Funds.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs and the Funds may make payments to authorized dealers and other financial intermediaries and to salespersons to promote the Funds. These payments may be made out of Goldman Sachs’ assets or amounts payable to Goldman Sachs. These payments may create an incentive for such persons to highlight, feature or recommend the Funds.
B-119
Allocation of Investment Opportunities Among the Funds and Other Accounts
The Investment Adviser may manage or advise multiple Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs and its personnel have an interest) that have investment objectives that are similar to the Funds and that may seek to make investments or sell investments in the same securities or other instruments, sectors or strategies as the Funds. This may create potential conflicts, particularly in circumstances where the availability of such investment opportunities is limited (e.g., in local and emerging markets, high yield securities, fixed income securities, regulated industries, small capitalization and initial public offerings/new issues) or where the liquidity of such investment opportunities is limited.
The Investment Adviser does not receive performance-based compensation in respect of its investment management activities on behalf of the Funds, but may simultaneously manage Accounts for which the Investment Adviser receives greater fees or other compensation (including performance-based fees or allocations) than it receives in respect of the Funds. The simultaneous management of Accounts that pay greater fees or other compensation and the Funds may create a conflict of interest as the Investment Adviser may have an incentive to favor Accounts with the potential to receive greater fees. For instance, the Investment Adviser may be faced with a conflict of interest when allocating scarce investment opportunities given the possibly greater fees from Accounts that pay performance-based fees. To address these types of conflicts, the Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures under which it will allocate investment opportunities in a manner that it believes is consistent with its obligations as an investment adviser. However, the amount, timing, structuring or terms of an investment by the Funds may differ from, and performance may be lower than, the investments and performance of other Accounts.
To address these potential conflicts, the Investment Adviser has developed allocation policies and procedures that provide that Goldman Sachs personnel making portfolio decisions for Accounts will make purchase and sale decisions for, and allocate investment opportunities among, Accounts consistent with the Investment Adviser’s fiduciary obligations. These policies and procedures may result in the pro rata allocation (on a basis determined by the Investment Adviser) of limited opportunities across eligible Accounts managed by a particular portfolio management team, but in many other cases the allocations reflect numerous other factors as described below. Accounts managed by different portfolio management teams may be viewed separately for allocation purposes. There will be cases where certain Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs and Goldman Sachs personnel have an interest) receive an allocation of an investment opportunity when the Funds do not.
Allocation-related decisions for the Funds and other Accounts may be made by reference to one or more factors, including without limitation: the Account’s portfolio and its investment horizons, objectives, guidelines and restrictions (including legal and regulatory restrictions affecting certain Accounts or affecting holdings across Accounts); strategic fit and other portfolio management considerations, including different desired levels of exposure to certain strategies; the expected future capacity of the applicable Accounts; limits on the Investment Adviser’s brokerage discretion; cash and liquidity considerations; and the availability of other appropriate investment opportunities. Suitability considerations, reputational matters and other considerations may also be considered. The application of these considerations may cause differences in the performance of Accounts that have strategies similar to those of the Fund. In addition, in some cases the Investment Adviser may make investment recommendations to Accounts where the Accounts make investments independently of the Investment Adviser. In circumstances in which there is limited availability of an investment opportunity, if such Accounts invest in the investment opportunity prior to a Fund, the availability of the investment opportunity for the Fund will be reduced irrespective of the Investment Adviser’s policies regarding allocation of investments. Additional information about the Investment Adviser’s allocation policies is set forth in Item 6 (“PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT—Side-by-Side Management”) of the Investment Adviser’s Form ADV.
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The Investment Adviser may, from time to time, develop and implement new trading strategies or seek to participate in new trading strategies and investment opportunities. These strategies and opportunities may not be employed in all Accounts or employed pro rata among Accounts where they are employed, even if the strategy or opportunity is consistent with the objectives of such Accounts.
During periods of unusual market conditions, the Investment Adviser may deviate from its normal trade allocation practices. For example, this may occur with respect to the management of unlevered and/or long-only Accounts that are typically managed on a side-by-side basis with levered and/or long-short Accounts.
The Investment Adviser and the Funds may receive notice of, or offers to participate in, investment opportunities. The Investment Adviser in its sole discretion will determine whether a Fund will participate in any such investment opportunities and investors should not expect that the Fund will participate in any such investment opportunities. Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing, the Funds may or may not receive, but in any event will have no rights with respect to, opportunities sourced by Goldman Sachs businesses and affiliates other than the Investment Adviser. Opportunities or any portion thereof that the Funds do not participate in may be offered to other Accounts, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), all or certain investors in the Funds, or such other persons or entities as determined by Goldman Sachs in its sole discretion, and the Funds will not receive any compensation related to such opportunities.
Goldman Sachs’ Financial and Other Interests May Incentivize Goldman Sachs to Promote the Sale of Fund Shares
Goldman Sachs and its personnel have interests in promoting sales of Fund shares, and the compensation from such sales may be greater than the compensation relating to sales of interests in other Accounts. Therefore, Goldman Sachs and its personnel may have a financial interest in promoting Fund shares over interests in other Accounts.
Management of the Funds by the Investment Adviser
Potential Restrictions and Issues Relating to Information Held by Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs has established certain information barriers and other policies to address the sharing of information between different businesses within Goldman Sachs. As a result of information barriers, the Investment Adviser generally will not have access, or will have limited access, to information and personnel in other areas of Goldman Sachs, and generally will not be able to manage the Funds with the benefit of information held by such other areas. Such other areas, including without limitation, Goldman Sachs’ prime brokerage and administration businesses, will have broad access to detailed information that is not available to the Investment Adviser, including information in respect of markets and investments, which, if known to the Investment Adviser, might cause the Investment Adviser to seek to dispose of, retain or increase interests in investments held by the Funds or acquire certain positions on behalf of the Funds, or take other actions. Goldman Sachs will be under no obligation or fiduciary or other duty to make any such information available to the Investment Adviser or personnel of the Investment Adviser involved in decision-making for the Funds. In addition, Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation to make available any information regarding its trading activities, strategies or views, or the activities, strategies or views used for other Accounts, for the benefit of the Funds. Different portfolio management teams within the Investment Adviser may make decisions based on information or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to Accounts they advise in a manner that may be adverse to the Funds. Such teams may not share information with the Funds’ portfolio management teams, including as a result of certain information barriers and other policies, and will not have any obligation to do so.
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Valuation of the Fund’s Investments
The Investment Adviser, while not the primary valuation agent of the Funds, performs certain valuation services related to securities and assets in the Funds. The Investment Adviser values securities and assets in the Funds according to its valuation policies. The Investment Adviser may value an identical asset differently than another division or unit within Goldman Sachs values the asset, including because such other division or unit has information regarding valuation techniques and models or other information that it does not share with the Investment Adviser. This is particularly the case in respect of difficult-to-value assets. The Investment Adviser may also value an identical asset differently in different Accounts (e.g., because different Accounts are subject to different valuation guidelines pursuant to their respective governing agreements, different third party vendors are hired to perform valuation functions for the Accounts or the Accounts are managed or advised by different portfolio management teams within the Investment Adviser). The Investment Adviser may face a conflict with respect to such valuations as they affect the Investment Adviser’s compensation.
Goldman Sachs’ and the Investment Adviser’s Activities on Behalf of Other Accounts
Goldman Sachs engages in various activities in the global financial markets. Goldman Sachs, acting in various capacities (including investment banker, market maker, investor, broker, advisor and research provider), may take actions or advise on transactions in respect of Accounts (including the Funds) or companies or affiliated or unaffiliated investment funds in which one or more Funds have an interest that may have potential adverse effects on the Funds.
The Investment Adviser provides advisory services to the Funds. The Investment Adviser’s decisions and actions on behalf of the Funds may differ from those on behalf of other Accounts. Advice given to, or investment or voting decisions made for, one or more Accounts may compete with, affect, differ from, conflict with, or involve timing different from, advice given to or investment decisions made for the Funds.
Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser), the clients it advises, and its personnel have interests in and advise Accounts that have investment objectives or portfolios similar to or opposed to those of the Funds, and/or which engage in and compete for transactions in the same types of securities and other instruments as the Funds. Transactions by such Accounts may involve the same or related securities or other instruments as those in which the Funds invest, and may negatively affect the Funds or the prices or terms at which the Funds’ transactions may be effected. For example, Accounts may engage in a strategy while the Funds are undertaking the same or a differing strategy, any of which could directly or indirectly disadvantage the Funds. The Funds on one hand and Goldman Sachs or Accounts on the other hand may also vote differently on or take or refrain from taking different actions with respect to the same security, which may be disadvantageous to the Funds. Goldman Sachs or Accounts, on the one hand, and a Fund, on the other hand, may also invest in or extend credit to different classes of securities or different parts of the capital structure of the same issuer and as a result Goldman Sachs or Accounts may take actions that adversely affect the Fund. In addition, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) may advise Accounts with respect to different parts of the capital structure of the same issuer, or classes of securities that are subordinate or senior to securities, in which a Fund invests. As a result, Goldman Sachs may pursue or enforce rights or activities, or refrain from pursuing or enforcing rights or activities, on behalf of Accounts with respect to a particular issuer in which one or more Funds have invested. The Funds could sustain losses during periods in which Goldman Sachs and other Accounts achieve profits. The negative effects described above may be more pronounced in connection with transactions in, or the Funds’ use of, small capitalization, emerging market, distressed or less liquid strategies.
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Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) and its personnel may advise on transactions, make investment decisions or recommendations, provide differing investment views or have views with respect to research or valuations that are inconsistent with, or adverse to, the interests and activities of the Funds. Similarly, the Investment Adviser’s investment teams may have differing investment views in respect of an issuer or a security, and the positions a Fund’s investment team takes in respect of the Fund may be inconsistent with, or adversely affected by, the interests and activities of the Accounts advised by other investment teams of the Investment Adviser. Research, analyses or viewpoints may be available to clients or potential clients at different times. Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation to make available to the Funds any research or analysis prior to its public dissemination. The Investment Adviser is responsible for making investment decisions on behalf of the Funds and such investment decisions can differ from investment decisions or recommendations by Goldman Sachs on behalf of other Accounts. Goldman Sachs, on behalf of one or more Accounts and in accordance with its management of such Accounts, may implement an investment decision or strategy ahead of, or contemporaneously with, or behind similar investment decisions or strategies made for the Funds. The relative timing for the implementation of investment decisions or strategies for Accounts, on the one hand, and the Funds, on the other hand, may disadvantage the Funds. Certain factors, for example, market impact, liquidity constraints, or other circumstances, could result in the Funds receiving less favorable trading results or incurring increased costs associated with implementing such investment decisions or strategies, or being otherwise disadvantaged.
Subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser may cause the Funds to invest in securities, bank loans or other obligations of companies affiliated with or advised by Goldman Sachs or in which Goldman Sachs or Accounts have an equity, debt or other interest, or to engage in investment transactions that may result in other Accounts being relieved of obligations or otherwise divested of investments, which may enhance the profitability of Goldman Sachs’ or other Accounts’ investment in and activities with respect to such companies.
When the Investment Adviser wishes to place an order for different types of Accounts (including the Funds) for which aggregation is not practicable, the Investment Adviser may use a trade sequencing and rotation policy to determine which type of Account is to be traded first. Under this policy, each portfolio management team may determine the length of its trade rotation period and the sequencing schedule for different categories of clients within this period provided that the trading periods and these sequencing schedules are designed to be fair and equitable over time. The portfolio management teams currently base their trading periods and rotation schedules on the relative amounts of assets managed for different client categories (e.g., unconstrained client accounts, “wrap program” accounts, etc.) and, as a result, the Funds may trade behind other Accounts. Within a given trading period, the sequencing schedule establishes when and how frequently a given client category will trade first in the order of rotation. The Investment Adviser may deviate from the predetermined sequencing schedule under certain circumstances, and the Investment Adviser’s trade sequencing and rotation policy may be amended, modified or supplemented at any time without prior notice to clients.
Investments in Goldman Sachs Funds
To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Funds may invest in money market and other funds sponsored, managed or advised by Goldman Sachs. In connection with any such investments, a Fund, to the extent permitted by the Act, will pay all advisory, administrative or Rule 12b-1 fees applicable to the investment, and fees to the Investment Adviser in its capacity as manager of the Funds will not be reduced thereby (i.e., there could be “double fees” involved in making any such investment because
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Goldman Sachs could receive fees with respect to both the management of the Funds and such money market fund). In such circumstances, as well as in all other circumstances in which Goldman Sachs receives any fees or other compensation in any form relating to the provision of services, no accounting or repayment to the Funds will be required.
Goldman Sachs May In-Source or Outsource
Subject to applicable law, Goldman Sachs, including the Investment Adviser, may from time to time and without notice to investors in-source or outsource certain processes or functions in connection with a variety of services that it provides to the Funds in its administrative or other capacities. Such in-sourcing or outsourcing may give rise to additional conflicts of interest.
Distributions of Assets Other Than Cash
With respect to redemptions from the Funds, the Funds may, in certain circumstances, have discretion to decide whether to permit or limit redemptions and whether to make distributions in connection with redemptions in the form of securities or other assets, and in such case, the composition of such distributions. In making such decisions, the Investment Adviser may have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities with respect to redeeming investors and remaining investors.
Goldman Sachs May Act in a Capacity Other Than Investment Adviser to the Funds
Principal and Cross Transactions
When permitted by applicable law and the Investment Adviser’s policies, the Investment Adviser, acting on behalf of the Funds, may enter into transactions in securities and other instruments with or through Goldman Sachs or in Accounts managed by the Investment Adviser, and may cause the Funds to engage in transactions in which the Investment Adviser acts as principal on its own behalf (principal transactions), advises both sides of a transaction (cross transactions) and acts as broker for, and receives a commission from, the Funds on one side of a transaction and a brokerage account on the other side of the transaction (agency cross transactions). There may be potential conflicts of interest or regulatory issues relating to these transactions which could limit the Investment Adviser’s decision to engage in these transactions for the Funds. Goldman Sachs may have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities to the parties in such transactions, and has developed policies and procedures in relation to such transactions and conflicts. Any principal, cross or agency cross transactions will be effected in accordance with fiduciary requirements and applicable law.
Goldman Sachs May Act in Multiple Commercial Capacities
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs may act as broker, dealer, agent, lender or advisor or in other commercial capacities for the Funds or issuers of securities held by the Funds. Goldman Sachs may be entitled to compensation in connection with the provision of such services, and the Funds will not be entitled to any such compensation. Goldman Sachs will have an interest in obtaining fees and other compensation in connection with such services that are favorable to Goldman Sachs, and in connection with providing such services may take commercial steps in its own interests, or may advise the parties to which it is providing services to take actions or engage in transactions, that negatively affect the Funds. For example, Goldman Sachs may advise a company to make changes to its capital structure the result of which would be a reduction in the value or priority of a security held by one or more Funds. Actions taken or advised to be taken by Goldman Sachs in connection with other types of transactions may also result in adverse consequences for the Fund. In addition, due to its access to and knowledge of funds, markets and securities based on its other
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businesses, Goldman Sachs may make decisions based on information or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to interests in investments of the kind held directly or indirectly by the Funds in a manner that may be adverse to the Funds. Goldman Sachs may also provide various services to the Funds or to issuers of securities in which the Funds invest, which may result in fees, compensation and remuneration as well as other benefits to Goldman Sachs, enhance Goldman Sachs’ relationships with various parties, facilitate additional business development and enable Goldman Sachs to obtain additional business and generate additional revenue.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs (including the Investment Adviser) may create, write, sell, issue, invest in or act as placement agent or distributor of derivative instruments related to the Funds, or with respect to underlying securities or assets of the Funds, or which may be otherwise based on or seek to replicate or hedge the performance of the Funds. Such derivative transactions, and any associated hedging activity, may differ from and be adverse to the interests of the Funds.
Goldman Sachs may make loans to shareholders or enter into similar transactions that are secured by a pledge of, or mortgage over, a shareholder’s Fund shares, which would provide Goldman Sachs with the right to redeem such Fund shares in the event that such shareholder defaults on its obligations. These transactions and related redemptions may be significant and may be made without notice to the shareholders.
Goldman Sachs may make loans to clients or enter into asset-based or other credit facilities or similar transactions with clients that are secured by a client’s assets or interests other than Fund shares. In connection with its rights as lender, Goldman Sachs may take actions that adversely affect the borrower. The borrower’s actions may in turn adversely affect the Funds (e.g., if the borrower rapidly liquidates a large position in a security that is held by one or more Funds, the value of such security may decline and the value of the Funds may in turn decline in value or may be unable to liquidate their positions in such security at an advantageous price).
Code of Ethics and Personal Trading
Each of the Funds and Goldman Sachs, as each Fund’s Investment Adviser and distributor, has adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) in compliance with Section 17(j) of the Act designed to provide that personnel of the Investment Adviser, and certain additional Goldman Sachs personnel who support the Investment Adviser, comply with applicable federal securities laws and place the interests of clients first in conducting personal securities transactions. The Code of Ethics imposes certain restrictions on securities transactions in the personal accounts of covered persons to help avoid conflicts of interest. Subject to the limitations of the Code of Ethics, covered persons may buy and sell securities or other investments for their personal accounts, including investments in the Funds, and may also take positions that are the same as, different from, or made at different times than, positions taken by the Funds. The Codes of Ethics can be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-202-942-8090. The Codes of Ethics are also available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies may also be obtained after paying a duplicating fee by writing the SEC’s Public Reference Section, Washington, DC 20549-0102, or by electronic request to publicinfo@sec.gov. Additionally, all Goldman Sachs personnel, including personnel of the Investment Adviser, are subject to firm-wide policies and procedures regarding confidential and proprietary information, information barriers, private investments, outside business activities and personal trading.
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Proxy Voting by the Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing proxy voting decisions that it makes on behalf of advisory clients, including the Funds, and to help ensure that such decisions are made in accordance with its fiduciary obligations to its clients. Notwithstanding such proxy voting policies and procedures, proxy voting decisions made by the Investment Adviser in respect of securities held by the Funds may benefit the interests of Goldman Sachs and/or Accounts other than the Funds. For a more detailed discussion of these policies and procedures, see the section of this SAI entitled “PROXY VOTING.”
Potential Limitations and Restrictions on Investment Opportunities and Activities of Goldman Sachs and the Funds
The Investment Adviser may restrict its investment decisions and activities on behalf of the Funds in various circumstances, including as a result of applicable regulatory requirements, information held by Goldman Sachs, Goldman Sachs’ internal policies and/or potential reputational risk in connection with Accounts (including the Funds). As a result, the Investment Adviser might not engage in transactions for one or more Funds in consideration of Goldman Sachs’ activities outside the Funds (e.g., the Investment Adviser may refrain from making investments for the Funds that would cause Goldman Sachs to exceed position limits or cause Goldman Sachs to have additional disclosure obligations and may limit purchases or sales of securities in respect of which Goldman Sachs is engaged in an underwriting or other distribution). The Investment Adviser may also reduce a Fund’s interest in an investment opportunity that has limited availability so that other Accounts that pursue similar investment strategies may be able to acquire an interest in the investment opportunity. In addition, the Investment Adviser is not permitted to obtain or use material non-public information in effecting purchases and sales in public securities transactions for the Funds. The Investment Adviser may also limit an activity or transaction engaged in by the Funds, and may limit its exercise of rights on behalf of the Funds for reputational or other reasons, including where Goldman Sachs is providing (or may provide) advice or services to an entity involved in such activity or transaction, where Goldman Sachs or an Account is or may be engaged in the same or a related transaction to that being considered on behalf of the Funds, where Goldman Sachs or an Account has an interest in an entity involved in such activity or transaction, or where such activity or transaction or the exercise of such rights on behalf of or in respect of the Funds could affect Goldman Sachs, the Investment Adviser or their activities. The Investment Adviser may restrict its investment decisions and activities on behalf of one or more Funds and not on behalf of other Accounts.
Brokerage Transactions
The Investment Adviser may select broker-dealers (including affiliates of the Investment Adviser) that furnish the Investment Adviser, the Funds, their affiliates and other Goldman Sachs personnel with proprietary or third party brokerage and research services (collectively, “brokerage and research services”) that provide, in the Investment Adviser’s view, appropriate assistance to the Investment Adviser in the investment decision-making process. As a result, the Investment Adviser may pay for such brokerage and research services with “soft” or commission dollars.
Brokerage and research services may be used to service the Funds and any or all other Accounts, including Accounts that do not pay commissions to the broker-dealer relating to the brokerage and research service arrangements. As a result, brokerage and research services (including soft dollar benefits) may disproportionately benefit other Accounts relative to the Funds based on the relative amount of commissions paid by the Funds. The Investment Adviser does not attempt to allocate soft dollar benefits proportionately among clients or to track the benefits of brokerage and research services to the commissions associated with a particular Account or group of Accounts.
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Aggregation of Trades by the Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser follows policies and procedures pursuant to which it may combine or aggregate purchase or sale orders for the same security for multiple Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs has an interest) (sometimes called “bunching”), so that the orders can be executed at the same time. The Investment Adviser aggregates orders when the Investment Adviser considers doing so appropriate and in the interests of its clients generally. In addition, under certain circumstances trades for the Funds may be aggregated with Accounts that contain Goldman Sachs assets.
When a bunched order is completely filled, the Investment Adviser generally will allocate the securities purchased or proceeds of sale pro rata among the participating Accounts, based on the purchase or sale order. If an order is filled at several different prices, through multiple trades (whether at a particular broker-dealer or among multiple broker-dealers), generally all participating Accounts will receive the average price and pay the average commission, however, this may not always be the case (due to, e.g., odd lots, rounding, market practice or constraints applicable to particular Accounts).
Although it may do so in certain circumstances, the Investment Adviser generally does not bunch or aggregate orders for different Funds, or net buy and sell orders for the same Fund, if portfolio management decisions relating to the orders are made by separate portfolio management teams, if bunching, aggregating or netting is not appropriate or practicable from the Investment Adviser’s operational or other perspective, or if doing so would not be appropriate in light of applicable regulatory considerations. The Investment Adviser may be able to negotiate a better price and lower commission rate on aggregated trades than on trades for Funds that are not aggregated, and incur lower transaction costs on netted trades than trades that are not netted. Where transactions for a Fund are not aggregated with other orders, or not netted against orders for the Fund, the Fund may not benefit from a better price and lower commission rate or lower transaction cost.
