Fair Value | Note 3 — Fair Value Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels whereby the highest priority is given to Level 1 inputs and the lowest to Level 3 inputs. Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date. Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. We classify assets in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The carrying amounts and the estimated fair values of our financial instruments and certain of our nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis or disclosed, but not carried, at fair value are as follows: December 31, 2017 2016 Level Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Financial assets: Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale, at fair value (a) 2 $ 214,262 $ 214,262 $ 284,632 $ 284,632 Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value (b) 3 24,096 24,096 29,374 29,374 Total Loans held for sale $ 238,358 $ 238,358 $ 314,006 $ 314,006 Loans held for investment (a) 3 $ 4,715,831 $ 4,715,831 $ 3,565,716 $ 3,565,716 Advances (including match funded) (c) 3 1,356,393 1,356,393 1,709,846 1,709,846 Automotive dealer financing notes (including match funded) (c) 3 32,757 32,590 33,224 33,147 Receivables, net (c) 3 199,529 199,529 265,720 265,720 Mortgage-backed securities, at fair value (a) 3 1,592 1,592 8,342 8,342 U.S. Treasury notes (a) 1 1,567 1,567 2,078 2,078 Financial liabilities: Match funded liabilities (c) 3 $ 998,618 $ 992,698 $ 1,280,997 $ 1,275,059 Financing liabilities: HMBS-related borrowings, at fair value (a) 3 $ 4,601,556 $ 4,601,556 $ 3,433,781 $ 3,433,781 Financing liability - MSRs pledged, at fair value (a) 3 508,291 508,291 477,707 477,707 Other (c) 3 85,227 65,202 101,321 81,805 Total Financing liabilities $ 5,195,074 $ 5,175,049 $ 4,012,809 $ 3,993,293 Other secured borrowings: Senior secured term loan (c) (d) 2 $ 290,068 $ 299,741 $ 323,514 $ 327,674 Other (c) 3 255,782 255,782 355,029 355,029 Total Other secured borrowings $ 545,850 $ 555,523 $ 678,543 $ 682,703 Senior notes: Senior unsecured notes (c) (d) 2 $ 3,122 $ 2,872 $ 3,094 $ 3,048 Senior secured notes (c) (d) 2 344,216 355,550 343,695 352,255 Total Senior notes $ 347,338 $ 358,422 $ 346,789 $ 355,303 Derivative financial instrument assets (liabilities), at fair value (a): Interest rate lock commitments 2 $ 3,283 $ 3,283 $ 6,507 $ 6,507 Forward mortgage-backed securities 1 (545 ) (545 ) (614 ) (614 ) Interest rate caps 3 2,056 2,056 1,836 1,836 Mortgage servicing rights: Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value (a) 3 $ 671,962 $ 671,962 $ 679,256 $ 679,256 Mortgage servicing rights, at amortized cost (c) (e) 3 336,882 418,745 363,722 467,911 Total Mortgage servicing rights $ 1,008,844 $ 1,090,707 $ 1,042,978 $ 1,147,167 (a) Measured at fair value on a recurring basis. (b) Measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. (c) Disclosed, but not carried, at fair value. (d) The carrying values are net of unamortized debt issuance costs and discount. See Note 12 — Borrowings for additional information . (e) Balances include the impaired government-insured stratum of amortization method MSRs, which is measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and reported net of the valuation allowance. Before applying the valuation allowance of $24.8 million , the carrying value of the impaired stratum at December 31, 2017 was $158.0 million . At December 31, 2016 , the carrying value of this stratum was $172.9 million before applying the valuation allowance of $28.2 million . The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis: Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Mortgage-Backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Total Year Ended December 31, 2017 Beginning balance $ 3,565,716 $ (3,433,781 ) $ 8,342 $ (477,707 ) $ 1,836 $ 679,256 $ 343,662 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — 655 — 655 Issuances (1) 1,277,615 (1,281,543 ) — (54,601 ) — (2,214 ) (60,743 ) Sales — — — — — (540 ) (540 ) Transfers to Loans held for sale - Fair value (3,803 ) — — — — — (3,803 ) Transfers to Receivables (3,583 ) — — — — — (3,583 ) Transfers to Other assets (1,929 ) — — — — — (1,929 ) Settlements (444,388 ) 418,503 — 59,190 (445 ) — 32,860 823,912 (863,040 ) — 4,589 210 (2,754 ) (37,083 ) Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) (2) Included in earnings (1): Change in fair value 326,203 (304,735 ) (6,750 ) (41,282 ) 10 (4,540 ) (31,094 ) Calls and other — — — 6,109 — — 6,109 Included in Other comprehensive income — — — — — — — 326,203 (304,735 ) (6,750 ) (35,173 ) 10 (4,540 ) (24,985 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 4,715,831 $ (4,601,556 ) $ 1,592 $ (508,291 ) $ 2,056 $ 671,962 $ 281,594 Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Mortgage-Backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Total Year Ended December 31, 2016 Beginning balance $ 2,488,253 $ (2,391,362 ) $ 7,985 $ (541,704 ) $ 2,042 $ 761,190 $ 326,404 Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — 1,337 — 1,337 Issuances 1,107,046 (1,086,795 ) — — — (1,548 ) 18,703 Sales — — — — — (148 ) (148 ) Settlements (243,596 ) 230,045 — 63,997 (156 ) — 50,290 863,450 (856,750 ) — 63,997 1,181 (1,696 ) 70,182 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) (2) Included in earnings 214,013 (185,669 ) 357 — (1,387 ) (80,238 ) (52,924 ) Included in Other comprehensive income — — — — — — — 214,013 (185,669 ) 357 — (1,387 ) (80,238 ) (52,924 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 3,565,716 $ (3,433,781 ) $ 8,342 $ (477,707 ) $ 1,836 $ 679,256 $ 343,662 Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages HMBS-Related Borrowings Mortgage-Backed Securities Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged Derivatives MSRs Total Year Ended December 31, 2015 Beginning balance $ 1,550,141 $ (1,444,252 ) $ 7,335 $ (614,441 ) $ 567 $ 93,901 $ (406,749 ) Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements Purchases — — — — 2,506 1,007 3,513 Issuances 1,008,065 (1,024,361 ) — — — (2,428 ) (18,724 ) Transfer from MSRs carried at amortized cost — — — — — 839,157 839,157 Sales — — — — — (72,274 ) (72,274 ) Settlements (151,134 ) 153,016 — 72,737 346 — 74,965 856,931 (871,345 ) — 72,737 2,852 765,462 826,637 Total realized and unrealized gains (losses) Included in earnings 81,181 (75,765 ) 650 — (1,377 ) (98,173 ) (93,484 ) Included in Other comprehensive income — — — — — — — 81,181 (75,765 ) 650 — (1,377 ) (98,173 ) (93,484 ) Transfers in and / or out of Level 3 — — — — — — — Ending balance $ 2,488,253 $ (2,391,362 ) $ 7,985 $ (541,704 ) $ 2,042 $ 761,190 $ 326,404 (1) On September 1, 2017, Ocwen transferred MSRs with UPB of $15.9 billion to NRZ and received a lump-sum payment of $54.6 million . The fair value of the portion of the Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged recognized in connection with the transfer declined $42.0 million in 2017 primarily due to $37.6 million recognized at the time of the initial transfer of the MSRs, which had a contractual servicing fee rate of 33.4 bps as compared to the weighted average of 47.1 bps for the loan characteristics used to determine the lump sum payment. See Note 8 — Rights to MSRs . (2) Total gains (losses) attributable to derivative financial instruments still held at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $0.1 million, $0.3 million and $(1.0) million for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively. Total losses for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 attributable to MSRs still held at December 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were $4.5 million , $78.3 million and $90.3 million , respectively. The methodologies that we use and key assumptions that we make to estimate the fair value of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis and those disclosed, but not carried, at fair value are described below. Loans Held for Sale Residential forward and reverse mortgage loans that we intend to sell are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election. Such loans are subject to changes in fair value due to fluctuations in interest rates from the closing date through the date of the sale of the loan into the secondary market. These loans are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy because the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of mortgage forwards for loans of similar terms and characteristics. We have the ability to access this market, and it is the market into which conventional and government-insured mortgage loans are typically sold. We repurchase certain loans from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations in connection with loan modifications and loan resolution activity as part of our contractual obligations as the servicer of the loans. These loans are classified as loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value, in the case of modified loans, as we expect to redeliver (sell) the loans to new Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations. The fair value of these loans is estimated using published forward Ginnie Mae prices. Loans repurchased in connection with loan resolution activities are modified or otherwise remediated through loss mitigation activities or are reclassified to receivables. Because these loans are insured or guaranteed by the FHA or VA, the fair value of these loans represents the net recovery value taking into consideration the insured or guaranteed claim. For all other loans held for sale, which we report at the lower of cost or fair value, market illiquidity has reduced the availability of observable pricing data. When we enter into an agreement to sell a loan or pool of loans to an investor at a set price, we value the loan or loans at the commitment price. We base the fair value of loans for which we have no agreement to sell on the expected future cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. Loans Held for Investment We measure these loans at fair value based on the expected future cash flows discounted over the expected life of the loans at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. Significant assumptions include expected prepayment and delinquency rates and cumulative loss curves. The discount rate assumption for these assets is primarily based on an assessment of current market yields on newly originated reverse mortgage loans, expected duration of the asset and current market interest rates. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Life in years Range 4.4 to 8.1 5.5 to 8.7 Weighted average 6.4 6.1 Conditional repayment rate Range 5.4% to 51.9% 5.2% to 53.8% Weighted average 13.1 % 20.9 % Discount rate 3.2 % 3.3 % Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value, respectively. The effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the loans held for investment are largely offset by the effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the HMBS-related borrowings that are associated with these loans. Mortgage Servicing Rights The significant components of the estimated future cash inflows for MSRs include servicing fees, late fees, float earnings and other ancillary fees. Significant cash outflows include the cost of servicing, the cost of financing servicing advances and compensating interest payments. Third-party valuation experts generally utilize: (a) transactions involving instruments with similar collateral and risk profiles, adjusted as necessary based on specific characteristics of the asset or liability being valued; and/or (b) industry-standard modeling, such as a discounted cash flow model, in arriving at their estimate of fair value. The prices provided by the valuation experts reflect their observations and assumptions related to market activity, including risk premiums and liquidity adjustments. The models and related assumptions used by the valuation experts are owned and managed by