Washington, D.C. 20549
DYAX CORP.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed fiscal second quarter, June 30, 2011, based on the last reported sale price of the registrant's common stock of $1.98 per share was $161,554,675 . The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's Common Stock, $.01 par value, as of February 23, 2012, was 98,798,065.
Portions of the registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2012 Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 9, 2012, which Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year-end of December 31, 2011, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding:
Statements that are not historical facts are based on our current expectations, beliefs, assumptions, estimates, forecasts and projections for our business and the industry and markets in which we compete. We often use the words or phrases of expectation or uncertainty like "believe," "anticipate," "plan," "expect," "intend," "project," "future," "may," "will," "could," "would" and similar words to help identify forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict; therefore, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in any such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those discussed later in this report under the section entitled "Risk Factors". Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements, whether because of new information, future events or otherwise. However, readers should carefully review the risk factors set forth in other reports or documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
DYAX CORP.
The principal focus of our efforts is to identify, develop and commercialize treatments for conditions identified as plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema, including hereditary angioedema (HAE), ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema (ACEI-AE) and angioedema of unknown origin, or idiopathic angioedema.
We developed KALBITOR (ecallantide) on our own and since February 2010, we have been selling it in the United States for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE. Outside of the United States, we have established partnerships to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize KALBITOR in certain markets and we are evaluating opportunities in others.
We are expanding our franchise for the treatment of angioedemas in the following ways:
We leverage our proprietary phage display technology through our Licensing and Funded Research Program, referred to as the LFRP. This program has provided us a portfolio of product candidates being developed by our licensees, which currently includes 18 product candidates in clinical development, including four products in Phase 3 trials. The LFRP generated revenue of approximately $15 million in 2011 and to the extent that our licensees commercialize some of the Phase 3 product candidates according to published timelines, revenues under the LFRP are expected to experience significant growth over the next several years.
HAE is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by severe, debilitating and often painful swelling, which can occur in the abdomen, face, hands, feet and airway. HAE is caused by a deficiency of C1-INH activity, a naturally occurring molecule that inhibits plasma kallikrein, a key mediator of inflammation, and other serine proteases in the blood. It is estimated that HAE affects between 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 people around the world. HAE patient association registries estimate there is an immediately addressable target population of approximately 6,500 patients in the United States.
Ecallantide was approved by the FDA under the brand name KALBITOR for treatment of HAE in patients 16 years of age and older regardless of anatomic location. KALBITOR, a potent, selective and reversible plasma kallikrein inhibitor that we discovered and developed, was the first subcutaneous HAE treatment approved in the United States.
As part of the product approval of KALBITOR, we have established a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program to communicate the risk of anaphylaxis and the importance of distinguishing between hypersensitivity reaction and HAE attack symptoms. To communicate these risks, the REMS required a communication plan through February 2012, which consisted of a "Dear Healthcare Professional" letter that was provided to doctors identified as likely to prescribe KALBITOR and treat HAE patients.
In February 2010, we also initiated a 4-year, Phase 4 observational study which is being conducted with up to 200 HAE patients to evaluate immunogenicity and hypersensitivity with exposure to KALBITOR for treatment of acute attacks of HAE. The study is designed to identify predictive risk factors and develop effective screening tools to mitigate the risk of hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis.
We have a commercial organization to support sales of KALBITOR in the United States, including a field-based team of approximately 30 professionals, consisting of sales representatives and corporate account directors. At this time, our commercial organization is sized to effectively market KALBITOR in the United States, where patients are treated primarily by a limited number of specialty physicians, consisting mainly of allergists and immunologists.
To facilitate access to KALBITOR in the United States, we have the KALBITOR Access program, designed as a one-stop point of contact for information about KALBITOR. This program offers treatment support services for patients with HAE and their healthcare providers. KALBITOR case managers provide comprehensive product and disease information, treatment site coordination, financial assistance for qualified patients and reimbursement facilitation services.
KALBITOR is distributed through exclusive wholesale and co-exclusive specialty pharmacy arrangements.
We have agreements with two wholly-owned subsidiaries of AmerisourceBergen Specialty Group, Inc. (ABSG) for the distribution of KALBITOR:
These agreements have a term through November 2012 which will renew for an additional two years unless amended or terminated by the parties. Each agreement contains customary termination provisions and may be terminated by us for any reason upon six months prior written notice.