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PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
The Investment Adviser is responsible with respect to the Portfolios (and the particular investment adviser is responsible with respect to the Underlying Funds) for decisions to buy and sell securities, the selection of brokers and dealers to effect the transactions and the negotiation of brokerage commissions, if any. Purchases and sales of securities may be executed internally by a broker-dealer, effected on an agency basis in a block transaction, or routed to competing market centers for execution. The compensation paid to the broker for providing execution services generally is negotiated and reflected in either a commission or a “net” price. Executions provided on a net price basis, with dealers acting as principal for their own accounts without a stated commission, usually include a profit to the dealer. Orders may be directed to any broker including, to the extent and in the manner permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs.
In underwritten offerings, securities are purchased at a fixed price which includes an amount of compensation to the underwriter, generally referred to as the underwriter’s concession or discount. On occasion, certain money market instruments may be purchased directly from an issuer, in which case no commissions or discounts are paid.
In placing orders for portfolio securities of an Underlying Fund, the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers are generally required to give primary consideration to obtaining the most favorable execution and net price available. This means that an investment adviser will seek to execute each transaction at a price and commission, if any, which provides the most favorable total cost or proceeds reasonably attainable in the circumstances. As permitted by Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Section 28(e)”), the Underlying Fund may pay a broker that provides brokerage and research services to the Underlying Fund an amount of disclosed commission in excess of the commission which another broker would have charged for effecting that transaction. Such practice is subject to a good faith determination by the Trustees that such commission is reasonable in light of the services provided and to such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. While the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers generally seek reasonably competitive spreads or commissions, an Underlying Fund will not necessarily be paying the lowest spread or commission available. Within the framework of this policy, the investment advisers will consider research and investment services provided by brokers or dealers who effect or are parties to portfolio transactions of an Underlying Fund, the investment advisers and their affiliates, or their other clients. Such research and investment services are those which brokerage houses customarily provide to institutional investors and include research reports on particular industries and companies; economic surveys and analyses; recommendations as to specific securities; research products including quotation equipment and computer related programs; research and advice concerning the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, and the availability of securities or the purchasers or sellers of securities; analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and performance of accounts; services relating to effecting securities transactions and functions incidental thereto (such as clearance and settlement); and other lawful and appropriate assistance to the investment advisers in the performance of their decision-making responsibilities.
Such services are used by the Investment Adviser (and the particular investment adviser responsible with respect to the Underlying Funds) in connection with all of its investment activities, and some of such services obtained in connection with the execution of transactions for a Portfolio may be used in managing other investment accounts. Conversely, brokers furnishing such services may be
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selected for the execution of transactions of such other accounts, whose aggregate assets may be larger than those of an Underlying Fund’s, and the services furnished by such brokers may be used by the Investment Adviser in providing management services for the Trust. The Investment Adviser may also participate in so-called “commission sharing arrangements” and “client commission arrangements” under which the Investment Adviser may execute transactions through a broker-dealer and request that the broker-dealer allocate a portion of the commissions or commission credits to another firm that provides research to the Investment Adviser. The Investment Adviser excludes from use under these arrangements those products and services that are not fully eligible under applicable law and regulatory interpretations—even as to the portion that would be eligible if accounted for separately.
The research services received as part of commission sharing and client commission arrangements will comply with Section 28(e) and may be subject to different legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which the Investment Adviser does business. Participating in commission sharing and client commission arrangements may enable the Investment Adviser to consolidate payments for research through one or more channels using accumulated client commissions or credits from transactions executed through a particular broker-dealer to obtain research provided by other firms. Such arrangements also help to ensure the continued receipt of research services while facilitating best execution in the trading process. The Investment Adviser believes such research services are useful in its investment decision-making process by, among other things, ensuring access to a variety of high quality research, access to individual analysts and availability of resources that the Investment Adviser might not be provided access to absent such arrangements.
On occasions when an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser deems the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of an Underlying Fund as well as its other customers (including any other fund or other investment company or advisory account for which such investment adviser acts as investment adviser or sub-investment adviser), the investment adviser, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for the Underlying Fund with those to be sold or purchased for such other customers in order to obtain the best net price and most favorable execution under the circumstances. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as the expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by the investment adviser in the manner it considers to be equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to such Underlying Fund and such other customers. In some instances, this procedure may adversely affect the price and size of the position obtainable for an Underlying Fund.
Certain of the Underlying Funds participate in a commission recapture program. Under the program, participating broker-dealers rebate a percentage of commissions earned on Underlying Fund portfolio transactions to the particular Underlying Fund from which the commissions were generated. The rebated commissions are treated as realized capital gains of the Underlying Funds.
Subject to the above considerations, the Underlying Funds’ investment advisers may use Goldman Sachs or an affiliate as a broker for an Underlying Fund. In order for Goldman Sachs or an affiliate, as agent, to effect any portfolio transactions for an Underlying Fund, the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by Goldman Sachs or an affiliate must be reasonable and fair compared to the commissions, fees or the other remuneration received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities or futures contracts. Furthermore, the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested” Trustees, have adopted procedures which are reasonably designed to provide that any commissions, fees or other remuneration paid to Goldman Sachs are consistent with the foregoing standard. Brokerage transactions with Goldman Sachs are also subject to such fiduciary standards as may be imposed upon Goldman Sachs by applicable law.
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For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, the Portfolios paid no brokerage commissions.
The Portfolios did not own any securities issued by their regular broker-dealers or other entities that may be deemed affiliates (as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the Act) as of December 31, 2012.
NET ASSET VALUE
In accordance with procedures adopted by the Trustees, the net asset value per share of each class of each Portfolio is calculated by determining the value of the net assets attributed to each class of that Portfolio and dividing by the number of outstanding shares of that class. All securities are valued on each Business Day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally, but not always, 4:00 p.m. Eastern time) or such other times as the New York Stock Exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System (“NASDAQ”) market may officially close. The term “Business Day” means any day the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading which is Monday through Friday except for holidays. The New York Stock Exchange is closed on the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washington’s Birthday (observed), Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas.
The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time by which orders must be received may be changed in case of an emergency or if regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange is stopped at a time other than 4:00 p.m. Eastern time. The Trust reserves the right to reprocess purchase, redemption and exchange transactions that were initially processed at a net asset value other than the Portfolio’s official closing net asset value (that is subsequently adjusted), and to recover amounts from (or distribute amounts to) shareholders based on the official closing net asset value. The Trust reserves the right to advance the time by which purchase and redemption orders must be received for same business day credit as otherwise permitted by the SEC. In addition, each Portfolio may compute its net asset value as of any time permitted pursuant to any exemption, order or statement of the SEC or its staff.
In determining the net asset value of a Portfolio, the net asset value of the Underlying Funds’ shares held by the Portfolio will be their net asset value at the time of computation. Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund values all of its portfolio securities using the amortized cost valuation method pursuant to Rule 2a-7 under the Act. Portfolio securities of the other Underlying Funds for which accurate market quotations are available are valued as follows: (i) securities listed on any U.S. or foreign stock exchange or on NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price, or the official closing price, on the exchange or system in which they are principally traded on the valuation date. If there is no sale on the valuation day, securities traded will be valued at the closing bid price, or if a closing bid price is not available, at either the exchange or system-defined close price on the exchange or system in which such securities are principally traded. If the relevant exchange or system has not closed by the above-mentioned time for determining the Underlying Fund’s net asset value, the securities will be valued at the last sale price or official closing price, or if not available at the bid price at the time the net asset value is determined; (ii) over-the-counter securities not quoted on NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price on the valuation day or, if no sale occurs, at the last bid price at the time net asset value is determined; (iii) equity securities for which no prices are obtained under sections (i) or (ii) including those for which a pricing service supplies no exchange quotation or a quotation that is believed by the portfolio manager/trader to be inaccurate, will be valued at their fair value in accordance with procedures approved by the Board of Trustees; (iv) fixed income securities, with the exception of short term securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, will be valued using evaluated prices provided by a recognized pricing service (e.g., Interactive Data Corp., Reuters, etc.) or dealer-supplied quotations; (v) fixed income securities for which accurate market quotations are not readily available are valued by the Investment Adviser based on valuation models that take into account various factors such as spread and daily yield
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changes on government or other securities in the appropriate market (i.e. matrix pricing); (vi) short term fixed income securities with a remaining maturity of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, which the Trustees have determined to approximate fair value; and (vii) all other instruments, including those for which a pricing service supplies no exchange quotation or a quotation that is believed by the portfolio manager/trader to be inaccurate, will be valued in accordance with the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. Structured Notes are valued based on the daily settlement prices of futures contracts. The Portfolios will use the settlement prices for NAV Calculation purposes. Daily valuations for the notes will be supplied by brokers.
The value of all assets and liabilities expressed in foreign currencies will be converted into U.S. dollar values at current exchange rates of such currencies against U.S. dollars last quoted by any major bank or pricing service. If such quotations are not available, the rate of exchange will be determined in good faith by or under procedures established by the Board of Trustees.
Generally, trading in securities on European, Asian and Far Eastern securities exchanges and on over-the-counter markets in these regions is substantially completed at various times prior to the close of business on each Business Day in New York (i.e., a day on which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading). In addition, European, Asian or Far Eastern securities trading generally or in a particular country or countries may not take place on all Business Days in New York. Furthermore, trading takes place in various foreign markets on days which are not Business Days in New York and days on which the Underlying Funds’ net asset values are not calculated. Such calculation does not take place contemporaneously with the determination of the prices of the majority of the portfolio securities used in such calculation. The Underlying Funds’ investments are valued based on market quotations which may be furnished by a pricing service or provided by securities dealers or, in the case of foreign equity securities, prices provided by an independent fair value service. For Underlying Funds that invest a significant portion of assets in foreign equity securities, “fair value” prices are provided by an independent fair value service (if available), in accordance with fair value procedures approved by the Trustees. Fair value prices are used because many foreign markets operate at times that do not coincide with those of the major U.S. markets. Events that could affect the values of foreign portfolio holdings may occur between the close of the foreign market and the time of determining the NAV, and would not otherwise be reflected in the NAV. If the independent fair value service does not provide a fair value for a particular security or if the value does not meet the established criteria for the Underlying Funds, the most recent closing price for such a security on its principal exchange will generally be its fair value on such date.
The Investment Adviser, consistent with its procedures and applicable regulatory guidance, may (but need not) determine to make an adjustment to the previous closing prices of either domestic or foreign securities in light of significant events, to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities at the time of determining an Underlying Fund’s NAV. Significant events that could affect a large number of securities in a particular market may include, but are not limited to: situations relating to one or more single issuers in a market sector; significant fluctuations in U.S. or foreign markets; market dislocations; market disruptions or market closings; equipment failures; natural or man-made disasters or act of God; armed conflicts; governmental actions or other developments; as well as the same or similar events which may affect specific issuers or the securities markets even though not tied directly to the securities markets. Other significant events that could relate to a single issuer may include, but are not limited to: corporate actions such as reorganizations, mergers and buy-outs; corporate announcements, including those relating to earnings, products and regulatory news; significant litigation; low trading volume; trading limits; or suspensions.
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The proceeds received by each Portfolio and each other series of the Trust from the issue or sale of its shares, and all net investment income, realized and unrealized gain and proceeds thereof, subject only to the rights of creditors, will be specifically allocated to such Portfolio or particular series and constitute the underlying assets of that Portfolio or particular series. The underlying assets of each Portfolio or particular series will be segregated on the books of account, and will be charged with the liabilities in respect of such Portfolio and with a share of the general liabilities of the Trust. Expenses of the Trust with respect to the Portfolios and the other series of the Trust are generally allocated in proportion to the net asset values of the respective Portfolios or series except where allocations of expenses can otherwise be fairly made.
Errors and Corrective Actions
The Investment Adviser will report to the Board of Trustees any material breaches of investment objective, policies or restrictions and any material errors in the calculation of the NAV of a Portfolio or the processing of purchases and redemptions. Depending on the nature and size of an error, corrective action may or may not be required. Corrective action may involve a prospective correction of the NAV only, correction of any erroneous NAV and compensation to a Portfolio, or correction of any erroneous NAV, compensation to a Portfolio and reprocessing of individual shareholder transactions. The Trust’s policies on errors and corrective action limit or restrict when corrective action will be taken or when compensation to a Portfolio or its shareholders will be paid, and not all mistakes will result in compensable errors. As a result, neither a Portfolio nor its shareholders who purchase or redeem shares during periods in which errors accrue or occur may be compensated in connection with the resolution of an error. Shareholders will generally not be notified of the occurrence of a compensable error or the resolution thereof absent unusual circumstances. As discussed in more detail under “NET ASSET VALUE,” a Portfolio’s portfolio securities may be priced based on quotations for those securities provided by pricing services. There can be no guarantee that a quotation provided by a pricing service will be accurate.
SHARES OF THE TRUST
Each Portfolio is a series of Goldman Sachs Trust, a Delaware statutory trust established by an Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated January 28, 1997. The fiscal year end for each of the Portfolios is December 31. The Trustees have authority under the Trust’s Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares of beneficial interest in separate series, without further action by shareholders. The Trustees also have authority to classify and reclassify any series of shares into one or more classes of shares. As of the date of this SAI, the Trustees (i) have classified the shares of the Balanced Strategy Portfolio, Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio, Growth Strategy Portfolio and Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio into seven classes: Institutional Shares, Service Shares, Class A Shares, Class B Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares; (ii) have classified the shares of the Satellite Strategies Portfolio into six classes: Institutional Shares, Service Shares, Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares; and (iii) have classified the shares of the Income Strategies Portfolio into five classes: Institutional Shares, Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares. Additional series and classes may be added in the future.
Each Institutional Share, Service Share, Class A Share, Class B Share, Class C Share, Class R Share and Class IR Share of a Portfolio represents a proportionate interest in the assets belonging to the applicable class of the Portfolio and all expenses of a Portfolio are borne at the same rate by each class of shares. Fees under Service and Shareholder Administration Plans are borne exclusively by Service Shares, fees under the respective Distribution and Service Plans are borne exclusively by Class A Shares, Class B Shares, Class C Shares, or Class R Shares, respectively, and transfer agency fees and expenses may be borne at different rates by different share classes. The Trustees may determine in the future that it is appropriate to allocate other expenses differently among classes of shares and may do so to the extent consistent with the rules of the SEC and positions of the IRS. Each class of shares may have different
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minimum investment requirements and be entitled to different shareholder services. With limited exceptions, shares of a class may only be exchanged for shares of the same or an equivalent class of another series. See “Shareholder Guide” in the Prospectus and “OTHER INFORMATION REGARDING MAXIMUM SALES CHARGE, PURCHASES, REDEMPTIONS, EXCHANGES AND DIVIDENDS” below. In addition, the fees and expenses set forth below for each class may be subject to voluntary fee waivers or reimbursements, as discussed more fully in the Portfolios’ Prospectus.
Institutional Shares may be purchased at net asset value without a sales charge for accounts in the name of an investor or institution that is not compensated by a Portfolio under a Plan for services provided to the institution’s customers.
Service Shares may be purchased at net asset value without a sales charge for accounts held in the name of an institution that, directly or indirectly, provides certain shareholder administration services and shareholder liaison services to its customers, including maintenance of account records and processing orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Service Shares. Service Shares bear the cost of service fees and shareholder administration fees at the annual rate of up to 0.25% and 0.25%, respectively, of the average daily net assets of the Portfolio attributable to Service Shares.
Class A Shares are sold, with an initial sales charge of up to 5.5%, through brokers and dealers who are members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and certain other financial service firms that have sales agreements with Goldman Sachs. Class A Shares bear the cost of distribution fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of Class A Shares of the Portfolio, although the distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Distribution and Services Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on “service fees” imposed by FINRA.
Prior to November 2, 2009, Class B Shares of the Portfolios were sold subject to a CDSC of up to 5.0% through brokers and dealers who are members of the NASD and certain other financial services firms that have sales arrangements with Goldman Sachs. Class B Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the maximum aggregate rate of up to 0.75% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class B Shares. Class B Shares also bear the cost of a service fee at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets attributed to Class B Shares.
Class C Shares of the Portfolios are sold subject to a CDSC of up to 1.0% through brokers and dealers who are members of FINRA and certain other financial services firms that have sales arrangements with Goldman Sachs. Class C Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the maximum aggregate rate of up to 0.75% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class C Shares. Class C Shares also bear the cost of service fees at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class C Shares.
Class IR and Class R Shares are sold at net asset value without a sales charge. As noted in the Prospectus, Class IR and Class R Shares are not sold directly to the public. Instead, Class IR and Class R Shares generally are available only to Section 401(k) plans, 403(b), 457, profit sharing, money purchase pension, tax-sheltered annuity, defined benefit pension, non -qualified deferred compensation plans and non-qualified pension plans or other employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) or SIMPLE plans that are sponsored by one or more employers (including governmental or church employers) or employee organizations (“Employee Benefit Plans”). Such an Employee Benefit Plan must purchase Class IR or Class R Shares through a plan level or omnibus account. Class IR Shares may also be sold to accounts established under a fee-based program that is sponsored and maintained by a registered broker-dealer or other financial intermediary that is approved by Goldman Sachs (“Eligible Fee-Based Program”). Class IR and R Shares are
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not available to traditional and Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), SEPs and SARSEPs; except that Class IR Shares are available to such accounts or plans to the extent they are purchased through an Eligible Fee-Based Program. Participants in an Employee Benefit Plan should contact their Employee Benefit Plan service provider for information regarding purchases, sales and exchanges of Class IR and Class R Shares. Class R Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.50% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class R Shares. With respect to Class R Shares the distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Distribution and Service Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on “service fees” imposed by FINRA.
It is possible that an institution or its affiliate may offer different classes of shares (i.e., Institutional, Service, Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R or Class IR Shares) to its customers and thus receive different compensation with respect to different classes of shares of each Portfolio. Dividends paid by each Portfolio, if any, with respect to each class of shares will be calculated in the same manner, at the same time on the same day and will be the same amount, except for differences caused by the fact that the respective transfer agency and Plan fees relating to a particular class will be borne exclusively by that class. Similarly, the net asset value per share may differ depending upon the class of shares purchased.
Certain aspects of the shares may be altered after advance notice to shareholders if it is deemed necessary in order to satisfy certain tax regulatory requirements.
When issued for the consideration described in the Portfolio’s Prospectus, shares are fully paid and non-assessable. The Trustees may, however, cause shareholders, or shareholders of a particular series or class, to pay certain custodian, transfer agency, servicing or similar charges by setting off the same against declared but unpaid dividends or by reducing share ownership (or by both means). In the event of liquidation, shareholders are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets of the applicable class of the relevant Portfolio available for distribution to such shareholders. All shares are freely transferable and have no preemptive, subscription or conversion rights. The Trustees may require Shareholders to redeem shares for any reason under terms set by the Trustees.
In the interest of economy and convenience, the Trust does not issue certificates representing the Portfolios’ shares. Instead, the transfer agent maintains a record of each shareholder’s ownership. Each shareholder receives confirmation of purchase and redemption orders from the transfer agent. Portfolio shares and any dividends and distributions paid by the Portfolios are reflected in account statements from the transfer agent.
The Act requires that where more than one series of shares exists, each series must be preferred over all other series in respect of assets specifically allocated to such series. In addition, Rule 18f-2 under the Act provides that any matter required to be submitted by the provisions of the Act or applicable state law, or otherwise, to the holders of the outstanding voting securities of an investment company such as the Trust shall not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series affected by such matter. Rule 18f-2 further provides that a series shall be deemed to be affected by a matter unless the interests of each series in the matter are substantially identical or the matter does not affect any interest of such series. However, Rule 18f-2 exempts the selection of independent public accountants, the approval of principal distribution contracts and the election of trustees from the separate voting requirements of Rule 18f-2.
The Trust is not required to hold annual meetings of shareholders and does not intend to hold such meetings. In the event that a meeting of shareholders is held, each share of the Trust will be entitled, as determined by the Trustees without the vote or consent of the shareholders, either to one vote for each
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share or to one vote for each dollar of net asset value represented by such share on all matters presented to shareholders including the election of Trustees (this method of voting being referred to as “dollar based voting”). However, to the extent required by the Act or otherwise determined by the Trustees, series and classes of the Trust will vote separately from each other. Shareholders of the Trust do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of Trustees. Meetings of shareholders of the Trust, or any series or class thereof, may be called by the Trustees, certain officers or upon the written request of holders of 10% or more of the shares entitled to vote at such meetings. The Trustees will call a special meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, if, at any time, less than a majority of Trustees holding office at the time were elected by shareholders. The shareholders of the Trust will have voting rights only with respect to the limited number of matters specified in the Declaration of Trust and such other matters as the Trustees may determine or may be required by law.
The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification of Trustees, officers, employees and agents of the Trust unless the recipient is adjudicated (i) to be liable by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such person’s office or (ii) not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such person’s actions were in the best interest of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides that, if any shareholder or former shareholder of any series is held personally liable solely by reason of being or having been a shareholder and not because of the shareholder’s acts or omissions or for some other reason, the shareholder or former shareholder (or the shareholder’s heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives or general successors) shall be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability. The Trust, acting on behalf of any affected series, must, upon request by such shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against such shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets of the series.
The Declaration of Trust permits the termination of the Trust or of any series or class of the Trust (i) by a majority of the affected shareholders at a meeting of shareholders of the Trust, series or class; or (ii) by a majority of the Trustees without shareholder approval if the Trustees determine, in their sole discretion, that such action is in the best interest of the Trust, such series, such class or their respective shareholders. The Trustees may consider such factors as they, in their sole discretion, deem appropriate in making such determination, including (i) the inability of the Trust or any series or class to maintain its assets at an appropriate size; (ii) changes in laws or regulations governing the Trust, series or class or affecting assets of the type in which it invests; or (iii) economic developments or trends having a significant adverse impact on the business or operations of the Trust or series.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the Trustees, without shareholder approval to cause the Trust, or any series thereof, to merge or consolidate with any corporation, association, trust or other organization or sell or exchange all or substantially all of the property belonging to the Trust or any series thereof. In addition, the Trustees, without shareholder approval, may adopt a master-feeder structure by investing all or a portion of the assets of a series of the Trust in the securities of another open-end investment company with substantially the same investment objective, restrictions and policies.