them and, in many cases, the significant inputs used in the valuation techniques are not reasonably available to us. However, we understand the processes and assumptions used to develop the prices based on our ongoing due diligence, which includes regular discussions with the valuation experts. We believe that the procedures executed by the valuation experts, supported by our verification and analytical procedures, provide reasonable assurance that the prices used in our consolidated financial statements comply with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures and reflect the assumptions that a market participant would use. We evaluate the reasonableness of our third-party experts’ assumptions using historical experience adjusted for prevailing market conditions. Assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include: • Mortgage prepayment speeds • Delinquency rates • Cost of servicing • Interest rate used for computing float earnings • Discount rate • Compensating interest expense • Interest rate used for computing the cost of financing servicing advances • Collection rate of other ancillary fees Amortized Cost MSRs We estimate the fair value of MSRs carried at amortized cost using a process that involves either actual sale prices obtained or the use of independent third-party valuation experts, supported by commercially available discounted cash flow models and analysis of current market data. To provide greater price transparency to investors, we disclose actual Ocwen sale prices for orderly transactions where available in lieu of third-party valuations. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Weighted average prepayment speed 8.8 % 8.9 % Weighted average delinquency rate 10.9 % 11.1 % Advance financing cost 5-year swap 5-year swap Interest rate for computing float earnings 5-year swap 5-year swap Weighted average discount rate 9.2 % 8.9 % Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) $ 108 $ 108 We perform an impairment analysis based on the difference between the carrying amount and fair value after grouping the underlying loans into the applicable strata. Our strata are defined as conventional and government-insured. Fair Value MSRs MSRs carried at fair value are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The fair value is equal to the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts, without adjustment, except in the event we have a potential or completed Ocwen sale, including transactions where we have executed letters of intent, in which case the fair value of the MSRs is disclosed at the estimated sale price. Fair value reflects actual Ocwen sale prices for orderly transactions where available in lieu of independent third-party valuations. Our valuation process includes discussions of bid pricing with the third-party valuation experts and presumably are contemplated along with other market-based transactions in their model validation. A change in the valuation inputs utilized by the valuation experts might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. Changes in market interest rates tend to impact the fair value for Agency MSRs via prepayment speeds by altering the borrower refinance incentive and the non-Agency MSRs via a market rate indexed cost of advance funding. Other key assumptions used in the valuation of these MSRs include delinquency rates and discount rates. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Agency Non-Agency Agency Non-Agency Weighted average prepayment speed 8.1 % 16.6 % 8.4 % 16.5 % Weighted average delinquency rate 1.0 % 28.5 % 1.0 % 29.3 % Advance financing cost 5-year swap 5-yr swap plus 2.75% 5-year swap 1-Month LIBOR (1ML) plus 3.5% Interest rate for computing float earnings 5-year swap 5-yr swap minus 0.50% 5-year swap 1ML Weighted average discount rate 9.0 % 13.0 % 9.0 % 14.9 % Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) $ 64 $ 305 $ 64 $ 307 Advances We value advances at their net realizable value, which generally approximates fair value, because advances have no stated maturity, are generally realized within a relatively short period of time and do not bear interest. Receivables The carrying value of receivables generally approximates fair value because of the relatively short period of time between their origination and realization. Automotive Dealer Financing Notes We estimate the fair value of our automotive dealer financing notes using unobservable inputs within an internally developed cash flow model. Key inputs included projected repayments, interest and fee receipts, deferrals, delinquencies, recoveries and charge-offs of the notes within the portfolio. The projected cash flows are then discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows to derive the fair value of the portfolio. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Weighted average life in months 2.2 2.7 Average note rate 8.5 % 8.3 % Discount rate 10.0 % 10.0 % Loan loss rate 21.5 % 11.3 % Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) Our subordinate and residual securities are not actively traded, and therefore, we estimate the fair value of these securities using a process based upon the use of an independent third-party valuation expert. Where possible, we consider observable trading activity in the valuation of our securities. Key inputs include expected prepayment rates, delinquency and cumulative loss curves and discount rates commensurate with the risks. Where possible, we use observable inputs in the valuation of our securities. However, the subordinate and residual securities in which we have invested trade infrequently and therefore have few or no observable inputs and little price transparency. Additionally, during periods of market dislocation, the observability of inputs is further reduced. We classify subordinate and residual securities as trading securities and account for them at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair value of our investment