In August 2011, we expanded our distribution network to provide home infusion of KALBITOR through a specialty pharmacy arrangement with Walgreens Infusion Services, Inc. (Walgreens). Under this renewable one-year agreement, Walgreens provides eligible HAE patients with on-demand nursing services for the home administration of KALBITOR by a healthcare professional, as well as treatment at Walgreens’ infusion centers.
We are currently in the process of developing an even more convenient, higher strength formulation of ecallantide, which is intended to allow for a single-injection of KALBITOR, instead of the current three-injection formulation. During the fourth quarter of 2011, we completed a bioequivalence clinical study which successfully demonstrated bioequivalence between the current formulation and the new single-shot formulation. Upon demonstration of appropriate stability of the new formulation, we expect to file a supplemental Biologics License Application (BLA) with the FDA in 2012.
We have established a commercial supply chain, consisting of third parties to manufacture, test and transport KALBITOR. All third party manufacturers involved in the KALBITOR manufacturing process are required to comply with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs.
To date, ecallantide drug substance used in the production of KALBITOR has been manufactured in the United Kingdom by Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies (UK) Ltd. (Fujifilm). Our inventories are sufficient to supply all ongoing studies relating to ecallantide and to meet anticipated KALBITOR market demand into 2014. Under existing arrangements with Fujifilm, they have agreed to conduct additional manufacturing campaigns, as necessary, to supplement existing inventory.
The shelf-life of our frozen ecallantide drug substance is four years. Ecallantide drug substance is filled, labeled and packaged into the final form of KALBITOR drug product by Hollister-Steir at its facilities in Spokane, Washington under a commercial supply agreement. This process, known in the industry as the "fill and finish" process, is not unique to KALBITOR and alternative manufacturers are readily available in the event that we elect, or are required, to relocate the "fill and finish" process. KALBITOR in its "filled and finished" form has additional refrigerated shelf-life of three years.
In markets outside of the United States, we intend to work with international partners to seek approval and commercialize ecallantide for HAE and other angioedema indications. We have entered into license or collaboration agreements with several such companies that have distribution systems and sales capabilities in their designated territories.
In December 2010, we amended our agreement with Sigma-Tau to expand our collaboration to commercialize KALBITOR (ecallantide) for the treatment of HAE in Australia and New Zealand. Under the terms of the amendment, in January 2011, Sigma-Tau made a $500,000 upfront payment to us and also purchased 151,515 shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000. In December 2011, Sigma-Tau filed a pre-submission for regulatory approval in Australia and we received a $1.0 million milestone payment. We are also be eligible to receive an additional $1.0 million commercialization milestone and royalties equal to 41% of net sales of product, as adjusted for product costs.
Under a May 2011 amendment to our agreement, Sigma-Tau now also has rights to the territories of Latin America (excluding Mexico) and the Caribbean. We are eligible to receive up to $10.0 million in regulatory, approval and reimbursement milestones and royalties equal to 41% of net sales of product, as adjusted for product costs, in these territories.
Sigma-Tau will pay the costs associated with regulatory approval and commercialization in the licensed territories. In addition, we and Sigma-Tau will share equally the costs for all development activities for future indications developed in partnership with Sigma-Tau.
CMIC has a clinical development plan that was established in consultation with the Japanese regulatory authorities. CMIC has completed a twelve patient pharmacokinetic study and, to fulfill submission requirements, the company is required to complete an open-label study of ten patients which is scheduled to begin in the second half of 2012. Assuming successful completion of the open-label study, CMIC plans to commercialize subcutaneous ecallantide for the treatment of HAE in Japan as early as 2014.
Other than the specific licenses granted to Sigma-Tau, CMIC and Neopharm, as described above, we retain the rights to ecallantide for HAE and other angioedemas in all other territories.
ACEI-AE AND ECALLANTIDE
ACEI-AE is another form of angioedema. It is induced by the use of medications that are inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which medications are referred to as ACE inhibitors. With an estimated 51 million prescriptions written annually worldwide, ACE inhibitors are widely prescribed to reduce hypertension and generally to reduce high blood pressure and vascular constriction. It is estimated that up to 2% of patients treated with ACE inhibitors suffer from angioedema attacks, or ACEI-AE, which represent approximately 30% of all angioedema attacks treated in emergency rooms. Research suggests that the use of ACE inhibitors increases levels of bradykinin, which in turn causes blood vessels to enlarge and can cause angioedema. Ecallantide, a specific inhibitor of plasma kallikrein, an enzyme needed to produce bradykinin, has the potential to be effective for treating this condition.