The Declaration of Trust permits the Trustees to amend the Declaration of Trust without a shareholder vote. However, shareholders of the Trust have the right to vote on any amendment (i) that would adversely affect the voting rights of shareholders; (ii) that is required by law to be approved by shareholders; (iii) that would amend the provisions of the Declaration of Trust regarding amendments and supplements thereto; or (iv) that the Trustees determine to submit to shareholders.
The Trustees may appoint separate Trustees with respect to one or more series or classes of the Trust’s shares (the “Series Trustees”). Series Trustees may, but are not required to, serve as Trustees of the Trust or any other series or class of the Trust. To the extent provided by the Trustees in the
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appointment of Series Trustees, the Series Trustees may have, to the exclusion of any other Trustees of the Trust, all the powers and authorities of Trustees under the Declaration of Trust with respect to such Series or Class, but may have no power or authority with respect to any other series or class.
Shareholder and Trustee Liability
Under Delaware law, the shareholders of the Portfolios are not generally subject to liability for the debts or obligations of the Trust. Similarly, Delaware law provides that a series of the Trust will not be liable for the debts or obligations of any other series of the Trust. However, no similar statutory or other authority limiting statutory trust shareholder liability exists in other states. As a result, to the extent that a Delaware statutory trust or a shareholder is subject to the jurisdiction of courts of such other states, the courts may not apply Delaware law and may thereby subject the Delaware statutory trust shareholders to liability. To guard against this risk, the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of a series. Notice of such disclaimer will normally be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by a series of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification by the relevant series for all loss suffered by a shareholder as a result of an obligation of the series. The Declaration of Trust also provides that a series shall, upon request, assume the defense of any claim made against any shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon. In view of the above, the risk of personal liability of shareholders of a Delaware statutory trust is remote.
In addition to the requirements under Delaware law, the Declaration of Trust provides that shareholders of a series may bring a derivative action on behalf of the series only if the following conditions are met: (i) shareholders eligible to bring such derivative action under Delaware law who hold at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the series, or 10% of the outstanding shares of the class to which such action relates, shall join in the request for the Trustees to commence such action; and (ii) the Trustees must be afforded a reasonable amount of time to consider such shareholder request and to investigate the basis of such claim. The Trustees will be entitled to retain counsel or other advisers in considering the merits of the request and may require an undertaking by the shareholders making such request to reimburse the series for the expense of any such advisers in the event that the Trustees determine not to bring such action.
The Declaration of Trust further provides that the Trustees will not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law, but nothing in the Declaration of Trust protects a Trustee against liability to which he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
TAXATION
The following is a summary of the principal U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting each Portfolio, the Underlying Funds and the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares that are not described in the Prospectus. The discussions below and in the Prospectus are not intended as substitutes for careful tax planning. This summary does not address special tax rules applicable to certain classes of investors, such as tax-exempt entities, insurance companies and financial institutions. Each prospective shareholder is urged to consult his or her own tax adviser with respect to the specific federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of investing in each Portfolio. The summary is based on the laws in effect as of April 27, 2013, which are subject to change.
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Portfolio Taxation and Fund Taxation
Each Portfolio and each Underlying Fund is a separate taxable entity. Each of the Portfolios and the Underlying Funds has elected to be treated and intends to qualify for each taxable year as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of Subtitle A, Chapter 1 of the Code. To qualify as such, a Portfolio must satisfy certain requirements relating to the sources of its income, diversification of its assets and distribution of its income to shareholders. As a regulated investment company, a Portfolio generally will not be subject to federal income or excise tax on any net investment income and net realized capital gains that are distributed to its shareholders in accordance with certain timing requirements of the Code.
There are certain tax requirements that each Portfolio and Underlying Fund must follow if it is to avoid federal taxation. In their efforts to adhere to these requirements, the Underlying Funds may have to limit their investment activities in some types of instruments. Qualification as a regulated investment company under the Code requires, among other things, that each Portfolio and Underlying Fund (i) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks or securities or foreign currencies, net income from qualified publicly traded partnerships or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, and forward contracts) derived with respect to the Underlying Fund’s business of investing in stocks, securities or currencies (the “90% gross income test”); and (ii) diversify its holdings so that in general, at the close of each quarter of its taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the fair market value of the Underlying Fund’s total (gross) assets is comprised of cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of such Underlying Fund’s total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of its total (gross) assets is invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. Government securities and securities of other regulated investment companies), two or more issuers controlled by the Underlying Fund and engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or certain publicly traded partnerships.
For purposes of the 90% gross income test, income that a Portfolio or an Underlying Fund earns from equity interests in certain entities that are not treated as corporations or as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (e.g., partnerships or trusts) will generally have the same character for the Portfolio or Underlying Fund as in the hands of such an entity; consequently, a Portfolio or Underlying Fund may be required to limit its equity investments in any such entities that earn fee income, rental income, or other nonqualifying income. In addition, future Treasury regulations could provide that qualifying income under the 90% gross income test will not include gains from foreign currency transactions that are not directly related to a Portfolio or Underlying Fund’s principal business of investing in stock or securities or options and futures with respect to stock or securities. Using foreign currency positions or entering into foreign currency options, futures and forward or swap contracts for purposes other than hedging currency risk with respect to securities held or anticipated to be acquired by a Portfolio or Underlying Fund may not qualify as “directly-related” under these tests.
If a Portfolio or Underlying Fund complies with the foregoing provisions, then in any taxable year in which such Portfolio or Underlying Fund distributes, in compliance with the Code’s timing and other requirements, an amount at least equal to the sum of 90% of its “investment company taxable income” (which includes dividends, taxable interest, taxable accrued original issue discount and market discount income, income from securities lending, any net short-term capital gain in excess of net long-term capital loss, certain net realized foreign exchange gains and any other taxable income other than “net capital gain,” as defined below, and is reduced by deductible expenses), plus 90% of the excess of its gross tax-exempt interest income (if any) over certain disallowed deductions, such Portfolio or Underlying Fund (but not its shareholders) generally will be relieved of U.S. federal income tax on any
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income of the Portfolio or Underlying Fund, including long-term capital gains, distributed to shareholders. If, instead, a Portfolio or Underlying Fund retains any investment company taxable income or “net capital gain” (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), it will be subject to a tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. Because there are some uncertainties regarding the computation of the amounts deemed distributed to shareholders for these purposes — including, in particular, uncertainties regarding the portion, if any, of amounts paid in redemption of shares that should be treated as such distributions – there can be no assurance that each Portfolio and Underlying Fund will avoid corporate-level tax in each year.
If a Portfolio or Underlying Fund retains any net capital gain, the Portfolio may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who, if subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gains, (i) will be required to include in income for federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of such undistributed amount, and (ii) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Portfolio or Underlying Fund against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds to the extent the credit exceeds such liabilities. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the Portfolio or Underlying Fund will be increased by the amount of any such undistributed net capital gain included in the shareholder’s gross income and decreased by the federal income tax paid by the Portfolio or Underlying Fund (as applicable) on that amount of net capital gain.
Each Portfolio and each Underlying Fund intends to distribute for each taxable year to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income, net capital gain and any net tax-exempt interest. Exchange control or other foreign laws, regulations or practices may restrict repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of securities sales by foreign investors such as the Real Estate Securities, Local Emerging Markets Debt, International Real Estate Securities, High Yield, Core Fixed Income, Structured International Equity, Emerging Markets Equity, Structured Emerging Markets Equity, Structured International Small Cap, Global Income, Emerging Markets Debt or Dynamic Allocation Funds and may therefore make it more difficult for such an Underlying Fund to satisfy the distribution requirements described above, as well as the excise tax distribution requirements described below. However, each Portfolio and each Underlying Fund generally expects to be able to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy such requirements from new investors, the sale of securities or other sources. If for any taxable year a Portfolio or Underlying Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, it will be taxed on all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain at corporate rates without any deduction for dividends paid, and its distributions to shareholders will generally be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of its current and accumulated earnings and profits.
In order to avoid a 4% federal excise tax, each Portfolio and each Underlying Fund must distribute (or be deemed to have distributed) by December 31 of each calendar year at least 98% of its taxable ordinary income for such year, at least 98.2% of the excess of its capital gains over its capital losses (generally computed on the basis of the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year), and all taxable ordinary income and the excess of capital gains over capital losses for all previous years that were not distributed for those years and on which the Portfolio or Underlying Fund paid no federal income tax. For federal income tax purposes, dividends declared by a Portfolio or Underlying Fund in October, November or December to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and paid during January of the following year are taxable to such shareholders, and deductible by the Portfolio, as if paid on December 31 of the year declared. Each Portfolio and Underlying Fund anticipates that it will generally make timely distributions of income and capital gains in compliance with these requirements so that it will generally not be required to pay the excise tax.
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For federal income tax purposes, each Portfolio or Underlying Fund is permitted to carry forward a net capital loss in any year to offset its own capital gains, if any, during the eight years following the year of the loss. Capital loss carryforwards arising on taxable years of the Portfolios or Funds beginning after December 22, 2010 will generally be able to be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2012, the Portfolios had the following capital loss carryforwards:
| | | | |
Portfolio | | Amount | | Year of Expiration |
Balanced Strategy | | $25,785,531
29,917,437 | | 2017 2018 |
Growth and Income Strategy | | 142,648,691
358,977,420 187,607,636 8,129,328 | | 2016
2017 2018 Perpetual Long-Term1 |
Growth Strategy | | 144,662,145
372,899,651 181,275,105 84,452,371 | | 2016
2017 2018 Perpetual Long-Term1 |
Equity Growth Strategy | | 46,668,527
109,415,161 76,608,179 46,445,052 | | 2016
2017 2018 Perpetual Long-Term1 |
Income Strategies | | 312,738
111,832 1,112,940 | | 2016
2017 2018 |
Satellite Strategies | | 3,785,353 234,643 | | Perpetual Long-Term1
Perpetual Short-Term1 |
Under new tax rules, capital losses recognized in tax years beginning after December 22, 2010, that do not offset recognized capital gains, may be carried over to future years perpetually, and retain their character as either short-term or long-term that can offset recognized capital gains in such future years. Previously, all capital loss carryovers were treated as short-term and such carryovers generally expired eight years after the initial loss arose. Perpetual capital loss carryovers are required to be utilized prior to expiring capital loss carryovers.
Gains and losses on the sale, lapse, or other termination of options and futures contracts, options thereon and certain forward contracts (except certain foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) will generally be treated as capital gains and losses. Certain of the futures contracts, forward contracts and options held by an Underlying Fund will be required to be “marked-to-market” for federal income tax purposes, that is, treated as having been sold at their fair market value on the last day of the Underlying Fund’s taxable year (or, for excise tax purposes, on the last day of the relevant period). These provisions may require an Underlying Fund to recognize income or gains without a concurrent receipt of cash. Any gain or loss recognized on actual or deemed sales of these futures contracts, forward contracts, or options will (except for certain foreign currency options, forward contracts, and futures contracts) be treated as 60% long-term capital gain or loss and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. As a result of certain hedging transactions entered into by an Underlying Fund, the Underlying Fund may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, forward contracts, and options or underlying securities or foreign currencies to the extent of any unrecognized gains on related positions held by such Underlying Fund and the characterization of gains or losses as long-term or short-term may be changed. The tax provisions described in this paragraph may affect the amount, timing and character of an Underlying Fund’s distributions to
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shareholders. Application of certain requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company and/or these tax rules to certain investment practices, such as dollar rolls, or certain derivatives such as interest rate swaps, floors, caps and collars and currency, total return, mortgage or index swaps and options on swaps may be unclear in some respects, and an Underlying Fund may therefore be required to limit its participation in those kinds of transactions. Certain tax elections may be available to an Underlying Fund to mitigate some of the unfavorable consequences described in this paragraph.
Section 988 of the Code contains special tax rules applicable to certain foreign currency transactions and instruments that may affect the amount, timing and character of income, gain or loss recognized by an Underlying Fund. Under these rules, foreign exchange gain or loss realized with respect to foreign currencies and certain futures and options thereon, foreign currency-denominated debt instruments, foreign currency forward contracts, and foreign currency-denominated payables and receivables will generally be treated as ordinary income or loss, although in some cases elections may be available that would alter this treatment. If a net foreign exchange loss treated as ordinary loss under Section 988 of the Code were to exceed an Underlying Fund’s investment company taxable income (computed without regard to such loss) for a taxable year, the resulting loss would not be deductible by the Underlying Fund or its shareholders in future years. Net loss, if any, from certain foreign currency transactions or instruments could exceed net investment income otherwise calculated for accounting purposes with the result being either no dividends being paid or a portion of an Underlying Fund’s dividends being treated as a return of capital for tax purposes, nontaxable to the extent of a shareholder’s tax basis in his shares and, once such basis is exhausted, generally giving rise to capital gains.
An Underlying Fund’s investment in zero coupon securities, deferred interest securities, certain structured securities or other securities bearing original issue discount or, if an Underlying Fund elects to include market discount in income currently, market discount, as well as any “marked-to-market” gain from certain options, futures or forward contracts, as described above, will in many cases cause it to realize income or gain before the receipt of cash payments with respect to these securities or contracts. In order to obtain cash to enable it to distribute this income or gain, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and to avoid federal income or excise taxes, the Underlying Fund may be required to liquidate portfolio investments sooner than it might otherwise have done.
Investments in lower-rated securities may present special tax issues for an Underlying Fund to the extent actual or anticipated defaults may be more likely with respect to such securities. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when an Underlying Fund may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount, or market discount; when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities; how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income; and whether exchanges of debt obligations in a workout context are taxable. These and other issues will generally need to be addressed by an Underlying Fund, in the event it invests in such securities, so as to seek to eliminate or minimize any adverse tax consequences.
If, as may occur for certain of the Underlying Funds, more than 50% of an Underlying Fund’s total assets at the close of any taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Underlying Fund may file an election with the IRS pursuant to which shareholders of the Underlying Fund would be required to (i) include in ordinary gross income (in addition to taxable dividends actually received) their pro rata shares of foreign income taxes paid by the Underlying Fund that are treated as income taxes under U.S. tax regulations (which excludes, for example, stamp taxes, securities transaction taxes, and similar taxes) even though not actually received by such shareholders, and (ii) treat such respective pro rata portions as foreign income taxes paid by them.
If an Underlying Fund makes this election, its shareholders may then deduct such pro rata portions of qualified foreign taxes in computing their taxable incomes, or, alternatively, use them as
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foreign tax credits, subject to applicable limitations, against their U.S. federal income taxes. Shareholders who do not itemize deductions for federal income tax purposes will not, however, be able to deduct their pro rata portion of foreign taxes paid by an Underlying Fund, although such shareholders will be required to include their shares of such taxes in gross income if the election is made.
While a Portfolio will be able to deduct the foreign taxes that it will be treated as receiving from an Underlying Fund if the election is made, the Portfolio will not itself be able to elect to treat its foreign taxes as paid by its shareholders. Accordingly, the shareholders of the Portfolio will not have an option of claiming a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes paid by the Underlying Funds, while persons who invest directly in such Underlying Funds may have that option.
If an Underlying Fund acquires stock (including, under proposed regulations, an option to acquire stock such as is inherent in a convertible bond) in certain foreign corporations that receive at least 75% of their annual gross income from passive sources (such as interest, dividends, rents, royalties or capital gain) or hold at least 50% of their assets in investments producing such passive income (“passive foreign investment companies”), the Underlying Fund could be subject to federal income tax and additional interest charges on “excess distributions” received from such companies or gain from the sale of stock in such companies, even if all income or gain actually received by the Underlying Fund is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Underlying Fund would not be able to pass through to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such a tax. In some cases, elections may be available that would ameliorate these adverse tax consequences, but such elections would require the Underlying Fund to include each year certain amounts as income or gain (subject to the distribution requirements described above) without a concurrent receipt of cash. Each Underlying Fund may attempt to limit and/or to manage its holdings in passive foreign investment companies to minimize its tax liability or maximize its return from these investments.
Taxable U.S. Shareholders - Distributions
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, distributions by a Portfolio, whether reinvested in additional shares or paid in cash, generally will be taxable to shareholders who are subject to tax. Shareholders receiving a distribution in the form of newly issued shares will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as receiving a distribution in an amount equal to the amount of cash they would have received had they elected to receive cash and will have a cost basis in each share received equal to such amount divided by the number of shares received.
In general, distributions from investment company taxable income for the year will be taxable as ordinary income. However, under current law (which is scheduled to expire after 2012) distributions to noncorporate shareholders attributable to dividends received by the Funds from U.S. and certain foreign corporations will generally be taxed at the long-term capital gain rate (described below), as long as certain other requirements are met. For these lower rates to apply, the noncorporate shareholders must have owned their Portfolio shares for at least 61 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the Portfolio’s ex-dividend date and the Portfolio must also have owned the underlying stock for this same period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date for the stock. The amount of a Portfolio’s distributions that otherwise qualify for these lower rates may be reduced as a result of a Portfolio’s securities lending activities or a high portfolio turnover rate.
Distributions reported to shareholders as derived from a Portfolio’s dividend income, if any, that would be eligible for the dividends received deduction if such Portfolio were not a regulated investment company may be eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporate shareholders. The dividends received deduction, if available, is reduced to the extent the shares with respect to which the dividends are received are treated as debt-financed under federal income tax law and is eliminated if the shares are
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deemed to have been held for less than a minimum period, generally 46 days. The dividends received deduction also may be reduced as a result of an Underlying Fund’s securities lending activities or a high portfolio turnover rate. The entire dividend, including the deducted amount, is considered in determining the excess, if any, of a corporate shareholder’s adjusted current earnings over its alternative minimum taxable income, which may increase its liability for the federal alternative minimum tax, and the dividend may, if it is treated as an “extraordinary dividend” under the Code, reduce such shareholder’s tax basis in its shares of a Portfolio. Capital gain dividends (i.e., dividends from net capital gain), if reported as such to shareholders, will be taxed to shareholders as long-term capital gain regardless of how long shares have been held by shareholders, but are not eligible for the dividends received deduction for corporations. The maximum long-term capital gains rate currently applicable to individual shareholders is 15% and is currently scheduled to increase to 20% after 2012. Distributions, if any, that are in excess of a Portfolio’s current and accumulated earnings and profits will first reduce a shareholder’s tax basis in his shares and, after such basis is reduced to zero, will generally constitute capital gains to a shareholder who holds his shares as capital assets.
Different tax treatment, including penalties on certain excess contributions and deferrals, certain pre-retirement and post-retirement distributions and certain prohibited transactions, is accorded to accounts maintained as qualified retirement plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers for more information.
Taxable U.S. Shareholders - Sale of Shares
When a shareholder’s shares are sold, redeemed or otherwise disposed of in a transaction that is treated as a sale for tax purposes, the shareholder will generally recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares and the cash, or fair market value of any property, received. (To aid in computing that tax basis, a shareholder should generally retain its account statements for the period that it holds shares.) If the shareholder holds the shares as a capital asset at the time of sale, the character of the gain or loss should be capital, and treated as long-term if the shareholder’s holding period is more than one year and short-term otherwise, subject to the rules below. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers with reference to their particular circumstances to determine whether a redemption (including an exchange) or other disposition of Portfolio shares is properly treated as a sale for tax purposes, as is assumed in this discussion.
Certain special tax rules may apply to a shareholder’s capital gains or losses on Portfolio shares. If a shareholder receives a capital gain dividend with respect to shares and such shares have a tax holding period of six months or less at the time of a sale or redemption of such shares, then any loss the shareholder realizes on the sale or redemption will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of such capital gain dividend. All or a portion of any sales load paid upon the purchase of shares of a Portfolio will generally not be taken into account in determining gain or loss on the redemption or exchange of such shares within 90 days after their purchase to the extent the redemption proceeds are reinvested, or the exchange is effected, without payment of an additional sales load pursuant to the reinvestment or exchange privilege. The load not taken into account will be added to the tax basis of the newly acquired shares. Additionally, any loss realized on a sale or redemption of shares of a Portfolio may be disallowed under “wash sale” rules to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced with other shares of the same Portfolio within a period of 61 days beginning 30 days before and ending 30 days after the shares are disposed of, such as pursuant to a dividend reinvestment in shares of such Portfolio. If disallowed, the loss will be reflected in an adjustment to the basis of the shares acquired.
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Backup Withholding
Each Portfolio may be required to withhold, as “backup withholding,” federal income tax, currently at a 28% (currently scheduled to increase to 31% after 2012) rate, from dividends (including capital gain dividends) and share redemption and exchange proceeds to individuals and other non-exempt shareholders who fail to furnish the Portfolio with a correct taxpayer identification number (“TIN”) certified under penalties of perjury, or if the IRS or a broker notifies the Portfolio that the payee is subject to backup withholding as a result of failing properly to report interest or dividend income to the IRS or that the TIN furnished by the payee to the Portfolio is incorrect, or if (when required to do so) the payee fails to certify under penalties of perjury that it is not subject to backup withholding. A Portfolio may refuse to accept an application that does not contain any required TIN or certification that the TIN provided is correct. If the backup withholding provisions are applicable, any such dividends and proceeds, whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares, will be reduced by the amounts required to be withheld. Any amounts withheld may be credited against a shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. If a shareholder does not have a TIN, it should apply for one immediately by contacting the local office of the Social Security Administration or the IRS. Backup withholding could apply to payments relating to a shareholder’s account while the shareholder is awaiting receipt of a TIN. Special rules apply for certain entities. For example, for an account established under a Uniform Gifts or Transfer to Minors Act, the TIN of the minor should be furnished. In addition, non-US shareholders will be required to provide the Portfolio with the proper IRS Form W-8 or appropriate substitute (as discussed below) in order to avail themselves of this withholding tax exemption.