in subordinate and residual securities are recognized in Other, net in the consolidated statements of operations. U.S. Treasury Notes We classify U.S. Treasury notes as trading securities and account for them at fair value on a recurring basis. We base the fair value on quoted prices in active markets to which we have access. Changes in the fair value of our investment in U.S. Treasury notes are recognized in Other, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Match Funded Liabilities For match funded liabilities that bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index, the carrying value approximates fair value. For match funded liabilities that bear interest at a fixed rate, we determine fair value by discounting the future principal and interest repayments at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. We estimate principal repayments of match funded advance liabilities during the amortization period based on our historical advance collection rates and taking into consideration any plans to refinance the notes. Financing Liabilities HMBS-Related Borrowings We have elected to measure these borrowings at fair value. These borrowings are not actively traded, and therefore, quoted market prices are not available. We determine fair value by discounting the future principal and interest repayments over the estimated life of the borrowing at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. Significant assumptions include prepayments, discount rate and borrower mortality rates. The discount rate assumption for these liabilities is based on an assessment of current market yields for newly issued HMBS, expected duration and current market interest rates. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Life in years Range 4.4 to 8.1 4.5 to 8.7 Weighted average 6.4 5.1 Conditional repayment rate Range 5.4% to 51.9% 5.2% to 53.8% Weighted average 13.1 % 20.9 % Discount rate 3.1 % 2.7 % Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value. MSRs Pledged (Rights to MSRs) We have elected to measure these borrowings at fair value. We recognize the proceeds received in connection with Rights to MSRs transactions as a secured borrowing that we account for at fair value. Fair value for the portion of the borrowing attributable to the MSRs underlying the Rights to MSRs is determined using the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts. Fair value for the portion of the borrowing attributable to any lump sum payments received in connection with the transfer of MSRs underlying such Rights to MSRs to the extent such transfer is accounted for as a financing is determined by discounting the relevant future cash flows that were altered through such transfer using assumptions consistent with the mid-point of the range of prices provided by third-party valuation experts for the related MSR. Since we have elected fair value for our portfolio of non-Agency MSRs, future fair value changes in the Financing Liability - MSRs Pledged will be partially offset by changes in the fair value of the related MSRs. See Note 8 — Rights to MSRs for additional information. December 31, Significant valuation assumptions 2017 2016 Weighted average prepayment speed 17.0 % 17.0 % Weighted average delinquency rate 28.9 % 29.8 % Advance financing cost 5-year swap plus 2.75% 1ML plus 3.5% Interest rate for computing float earnings 5-year swap minus 0.50% 1ML Weighted average discount rate 13.7 % 14.9 % Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) $ 311 $ 313 Significant increases or decreases in these assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value. Secured Notes We issued Ocwen Asset Servicing Income Series (OASIS), Series 2014-1 Notes secured by Ocwen-owned MSRs relating to Freddie Mac mortgages. We accounted for this transaction as a financing. We determine the fair value based on bid prices provided by third parties involved in the issuance and placement of the notes. Other Secured Borrowings The carrying value of secured borrowings that bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index approximates fair value. For other secured borrowings that bear interest at a fixed rate, we determine fair value by discounting the future principal and interest repayments at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows. For the Senior Secured Term Loan (SSTL), we based the fair value on quoted prices in a market with limited trading activity. Senior Notes We base the fair value on quoted prices in a market with limited trading activity. Derivative Financial Instruments Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) represent an agreement to purchase loans from a third-party originator or an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage applicant (locked pipeline), whereby the interest rate is set prior to funding. IRLCs are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of mortgage forwards for loans of similar terms and characteristics. Fair value amounts of IRLCs are adjusted for expected “fallout” (locked pipeline loans not expected to close) using models that consider cumulative historical fallout rates and other factors. We enter into forward MBS trades to provide an economic hedge against changes in the fair value of residential forward and reverse mortgage loans held for sale that we carry at fair value. Forward MBS trades are primarily used to fix the forward sales price that will be realized upon the sale of mortgage loans into the secondary market. Forward contracts are actively traded in the market and we obtain unadjusted market quotes for these derivatives; thus, they are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we may use interest rate caps to minimize future interest rate exposure on variable rate debt issued on servicing advance financing facilities from increases in 1ML interest rates. The fair value for interest rate caps is based on counterparty market prices and adjusted for counterparty credit risk. |