We are conducting a Phase 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose–ranging clinical study of ecallantide in 176 patients for this ACEI-AE indication. We commenced patient treatments in this study in August 2011. An additional double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study using ecallantide in 50 patients for this indication is being conducted by Drs. Jonathan Bernstein and Joseph Moellman, at the University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine. Data from both clinical studies is expected in 2012.
We are currently developing a laboratory test to measure perturbations in the kallikrein-kinin pathway, thereby assisting in the differentiation of plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema from histamine-mediated angioedema. This laboratory test is expected to be relevant to both normal C1-INH and C1-INH deficient patients and should provide the ability to potentially diagnose and treat plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema, including Type I, II, and III HAE, ACEI-AE, and idiopathic angioedema, irrespective of a patient’s C1-INH levels.
This assay will be an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, referred to as an ELISA assay, and is expected to be available for clinical validation in 2013.
We are currently in preclinical development of a potent and specific fully human monoclonal antibody that is an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein and which would be a candidate to prophylactically treat plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema. The pKal antibody provides the potential for a subcutaneous formulation, with a half-life which could enable less frequent dosing than currently available therapies and an advantageous immunogenicity profile. We have completed a series of preclinical pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies and found pKal to have relevant activity in animal models. We expect to file an IND for this antibody in the first half of 2013.
We believe that our phage display libraries, which we have developed using our core technology and know-how, represent a leading technology in antibody discovery. We leverage our proprietary phage display technology and libraries through our LFRP licenses and collaborations. To date, we have received more than $165 million under the LFRP, primarily related to license fees and milestones, including approximately $15 million of revenue in 2011. The LFRP has the potential for substantially greater revenues, if and when product candidates that are discovered by our licensees receive marketing approval and are commercialized.
There are approximately 70 ongoing LFRP license agreements. Currently, 18 product candidates generated by our licensees or collaborators under the LFRP portfolio are in clinical development, four of which are in Phase 3 trials, four are in Phase 2 and ten are in Phase 1. In addition, one product has received market approval from the FDA. Furthermore, we estimate that our licensees and collaborators have over 70 additional product candidates in various stages of research and preclinical development. Our licensees and collaborators are responsible for all costs associated with development of these product candidates. Generally, we receive milestones and/or royalties from our licensees and collaborators to the extent these product candidates advance in development and are ultimately commercialized. We expect to receive royalties from commercial sales beginning in 2014.
Under loan arrangements with affiliates of Cowen Healthcare Royalty Partners (Cowen Healthcare), we have obtained debt funding of up to $80 million, secured exclusively by the LFRP, which is described further below under "Cowen Healthcare Financing".
The chart below provides a summary of the clinical stage product candidates under the LFRP and is based on information publicly disclosed by licensees.
Currently, the types of licenses and collaborations that we enter into under the LFRP have one of three distinct structures:
| | · | Library Licenses. Under our library license program, we grant our licensees rights to use our phage display libraries in connection with their internal therapeutic development programs. We also provide these licensees with related materials and training so that they may rapidly identify compounds that bind with high affinity to therapeutic targets. The period during which our licensees may use our libraries is typically limited to a 4 to 5 year term. Library license agreements contain up-front license fees, annual maintenance fees, milestone payments based on successful product development, and royalties based on any future product sales. We have approximately 20 library licensees, including Amgen, Aveo, Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, ImClone Systems (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly), Kadmon, Merck Serono, Novo Nordisk, sanofi-aventis and Emergent BioSolutions (formerly known as Emergent Trubion). |
| | · | Funded Research. Under our funded research program, we have performed funded research for various collaborators using our phage display technology to identify, characterize and optimize antibodies that bind to disease targets provided by the collaborators. Funded research agreements provide for fees, technical and development milestones, and royalties based on any future product sales. Our funded research collaborators with products currently in development include Baxter Healthcare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Merrimack, and Emergent BioSolutions (formerly known as Emergent Trubion). |
| | · | Patent Licenses. Under our patent license program, we grant other biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies non-exclusive licenses to use our core phage display patents (known as the Ladner patents) to discover and develop biologic compounds for use in specified fields. We generally grant licenses on a non-exclusive basis so that we may retain broad rights to practice our phage display technology in multiple fields. Our license agreements generally provide for up-front license fees, annual maintenance fees, milestone payments based on successful product development, and royalties based on any future product sales. In addition, under the terms of our license agreements, most licensees have agreed not to sue us for using phage display improvement patents which they developed and some have granted us specific access to certain phage-display technologies which they have developed or which they control. We believe that these provisions allow us to practice enhancements to phage display developed by our licensees. We currently have approximately 45 patent licensees worldwide. The Ladner patents will expire in 2012. Consequently we do not anticipate entering into additional license agreements for these patents. |
We expect to continue to enter into licenses and collaborations to maximize the strategic value of our LFRP.