Sunset of Tax Provisions
As discussed above, some of the tax provisions described above are subject to sunset provisions. Specifically, a sunset provision provides that the 15% maximum long-term capital gain rate will increase to 20% and the taxation of qualified dividends at the long-term capital gain rate will end for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012.
Medicare Tax
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, an additional 3.8% Medicare tax will be imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a Portfolio and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Portfolio shares) of US individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person’s “modified adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds a threshold amount.
Non-U.S. Shareholders
The discussion above relates solely to U.S. federal income tax law as it applies to “U.S. persons” subject to tax under such law. Distributions to shareholders who, as to the United States, are not “U.S. persons” (i.e., are nonresident aliens, foreign corporations, fiduciaries of foreign trusts or estates, foreign partnerships or other non-U.S. investors) generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the rate of 30% on distributions treated as ordinary income unless the tax is reduced or eliminated pursuant to a tax treaty or the distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the shareholder. However, distributions of net capital gain (the excess of any net long-term capital gain over any net short-term capital losses, including amounts retained by a Portfolio which are designated as undistributed capital gains, to a non-U.S. shareholder will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the distributions are effectively connected with the shareholder’s trade or business in the United States or, in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met.
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Non U.S. shareholders generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on certain distributions of interest income and/or short term capital gains that are designated by a Portfolio. It is expected that the Portfolios will generally make of short term gains, to the extent permitted, but the Portfolios do not intend to make designations of any distributions attributable to interest income. As a result, U.S. tax withholding would apply to distributions attributable to interest income, dividends and other investment income earned by a Portfolio and unless Congress extends the above provision.
Any capital gain realized by a non-U.S. shareholder upon a sale or redemption of shares of a Portfolio will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the gain is effectively connected with the shareholder’s trade or business in the U.S., or in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met.
Non-U.S. persons who fail to furnish a Portfolio with the proper IRS Form W-8 (i.e., W-8 BEN, W-8 ECI, W-8 IMY or W-8 EXP) or an acceptable substitute may be subject to backup withholding, (currently at a rate of 28%) rate, for dividends (including on capital gain dividends) and the proceeds of redemptions and exchanges.
Also, non-U.S. shareholders may be subject to estate tax with respect to their Portfolio shares.
Under a temporary provision, which is scheduled to expire for taxable years of a Portfolio beginning after December 31, 2013, non-U.S. shareholders generally are not subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding on certain distributions of interest income and/or short-term capital gains that are designated by a Portfolio. It is expected that the Portfolios will generally make designations of short-term gains, to the extent permitted, but the Portfolios do not intend to make designations of any distributions attributable to interest income. As a result, U.S. tax withholding would apply to distributions attributable to interest income, dividends and other investment income earned by a Portfolio and, would also apply to distributions of short-term gains for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013, unless Congress extends the above provision.
Effective January 1, 2014, the Funds will be required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of dividends and (effective January 1, 2017) redemption proceeds made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of the U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to the Funds to enable the Funds to determine whether withholding is required.
Each shareholder who is not a U.S. person should consult his or her tax adviser regarding the U.S. and non-U.S. tax consequences of ownership of shares of and receipt of distributions from the Portfolios.
State and Local
Each Portfolio and each Underlying Fund may be subject to state or local taxes in jurisdictions in which the Underlying Fund is deemed to be doing business. In addition, in those states or localities that impose income taxes, the treatment of such a Portfolio or Underlying Fund and its shareholders under those jurisdictions’ tax laws may differ from the treatment under federal income tax laws, and investment in a Portfolio or Underlying Fund may have tax consequences for shareholders that are different from those of a direct investment in the securities held by a Portfolio or Underlying Fund. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers concerning state and local tax matters.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements and related reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, contained in the Portfolios’ 2012 Annual Report are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given upon the authority of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as an expert in accounting and auditing. No other portions of any Annual Report are incorporated by reference herein. A copy of the Portfolios’ Annual Report (when available) may be obtained upon request and without charge by writing Goldman, Sachs & Co., 71 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606 or by calling Goldman, Sachs & Co., at the telephone number on the back cover of the Portfolios’ Prospectus.
PROXY VOTING
The Trust, on behalf of the Portfolios, has delegated the voting of portfolio securities to the Investment Adviser. For client accounts for which the Investment Adviser has voting discretion, the Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures (the “Proxy Voting Policy”) for the voting of proxies. Under the Proxy Voting Policy, the Investment Adviser’s guiding principles in performing proxy voting are to make decisions that favor proposals that in the Investment Adviser’s view tend to maximize a company’s shareholder value and are not influenced by conflicts of interest. To implement these guiding principles for investments in publicly-traded equities, the Investment Adviser has developed customized proxy voting guidelines (the “Guidelines”) that it generally applies when voting on behalf of client accounts. Attached as Appendix B is a summary of the Guidelines. These Guidelines address a wide variety of individual topics, including, among other matters, shareholder voting rights, anti-takeover defenses, board structures, the election of directors, executive and director compensation, reorganizations, mergers, issues of corporate social responsibility and various shareholder proposals. The Guidelines embody the positions and factors the Investment Adviser generally considers important in casting proxy votes.
The Proxy Voting Policy, including the Guidelines, is reviewed periodically to ensure that it continues to be consistent with the Investment Adviser’s guiding principles.
The Investment Adviser has retained a third-party proxy voting service (“Proxy Service”), currently Institutional Shareholder Services, to assist in the implementation and administration of certain proxy voting-related functions including, without limitation, operational, recordkeeping and reporting services. The Proxy Service also prepares a written analysis and recommendation (a “Recommendation”) of each proxy vote that reflects the Proxy Service’s application of the Guidelines to particular proxy issues. While it is the Investment Adviser’s policy generally to follow the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the Investment Adviser’s portfolio management teams (“Portfolio Management Teams”) may on certain proxy votes seek approval to diverge from the Guidelines or a Recommendation by following an “override” process. Such decisions are subject to a review and approval process, including a determination that the decision is not influenced by any conflict of interest. A Portfolio Management Team that receives approval through the override process to cast a proxy vote that diverges from the Guidelines and/or a Recommendation may vote differently than other Portfolio Management Teams that did not seek to override that vote. In forming their views on particular matters, the Portfolio Management Teams are also permitted to consider applicable regional rules and practices, including codes of conduct and other guides, regarding proxy voting, in addition to the Guidelines and Recommendations. The Investment Adviser may hire other service providers to replace or supplement the Proxy Service with respect to any of the services the Investment Adviser currently receives from the Proxy Service.
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GSAM conducts periodic due diligence meetings with the Proxy Service which include, but are not limited to, a review of the Proxy Service’s general organizational structure, new developments with respect to research and technology, work flow improvements and internal due diligence with respect to conflicts of interest.
From time to time, the Investment Adviser may face regulatory, compliance, legal or logistical limits with respect to voting securities that it may purchase or hold for client accounts, which can affect the Investment Adviser’s ability to vote such proxies, as well as the desirability of voting such proxies. Among other limits, federal, state and foreign regulatory restrictions or company specific ownership limits, as well as legal matters related to consolidated groups, may restrict the total percentage of an issuer’s voting securities that the Investment Adviser can hold for clients and the nature of the Investment Adviser’s voting in such securities. The Investment Adviser’s ability to vote proxies may also be affected by, among other things: (i) late receipt of meeting notices; (ii) requirements to vote proxies in person: (iii) restrictions on a foreigner’s ability to exercise votes; (iv) potential difficulties in translating the proxy; (v) requirements to provide local agents with unrestricted powers of attorney to facilitate voting instructions; and (vi) requirements that investors who exercise their voting rights surrender the right to dispose of their holdings for some specified period in proximity to the shareholder meeting.
The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing its proxy voting decisions that the Investment Adviser makes on behalf of a client account. These policies and procedures include the Investment Adviser’s use of the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the override approval process previously discussed, and the establishment of information barriers between the Investment Adviser and other businesses within The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Notwithstanding such proxy voting policies and procedures, actual proxy voting decisions of the Investment Adviser may have the effect of benefitting the interests of other clients or businesses of other divisions or units of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates.
Voting decisions with respect to fixed income securities and the securities of privately held issuers generally will be made by an Underlying Fund’s managers based on their assessment of the particular transactions or other matters at issue.
Information regarding how the Portfolios and/or the Underlying Funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available on or through the Portfolios’ and Underlying Funds’ website at www.goldmansachsfunds.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
PAYMENTS TO INTERMEDIARIES
The Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may make payments to Intermediaries from time to time to promote the sale, distribution and/or servicing of shares of the Portfolios Fund. These payments (“Additional Payments”) are made out of the Investment Adviser’s, Distributor’s and/or their affiliates’ own assets (which may come directly or indirectly from fees paid by the Portfolios Fund), are not an additional charge to the Portfolios Fund or its shareholders, and do not change the price paid by investors for the purchase of the Portfolios Fund’s shares or the amount the Portfolio Fund receives as proceeds from such purchases. Although paid by the Investment Advisor, Distributor, and/or their affiliates, the Additional Payments are in addition to the distribution and service fees paid by the Portfolios Fund to the Intermediaries as described in the Portfolios Fund’s Prospectus and this SAI, and
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are also in addition to the sales commissions payable to Intermediaries as set forth in the Prospectus. For purposes of this “Payments to Intermediaries” section, “Funds” shall mean, collectively, the Portfolios Fund and any of the other Goldman Sachs Funds.
The Additional Payments are intended to compensate Intermediaries for, among other things: marketing shares of the Portfolios Fund, which may consist of payments relating to the Portfolios funds included on preferred or recommended fund lists or in certain sales programs from time to time sponsored by the Intermediaries; “due diligence” examination and/or review of the Funds from time to time; access to the Intermediaries’ registered representatives or salespersons, including at conferences and other meetings; assistance in training and education of personnel; “finders” or “referral fees” for directing investors to the Portfolios Fund; marketing support fees for providing assistance in promoting the sale of the Portfolio Fund shares (which may include promotions in communications with the Intermediaries’ customers, registered representatives and salespersons); and/or other specified services intended to assist in the distribution and marketing of the Portfolios Fund. In addition, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may make Additional Payments (including through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements) for subaccounting, administrative and/or shareholder processing services that are in addition to the transfer agent, shareholder administration, servicing and processing fees paid by the Portfolios Funds. These Additional Payments may exceed amounts earned on these assets by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates for the performance of these or similar services. The Additional Payments may be a fixed dollar amount; may be based on the number of customer accounts maintained by an Intermediary; may be based on a percentage of the value of shares sold to, or held by, customers of the Intermediary involved; or may be calculated on another basis. The Additional Payments are negotiated with each Intermediary based on a range of factors, including but not limited to the Intermediary’s ability to attract and retain assets (including particular classes of the Portfolio Fund shares), target markets, customer relationships, quality of service and industry reputation. Although the individual components may be higher or lower and the total amount of Additional Payments made to any Intermediary in any given year will vary, the amount of these Additional Payments (excluding payments made through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements), on average, is normally not expected to exceed 0.50% (annualized) of the amount sold or invested through an Intermediary.
These Additional Payments may be significant to certain Intermediaries, and may be an important factor in an Intermediary’s willingness to support the sale of the Portfolios Fund through its distribution system.
The Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may be motivated to make Additional Payments since they promote the sale of the Portfolio Fund shares to clients of Intermediaries and the retention of those investments by those clients. To the extent Intermediaries sell more shares of the Portfolios Fund or retain shares of the Portfolios Fund in their clients’ accounts, the Investment Adviser and Distributor benefit from the incremental management and other fees paid by the Portfolios Fund with respect to those assets.
In addition, certain Intermediaries may have access to certain research and investment services from the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates. Such research and investment services (“Additional Services”) may include research reports, economic analysis, portfolio analysis tools, business planning services, certain marketing and investor education materials and strategic asset allocation modeling. The Intermediary may not pay for these products or services. The cost of the Additional Services and the particular services provided may vary from Intermediary to Intermediary.
The Additional Payments made by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates or the Additional Services received by an Intermediary may vary with respect to the type of fund (e.g., equity, fund, fixed income fund, specialty fund, asset allocation portfolio or money market fund) sold by
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the Intermediary. In addition, the Additional Payment arrangements may include breakpoints in compensation which provide that the percentage rate of compensation varies as the dollar value of the amount sold or invested through an Intermediary increases.
The presence of these Additional Payments or Additional Services, the varying fee structure and the basis on which an Intermediary compensates its registered representatives or salespersons may create an incentive for a particular Intermediary, registered representative or salesperson to highlight, feature or recommend funds, including the Portfolios, or other investments based, at least in part, on the level of compensation paid. Additionally, if one mutual fund sponsor makes greater distribution payments than another, an Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend one fund complex over another. Similarly, if an Intermediary receives more distribution assistance for one share class versus another, that Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend that share class. Because Intermediaries may be paid varying amounts per class for sub-transfer agency and related recordkeeping services, the service requirements of which also may vary by class, this may create an additional incentive for financial firms and their financial advisors to favor one fund complex over another, or one fund class over another. You should consider whether such incentives exist when evaluating any recommendations from an Intermediary to purchase or sell Shares of the Portfolios and when considering which share class is most appropriate for you.
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For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and their affiliates made Additional Payments out of their own assets to approximately 152 Intermediaries, totaling approximately $99.8 million (excluding payments made through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements and certain other types of payments described below), with respect to a Portfolio, Goldman Sachs Trust, all of the funds in an affiliated investment company and Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates had contractual arrangements to make Additional Payments to the Intermediaries listed below (or their affiliates or successors), among others. This list will change over time, and any additions, modifications or deletions thereto that have occurred since December 31, 2012 are not reflected. Additional Intermediaries may receive payments in 2013 and in future years. Certain arrangements are still being negotiated, and there is a possibility that payments will be made retroactively to Intermediaries not listed below.
ADP Broker Dealer, Inc
American Enterprise Investment Services Inc; Riversource Life Insurance Company; Riversource Life Insurance Company of New York
Allstate Life Insurance Company
Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York
Amalga Trust Company
Amalgamated Bank of Chicago
American National Trust and Investment Management Company (dba Old National Trust Company)
American United Life Insurance Company
Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc.
Ascensus, Inc
Associated Trust Company, National Association; Associated Investment Services Inc.
AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company
Banc of America Securities, LLC
Bancorp South
Bank Hapoalim B.M.
Bank of New York
Bankers Trust
Barclays Capital Inc.
BB&T Capital Markets
BMO Nesbitt Burns (Harris)
BOSC, Inc.
Branch Banking & Trust Company
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co
C.M. Life Insurance Company
Financial Network Investment Corporation
Multi Financial Securities Corporation
PrimeVest Financial Services
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; CME Shareholder Servicing, LLC.
Citibank N.A.
Citibank N.A. - Agency and Trust Department
Citigroup Private Bank at Citibank N.A.
Citizens Bank Wealth Management N.A.
Comerica Bank
Comerica Securities, Inc.
Commerce Bank
Commerce Bank N.A.
Commerce Trust Co.
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Companion Life Insurance Company
Compass Bank
Computershare Trust Company, N.A.
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
Daily Access Corporation
Dain Rauscher Inc.
Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas
Diversified Investment Advisors
Dubuque Bank & Trust
Edward D. Jones & Co., L.P.
Farmers New World Life Insurance Co.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Fidelity Investments Institutional Operations Company, Inc
Fifth Third Bank; Fifth Third Securities
First National Bank of Omaha
First Trust Corporation
Fulton Bank N.A.
Fulton Financial Advisors, National Association
GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company
Genworth Financial Securities Corporation
Genworth Financial Trust Company
Greatbanc Trust Co.
Guardian Insurance and Annuity Company, Inc
GW Capital Management, LLC
GWFS Equities, Inc.
Harris Trust & Savings Bank
Hartford Life Insurance Company
Hartford Securities Distribution Company Inc.
Hewitt Associates LLC
Horace Mann Life Insurance Company
HSBC Bank USA
Hunt Dupree & Rhine
ICMA-RC Services, LLC
ING Institutional Plan Services, LLC; ING Investment Advisors, LLC
ING Life Insurance & Annuity Company; ING Financial Advisers, LLC; ING Institutional Plan Services, LLC
Invesmart, Inc.
JPMorgan Chase Bank
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Jefferson Pilot Financial Insurance Company
JP Morgan Retirement Plan Services, LLC
JP Morgan Securities, Inc.
Kemper Investors Life Insurance Company
Key Bank Capital Markets
LaSalle Bank N.A.
Law Debenture Trust Company of New York
Lincoln Benefit Life Company
Lincoln National Life Insurance Company; Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York
Lincoln Retirement Services Company, LLC
LPL Financial Corporation
M&T Securities, Inc.
Marshall & Ilsley Trust Company N.A.
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
McCready and Keen, Inc.
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Mellon Bank N.A.
Mercer HR Services, LLC
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
Midland National Life Insurance Company
Minnesota Life Insurance Company
Morgan Keegan and Company, Inc.
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
MSCS Financial Services
National Financial Services LLC; Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC
National Security Life and Annuity Company
Nationwide Financial Services, Inc.
Newport Retirement Services, Inc.
NYLife Distributors, Inc.
Pershing, LLC
PNC Bank, N.A.
PNC Bank, National Organization
PNC Capital Markets LLC
Principal Life Insurance Company
Protective Life Insurance Company
PruCo Life Insurance Company; PruCo Life Insurance Company of New Jersey
Prudential Financial, Inc
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Prudential Life Insurance Company of America
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and Raymond James Financial Services
Regions Bank
Reliance Trust Company
Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc.
Scott & Stringfellow Inc.
Security Benefit Life Insurance Company; Security Distributors, Inc.
Signature Bank
Standard Insurance Company
State Street Global Markets, LLC and State Street Bank and Trust Company
Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (US)
Sungard Institutional Brokerage, Inc
SunTrust Bank
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
SVB Securities
Synovus Securities
TD Ameritrade Clearing, Inc.
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc
The Ohio National Life Insurance Company
The Prudential Insurance Company of America
The Travelers Insurance Company; The Travelers Life and Annuity Company
The Vanguard Group, Inc.
Transamerica Life Insurance Company; Transamerica Financial Life Insurance Company
Treasury Curve, LLC
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Trustmark National Bank
UBS Financial Services, Inc.
Union Bank, N.A.
United of Omaha Life Insurance Company
US Bank National Association
Valic Retirement Services Company
Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC.
Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC; Wells Fargo Investment, LLC
Wells Fargo Bank N.A.; Wells Fargo Corporate Trust Services
Wells Fargo Bank National Association
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Wilmington Trust Company
Xerox HR Solutions, LLC
Zions First National Bank
Your Authorized Dealer or other Intermediary may charge you additional fees or commissions other than those disclosed in the Prospectus. Shareholders should contact their Authorized Dealer or other Intermediary for more information about the Additional Payments or Additional Services they receive and any potential conflicts of interest, as well as for information regarding any fees and/or commissions it charges. For additional questions, please contact Goldman Sachs Funds at 1-800-621-2550.
Not included on the list above are other subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs who may receive revenue from the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates through intra-company compensation arrangements and for financial, distribution, administrative and operational services.
Furthermore, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may, to the extent permitted by applicable regulations, contribute to various non-cash and cash incentive arrangements to promote the sale of Portfolio shares, as well as sponsor various educational programs, sales contests and/or promotions. The Investment Adviser, Distributor and their affiliates may also pay for the travel expenses, meals, lodging and entertainment of Intermediaries and their salespersons and guests in connection with educational, sales and promotional programs subject to applicable FINRA regulations. Other compensation may also be offered from time to time to the extent not prohibited by applicable federal or state laws or FINRA regulations. This compensation is not included in, and is made in addition to, the Additional Payments described above.
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OTHER INFORMATION
Selective Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
The Board of Trustees of the Trust and the Investment Adviser have adopted a policy on selective disclosure of portfolio holdings in accordance with regulations that seek to ensure that disclosure of information about portfolio securities is in the best interest of Portfolio shareholders and to address the conflicts between the interests of Portfolio shareholders and its service providers. The policy provides that neither a Portfolio nor its Investment Adviser, Distributor or any agent, or any employee thereof (“Portfolio Representative”) will disclose a Portfolio’s holdings information to any person other than in accordance with the policy. For purposes of the policy, “portfolio holdings information” means the Portfolio’s actual portfolio holdings, as well as nonpublic information about its trading strategies or pending transactions. Under the policy, neither a Portfolio nor any Portfolio Representative may solicit or accept any compensation or other consideration in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information. A Portfolio Representative may provide portfolio holdings information to third parties if such information has been included in the Portfolio’s public filings with the SEC or is disclosed on the Portfolios’ publicly accessible website. Information posted on the Portfolio’s website may be separately provided to any person commencing the day after it is first published on the Portfolios’ website.
Portfolio holdings information that is not filed with the SEC or posted on the publicly available website may be provided to third parties only if the third party recipients are required to keep all portfolio holdings information confidential and are prohibited from trading on the information they receive. Disclosure to such third parties must be approved in advance by the Investment Adviser’s legal or compliance department. Disclosure to providers of auditing, custody, proxy voting and other similar services for the Portfolios, as well as rating and ranking organizations, will generally be permitted; however, information may be disclosed to other third parties (including, without limitation, individuals, institutional investors, and intermediaries that sell shares of the Portfolio,) only upon approval by the Portfolio’s Chief Compliance Officer, who must first determine that the Portfolio has a legitimate business purpose for doing so. In general, each recipient of non-public portfolio holdings information must sign a confidentiality and non-trading agreement, although this requirement will not apply when the recipient is otherwise subject to a duty of confidentiality. In accordance with the policy, the identity of those recipients who receive non-public portfolio holdings information on an ongoing basis is as follows: the Investment Advisers and their affiliates, the Portfolios’ independent registered public accounting firm, the Portfolios’ custodians, the Portfolios’ legal counsel- Dechert LLP, the Portfolios’ financial printer- RR Donnelley, and the Portfolios’ proxy voting service- ISS. KPMG LLP, an investor in the Portfolios, also receives certain non-public holdings information on an ongoing basis in order to facilitate compliance with the auditor independence requirements to which it is subject. In addition, certain fixed income funds of the Trust provide non-public portfolio holdings information to Standard & Poor’s Rating Services to allow such Portfolios to be rated by it and certain equity funds provide non-public portfolio holdings information to FactSet, a provider of global financial and economic information. These entities are obligated to keep such information confidential. Third party providers of custodial or accounting services to the Portfolios may release non-public portfolio holdings information of the Portfolios only with the permission of Portfolio Representatives. From time to time portfolio holdings information may be provided to broker-dealers, prime brokers, futures commission merchants or derivatives clearing merchants, in connection with a Portfolio’s trading activities. In providing this information reasonable precautions, including limitations on the scope of the portfolio holdings information disclosed, are taken to avoid any potential misuse of the disclosed information. All marketing materials prepared by the Trust’s principal underwriter is reviewed by Goldman Sachs’ Compliance department for consistency with the Trust’s portfolio holdings disclosure policy.
