Investments | 3. Investments Securities Available for Sale The following table provides the cost or amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale as of the dates presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 Cost or Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Fixed Maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies $ 99,290 $ 71 $ (234 ) $ 99,127 Corporate bonds 126,662 263 (276 ) 126,649 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 119,296 328 (536 ) 119,088 Redeemable preferred stock 9,650 156 (85 ) 9,721 Other 5,000 4 — 5,004 Equity Securities: Common stock 6,617 2 (311 ) 6,308 Mutual funds 34,382 30 (2,205 ) 32,207 Short-term investments 100,033 12 (20 ) 100,025 Total $ 500,930 $ 866 $ (3,667 ) $ 498,129 December 31, 2014 Cost or Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Fixed Maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies $ 120,627 $ 38 $ (627 ) $ 120,038 Corporate bonds 120,025 171 (364 ) 119,832 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 107,589 136 (502 ) 107,223 Redeemable preferred stock 6,700 165 (9 ) 6,856 Equity Securities: Common stock 331 4 (65 ) 270 Mutual funds 21,296 — (1,924 ) 19,372 Short-term investments 50,000 — (10 ) 49,990 Total $ 426,568 $ 514 $ (3,501 ) $ 423,581 The following table provides the credit quality of investment securities with contractual maturities or the issuer of such securities as of the dates presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 % of Total Comparable Ratings Fair Value Fair Value AAA $ 43,819 9.5 % AA 233,077 50.8 % A 117,665 25.6 % BBB 47,328 10.3 % BB+ and Below 4,719 1.0 % No Rating Available 13,006 2.8 % Total $ 459,614 100.0 % December 31, 2014 (1) % of Total Comparable Ratings Fair Value Fair Value AAA $ 39,657 9.8 % AA 220,693 54.8 % A 83,734 20.7 % BBB 47,003 11.6 % BB+ and Below 3,401 0.8 % No Rating Available 9,451 2.3 % Total $ 403,939 100.0 % (1) The credit ratings in the table above have been reclassified from the prior periods’ consolidated financial statements to conform to the current periods’ presentation. For investment securities where no credit rating was previously available, the credit rating of the issuer of such security is disclosed in the table above, where applicable. The tables above include comparable credit quality ratings by Standard and Poor’s Rating Services, Inc., Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. The following table summarizes the cost or amortized cost and fair value of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities as of the dates presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Cost or Cost or Amortized Amortized Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value Mortgage-backed securities: Agency $ 72,375 $ 72,204 $ 64,905 $ 64,619 Non-agency 10,459 10,372 8,053 7,987 Asset-backed securities: Auto loan receivables 14,818 14,857 16,551 16,556 Credit card receivables 17,044 17,042 13,481 13,457 Other receivables 4,600 4,613 4,599 4,604 Total $ 119,296 $ 119,088 $ 107,589 $ 107,223 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of the dates presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Number of Unrealized Number of Unrealized Issues Fair Value Losses Issues Fair Value Losses Fixed maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies 2 $ 18,934 $ (101 ) 2 $ 3,509 $ (133 ) Corporate bonds 63 55,005 (244 ) 4 3,575 (32 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 19 40,672 (256 ) 5 14,684 (280 ) Redeemable preferred stock 33 3,936 (85 ) — — — Equity securities: Common stock 4 6,189 (245 ) 2 92 (66 ) Mutual funds 3 13,434 (232 ) 1 8,714 (1,973 ) Short-term investments 76 40,010 (20 ) — — — Total 200 $ 178,180 $ (1,183 ) 14 $ 30,574 $ (2,484 ) December 31, 2014 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Number of Unrealized Number of Unrealized Issues Fair Value Losses Issues Fair Value Losses Fixed maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies 3 $ 27,341 $ (55 ) 4 $ 34,050 $ (572 ) Corporate bonds 67 58,271 (238 ) 12 15,105 (126 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 20 48,335 (273 ) 5 16,842 (229 ) Redeemable preferred stock 12 1,153 (9 ) — — — Equity securities: Common stock 2 87 (20 ) 2 117 (45 ) Mutual funds 2 10,514 (97 ) 1 8,859 (1,827 ) Short-term investments 2 37,490 (10 ) — — — Total 108 $ 183,191 $ (702 ) 24 $ 74,973 $ (2,799 ) At June 30, 2015, we held fixed maturity, equity securities and short-term investments that were in an unrealized loss position as presented in the table above. For fixed maturity securities with significant declines in value, we perform quarterly fundamental credit analysis on a security-by-security basis, which includes consideration of credit quality and credit ratings, review of relevant industry analyst reports and other available market data. For fixed maturity, equity securities and short-term investments, the Company considers whether it has the intent and ability to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to recover its cost basis. Where the Company lacks the intent and ability to hold to recovery, or believes the recovery period is extended, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings. Based upon management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until recovery and its credit analysis of the individual issuers of the securities, management has no reason to believe the unrealized losses for securities available for sale at June 30, 2015 are other than temporary. The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of investments with contractual maturities as of the date presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 155,206 $ 155,253 Due after one year through five years 173,184 172,994 Due after five years through ten years 1,603 1,601 Due after ten years 3,962 3,999 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 119,296 119,088 Perpetual maturity securities 6,680 6,679 Total $ 459,931 $ 459,614 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay with or without penalty. The following table provides certain information related to securities available for sale during the periods presented (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Sales proceeds (fair value) $ 15,861 $ 58,347 $ 44,052 $ 72,788 Gross realized gains $ 111 $ 4,189 $ 296 $ 5,188 Gross realized losses $ (1 ) $ (239 ) $ (15 ) $ (336 ) Other than temporary losses $ — $ — $ — $ — The following table presents the components of net investment income, comprised primarily of interest and dividends, for the periods presented (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2015 2014 2015 2014 Fixed maturities $ 1,338 $ 783 $ 2,522 $ 1,511 Equity securities 206 152 263 454 Short-term investments 67 — 105 — Other (1) 79 9 145 21 Total investment income 1,690 944 3,035 1,986 Less: Investment expenses (2) (483 ) (532 ) (966 ) (1,056 ) Net investment (expense) income $ 1,207 $ 412 $ 2,069 $ 930 (1) Includes interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents. Also includes investment income earned on real estate investments. (2) Includes bank fees, investment accounting and advisory fees, and expenses associated with real estate investments. Investment Real Estate Investment real estate consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands): June 30, 2015 December 31, 2014 Investment real estate $ 5,882 $ — Less: Accumulated depreciation (33 ) — Investment real estate, net $ 5,849 $ — |