Cross-Licensed Technology
The use of our antibody library involves technology that we have cross-licensed from other biotechnology companies, including Affimed Therapeutics AG, Affitech A/S, Biosite, Inc. (now owned by Alere Inc.), Cambridge Antibody Technology Limited or CAT (now known as MedImmune Limited and owned by AstraZeneca), Domantis Limited (a wholly-owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline), Genentech, Inc. and XOMA Ltd. Under the terms of our cross-license agreement with CAT, we are required to pay milestone and low single-digit royalty payments to CAT in connection with antibody products developed and commercialized by our licensees. These payments are passed through to CAT from our licensees. None of our other cross-license agreements contain financial obligations applicable to our LFRP licensees or collaborators.
Cowen Healthcare Financing
Original Financing
In 2008, we entered into an agreement with an affiliate of Cowen Healthcare for a $50.0 million loan secured by our LFRP. This loan is the Tranche A loan. In March 2009, we amended and restated the loan agreement with Cowen Healthcare to include a Tranche B loan of $15.0 million. The Tranche A and Tranche B loans (collectively referred to as, the Original Loan) have an outstanding principal balance at December 31, 2011 of $56.7 million.
The Original Loan matures in August 2016. The Tranche A portion bears interest at an annual rate of 16%, payable quarterly, and the Tranche B portion bears interest at an annual rate of 21.5%, payable quarterly. The Original Loan may be prepaid without penalty, in whole or in part, beginning in August 2012. In connection with the Original Loan, we entered into a security agreement granting Cowen Healthcare a security interest in the intellectual property related to the LFRP, and the revenues generated through our licensing of the intellectual property related to the LFRP. The security agreement does not apply to our internal drug development or to any of our co-development programs.
Under the terms of the Original Loan agreement, we are required to repay the Original Loan based on the annual net LFRP receipts. Until June 30, 2013, required payments are tiered as follows: 75% of the first $10.0 million in specified annual LFRP receipts, 50% of the next $5.0 million and 25% of annual included LFRP receipts over $15 million. After June 30, 2013, and until the maturity date or the complete amortization of the Original Loan, Cowen Healthcare will receive 90% of all included LFRP receipts. If the Cowen Healthcare portion of LFRP receipts for any quarter exceeds the interest for that quarter, then the principal balance will be reduced. Any unpaid principal will be due upon the maturity of the Original Loan. If the Cowen Healthcare portion of LFRP revenues for any quarterly period is insufficient to cover the cash interest due for that period, the deficiency may be added to the outstanding principal or paid in cash. In 2013, we must repay to Cowen Healthcare all additional accumulated principal above the Original Loan, if any. In addition, under the terms of the Agreement, we are permitted to sell or otherwise transfer collateral generating cash proceeds of up to $25.0 million. Twenty percent of these cash proceeds will be applied to amortize principal on the Original Loan plus any applicable prepayment premium and an additional 5.0% of such proceeds will be paid to Cowen Healthcare as a cash premium. In April 2010, we sold our rights to royalties and other payments related to the commercialization of Xyntha, a product marketed by Pfizer Inc., for $9.8 million. In addition, we have earned $2.0 million in milestones based on 2010 and 2011 Xyntha sales.