For information regarding an Underlying Fund’s policies and practices with respect to disclosure of its portfolio holding information, please see the Underlying Fund’s prospectus and SAI.
Under the policy, Portfolio Representatives will initially supply the Board of the Trustees with a list of third parties who receive portfolio holdings information pursuant to any ongoing arrangement. In addition, the Board is to receive information, on a quarterly basis, regarding any other disclosures of non-public portfolio holdings information that were permitted during the preceding quarter. In addition, the Board of Trustees is to approve at its meetings a list of Portfolio Representatives who are authorized to disclose portfolio holdings information under the policy. As of April 30, 2013, only certain officers of the Trust as well as certain senior members of the compliance and legal groups of the Investment Adviser have been approved by the Board of Trustees to authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information.
Disclosure of Current NAV Per Share
Each Portfolio’s current NAV per share is available through the Portfolios’ website at www.GSAMFUNDS.com or by contacting the Portfolios at 1-800-292-4726.
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Miscellaneous
A Portfolio will redeem shares solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net asset value of the Portfolio during any 90-day period for any one shareholder. Each Portfolio, however, reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to pay redemptions by a distribution in kind of securities (instead of cash) if (i) the redemption exceeds the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net asset value of the Portfolio at the time of redemption; or (ii) with respect to lesser redemption amounts, the redeeming shareholder requests in writing a distribution in-kind of securities instead of cash. The securities distributed in kind would be valued for this purpose using the same method employed in calculating each Portfolio’s net asset value per share. See “Net Asset Value.” If a shareholder receives redemption proceeds in kind, the shareholder should expect to incur transaction costs upon the disposition of the securities received in the redemption.
The right of a shareholder to redeem shares and the date of payment by each Portfolio may be suspended for more than seven days for any period during which the New York Stock Exchange is closed, other than the customary weekends or holidays, or when trading on such Exchange is restricted as determined by the SEC; or during any emergency, as determined by the SEC, as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for such Portfolio to dispose of securities owned by it or fairly to determine the value of its net assets; or for such other period as the SEC may by order permit for the protection of shareholders of such Portfolio. (The Trust may also suspend or postpone the recordation of the transfer of shares upon the occurrence of any of the foregoing conditions.)
As stated in the Prospectuses, the Trust may authorize Authorized Institutions and other institutions that provide recordkeeping, reporting and processing services to their customers to accept on the Trust’s behalf purchase, redemption and exchange orders placed by or on behalf of their customers and, if approved by the Trust, to designate other intermediaries to accept such orders. These institutions may receive payments from the Trust or Goldman Sachs for their services. Certain Authorized Institutions or other institutions may enter into sub-transfer agency agreements with the Trust or Goldman Sachs with respect to their services.
In the interest of economy and convenience, the Trust does not issue certificates representing the Portfolio’s shares. Instead, the Transfer Agent maintains a record of each shareholder’s ownership. Each shareholder receives confirmation of purchase and redemption orders from the Transfer Agent. Portfolio shares and any dividends and distributions paid by the Portfolios are reflected in account statements from the Transfer Agent.
The Prospectuses and this SAI do not contain all the information included in the Registration Statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered by the Prospectuses. Certain portions of the Registration Statement have been omitted from the Prospectuses and this SAI pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The Registration Statement including the exhibits filed therewith may be examined at the office of the SEC in Washington, D.C.
Statements contained in the Prospectuses or in this SAI as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and, in each instance, reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement of which the Prospectuses and this SAI form a part, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference.
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Line of Credit
The Portfolios participate in a $630,000,000 committed, unsecured revolving line of credit facility together with other funds of the Trust and registered investment companies having management or investment advisory agreements with GSAM or its affiliates. Pursuant to the terms of this facility, the Portfolios and other borrowers may increase the credit amount by an additional $340,000,000, for a total of up to $970,000,000. This facility is to be used for temporary emergency purposes or to allow for an orderly liquidation of securities to meet redemption requests. The interest rate on borrowings is based on the federal funds rate. The facility also requires a fee to be paid by the Portfolios based on the amount of the commitment that has not been utilized. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, the Portfolios did not have any borrowings under the facility.
Large Trade Notifications
The Transfer Agent may from time to time receive notice that an Authorized Institution or other financial intermediary has received an order for a large trade in a Portfolios’ shares. The Portfolio may determine to enter into portfolio transactions in anticipation of that order, even though the order will not be processed until the following business day. This practice provides for a closer correlation between the time shareholders place trade orders and the time a Portfolio enters into portfolio transactions based on those orders, and permits the Portfolio to be more fully invested in investment securities, in the case of purchase orders, and to more orderly liquidate their investment positions, in the case of redemption orders. On the other hand, the Authorized Institution or other financial intermediary may not ultimately process the order. In this case, the Portfolio may be required to borrow assets to settle the portfolio transactions entered into in anticipation of that order, and would therefore incur borrowing costs. The Portfolio may also suffer investment losses on those portfolio transactions. Conversely, the Portfolio would benefit from any earnings and investment gains resulting from such portfolio transactions.
Corporate Actions
From time to time, the issuer of a security held in a Portfolio’s portfolio may initiate a corporate action relating to that security. Corporate actions relating to equity securities may include, among others, an offer to purchase new shares, or to tender existing shares, of that security at a certain price. Corporate actions relating to debt securities may include, among others, an offer for early redemption of the debt security, or an offer to convert the debt security into stock. Certain corporate actions are voluntary, meaning that a Portfolio may only participate in the corporate action if it elects to do so in a timely fashion. Participation in certain corporate actions may enhance the value of a Portfolio’s investment portfolio.
In cases where a Portfolio or its Investment Adviser receives sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Investment Adviser will exercise its discretion, in good faith, to determine whether the Portfolio will participate in that corporate action. If a Portfolio or its Investment Adviser does not receive sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Portfolio may not be able to timely elect to participate in that corporate action. Participation or lack of participation in a voluntary corporate action may result in a negative impact on the value of the Portfolio’s investment portfolio.
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In addition, certain former shareholders of certain funds (e.g., funds of AXA Enterprise Funds Trust, AXA Enterprise Multimanager Funds Trust, and The Enterprise Group of Funds, Inc., and the Signal Funds of The Coventry Group) (the “Acquired Funds”) who (i) received shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund in connection with a reorganization of an Acquired Fund into a Goldman Sachs Fund, (ii) had previously qualified for purchases of Class A shares of the Acquired Funds without the imposition of a sales load under the guidelines of the applicable Acquired Fund family, and (iii) as of August 24, 2012 held their Goldman Sachs Fund shares directly with the Goldman Sachs Funds’ Transfer Agent, are permitted to purchase Class A Shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund without the imposition of a front-end sales load as long as they continue to hold the shares directly at the Transfer Agent.
If shares of a Portfolio are held in an account with an Authorized Institution, all recordkeeping, transaction processing and payments of distributions relating to the beneficial owner’s account will be performed by the Authorized Institution, and not by a Portfolio and its transfer agent. Because the Portfolios will have no record of the beneficial owner’s transactions, a beneficial owner should contact the Authorized Institution to purchase, redeem or exchange shares, to make changes in or give instructions concerning the account or to obtain information about the account. The transfer of shares in a “street name” account to an account with another dealer or to an account directly with a Portfolio involves special procedures and will require the beneficial owner to obtain historical purchase information about the shares in the account from the Authorized Institution.
Authorized Institutions and other financial intermediaries provide varying arrangements for their clients to purchase and redeem Portfolio shares. Some may establish higher minimum investment requirements and others may limit the availability of certain privileges with respect to the purchase and redemption of shares or the reinvestment of dividends. Firms may arrange with their clients for other investment or administrative services and may independently establish and charge additional amounts to their clients for such services, which charges would reduce a client’s return.
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Right of Accumulation - (Class A)
A Class A shareholder qualifies for cumulative quantity discounts if the current purchase price of the new investment plus the shareholder’s current holdings of existing Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares (acquired by purchase or exchange) of a Portfolio and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund total the requisite amount for receiving a discount. For example, for certain Funds, if a shareholder owns shares with a current market value of $65,000 and purchases additional Class A Shares of any Goldman Sachs Fund with a purchase price of $45,000, the sales charge for the $45,000 purchase would be 3.75% (the rate applicable to purchases of $100,000 but less than $250,000 for certain of the Funds). Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Portfolios offering these share classes and any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased (i) by an individual, his spouse and his children, and (ii) by a trustee, guardian or other fiduciary of a single trust estate or a single fiduciary account, will be combined for the purpose of determining whether a purchase will qualify for such right of accumulation and, if qualifying, the applicable sales charge level. For purposes of applying the right of accumulation, shares of the Portfolios and any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased by an existing client of Goldman Sachs Wealth Management or GS Ayco Holding LLC will be combined with Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares and other assets held by all other Goldman Sachs Wealth Management accounts or accounts of GS Ayco Holding LLC, respectively. In addition, Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Portfolios offering these share classes and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased by partners, directors, officers or employees of the same business organization, groups of individuals represented by and investing on the recommendation of the same accounting firm, certain affinity groups or other similar organizations (collectively, “eligible persons”) may be combined for the purpose of determining whether a purchase will qualify for the right of accumulation and, if qualifying, the applicable sales charge level. This right of accumulation is subject to the following conditions: (i) the business organization’s, group’s or firm’s agreement to cooperate in the offering of the Portfolios’ shares to eligible persons; and (ii) notification to the relevant Portfolio at the time of purchase that the investor is eligible for this right of accumulation. In addition, in connection with SIMPLE IRA accounts, cumulative quantity discounts are available on a per plan basis if (i) your employee has been assigned a cumulative discount number by Goldman Sachs; and (ii) your account, alone or in combination with the accounts of other plan participants also invested in Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Goldman Sachs Funds, totals the requisite aggregate amount as described in the Prospectus.
Statement of Intention - (Class A)
If a shareholder anticipates purchasing at least $50,000 or more of Class A Shares of a Portfolio alone or in combination with Class A Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund within a 13-month period, the shareholder may purchase shares of the Portfolio at a reduced sales charge by submitting a Statement of Intention (the “Statement”). Shares purchased pursuant to a Statement will be eligible for the same sales charge discount that would have been available if all of the purchases had been made at the same time. The shareholder or his Authorized Institution must inform Goldman Sachs that the Statement is in effect each time shares are purchased. There is no obligation to purchase the full amount of shares indicated in the Statement. A shareholder may include the value of all Class A Shares on which a sales charge has previously been paid as an “accumulation credit” toward the completion of the Statement, but a price readjustment will be made only on Class A Shares purchased within ninety (90) days before submitting the Statement. The Statement authorizes the transfer agent to hold in escrow a sufficient number of shares which can be redeemed to make up any difference in the sales charge on the amount actually invested. For purposes of satisfying the amount specified on the Statement, the gross amount of each investment, exclusive of any appreciation on shares previously purchased, will be taken into account.
The provisions applicable to the Statement, and the terms of the related escrow agreement, are set forth in Appendix C to this SAI.
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OTHER INFORMATION REGARDING MAXIMUM
SALES CHARGE, PURCHASES,
REDEMPTIONS, EXCHANGES AND DIVIDENDS
(Class A, Class B and Class C Shares Only)
The following information supplements the information in the Prospectus under the captions “Shareholder Guide” and “Dividends.” Please see the Prospectus for more complete information.
Maximum Sales Charges
Class A Shares of each Portfolio are sold at a maximum sales charge of 5.5%. Using the net asset value per share, as of December 31, 2012, the maximum offering price of each Portfolio’s Class A shares would be as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | Net Asset Value | | | Offering Price To Public | | | Maximum Sales Charge | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 10.56 | | | $ | 11.17 | | | | 5.5 | % |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 10.95 | | | | 11.59 | | | | 5.5 | % |
Growth Strategy | | | 11.05 | | | | 11.69 | | | | 5.5 | % |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 11.75 | | | | 12.43 | | | | 5.5 | % |
Income Strategies | | | 8.90 | | | | 9.42 | | | | 5.5 | % |
Satellite Strategies | | | 8.22 | | | | 8.70 | | | | 5.5 | % |
The actual sales charge that is paid by an investor on the purchase of Class A Shares may differ slightly from the sales charge listed above or in a Portfolio’s Prospectus due to rounding in the calculations. For example, the sales load disclosed above and in the Portfolios’ Prospectus is only shown to one decimal place (i.e., 5.5%). The actual sales charge that is paid by an investor will be rounded to two decimal places. As a result of such rounding in the calculations, the actual sales load paid by an investor may be somewhat greater (e.g., 5.53%) or somewhat lesser (e.g., 5.48%) than that listed above or in the Prospectus. Contact your financial advisor for further information.
Other Purchase Information/Sales Charge Waivers
At the discretion of the Trust’s officers and in addition to the NAV purchases permitted in a Fund’s Prospectus, Class A Shares of the Portfolios may also be sold at NAV without payment of any sales charge for shares purchased through certain Section 401(k), profit sharing, money purchase pension, tax-sheltered annuity, defined benefit pension, or other employee benefit (including health savings accounts) or SIMPLE plans that are sponsored by one or more employers (including governmental or church employers) or employee organizations investing in the Funds.
Certain Goldman Sachs sponsored or partnered retirement platforms (specifically, GS Retirement Plan Plus and Goldman Sachs 401(k) Program) will be eligible to purchase Class A Shares of the Funds of the Trust without a front-end sales charge.
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Cross-Reinvestment of Dividends and Distributions
Shareholders may receive dividends and distributions in additional shares of the same class of a Portfolio or they may elect to receive them in cash or shares of the same class of other Goldman Sachs Sachs Funds, or Service Shares of the Goldman Sachs Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund (“Prime Obligations Fund”), if they hold Class A Shares of a Portfolio.
A Portfolio shareholder should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any other Goldman Sachs Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees before electing cross-reinvestment into that Fund. The election to cross-reinvest dividends and capital gain distributions will not affect the tax treatment of such dividends and distributions, which will be treated as received by the shareholder and then used to purchase shares of the acquired fund. Such reinvestment of dividends and distributions in shares of other Goldman Sachs Funds is available only in states where such reinvestment may legally be made.
Automatic Exchange Program
A Portfolio shareholder may elect to exchange automatically a specified dollar amount of shares of the Portfolio for shares of the same class or an equivalent class of another Goldman Sachs Fund provided the minimum initial investment requirement has been satisfied. A Portfolio shareholder should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any other Goldman Sachs Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees and expenses before electing an automatic exchange into that Goldman Sachs Fund.
Class C Exchanges
As stated in the Prospectus, Goldman Sachs normally begins paying the annual 0.75% distribution fee on Class C Shares to Authorized Institutions after the shares have been held for one year. When an Authorized Institution enters into an appropriate agreement with Goldman Sachs and stops receiving this payment on Class C Shares that have been beneficially owned by the Authorized Institution’s customers for at least ten years, those Class C Shares may be exchanged for Class A Shares (which bear a lower distribution fee) of the same Portfolio at their relative net asset value without a sales charge in recognition of the reduced payment to the Authorized Institution.
Exchanges from Collective Investment Trusts to the Funds
The Investment Adviser manages a number of collective investment trusts that hold assets of 401(k) plans and other retirement plans (each, a “Collective Investment Trust”). An investor in a Collective Investment Trust (or an Intermediary acting on behalf of the investor) may elect to exchange some or all of the interests it holds in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of one or more of the Goldman Sachs Portfolios or Underlying Funds. Generally speaking, Rule 22c-1 of the Act requires a purchase order for shares of a Goldman Sachs Portfolio or Underlying Fund to be priced based on the current NAV of the Goldman Sachs Portfolio or Underlying Fund that is next calculated after receipt of the purchase order. A Goldman Sachs Portfolio or Underlying Fund will treat a purchase order component of an exchange from an investor in a Collective Investment Trust as being received in good order at the time it is communicated to an Intermediary or the Transfer Agent, if the amount of shares to be purchased is expressed as a percentage of the value of the investor’s interest in a designated Collective Investment Trust that it is contemporaneously redeeming (e.g., if the investor communicates a desire to exchange 100% of its interest in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of a Goldman Sachs Portfolio or Underlying Fund). The investor’s purchase price and the number of Goldman Sachs Fund shares it will acquire will therefore be calculated as of the
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pricing of the Collective Investment Trust on the day of the purchase order. Such an order will be deemed to be irrevocable as of the time the Goldman Sachs Fund’s NAV is next calculated after receipt of the purchase order. An investor should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any Goldman Sachs Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees and expenses before electing an exchange into that Goldman Sachs Fund. For federal income tax purposes, an exchange of interests in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund may be subject to tax, and you should consult your tax adviser concerning the tax consequences of an exchange.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan
A systematic withdrawal plan (the “Systematic Withdrawal Plan”) is available to shareholders of a Portfolio whose shares are worth at least $5,000. The Systematic Withdrawal Plan provides for monthly payments to the participating shareholder of any amount not less than $50.
Dividends and capital gain distributions on shares held under the Systematic Withdrawal Plan are reinvested in additional full and fractional shares of the applicable Portfolio at net asset value. The transfer agent acts as agent for the shareholder in redeeming sufficient full and fractional shares to provide the amount of the systematic withdrawal payment. The Systematic Withdrawal Plan may be terminated at any time. Goldman Sachs reserves the right to initiate a fee of up to $5 per withdrawal, upon thirty (30) days written notice to the shareholder. Withdrawal payments should not be considered to be dividends, yield or income. If periodic withdrawals continuously exceed new purchases and reinvested dividends and capital gains distributions, the shareholder’s original investment will be correspondingly reduced and ultimately exhausted. The maintenance of a withdrawal plan concurrently with purchases of additional Class A, Class B or Class C Shares would be disadvantageous because of the sales charge imposed on purchases of Class A Shares or the imposition of a CDSC on redemptions of Class A, Class B and Class C Shares. The CDSC applicable to Class A, Class B or Class C Shares redeemed under a systematic withdrawal plan may be waived. See “Shareholder Guide” in the Prospectus. In addition, each withdrawal constitutes a redemption of shares, and any gain or loss realized must be reported for federal and state income tax purposes. A shareholder should consult his or her own tax adviser with regard to the tax consequences of participating in the Systematic Withdrawal Plan. For further information or to request a Systematic Withdrawal Plan, please write or call the transfer agent.
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE PLANS
(Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares Only)
As described in the Prospectus, the Trust has adopted, on behalf of Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares of each Portfolio that offers those share classes, distribution and service plans (each a “Plan”). See “Shareholder Guide – Distribution and Service Fees” in the Prospectuses. The distribution fees payable under the Plans are subject to Rule 12b-1 under the Act and finance distribution and other services that are provided to investors in the Portfolios and enable the Portfolios to offer investors the choice of investing in either Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares when investing in the Portfolios. In addition, the distribution fees payable under the Plans may be used to assist the Portfolios in reaching and maintaining asset levels that are efficient for the Portfolio’s operations and investments.
The Plans for the Portfolios offering Class A, Class B Class C and/or Class R Shares were most recently approved by a majority vote of the Trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plans, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of approving the Plans on June 16, 2011.
The compensation for distribution services payable under a Plan to Goldman Sachs may not exceed 0.25%, 0.75%, 0.75% and 0.50% per annum of a Portfolio’s average daily net assets attributable to Class A,
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Class B, Class C, and Class R Shares, respectively, of such Portfolio. Under the Plans for Class B and Class C Shares, Goldman Sachs is also entitled to receive a separate fee for personal and account maintenance services equal to an annual basis of 0.25% of each Portfolio’s average daily net assets attributable to Class B or Class C Shares. With respect to Class A and Class R Shares, the distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on “service fees” imposed by FINRA.
Each Plan is a compensation plan which provides for the payment of a specified fee without regard to the expenses actually incurred by Goldman Sachs. If such fee exceeds Goldman Sachs’ expenses, Goldman Sachs may realize a profit from these arrangements. The distribution fees received by Goldman Sachs under the Plans and CDSCs (as applicable) on Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares may be sold by Goldman Sachs as distributor to entities which provide financing for payments to Authorized Institutions in respect of sales of Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares. To the extent such fees are not paid to such dealers, Goldman Sachs may retain such fees as compensation for its services and expenses of distributing a Portfolios’ Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares.
Under each Plan, Goldman Sachs, as distributor of a Portfolios’ Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares, will provide to the Trustees of the Trust for their review, and the Trustees of the Trust will review at least quarterly a written report of the services provided and amounts expended by Goldman Sachs under the Plans and the purposes for which such services were performed and expenditures were made.
The Plans will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and from year to year thereafter, provided that such continuance is approved annually by a majority vote of the Trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plans. The Plans may not be amended to increase materially the amount of distribution compensation described therein without approval of a majority of the outstanding Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares of the affected Portfolio and affected share class, but may be amended without shareholder approval to increase materially the amount of non-distribution compensation. All material amendments of a Plan must also be approved by the Trustees of the Trust in the manner described above. A Plan may be terminated at any time as to any Portfolio without payment of any penalty by a vote of a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class R Shares, respectively, of the affected Portfolio and affected share class. If a Plan was terminated by the Trustees of the Trust and no successor plan was adopted, the Portfolio would cease to make payments to Goldman Sachs under the Plan and Goldman Sachs would be unable to recover the amount of any of its unreimbursed expenditures. So long as a Plan is in effect, the selection and nomination of non-interested Trustees of the Trust will be committed to the discretion of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust. The Trustees of the Trust have determined that in their judgment there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit the Portfolios and their Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shareholders, as applicable.
