Investments | 3. Investments Securities Available for Sale The following table provides the cost or amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale as of the dates presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 Cost or Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Fixed Maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies $ 131,110 $ 904 $ (91 ) $ 131,923 Corporate bonds 157,358 1,410 (445 ) 158,323 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 183,108 794 (380 ) 183,522 Redeemable preferred stock 9,518 444 (11 ) 9,951 Other 5,000 6 — 5,006 Equity Securities: Common stock 215 — (96 ) 119 Mutual funds 35,340 11 (3,716 ) 31,635 Short-term investments 12,504 1 — 12,505 Total $ 534,153 $ 3,570 $ (4,739 ) $ 532,984 December 31, 2015 Cost or Gross Gross Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Fixed Maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies $ 126,209 $ — $ (867 ) $ 125,342 Corporate bonds 126,421 137 (1,041 ) 125,517 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 151,328 97 (1,265 ) 150,160 Redeemable preferred stock 9,665 429 (29 ) 10,065 Other 5,000 — (1 ) 4,999 Equity Securities: Common stock 10,991 15 (244 ) 10,762 Mutual funds 35,221 5 (3,774 ) 31,452 Short-term investments 25,011 10 — 25,021 Total $ 489,846 $ 693 $ (7,221 ) $ 483,318 The following table provides the credit quality of investment securities with contractual maturities or the issuer of such securities as of the dates presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 % of Total % of Total Comparable Ratings Fair Value Fair Value Fair Value Fair Value AAA $ 105,619 21.1 % $ 103,097 23.4 % AA 250,589 50.0 % 189,600 43.0 % A 67,894 13.5 % 83,850 19.0 % BBB 72,580 14.5 % 41,408 9.4 % BB+ and Below 1,537 0.3 % 4,261 1.0 % No Rating Available 3,011 0.6 % 18,888 4.2 % Total $ 501,230 100.0 % $ 441,104 100.0 % The tables above include comparable credit quality ratings by Standard and Poor’s Rating Services, Inc., Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Fitch Ratings, Inc. The following table summarizes the cost or amortized cost and fair value of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities as of the dates presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Cost or Cost or Amortized Amortized Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value Mortgage-backed securities: Agency $ 83,623 $ 83,897 $ 74,353 $ 73,854 Non-agency 17,411 17,383 10,430 10,183 Asset-backed securities: Auto loan receivables 39,247 39,360 29,883 29,712 Credit card receivables 34,706 34,763 32,225 31,985 Other receivables 8,121 8,119 4,437 4,426 Total $ 183,108 $ 183,522 $ 151,328 $ 150,160 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of the dates presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Number of Unrealized Number of Unrealized Issues Fair Value Losses Issues Fair Value Losses Fixed maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies 2 $ 28,934 $ (26 ) 2 $ 3,506 $ (64 ) Corporate bonds 28 24,139 (304 ) 7 7,826 (145 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 17 32,977 (198 ) 5 12,486 (118 ) Redeemable preferred stock 5 2,149 (9 ) 2 257 (5 ) Other Equity securities: Common stock 1 67 (13 ) 2 119 (96 ) Mutual funds 5 34,819 (751 ) 1 8,436 (3,010 ) Short-term investments — — — — — — Total 58 $ 123,085 $ (1,301 ) 19 $ 32,630 $ (3,438 ) December 31, 2015 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Number of Unrealized Number of Unrealized Issues Fair Value Losses Issues Fair Value Losses Fixed maturities: U.S. government obligations and agencies 10 $ 121,912 $ (690 ) 2 $ 3,429 $ (177 ) Corporate bonds 101 90,717 (927 ) 6 4,789 (114 ) Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 51 118,743 (974 ) 6 13,902 (291 ) Redeemable preferred stock 5 764 (29 ) — — — Other 1 4,999 (1 ) — — Equity securities: Common stock 3 8,690 (148 ) 2 93 (96 ) Mutual funds 3 13,192 (374 ) 1 7,867 (3,400 ) Total 174 $ 359,017 $ (3,143 ) 17 $ 30,080 $ (4,078 ) At March 31, 2016, the Company held fixed maturity, equity securities and short-term investments that were in an unrealized loss position as presented in the table above. For fixed maturity securities with significant declines in value, the Company performs quarterly fundamental credit analysis on a security-by-security basis, which includes consideration of credit quality and credit ratings, review of relevant industry analyst reports and other available market data. For fixed maturity, equity securities and short-term investments, the Company considers whether it has the intent and ability to hold the securities for a period of time sufficient to recover its cost basis. Where the Company lacks the intent and ability to hold to recovery, or believes the recovery period is extended, the security’s decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings. Based upon management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until recovery and its credit analysis of the individual issuers of the securities, management has no reason to believe the unrealized losses for securities available for sale at March 31, 2016 are other than temporary. The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of investments with contractual maturities as of the date presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 Cost or Amortized Fair Value Due in one year or less $ 34,979 $ 34,960 Due after one year through five years 266,958 268,810 Due after five years through ten years 3,006 3,055 Due after ten years 3,990 4,084 Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities 183,108 183,522 Perpetual maturity securities 6,557 6,799 Total $ 498,598 $ 501,230 Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay with or without penalty. The following table provides certain information related to securities available for sale during the periods presented (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 2015 Sales proceeds (fair value) $ 60,167 $ 40,595 Gross realized gains $ 685 $ 186 Gross realized losses $ (18 ) $ (15 ) The following table presents the components of net investment income, comprised primarily of interest and dividends, for the periods presented (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 2015 Fixed maturities $ 1,831 $ 1,184 Equity securities 203 57 Short-term investments 115 38 Other (1) 73 66 Total investment income 2,222 1,345 Less: Investment expenses (2) (617 ) (483 ) Net investment (expense) income $ 1,605 $ 862 (1) Includes interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents. Also includes investment income earned on real estate investments. (2) Includes bank fees, investment accounting and advisory fees, and expenses associated with real estate investments. Investment Real Estate Investment real estate consisted of the following as of the dates presented (in thousands): March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 Investment real estate $ 8,242 $ 6,220 Less: Accumulated depreciation (132 ) (103 ) Investment real estate, net $ 8,110 $ 6,117 |