For the periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, the distribution and service fees paid to Goldman Sachs by each Portfolio pursuant to the Class A, Class B, Class C and/or Class R Plans were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period Ended December 31, 2012 | |
Portfolio | | Class A Plan | | | Class B Plan1 | | | Class C Plan | | | Class R��Plan | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 735,281 | | | $ | 211,760 | | | $ | 868,705 | | | $ | 38,040 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 1,632,912 | | | | 665,255 | | | | 2,320,299 | | | | 19,282 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 1,279,420 | | | | 637,536 | | | | 2,432,168 | | | | 22,969 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 492,872 | | | | 196,376 | | | | 1,077,840 | | | | 23,710 | |
Income Strategies | | | 43,948 | | | | — | | | | 114,159 | | | | 496 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 572,395 | | | | — | | | | 1,257,265 | | | | 13,044 | |
1 | The Income Strategies Portfolio and Satellite Strategies Portfolio do not offer Class B Shares. |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period Ended December 31, 2011 | |
Portfolio | | Class A Plan | | | Class B Plan1 | | | Class C Plan | | | Class R Plan | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 984,419 | | | $ | 289,137 | | | $ | 1,115,433 | | | $ | 35,612 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 2,407,553 | | | | 902,168 | | | | 3,090,782 | | | | 20,924 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 1,748,112 | | | | 854,781 | | | | 3,188,471 | | | | 21,148 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 652,252 | | | | 258,466 | | | | 1,392,866 | | | | 25,817 | |
Income Strategies | | | 48,547 | | | | — | | | | 106,953 | | | | 285 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 565,294 | | | | — | | | | 1,185,296 | | | | 4,509 | |
1 | The Income Strategies Portfolio and Satellite Strategies Portfolio do not offer Class B Shares. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Period Ended December 31, 2010 | |
Portfolio | | Class A Plan | | | Class B Plan1 | | | Class C Plan | | | Class R Plan | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 1,089,707 | | | $ | 347,153 | | | $ | 1,350,100 | | | $ | 17,103 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 2,902,211 | | | | 1,068,010 | | | | 3,817,396 | | | | 9,960 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 2,033,794 | | | | 1,023,064 | | | | 3,943,045 | | | | 12,850 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 762,597 | | | | 297,242 | | | | 1,629,525 | | | | 10,388 | |
Income Strategies | | | 26,985 | | | | N/A | | | | 56,919 | | | | 569 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 413,534 | | | | N/A | | | | 743,161 | | | | 2,446 | |
1 | The Income Strategies Portfolio and Satellite Strategies Portfolio do not offer Class B Shares. |
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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class A Plan of each applicable Portfolio with Class A Shares then in existence:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Compensation to Dealers1 | | | Compensation and Expenses of the Distributor & Its Sales Personnel | | | Allocable Overhead, Telephone and Travel Expenses | | | Printing and Mailing of Prospectuses to Other than Current Shareholders | | | Preparation And Distribution of Sales Literature and Advertising | | | Totals | |
Period Ended December 31, 2012: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 652,460 | | | $ | 565,706 | | | $ | 430,010 | | | $ | 27,558 | | | $ | 68,171 | | | $ | 1,743,906 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 1,457,067 | | | | 1,309,495 | | | | 983,755 | | | | 63,046 | | | | 155,957 | | | | 3,969,319 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 1,134,317 | | | | 1,101,065 | | | | 813,940 | | | | 52,163 | | | | 129,036 | | | | 3,230,522 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 400,213 | | | | 421,815 | | | | 327,629 | | | | 20,997 | | | | 51,940 | | | | 1,222,594 | |
Income Strategies | | | 35,072 | | | | 36,259 | | | | 26,226 | | | | 1,681 | | | | 4,158 | | | | 103,397 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 554,858 | | | | 651,202 | | | | 425,062 | | | | 27,241 | | | | 67,386 | | | | 1,725,749 | |
1 | Advance commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class A Shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of one year or until redemption; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented in addition to payments remitted directly to dealers. |
During the period ended December 31, 2012, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class B Plan of each applicable Portfolio with Class B Shares then in existence:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Compensation to Dealers1 | | | Compensation and Expenses of the Distributor & Its Sales Personnel | | | Allocable Overhead, Telephone and Travel Expenses | | | Printing and Mailing of Prospectuses to Other than Current Shareholders | | | Preparation And Distribution of Sales Literature and Advertising | | | Totals | |
Period Ended December 31, 2012: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 66,501 | | | $ | 74,093 | | | $ | 51,899 | | | $ | 3,326 | | | $ | 8,228 | | | $ | 204,047 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 178,141 | | | | 249,171 | | | | 177,549 | | | | 11,379 | | | | 28,147 | | | | 644,388 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 168,100 | | | | 242,309 | | | | 169,171 | | | | 10,842 | | | | 26,819 | | | | 617,241 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 53,570 | | | | 64,672 | | | | 45,125 | | | | 2,892 | | | | 7,154 | | | | 173,413 | |
Income Strategies2 | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | |
Satellite Strategies2 | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | | | | N/A | |
1 | Advance Commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class B Shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of one year; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
2 | The Income Strategies and Satellite Strategies Portfolios do not offer Class B Shares. |
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During the period ended December 31, 2012, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class C Plan of each applicable Portfolio with Class C Shares then in existence:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Compensation to Dealers1 | | | Compensation and Expenses of the Distributor & Its Sales Personnel | | | Allocable Overhead, Telephone and Travel Expenses | | | Printing and Mailing of Prospectuses to Other than Current Shareholders | | | Preparation And Distribution of Sales Literature and Advertising | | | Totals | |
Period Ended December 31, 2012: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 916,653 | | | $ | 190,795 | | | $ | 131,382 | | | $ | 8,420 | | | $ | 20,828 | | | $ | 1,268,079 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 2,152,711 | | | | 570,580 | | | | 403,704 | | | | 25,872 | | | | 64,000 | | | | 3,216,867 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 2,354,909 | | | | 573,379 | | | | 405,869 | | | | 26,011 | | | | 64,344 | | | | 3,424,511 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 1,002,839 | | | | 250,833 | | | | 178,076 | | | | 11,412 | | | | 28,231 | | | | 1,471,391 | |
Income Strategies | | | 121,506 | | | | 25,308 | | | | 16,117 | | | | 1,033 | | | | 2,555 | | | | 166,519 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 982,569 | | | | 468,344 | | | | 315,367 | | | | 20,211 | | | | 49,996 | | | | 1,836,486 | |
1 | Advance Commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class C Shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of one year; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
During the period ended December 31, 2012, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class R Plan of each applicable Portfolio with Class R Shares then in existence:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Compensation to Dealers1 | | | Compensation and Expenses of the Distributor & Its Sales Personnel | | | Allocable Overhead, Telephone and Travel Expenses | | | Printing and Mailing of Prospectuses to Other than Current Shareholders | | | Preparation And Distribution of Sales Literature and Advertising | | | Totals | |
Period Ended December 31, 2012: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 36,952 | | | $ | 15,041 | | | $ | 9,997 | | | $ | 641 | | | $ | 1,585 | | | $ | 64,217 | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 18,462 | | | | 7,274 | | | | 5,372 | | | | 344 | | | | 852 | | | | 32,303 | |
Growth Strategy | | | 18,352 | | | | 8,435 | | | | 6,260 | | | | 401 | | | | 992 | | | | 34,441 | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 26,801 | | | | 8,689 | | | | 6,601 | | | | 423 | | | | 1,046 | | | | 43,560 | |
Income Strategies | | | 486 | | | | 172 | | | | 117 | | | | 8 | | | | 19 | | | | 801 | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 12,471 | | | | 5,921 | | | | 3,450 | | | | 221 | | | | 547 | | | | 22,610 | |
1 | Advance Commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class R Shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of one year; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
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SERVICE PLAN AND SHAREHOLDER ADMINISTRATION PLAN
(Service Shares Only)
Each Portfolio (other than the Income Strategies Portfolio which does not offer Service Shares) has adopted a service plan and a separate shareholder administration plan (the “Plans”) with respect to its Service Shares which authorize it to compensate Authorized Institutions for providing personal and account maintenance and shareholder administration services to their customers who are or may become beneficial owners of such Shares. Pursuant to the Plans, a Portfolio enters into agreements with Authorized Institutions which purchase Service Shares of the Portfolio on behalf of their customers (“Service Agreements”). Under such Service Agreements the Authorized Institutions may perform some or all of the following services:
(i) Personal and account maintenance services, including: (a) providing facilities to answer inquiries and respond to correspondence with customers and other investors about the status of their accounts or about other aspects of the Trust or the applicable Portfolio; (b) acting as liaison between the Authorized Institution’s customers and the Trust, including obtaining information from the Trust and assisting the Trust in correcting errors and resolving problems; (c) providing such statistical and other information as may be reasonably requested by the Trust or necessary for the Trust to comply with applicable federal or state law; (d) responding to investor requests for prospectuses; (e) displaying and making prospectuses available on the Authorized Institution’s premises; and (f) assisting customers in completing application forms, selecting dividend and other account options and opening custody accounts with the Authorized Institution.
(ii) Shareholder administration services, including (a) acting or arranging for another party to act, as recordholder and nominee of the Service Shares beneficially owned by the Authorized Institution’s customers; (b) establishing and maintaining or assisting in establishing and maintaining individual accounts and records with respect to the Service Shares owned by each customer; (c) processing or assisting in processing confirmations concerning customer orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Service Shares; (d) receiving and transmitting or assisting in receiving and transmitting funds representing the purchase price or redemption proceeds of such Service Shares; (e) facilitating the inclusion of Service Shares in accounts, products or services offered to the Authorized Institution’s customers by or through the Authorized Institution; (f) processing dividend payments on behalf of customers; and (g) performing other related services which do not constitute “any activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares” within the meaning of Rule 12b-1 under the Act or “personal and account maintenance services” within the meaning of the NASD’s Conduct Rules.
As compensation for such services, each Portfolio (other than the Income Strategies Portfolio) will pay each Authorized Institution a personal and account maintenance service fee and a shareholder administration service fee in an amount up to 0.25% and 0.25%, respectively (on an annualized basis), of the average daily net assets of the Service Shares of the Portfolio attributable to or held in the name of such Authorized Institution.
The amount of the fees paid under the Plans by each applicable Portfolio to Authorized Institution was as follows for the periods ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Portfolio | | 2012 | | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | |
Balanced Strategy | | $ | 10,836 | | | $ | 15,600 | | | $ | 13,318 | | | |
Growth and Income Strategy | | | 20,176 | | | | 23,086 | | | | 28,446 | | | |
Growth Strategy | | | 17,308 | | | | 21,888 | | | | 32,462 | | | |
Equity Growth Strategy | | | 5,430 | | | | 9,344 | | | | 19,470 | | | |
Satellite Strategies | | | 170,800 | | | | 142,248 | | | | 78,448 | | | |
The Portfolios (other than the Income Strategies Portfolio) have adopted the service plan but not the shareholder administration plan pursuant to Rule 12b1 under the Act in order to avoid any possibility that service
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fees paid to the Authorized Institutions pursuant to the Service Agreements might violate the Act. Rule 12b-1, which was adopted by the SEC under the Act, regulates the circumstances under which an investment company or series thereof may bear expenses associated with the distribution of its shares. In particular, such an investment company or series thereof cannot engage directly or indirectly in financing any activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares issued by the company unless it has adopted a plan pursuant to, and complies with the other requirements of, such Rule. The Trust believes that fees paid for the services provided in the service plan and described above are not expenses incurred primarily for effecting the distribution of Service Shares. However, should such payments be deemed by a court or the SEC to be distribution expenses, such payments would be duly authorized by the Plan. The shareholder administration plan has not been adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act.
Conflict of interest restrictions (including the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) may apply to a Authorized Institution’s receipt of compensation paid by a Portfolio in connection with the investment of fiduciary assets in Service Shares of such Portfolio. Authorized Institutions, including banks regulated by the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and investment advisers and other money managers subject to the jurisdiction of the SEC, the Department of Labor or state securities regulators, are urged to consult their legal advisers before investing fiduciary assets in Service Shares of the Portfolios. In addition, under some state securities laws, banks and other financial institutions purchasing Service Shares on behalf of their customers may be required to register as dealers.
The Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans or the related Service Agreements, most recently voted to approve each Portfolio’s Plans and related Service Agreements at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such Plans and Service Agreements on June 13, 2012. The Plans and Service Agreements will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and will continue in effect thereafter only if such continuance is specifically approved annually by a vote of the Board of Trustees in the manner described above. The service plan may not be amended (but the shareholder administration plan may be amended) to increase materially the amount to be spent for the services described therein without approval of the Service Shareholders of the affected Portfolio, and all material amendments of each Plan must also be approved by the Board of Trustees in the manner described above. The Plans may be terminated at any time by a majority of the Board of Trustees as described above or by vote of a majority of the affected Portfolio’s outstanding Service Shares. The Service Agreements may be terminated at any time, without payment of any penalty, by vote of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans and the Service Agreements or by a vote of a majority of the affected Portfolio’s outstanding Service Shares, in each case, on not more than sixty (60) days’ written notice to any other party to the Service Agreements. The Service Agreements will terminate automatically if assigned. So long as the Plans are in effect, the selection and nomination of those Trustees who are not interested persons will be committed to the discretion of the Trust’s Governance and Nominating Committee, which consists of all of the non-interested members of the Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees has determined that, in its judgment, there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit the Portfolios and the holders of Service Shares of the Portfolios.
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PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
As of April 2, 2013, the following entities owned of record or beneficially more than 5% of the outstanding shares of a Class of a Portfolio:
Balanced Strategy Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 44.97 | % |
Class B | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 20.19 | % |
Class B | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402 | | | 6.03 | % |
Class B | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 34.01 | % |
Class B | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 7.46 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 22.21 | % |
Class C | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 6.13 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 12.17 | % |
Class C | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402 | | | 6.29 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 13.23 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 47.81 | % |
Class IR | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 50.15 | % |
Class R | | Principled Advisors, Inc., Counsel Trust DBA MATC FBO A&M Industrial Supply 401K PSP & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 6.71 | % |
Class R | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 61.46 | % |
Class R | | Principled Advisors, Inc., Counsel Trust DBA MATC FBO Cranbury Healthcare Center, Inc. 401K PSP & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 9.49 | % |
Institutional | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 69.44 | % |
Institutional | | Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus 6600, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1285 | | | 27.56 | % |
Service | | Superior Bank, Hunter Street Baptist Church Inc., Mission Fund, 2600 John Hawkins Pkwy, Birmingham, Alabama 35244-4009 | | | 24.09 | % |
Service | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 50.31 | % |
Service | | TCA Trustcorp America, 5301 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, 4th Floor, Washington DC 20015-2047 | | | 18.98 | % |
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Growth and Income Strategy Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 5.03 | % |
Class A | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 5.59 | % |
Class A | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 48.33 | % |
Class B | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 17.16 | % |
Class B | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402 | | | 6.27 | % |
Class B | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 12.36 | % |
Class B | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 37.20 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 16.24 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 15.51 | % |
Class C | | UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | | | 5.91 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 21.13 | % |
Class IR | | LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | | | 15.67 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 78.64 | % |
Class R | | Edward Jones & Co., Alerus Financial FBO Community Memorial Hospital Association MPP, PO Box 64535, Saint Paul, MN 55164-0535 | | | 6.35 | % |
Class R | | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC, Counsel Trust DBA MATC FBO Penn Iron Works, Inc. 401K PSP & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 8.27 | % |
Class R | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 64.86 | % |
Institutional | | Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus 6600, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1285 | | | 46.75 | % |
Institutional | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 49.50 | % |
Service | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 10.00 | % |
Service | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 9.14 | % |
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Growth Strategy Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402 | | | 6.15 | % |
Class A | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 6.60 | % |
Class A | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 29.55 | % |
Class B | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 6.41 | % |
Class B | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 20.96 | % |
Class B | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 11.98 | % |
Class B | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 22.76 | % |
Class B | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402 | | | 6.72 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 19.04 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 18.58 | % |
Class C | | UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | | | 6.02 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 16.90 | % |
Class IR | | Mid Atlantic Trust Company FBO Amertech Engineering Inc., 401 K Profiting Sharing Plan & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 12.71 | % |
Class IR | | LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | | | 34.39 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 41.00 | % |
Class IR | | Mid Atlantic Trust Company FBO Vian Enterprises Inc., 401 K Profiting Sharing Plan & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 10.13 | % |
Class R | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 82.12 | % |
Institutional | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 38.37 | % |
B-169
| | | | | | |
Institutional | | Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus 6600, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1285 | | | 56.98 | % |
Service | | American United Life Insurance Co., FBO Group Retirement Account, Attn: Separate Accounts, PO Box 368, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206-0368 | | | 25.63 | % |
Service | | TCA Trustcorp America, 5301 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, 4th Floor, Washington DC 20015-2047 | | | 48.99 | % |
Service | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 17.01 | % |
Service | | Steele Street Bank & Trust, Custodian FBO Carol M. Lesko IRA, 14475 Foothill Rd, Golden, CO 80401-2036 | | | 5.98 | % |
Equity Growth Strategy Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 26.20 | % |
Class A | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 6.42 | % |
Class A | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 6.18 | % |
Class B | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 15.52 | % |
Class B | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | | | 5.60 | % |
Class B | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 17.38 | % |
Class B | | Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | | | 9.42 | % |
Class B | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 12.80 | % |
Class B | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 6.95 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 18.39 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 18.14 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 15.77 | % |
Class IR | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 13.58 | % |
Class IR | | Mid Atlantic Trust Company FBO Vian Enterprises Inc., 401 K Profiting Sharing Plan & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 36.02 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 16.56 | % |
B-170
| | | | | | |
Class IR | | LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | | | 31.36 | % |
Class R | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 92.55 | % |
Institutional | | Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus 6600, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1285 | | | 75.74 | % |
Institutional | | Wells Fargo Bank, FBO Fried Frank Employees Retirement Plan, P.O. Box 1533, Minneapolis, MN 55480-1533 | | | 15.12 | % |
Service | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 13.82 | % |
Service | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 52.35 | % |
Service | | Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 | | | 5.58 | % |
Income Strategies Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 6.47 | % |
Class A | | Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | | | 5.20 | % |
Class A | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | | | 6.27 | % |
Class A | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 5.02 | % |
Class A | | UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | | | 30.65 | % |
Class A | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 7.75 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 8.98 | % |
Class C | | UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | | | 18.91 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 12.49 | % |
Class C | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 701 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | | | 13.73 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 5.41 | % |
Class C | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 22.10 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 21.70 | % |
Class IR | | LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | | | 13.53 | % |
B-171
| | | | | | |
Class R | | ING Financial Advisors, ING National Trust, 1 Orange Way, Windsor CT 06095-4773 | | | 17.86 | % |
Class R | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, City National Bank, 555 S. Flower St., Fl 10, Los Angeles, CA 90071-2300 | | | 16.89 | % |
Class R | | ADP/Broker Dealer Inc., State Street Bank Trustee/Custodian, FBO ADP Access, 1 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111-2901 | | | 10.16 | % |
Class R | | ING Financial Advisors, ING National Trust, 1 Orange Way, Windsor CT 06095-4773 | | | 17.05 | % |
Class R | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 10.59 | % |
Class R | | Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC, Dennis R. Culler FBO Wielgus Product Models Inc. 401K PSP & Trust, 1435 W. Fulton St., Chicago, IL 60607-1109 | | | 27.44 | % |
Institutional | | Stephens Inc. FBO Customer, 111 Center St., Little Rock, AR 72201-4402 | | | 8.97 | % |
Satellite Strategies Portfolio:
| | | | | | |
Class | | Name/Address | | Percentage of Class | |
Class A | | Edward Jones & Co., Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 63043-3009 | | | 15.29 | % |
Class A | | Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | | | 8.44 | % |
Class A | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 5.32 | % |
Class A | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 7.60 | % |
Class A | | RBC Capital Markets LLC, Mutual Fund Omnibus Processing, Omnibus Attn: Mutual Funds Operations Manager, 510 Marquette Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402-1110 | | | 7.00 | % |
Class A | | UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | | | 11.22 | % |
Class A | | Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 | | | 11.79 | % |
Class C | | Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | | | 21.37 | % |
Class C | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 17.14 | % |
Class C | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 21.83 | % |
Class C | | First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 | | | 11.34 | % |
Class C | | American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | | | 7.02 | % |
Class R | | Hartford Life Insurance Co., Separate Account 401, Attn: David Broeck, 1 Griffin Road N., Windsor, CT, 06095-1512 | | | 16/38 | % |
B-172
| | | | | | |
Class R | | ING Financial Advisors, ING National Trust, 1 Orange Way, Windsor CT 06095-4773 | | | 28.58 | % |
Class R | | Princor Financial Services Corp., Attn: NPIO Trade Desk, 711 High St., Des Moines, IA 50392-0001 | | | 10.70 | % |
Class R | | LPL Financial Corporation, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | | | 12.36 | % |
Class R | | GWFS Equities Inc., 8515 E. Orchard Rd 2T2, Greenwood Village, CO 80111-5002 | | | 14.69 | % |
Class IR | | Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | | | 46.99 | % |
Class IR | | LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | | | 35.94 | % |
Class IR | | MML Investors, Taynik & Co. c/o State Street Bank & Trust Co., 200 Clarendon St., Boston, MA 02116-5097 | | | 11.20 | % |
Institutional | | Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | | | 9.55 | % |
Institutional | | Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 | | | 15.47 | % |
Institutional | | National Financial Services LLC, FBO Customers Mutual Funds, Attn: Mutual Funds Dept. 4th Floor, 499 Washington Blvd, Jersey City, NJ, 07310-2010 | | | 26.59 | % |
Except as listed above, the Trust does not know of any other person who owns of record or beneficially 5% or more of any class of a Portfolio’s shares.
B-173
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS
Short-Term Credit Ratings
A Standard & Poor’s short-term issue credit rating is a current opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation having an original maturity of no more than 365 days. The following summarizes the rating categories used by Standard & Poor’s for short-term issues:
“A-1” – A short-term obligation rated “A-1” is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.
“A-2” – A short-term obligation rated “A-2” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.
“A-3” – A short-term obligation rated “A-3” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“B” – A short-term obligation rated “B” is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. Ratings of “B-1”, “B-2”, and “B-3” may be assigned to indicate finer distinctions within the “B” category. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“B-1” – A short-term obligation rated “B-1” is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, but the obligor has a relatively stronger capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
“B-2” – A short-term obligation rated “B-2” is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has an average speculative-grade capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
“B-3” – A short-term obligation rated “B-3” is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has a relatively weaker capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
“C” – A short-term obligation rated “C” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“D” – A short-term obligation rated “D” is in payment default. The “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Risks — Country risk considerations are a standard part of Standard & Poor’s analysis for credit ratings on any issuer or issue. Currency of repayment is a key factor in this analysis. An obligor’s capacity to repay foreign currency obligations may be lower than its capacity to repay obligations in its local currency due to the sovereign government’s own relatively lower capacity to repay external versus domestic debt. These sovereign risk considerations are incorporated in the debt ratings assigned to specific issues. Foreign Currency issuer ratings are also distinguished from local currency issuer ratings to identify those instances where sovereign risks make them different for the same issuer.
1-A
Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) short-term ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations. Ratings may be assigned to issuers, short-term programs or to individual short-term debt instruments. Such obligations generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months, unless explicitly noted.
Moody’s employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
“P-1” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
“P-2” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
“P-3” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
“NP” – Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Fitch, Inc. / Fitch Ratings Ltd. (“Fitch”) short-term ratings scale applies to foreign currency and local currency ratings. A short-term rating has a time horizon of less than 13 months for most obligations, or up to three years for U.S. public finance, in line with industry standards, to reflect unique risk characteristics of bond, tax, and revenue anticipation notes that are commonly issued with terms up to three years. Short-term ratings thus place greater emphasis on the liquidity necessary to meet financial commitments in a timely manner. The following summarizes the rating categories used by Fitch for short-term obligations:
“F1” – Securities possess the highest credit quality. This designation indicates the strongest capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
“F2” – Securities possess good credit quality. This designation indicates a satisfactory capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, but the margin of safety is not as great as in the case of the higher ratings.
“F3” – Securities possess fair credit quality. This designation indicates that the capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate; however, near term adverse changes could result in a reduction to non investment grade.
“B” – Securities possess speculative credit quality. This designation indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
“C” – Securities possess high default risk. Default is a real possibility. This designation indicates a capacity for meeting financial commitments which is solely reliant upon a sustained, favorable business and economic environment.
“D” – Indicates an entity or sovereign that has defaulted on all of its financial obligations.
“NR” – This designation indicates that Fitch does not publicly rate the associated issuer or issue.
“WD” – This designation indicates that the rating has been withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
The following summarizes the ratings used by Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited (“DBRS”) for commercial paper and short-term debt:
“R-1 (high)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1 (high)” is of the highest credit quality, and indicates an entity possessing unquestioned ability to repay current liabilities as they fall due. Entities rated in this category normally maintain strong liquidity positions, conservative debt levels, and profitability that is both stable and above average. Companies achieving an “R-1 (high)” rating are normally leaders in structurally sound industry segments with proven track records, sustainable positive future results, and no substantial qualifying negative factors. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for an “R-1 (high)”, few entities are strong enough to achieve this rating.
“R-1 (middle)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1 (middle)” is of superior credit quality and, in most cases, ratings in this category differ from “R-1 (high)” credits by only a small degree. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for the “R-1 (high)” category, entities rated “R-1 (middle)” are also considered strong credits, and typically exemplify above average strength in key areas of consideration for the timely repayment of short-term liabilities.
2-A
“R-1 (low)” – Short-term debt rated “R-1 (low)” is of satisfactory credit quality. The overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt and profitability ratios are not normally as favorable as with higher rating categories, but these considerations are still respectable. Any qualifying negative factors that exist are considered manageable, and the entity is normally of sufficient size to have some influence in its industry.
“R-2 (high)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (high)” is considered to be at the upper end of adequate credit quality. The ability to repay obligations as they mature remains acceptable, although the overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt, and profitability ratios is not as strong as credits rated in the “R-1 (low)” category. Relative to the latter category, other shortcomings often include areas such as stability, financial flexibility, and the relative size and market position of the entity within its industry.
“R-2 (middle)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (middle)” is considered to be of adequate credit quality. Relative to the “R-2 (high)” category, entities rated “R-2 (middle)” typically have some combination of higher volatility, weaker debt or liquidity positions, lower future cash flow capabilities, or are negatively impacted by a weaker industry. Ratings in this category would be more vulnerable to adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
“R-2 (low)” – Short-term debt rated “R-2 (low)” is considered to be at the lower end of adequate credit quality, typically having some combination of challenges that are not acceptable for an “R-2 (middle)” credit. However, “R-2 (low)” ratings still display a level of credit strength that allows for a higher rating than the “R-3” category, with this distinction often reflecting the issuer’s liquidity profile.
“R-3” – Short-term debt rated “R-3” is considered to be at the lowest end of adequate credit quality, one step up from being speculative. While not yet defined as speculative, the “R-3” category signifies that although repayment is still expected, the certainty of repayment could be impacted by a variety of possible adverse developments, many of which would be outside the issuer’s control. Entities in this area often have limited access to capital markets and may also have limitations in securing alternative sources of liquidity, particularly during periods of weak economic conditions.
“R-4” – Short-term debt rated “R-4” is speculative. “R-4” credits tend to have weak liquidity and debt ratios, and the future trend of these ratios is also unclear. Due to its speculative nature, companies with “R-4” ratings would normally have very limited access to alternative sources of liquidity. Earnings and cash flow would typically be very unstable, and the level of overall profitability of the entity is also likely to be low. The industry environment may be weak, and strong negative qualifying factors are also likely to be present.
“R-5” – Short-term debt rated “R-5” is highly speculative. There is a reasonably high level of uncertainty as to the ability of the entity to repay the obligations on a continuing basis in the future, especially in periods of economic recession or industry adversity. In some cases, short term debt rated “R-5” may have challenges that if not corrected, could lead to default.
“D” – A security rated “D” implies the issuer has either not met a scheduled payment or the issuer has made it clear that it will be missing such a payment in the near future. In some cases, DBRS may not assign a “D” rating under a bankruptcy announcement scenario, as allowances for grace periods may exist in the underlying legal documentation. Once assigned, the “D” rating will continue as long as the missed payment continues to be in arrears, and until such time as the rating is discontinued or reinstated by DBRS.
Long-Term Credit Ratings
The following summarizes the ratings used by Standard & Poor’s for long-term issues:
“AAA” – An obligation rated “AAA” has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poor’s. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
“AA” – An obligation rated “AA” differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
“A” – An obligation rated “A” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
3-A
“BBB” – An obligation rated “BBB” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
Obligations rated “BB,” “B,” “CCC,” “CC” and “C” are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. “BB” indicates the least degree of speculation and “C” the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
“BB” – An obligation rated “BB” is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“B” – An obligation rated “B” is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated “BB,” but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“CCC” – An obligation rated “CCC” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
“CC” – An obligation rated “CC” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.
“C” – A “C” rating is assigned to obligations that are currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, obligations that have payment arrearages allowed by the terms of the documents, or obligations of an issuer that is the subject of a bankruptcy petition or similar action which have not experienced a payment default. Among others, the ‘C’ rating may be assigned to subordinated debt, preferred stock or other obligations on which cash payments have been suspended in accordance with the instrument’s terms.
“D” – An obligation rated “D” is in payment default. The “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Plus (+) or minus (-) – The ratings from “AA” to “CCC” may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
“NR” – This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Risks — Country risk considerations are a standard part of Standard & Poor’s analysis for credit ratings on any issuer or issue. Currency of repayment is a key factor in this analysis. An obligor’s capacity to repay foreign currency obligations may be lower than its capacity to repay obligations in its local currency due to the sovereign government’s own relatively lower capacity to repay external versus domestic debt. These sovereign risk considerations are incorporated in the debt ratings assigned to specific issues. Foreign currency issuer ratings are also distinguished from local currency issuer ratings to identify those instances where sovereign risks make them different for the same issuer.
The following summarizes the ratings used by Moody’s for long-term debt:
“Aaa” – Obligations rated “Aaa” are judged to be of the highest quality, with minimal credit risk.
“Aa” – Obligations rated “Aa” are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
“A” – Obligations rated “A” are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
4-A
“Baa” – Obligations rated “Baa” are subject to moderate credit risk. They are considered medium-grade and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
“Ba” – Obligations rated “Ba” are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk.
“B” – Obligations rated “B” are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
“Caa” – Obligations rated “Caa” are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
“Ca” – Obligations rated “Ca” are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
“C” – Obligations rated “C” are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from “Aa” through “Caa.” The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
The following summarizes long-term ratings used by Fitch:
“AAA” – Securities considered to be of the highest credit quality. “AAA” ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in case of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
“AA” – Securities considered to be of very high credit quality. “AA” ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
“A” – Securities considered to be of high credit quality. “A” ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to changes in circumstances or in economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
“BBB” – Securities considered to be of good credit quality. “BBB” ratings indicate that there is currently expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse changes in circumstances and economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity. This is the lowest investment grade category.
“BB” – Securities considered to be speculative. “BB” ratings indicate that there is a possibility of credit risk developing, particularly as the result of adverse economic change over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met. Securities rated in this category are not investment grade.
“B” – Securities considered to be highly speculative. For issuers and performing obligations, “B” ratings indicate that significant credit risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is contingent upon a sustained, favorable business and economic environment. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for extremely high recoveries. Such obligations would possess a Recovery Rating of “RR1” (outstanding).
“CCC” – For issuers and performing obligations, default is a real possibility. Capacity for meeting financial commitments is solely reliant upon sustained, favorable business or economic conditions. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for average to superior levels of recovery. Differences in credit quality may be denoted by plus/minus distinctions. Such obligations typically would possess a Recovery Rating of “RR2” (superior), or “RR3” (good) or “RR4” (average).
“CC” – For issuers and performing obligations, default of some kind appears probable. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with a Recovery Rating of “RR4” (average) or “RR5” (below average).
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“C” – For issuers and performing obligations, default is imminent. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for below-average to poor recoveries. Such obligations would possess a Recovery Rating of “RR6” (poor).
“RD” – Indicates an entity that has failed to make due payments (within the applicable grace period) on some but not all material financial obligations, but continues to honor other classes of obligations.
“D” – Indicates an entity or sovereign that has defaulted on all of its financial obligations.
Plus (+) or minus (-) may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the “AAA” category or to categories below “CCC”.
“NR” – Denotes that Fitch does not publicly rate the associated issue or issuer.
“WD” – Indicates that the rating has been withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
The following summarizes the ratings used by DBRS for long-term debt:
“AAA” — Long-term debt rated “AAA” is of the highest credit quality, with exceptionally strong protection for the timely repayment of principal and interest. Earnings are considered stable, the structure of the industry in which the entity operates is strong, and the outlook for future profitability is favorable. There are few qualifying factors present that would detract from the performance of the entity. The strength of liquidity and coverage ratios is unquestioned and the entity has established a credible track record of superior performance. Given the extremely high standard that DBRS has set for this category, few entities are able to achieve a “AAA” rating.
“AA” – Long-term debt rated “AA” is of superior credit quality, and protection of interest and principal is considered high. In many cases they differ from long-term debt rated “AAA” only to a small degree. Given the extremely restrictive definition DBRS has for the “AAA” category, entities rated “AA” are also considered to be strong credits, typically exemplifying above-average strength in key areas of consideration and unlikely to be significantly affected by reasonably foreseeable events.
“A” – Long-term debt rated “A” is of satisfactory credit quality. Protection of interest and principal is still substantial, but the degree of strength is less than that of “AA” rated entities. While “A” is a respectable rating, entities in this category are considered to be more susceptible to adverse economic conditions and have greater cyclical tendencies than higher-rated securities.
“BBB” – Long-term debt rated “BBB” is of adequate credit quality. Protection of interest and principal is considered acceptable, but the entity is fairly susceptible to adverse changes in financial and economic conditions, or there may be other adverse conditions present which reduce the strength of the entity and its rated securities.
“BB” – Long-term debt rated “BB” is defined to be speculative and non-investment grade, where the degree of protection afforded interest and principal is uncertain, particularly during periods of economic recession. Entities in the “BB” range typically have limited access to capital markets and additional liquidity support. In many cases, deficiencies in critical mass, diversification, and competitive strength are additional negative considerations.
“B” – Long-term debt rated “B” is considered highly speculative and there is a reasonably high level of uncertainty as to the ability of the entity to pay interest and principal on a continuing basis in the future, especially in periods of economic recession or industry adversity.
“CCC”, CC” and “C” – Long-term debt rated in any of these categories is very highly speculative and is in danger of default of interest and principal. The degree of adverse elements present is more severe than long-term debt rated “B.” Long-term debt rated below “B” often have features which, if not remedied, may lead to default. In practice, there is little difference between these three categories, with “CC” and “C” normally used for lower ranking debt of companies for which the senior debt is rated in the “CCC” to “B” range.
“D” – A security rated “D” implies the issuer has either not met a scheduled payment of interest or principal or that the issuer has made it clear that it will miss such a payment in the near future. In some cases, DBRS may not assign a “D”
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rating under a bankruptcy announcement scenario, as allowances for grace periods may exist in the underlying legal documentation. Once assigned, the “D” rating will continue as long as the missed payment continues to be in arrears, and until such time as the rating is discontinued or reinstated by DBRS.
(“high”, “low”) – Each rating category is denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of either a “high” or “low” designation indicates the rating is in the “middle” of the category. The “AAA” and “D” categories do not utilize “high”, “middle”, and “low” as differential grades.
Municipal Note Ratings
A Standard & Poor’s U.S. municipal note rating reflects the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes maturing beyond three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. The following criteria will be used in making that assessment:
| • | | Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
| • | | Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
Note rating symbols are as follows:
“SP-1” – The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit a strong capacity to pay principal and interest. Those issues determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service are given a plus (+) designation.
“SP-2” – The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit a satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
“SP-3” – The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moody’s uses three rating categories for short-term municipal obligations that are considered investment grade. These ratings are designated as Municipal Investment Grade (“MIG”) and are divided into three levels – “MIG-1” through “MIG-3”. In addition, those short-term obligations that are of speculative quality are designated “SG”, or speculative grade. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation. The following summarizes the ratings used by Moody’s for these short-term obligations:
“MIG-1” – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
“MIG-2” – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
“MIG-3” – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
“SG” – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (“VRDOs”), a two-component rating is assigned; a long- or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of the degree of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of the degree of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”), using a variation of the MIG rating scale, the Variable Municipal Investment Grade or “VMIG” rating.
When either the long- or short-term aspect of a VRDO is not rated, that piece is designated “NR”, e.g., “Aaa/NR” or “NR/VMIG-1”.
VMIG rating expirations are a function of each issue’s specific structural or credit features.
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“VMIG-1” – This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“VMIG-2” – This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“VMIG-3” – This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
“SG” – This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Fitch uses the same ratings for municipal securities as described above for other short-term credit ratings.
About Credit Ratings
A Standard & Poor’s issue credit rating is a current opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The issue credit rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell, or hold a financial obligation, inasmuch as it does not comment as to market price or suitability for a particular investor.
Moody’s credit ratings must be construed solely as statements of opinion and not as statements of fact or recommendations to purchase, sell or hold any securities.
Fitch’s credit ratings provide an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Fitch credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving their money back in accordance with the terms on which they invested. Fitch’s credit ratings cover the global spectrum of corporate, sovereign (including supranational and sub-national), financial, bank, insurance, municipal and other public finance entities and the securities or other obligations they issue, as well as structured finance securities backed by receivables or other financial assets.
DBRS credit ratings are not buy, hold or sell recommendations, but rather the result of qualitative and quantitative analysis focusing solely on the credit quality of the issuer and its underlying obligations.
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APPENDIX B
Effective: March 2013
GSAM Proxy Voting Guidelines Summary
The following is a summary of the material GSAM Proxy Voting Guidelines (the “Guidelines”), which form the substantive basis of GSAM’s Policy on Proxy Voting for Client Accounts (“Policy”). As described in the main body of the Policy, one or more GSAM portfolio management teams may diverge from the Guidelines and a related Recommendation on any particular proxy vote or in connection with any individual investment decision in accordance with the Policy.
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A. | | US proxy items: | | | | |
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1. | | Operational Items | | | page 1-B | |
2. | | Board of Directors | | | page 2-B | |
3. | | Executive Compensation | | | page 4-B | |
4. | | Proxy Contests and Access | | | page 6-B | |
5. | | Shareholder Rights and Defenses | | | page 8-B | |
6. | | Mergers and Corporate Restructurings | | | page 9-B | |
7. | | State of Incorporation | | | page 9-B | |
8. | | Capital Structure | | | page 9-B | |
9. | | Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues | | | page 10-B | |
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B. | | Non-U.S. proxy items: | | | | |
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1. | | Operational Items | | | page 11-B | |
2. | | Board of Directors | | | page 13-B | |
3. | | Compensation | | | page 15-B | |
4. | | Board Structure | | | page 15-B | |
5. | | Capital Structure | | | page 16-B | |
6. | | Mergers and Corporate Restructurings & Other | | | page 17-B | |
7. | | Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues | | | page 18-B | |
U.S. Proxy Items
The following section is a summary of the Guidelines, which form the substantive basis of the Policy with respect to U.S. public equity investments.
Auditor Ratification
Vote FOR proposals to ratify auditors, unless any of the following apply within the last year:
| • | | An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
| • | | There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion which is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
| • | | Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; or material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures; or |
| • | | Fees for non-audit services are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
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| • | | Non-audit fees exceed audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services or asking for audit firm rotation.
The Board of Directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; the board should consist of a majority of independent directors and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. When evaluating board composition, GSAM believes a diversity of ethnicity, gender and experience is an important consideration.
Classification of Directors
Where applicable, the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ Listing Standards definition is to be used to classify directors as insiders or affiliated outsiders. General definitions are as follows:
| • | | Employee of the company or one of its affiliates |
| • | | Among the five most highly paid individuals (excluding interim CEO) |
| • | | Listed as an officer as defined under Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 |
| • | | Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the company’s voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group) |
| • | | Affiliated Outside Director |
| • | | Board attestation that an outside director is not independent |
| • | | Former CEO or other executive of the company within the last 3 years |
| • | | Former CEO or other executive of an acquired company within the past three years |
| • | | Independent Outside Director |
| • | | No material connection to the company other than a board seat |
Additionally, GSAM will consider compensation committee interlocking directors to be affiliated (defined as CEOs who sit on each other’s compensation committees).
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from individual directors who:
| • | | Attend less than 75 percent of the board and committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse for each of the last two years; |
| • | | Sit on more than six public company boards; |
| • | | Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their own— withhold only at their outside boards. |
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice.
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from Inside Directors and Affiliated Outside Directors (per the Classification of Directors above) when:
2-B
| • | | The inside or affiliated outside director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating (vote against affiliated directors only for nominating) committees; |
| • | | The company lacks an audit compensation, or nominating (vote against affiliated directors only for nominating) committee so that the full board functions as that committee and insiders are participating in voting on matters that independent committees should be voting on; |
| • | | The full board is less than majority independent (in this case withhold from affiliated outside directors); at controlled companies, GSAM will vote against the election of affiliated outsiders and nominees affiliated with the parent and will not vote against the executives of the issuer. |
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from members of the appropriate committee for the following reasons (or independent Chairman or lead director in cases of a classified board and members of appropriate committee are not up for reelection). Extreme cases may warrant a vote against the entire board.
| • | | Material failures of governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; |
| • | | Egregious actions related to the director(s)’ service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company; |
| • | | At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the underlying issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote (members of the Nominating or Governance Committees); |
| • | | The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received approval of the majority of shares cast for the previous two consecutive years (a management proposal with other than a FOR recommendation by management will not be considered as sufficient action taken); an adopted proposal that is substantially similar to the original shareholder proposal will be deemed sufficient; (vote against members of the committee of the board that is responsible for the issue under consideration). If GSAM did not support the shareholder proposal in both years, GSAM will still vote against the committee member (s). |
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from the members of the Audit Committee if:
| • | | The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive; |
| • | | The company receives an adverse opinion on the company’s financial statements from its auditor; or |
| • | | There is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Audit Committee and/or the full board if poor accounting practices, which rise to a level of serious concern are identified, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures.
Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence and duration, as well as the company’s efforts at remediation or corrective actions in determining whether negative vote recommendations are warranted against the members of the Audit Committee who are responsible for the poor accounting practices, or the entire board.
See section 3 on executive and director compensation for reasons to withhold from members of the Compensation Committee.
In limited circumstances, GSAM may vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from all nominees of the board of directors (except from new nominees who should be considered on a CASE-BY-CASE basis and except as discussed below) if:
| • | | The company’s poison pill has a dead-hand or modified dead-hand feature for two or more years. Vote against/withhold every year until this feature is removed; however, vote against the poison pill if there is one on the ballot with this feature rather than the director; |
| • | | The board adopts or renews a poison pill without shareholder approval, does not commit to putting it to shareholder vote within 12 months of adoption (or in the case of an newly public company, does not commit to put the pill to a shareholder vote within 12 months following the IPO), or reneges on a commitment to put the pill to a vote, and has not yet received a withhold/against recommendation for this issue; |
| • | | The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders tendered their shares; |
| • | | If in an extreme situation the board lacks accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance |
3-B
Shareholder proposal regarding Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO)
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
GSAM will generally recommend a vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
| • | | Designated lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties; |
| • | | Two-thirds independent board; |
| • | | All independent key committees; or |
| • | | Established, disclosed governance guidelines. |
Shareholder proposal regarding board declassification
GSAM will generally vote FOR proposals requesting that the board adopt a declassified structure in the case of operating and holding companies.
Majority Vote Shareholder Proposals
GSAM will vote FOR proposals requesting that the board adopt majority voting in the election of directors provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated.
GSAM also looks for companies to adopt a post-election policy outlining how the company will address the situation of a holdover director.
Cumulative Vote Shareholder Proposals
GSAM will generally support shareholder proposals to restore or provide cumulative voting unless:
| • | | The company has adopted majority vote standard with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
Pay Practices
Good pay practices should align management’s interests with long-term shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of compensation criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Compensation practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
If the company maintains problematic or poor pay practices, generally vote first:
| • | | AGAINST Management Say on Pay (MSOP) Proposals or; |
| • | | AGAINST an equity-based incentive plan proposal if excessive non-performance-based equity awards are the major contributor to a pay-for-performance misalignment, then; |
4-B
| • | | If no MSOP or equity-based incentive plan proposal item is on the ballot, AGAINST/WITHHOLD from compensation committee members. |
Equity Compensation Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on equity-based compensation plans. Reasons to vote AGAINST the equity plan could include the following factors:
| • | | The plan is a vehicle for poor pay practices; or |
| • | | The plan permits the repricing of stock options/stock appreciation rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval; or |
| • | | The company’s three year burn rate and Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) calculations both materially exceed industry group metrics. |
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay, MSOP) Management Proposals
Vote FOR annual frequency and AGAINST shareholder or management proposals asking for any frequency less than annual.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals for an advisory vote on executive compensation. For U.S. companies, consider the following factors in the context of each company’s specific circumstances and the board’s disclosed rationale for its practices. In general more than one factor will need to be present in order to warrant a vote AGAINST.
Pay-for-Performance Disconnect:
| • | | GSAM will consider there to be a disconnect based on a quantitative assessment of the following: CEO pay vs. TSR and peers, CEO pay as a percentage of the median peer group or CEO pay vs. shareholder return over time. |
Additional Factors Considered Include:
| • | | Boards responsiveness if company received 70% or less shareholder support in the previous years MSOP vote; |
| • | | Abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure; |
| • | | Egregious employment contracts; |
| • | | Excessive perquisites or excessive severance and/or change in control provisions; |
| • | | Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options without prior shareholder approval; |
| • | | Excessive executive pledging or hedging of stock by executives; |
| • | | Egregious pension/SERP (supplemental executive retirement plan) payouts; |
| • | | Extraordinary relocation benefits; |
| • | | Internal pay disparity; |
| • | | Depth of disclosure of compensation philosophy and goals and targets, including details on short-term and long-term performance incentives; and |
| • | | Long-term equity based compensation is 100% time-based. |
Other Compensation Proposals and Policies
Employee Stock Purchase Plans — Non-Qualified Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans taking into account the following factors:
| • | | Broad-based participation; |
| • | | Limits on employee contribution; |
| • | | Company matching contribution; and |
| • | | Presence of a discount on the stock price on the date of purchase. |
5-B
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options, taking into consideration:
| • | | Historic trading patterns—the stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back “in-the-money” over the near term; |
| • | | Rationale for the re-pricing; |
| • | | If it is a value-for-value exchange; |
| • | | If surrendered stock options are added back to the plan reserve; |
| • | | Term of the option—the term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
| • | | Exercise price—should be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
| • | | Participants—executive officers and directors should be excluded. |
Vote FOR shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
Other Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Frequency on Pay)
Vote FOR annual frequency.
Stock retention holding period
Vote FOR Shareholder proposals asking for a policy requiring that senior executives retain a significant percentage of shares acquired through equity compensation programs if the policy allows retention for two years or less following the termination of their employment (through retirement or otherwise) and a holding threshold percentage of 50% or less.
Also consider:
| • | | Whether the company has any holding period, retention ratio, or officer ownership requirements in place. |
Elimination of accelerated vesting in the event of a change in control
Vote AGAINST shareholder proposals seeking a policy eliminating the accelerated vesting of time-based equity awards in the event of a change in control.
Performance-based equity awards and pay-for-superior-performance proposals
Generally support unless there is sufficient evidence that the current compensation structure is already substantially performance-based. GSAM considers performance-based awards to include awards that are tied to shareholder return or other metrics that are relevant to the business.
Say on Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERP)
Generally vote AGAINST proposals asking for shareholder votes on SERP.
4. | Proxy Contests and Access |
Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors:
| • | | Long-term financial performance of the target company relative to its industry; |
| • | | Management’s track record; |
| • | | Background to the proxy contest; |
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| • | | Qualifications of director nominees (both slates); |
| • | | Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of critique against management; |
| • | | Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); |
| • | | Stock ownership positions. |
7-B
Proxy Access
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder or management proposals asking for open proxy access.
GSAM may support proxy access as an important right for shareholders and as an alternative to costly proxy contests and as a method for GSAM to vote for directors on an individual basis, as appropriate, rather than voting on one slate or the other. While this could be an important shareholder right, the following will be taken into account when evaluating the shareholder proposals:
| • | | The ownership thresholds, percentage and duration proposed (GSAM will not support if the ownership threshold is less than 3%); |
| • | | The maximum proportion of directors that shareholders may nominate each year (GSAM will not support if the proportion of directors is greater than 25%); and |
| • | | The method of determining which nominations should appear on the ballot if multiple shareholders submit nominations. |
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote FOR the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
5. | Shareholders Rights & Defenses |
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, unless:
| • | | The company already gives shareholders the right to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower; and |
| • | | The company has a history of strong governance practices. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
Generally vote FOR management proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower if the company currently does not give shareholders the right to call special meetings. However, if a company already gives shareholders the right to call special meetings at a threshold of at least 25%, do not support shareholder proposals to further reduce the threshold.
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on advance notice proposals, giving support to proposals that allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations reasonably close to the meeting date and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory and shareholder review.
Poison Pills
Vote FOR shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it UNLESS the company has: (1) A shareholder-approved poison pill in place; or (2) the company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying certain shareholder friendly provisions.
Vote FOR shareholder proposals calling for poison pills to be put to a vote within a time period of less than one year after adoption.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan.
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the company’s existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and
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any problematic governance concerns.
6. | Mergers and Corporate Restructurings |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
| • | | Management’s track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions; |
| • | | Presence of conflicts of interest; and |
| • | | Governance profile of the combined company. |
Reincorporation Proposals
GSAM may support management proposals to reincorporate as long as the reincorporation would not substantially diminish shareholder rights. GSAM may not support shareholder proposals for reincorporation unless the current state of incorporation is substantially less shareholder friendly than the proposed reincorporation, there is a strong economic case to reincorporate or the company has a history of making decisions that are not shareholder friendly.
Exclusive venue for shareholder lawsuits
Generally vote FOR on exclusive venue proposals, taking into account:
| • | | Whether the company has been materially harmed by shareholder litigation outside its jurisdiction of incorporation, based on disclosure in the company’s proxy statement; |
| • | | Whether the company has the following good governance features: |
| • | | An annually elected board; |
| • | | A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; and |
| • | | The absence of a poison pill, unless the pill was approved by shareholders. |
Common Stock Authorization
Votes on proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance are determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis. We consider company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
| • | | Past Board performance; |
| • | | The company’s use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
| • | | One- and three-year total shareholder return; |
| • | | The board’s governance structure and practices; |
| • | | Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific reasons for the proposed increase; |
| • | | The dilutive impact of the request as determined through an allowable increase, which examines the company’s need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
| • | | Risks to shareholders of not approving the request. |
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9. | Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues |
Overall Approach
GSAM recognizes that Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors can affect investment performance, expose potential investment risks and provide an indication of management excellence and leadership. When evaluating ESG proxy issues GSAM balances the purpose of a proposal with the overall benefit to shareholders.
Shareholder proposals considered under this category could include: Reports asking for details on 1) labor and safety policies, 2) impact on the environment of the company’s oil sands or fracturing operations or 3) water-related risks
When evaluating social and environmental shareholder proposals the following factors should be considered:
| • | | Whether adoption of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value; |
| • | | Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the company’s business; |
| • | | The degree to which the company’s stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing; |
| • | | Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal; |
| • | | What other companies have done in response to the issue addressed in the proposal; |
| • | | Whether the proposal itself is well framed and the cost of preparing the report is reasonable; |
| • | | Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board; |
| • | | Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; |
| • | | Whether the requested information is available to shareholders either from the company or from a publicly available source; and |
| • | | Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Sustainability, climate change reporting
Generally vote FOR proposals requesting the company to report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, or how the company may be impacted by climate change. The following factors will be considered:
| • | | The company’s current level of publicly-available disclosure including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies |
| • | | If the company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame; |
| • | | If the company’s current level of disclosure is comparable to that of its industry peers; and |
| • | | If there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the company’s environmental performance. |
Establishing goals or targets for emissions reduction
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals that call for the adoption of Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
| • | | Overly prescriptive requests for the reduction in GHG emissions by specific amounts or within a specific time frame; |
| • | | Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
| • | | Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions; |
| • | | The feasibility of reduction of GHGs given the company’s product line and current technology and; |
| • | | Whether the company already provides meaningful disclosure on GHG emissions from its products and operations. |
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Political Contributions and Trade Association Spending/Lobbying Expenditures and Initiatives
Generally vote AGAINST proposals asking the company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace so long as:
| • | | There are no recent, significant controversies, fines or litigation regarding the company’s political contributions or trade association spending; and |
| • | | The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibits coercion. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals to improve the disclosure of a company’s political contributions and trade association spending, considering:
| • | | Recent significant controversy or litigation related to the company’s political contributions or governmental affairs; |
| • | | The public availability of a company policy on political contributions and trade association spending including information on the types of organizations supported, the business rationale for supporting these organizations, and the oversight and compliance procedures related to such expenditures of corporate assets. |
GSAM will not necessarily vote for the proposal merely to encourage further disclosure of trade association or lobbying spending.
Vote AGAINST proposals barring the company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level and barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
A company should have a clear, public Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) statement and/or diversity policy. Generally vote FOR proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to additionally prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Labor and Human Rights Standards
Generally vote FOR proposals requesting a report or implementation of a policy on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed considering:
| • | | The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed; |
| • | | Whether or not existing relevant policies are consistent with internationally recognized standards; |
| • | | Whether company facilities and those of its suppliers are monitored and how; |
| • | | Company participation in fair labor organizations or other internationally recognized human rights initiatives; |
| • | | Scope and nature of business conducted in markets known to have higher risk of workplace labor/human rights abuse; |
| • | | Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights at the company or its suppliers; |
| • | | The scope of the request; and |
| • | | Deviation from industry sector peer company standards and practices. |
Non-U.S. Proxy Items
The following section is a broad summary of the Guidelines, which form the basis of the Policy with respect to non-U.S. public equity investments. Applying these guidelines is subject to certain regional and country-specific exceptions and modifications and is not inclusive of all considerations in each market.
Financial Results/Director and Auditor Reports
11-B
Vote FOR approval of financial statements and director and auditor reports, unless:
| • | | There are concerns about the accounts presented or audit procedures used; or |
| • | | The company is not responsive to shareholder questions about specific items that should be publicly disclosed. |
Appointment of Auditors and Auditor Fees
Vote FOR the reelection of auditors and proposals authorizing the board to fix auditor fees, unless:
| • | | There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or audit opinion rendered; |
| • | | There is reason to believe that the auditor has rendered an opinion, which is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position; |
| • | | Name of the proposed auditor has not been published; |
| • | | The auditors are being changed without explanation; non-audit-related fees are substantial or are in excess of standard annual audit-related fees; or the appointment of external auditors if they have previously served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company. |
Appointment of Statutory Auditors
Vote FOR the appointment or reelection of statutory auditors, unless:
| • | | There are serious concerns about the statutory reports presented or the audit procedures used; |
| • | | Questions exist concerning any of the statutory auditors being appointed; or |
| • | | The auditors have previously served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company. |
Allocation of Income
Vote FOR approval of the allocation of income, unless:
| • | | The dividend payout ratio has been consistently low without adequate explanation; or |
| • | | The payout is excessive given the company’s financial position. |
Stock (Scrip) Dividend Alternative
Vote FOR most stock (scrip) dividend proposals.
Vote AGAINST proposals that do not allow for a cash option unless management demonstrates that the cash option is harmful to shareholder value.
Amendments to Articles of Association
Vote amendments to the articles of association on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Change in Company Fiscal Term
Vote FOR resolutions to change a company’s fiscal term unless a company’s motivation for the change is to postpone its AGM.
Lower Disclosure Threshold for Stock Ownership
Vote AGAINST resolutions to lower the stock ownership disclosure threshold below 5 percent unless specific reasons exist to implement a lower threshold.
Amend Quorum Requirements
12-B
Vote proposals to amend quorum requirements for shareholder meetings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Transact Other Business
Vote AGAINST other business when it appears as a voting item.
Director Elections
Vote FOR management nominees taking into consideration the following:
| • | | Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a timely manner; or |
| • | | There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or |
| • | | There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or |
| • | | There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or |
| • | | The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards. or |
| • | | There are reservations about: |
| • | | Bundling of proposals to elect directors |
| • | | Disclosure of named nominees |
| • | | Election of former CEO as Chairman of the Board |
| • | | Composition of committees |
| • | | Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; or |
| • | | Repeated absences at board meetings have not been explained (in countries where this information is disclosed); or |
| • | | Unless there are other considerations which may include sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice, failure to replace management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards. |
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g., the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
| • | | Company performance relative to its peers; |
| • | | Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
| • | | Independence of board candidates; |
| • | | Experience and skills of board candidates; |
| • | | Governance profile of the company; |
| • | | Evidence of management entrenchment; |
| • | | Responsiveness to shareholders; |
| • | | Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed; |
| • | | Whether minority or majority representation is being sought. |
Vote FOR employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee and are required by law to be on those committees.
Vote AGAINST employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee, if they are not required to be on those committees.
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Classification of directors
Executive Director
| • | | Employee or executive of the company; |
| • | | Any director who is classified as a non-executive, but receives salary, fees, bonus, and/or other benefits that are in line with the highest-paid executives of the company. |
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (NED)
| • | | Any director who is attested by the board to be a non-independent NED; |
| • | | Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company; |
| • | | Any director who is also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder of the company; |
| • | | Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the company’s stock, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group, e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%), unless market best practice dictates a lower ownership and/or disclosure threshold (and in other special market-specific circumstances); |
| • | | Government representative; |
| • | | Currently provides (or a relative provides) professional services to the company, to an affiliate of the company, or to an individual officer of the company or of one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year; |
| • | | Represents customer, supplier, creditor, banker, or other entity with which company maintains transactional/commercial relationship (unless company discloses information to apply a materiality test); |
| • | | Any director who has conflicting or cross-directorships with executive directors or the chairman of the company; |
| • | | Relative of a current employee of the company or its affiliates; |
| • | | Relative of a former executive of the company or its affiliates; |
| • | | A new appointee elected other than by a formal process through the General Meeting (such as a contractual appointment by a substantial shareholder); |
| • | | Founder/co-founder/member of founding family but not currently an employee; |
| • | | Former executive (5 year cooling off period); |
| • | | Years of service is generally not a determining factor unless it is recommended best practice in a market and/or in extreme circumstances, in which case it may be considered; and |
| • | | Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise independence under local corporate governance best practice guidance. |
Independent NED
| • | | No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a board seat. |
Employee Representative
| • | | Represents employees or employee shareholders of the company (classified as “employee representative” but considered a non-independent NED). |
Discharge of Directors
Generally vote FOR the discharge of directors, including members of the management board and/or supervisory board, unless there is reliable information about significant and compelling controversies that the board is not fulfilling its fiduciary duties warranted by:
| • | | A lack of oversight or actions by board members which invoke shareholder distrust related to malfeasance or poor supervision, such as operating in private or company interest rather than in shareholder interest; or |
| • | | Any legal issues (e.g., civil/criminal) aiming to hold the board responsible for breach of trust in the past or related to currently alleged actions yet to be confirmed (and not only the fiscal year in question), such as price fixing, insider trading, bribery, fraud, and other illegal actions; or |
| • | | Other egregious governance issues where shareholders may bring legal action against the company or its directors; or |
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| • | | Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis where a vote against other agenda items are deemed inappropriate. |
Good pay practices should align management’s interests with long-term shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of compensation criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Compensation practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
Director Compensation
Vote FOR proposals to award cash fees to non-executive directors unless the amounts are excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Vote non-executive director compensation proposals that include both cash and share-based components on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote proposals that bundle compensation for both non-executive and executive directors into a single resolution on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST proposals to introduce retirement benefits for non-executive directors.
Compensation Plans
Vote compensation plans on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Director, Officer, and Auditor Indemnification and Liability Provisions
Vote proposals seeking indemnification and liability protection for directors and officers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST proposals to indemnify auditors.
Vote AGAINST the introduction of classified boards and mandatory retirement ages for directors.
Vote AGAINST proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Chairman CEO combined role (for applicable markets)
GSAM will generally recommend a vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman’s position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
| • | | 2/3 independent board, or majority in countries where employee representation is common practice; |
| • | | A designated, or a rotating, lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties; |
| • | | Fully independent key committees; and/or |
| • | | Established, publicly disclosed, governance guidelines and director biographies/profiles. |
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Share Issuance Requests
General Issuances:
Vote FOR issuance requests with preemptive rights to a maximum of 100 percent over currently issued capital.
Vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of 20 percent of currently issued capital.
Specific Issuances:
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis on all requests, with or without preemptive rights.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Vote FOR non-specific proposals to increase authorized capital up to 100 percent over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30 percent of its new authorization outstanding.
Vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any amount, unless:
| • | | The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed; or |
| • | | The increase would leave the company with less than 30 percent of its new authorization outstanding after adjusting for all proposed issuances. |
Vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Reduction of Capital
Vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Capital Structures
Vote FOR resolutions that seek to maintain or convert to a one-share, one-vote capital structure.
Vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
Preferred Stock
Vote FOR the creation of a new class of preferred stock or for issuances of preferred stock up to 50 percent of issued capital unless the terms of the preferred stock would adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders.
Vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible preferred stock as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Vote AGAINST the creation of a new class of preference shares that would carry superior voting rights to the common shares.
Vote AGAINST the creation of blank check preferred stock unless the board clearly states that the authorization will not be used to thwart a takeover bid.
16-B
Vote proposals to increase blank check preferred authorizations on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Debt Issuance Requests
Vote non-convertible debt issuance requests on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, with or without preemptive rights.
Vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible debt instruments as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Vote FOR proposals to restructure existing debt arrangements unless the terms of the restructuring would adversely affect the rights of shareholders.
Increase in Borrowing Powers
Vote proposals to approve increases in a company’s borrowing powers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Share Repurchase Plans
GSAM will generally recommend FOR share repurchase programs taking into account whether:
| • | | The share repurchase program can be used as a takeover defense; |
| • | | There is clear evidence of historical abuse; |
| • | | There is no safeguard in the share repurchase program against selective buybacks; |
| • | | Pricing provisions and safeguards in the share repurchase program are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice. |
Reissuance of Repurchased Shares
Vote FOR requests to reissue any repurchased shares unless there is clear evidence of abuse of this authority in the past.
Capitalization of Reserves for Bonus Issues/Increase in Par Value
Vote FOR requests to capitalize reserves for bonus issues of shares or to increase par value.
6. | Mergers and Corporate Restructuring & Other |
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
| • | | Management’s track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions; |
| • | | Presence of conflicts of interest; and |
| • | | Governance profile of the combined company. |
Antitakeover Mechanisms
17-B
Generally vote AGAINST all antitakeover proposals, unless they are structured in such a way that they give shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.
Reincorporation Proposals
Vote reincorporation proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Related-Party Transactions
Vote related-party transactions on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, considering factors including, but not limited to, the following:
| • | | The parties on either side of the transaction; |
| • | | The nature of the asset to be transferred/service to be provided; |
| • | | The pricing of the transaction (and any associated professional valuation); |
| • | | The views of independent directors (where provided); |
| • | | The views of an independent financial adviser (where appointed); |
| • | | Whether any entities party to the transaction (including advisers) is conflicted; and |
| • | | The stated rationale for the transaction, including discussions of timing. |
Shareholder Proposals
Vote all shareholder proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote FOR proposals that would improve the company’s corporate governance or business profile at a reasonable cost.
Vote AGAINST proposals that limit the company’s business activities or capabilities or result in significant costs being incurred with little or not benefit.
7. | Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues |
Please refer to page 9 for our current approach to these important topics.
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APPENDIX C
STATEMENT OF INTENTION
(applicable only to Class A Shares)
If a shareholder anticipates purchasing within a 13-month period Class A Shares of a Portfolio alone or in combination with Class A Shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund in the amount of $50,000 or more, the shareholder may obtain shares of the Portfolio at the same reduced sales charge as though the total quantity were invested in one lump sum by checking and filing the Statement of Intention in the Account Application. Income dividends and capital gain distributions taken in additional shares, as well as any appreciation on shares previously purchased, will not apply toward the completion of the Statement of Intention.
To ensure that the reduced price will be received on future purchases, the investor must inform Goldman Sachs that the Statement of Intention is in effect each time shares are purchased. Subject to the conditions mentioned below, each purchase will be made at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction of the dollar amount specified on the Account Application. The investor makes no commitment to purchase additional shares, but if the investor’s purchases within 13 months plus the value of shares credited toward completion do not total the sum specified, the investor will pay the increased amount of the sales charge prescribed in the Escrow Agreement.
Escrow Agreement
Out of the initial purchase (or subsequent purchases if necessary), 5% of the dollar amount specified on the Account Application will be held in escrow by the Transfer Agent in the form of shares registered in the investor’s name. All income dividends and capital gains distributions on escrowed shares will be paid to the investor or to his or her order. When the minimum investment so specified is completed (either prior to or by the end of the 13th month), the investor will be notified and the escrowed shares will be released.
If the intended investment is not completed, the investor will be asked to remit to Goldman Sachs any difference between the sales charge on the amount specified and on the amount actually attained. If the investor does not within 20 days after written request by Goldman Sachs pay such difference in the sales charge, the Transfer Agent will redeem, pursuant to the authority given by the investor in the Account Application, an appropriate number of the escrowed shares in order to realize such difference. Shares remaining after any such redemption will be released by the Transfer Agent.
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