2011 Additional Financing
In December 2011, we entered into an agreement with a second affiliate of Cowen Healthcare through which we received an additional loan of $20 million and a commitment to refinance the Original Loan at a reduced interest rate in August 2012.
The additional loan is unsecured and bears interest at an annual rate of 13% through August 2012, at which time the agreement provides that it will be combined with a second loan, subject to customary closing conditions. The second loan will be used to refinance 102% of the outstanding principal of the Original Loan. After the August 2012 closing, the collective loan which we anticipate will approximate $80 million, will be secured exclusively by the LFRP and will bear interest at a rate of 12%. The collective loan will mature in August 2018 and can be repaid without penalty beginning in August 2015. Should the second loan not close, the additional $20 million loan will continue to bear interest at a rate of 13% and will mature on June 30, 2013.
OUR PHAGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
What Is Phage Display?
Living organisms, such as viruses, have the ability to display a foreign gene product, or protein, on their surfaces. Based on this ability of organisms to display proteins, our scientists in the late 1980s invented protein phage display, a novel method to individually display up to tens of billions of human antibodies, peptides or small proteins on the surface of a small bacterial virus called a bacteriophage, or phage. Using phage display, we have built large collections, or libraries, of antibodies, small proteins or peptides that we use to rapidly identify those compounds that bind with high affinity and high specificity to targets of interest.
Through the use of our proprietary phage display technology, we have been able to establish a broad discovery platform to identify compounds that interact with a wide array of targets, including membrane proteins and circulating proteins which have been shown to be involved in pathologic processes. Our discovery capabilities have been further enhanced through automation, which has enabled us to evaluate a large number of molecules binding to each target. In this way we can rapidly identify and select a specific antibody, peptide or small protein with the desired biochemical and biological characteristics. While our discovery research efforts are focused primarily on monoclonal antibodies, we are also testing the in vitro and in vivo activity of several of our peptide and small protein compounds.
Scientists can use phage display to improve the speed and cost effectiveness of drug discovery and optimization. Phage display offers important advantages over, and can be used to improve, other drug discovery technologies that are currently employed to identify biopharmaceutical leads.
Over the past several years, we have brought on-line high-throughput automated capacity, developed antibody phage display libraries that are a leading technology in antibody discovery, and successfully implemented a strategy under which, as of today, we believe we have obtained freedom to operate in the antibody phage display area through cross-licenses with Affimed Therapeutics, Affitech, Biosite, CAT, Domantis, Genentech and XOMA. As a result of these activities, we now have an industry-leading technology that allows us to identify fully human antibodies with high specificity and high affinity and to move product candidates rapidly into both in vitro testing and optimization.
Although we use this technology primarily to advance our own internal development activities, we also leverage it broadly through licenses and collaborations so that other biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies can use it to discover and develop biopharmaceutical leads.
Our phage display process generally consists of the following steps:
| | · | Generating a phage display library |
| | · | Screening the phage display library against a target of interest |
| | · | Evaluating the selected compounds that bind to the target of interest |
Generating a Phage Display Library
The generation of a phage display library is based upon a single protein framework and contains tens of billions of variants of this protein. The first step in generating a library is the selection of the protein framework upon which the library will be created. This selection is based on the desired product properties, such as structure, size, stability, or lack of immunogenicity. We then determine which amino acids in the framework will be varied, but do not vary amino acids that contribute to the framework structure. We also control the exact numbers and types of different amino acids that are varied, so that the resulting phage display library consists of a diverse set of chemical entities, each of which retains the desired physical and chemical properties of the original framework.
The next step is the creation of a collection of genes that encode the designed variations of the framework protein. We can easily generate diverse collections of up to hundreds of millions of different synthetic DNA sequences. Each new DNA sequence, or gene, encodes a single protein sequence that may be displayed on the surface of the individual phage that contains this gene. The scientists combine the new DNA sequences with phage genome DNA and certain enzymes so that the new DNA is inserted into a specific location of the phage genome. The result is that the new protein is displayed on the phage surface fused to one of the naturally occurring phage proteins. The phage acts as a physical link between the displayed protein and its gene.
In addition to fused synthetic DNA sequences, we may also use cDNA, or genomic DNA, which are sequences that represent all of the expressed genes in a cell or organism, to create a library. We have also inserted genes from antibody expressing human cells into the phage genome. Using these genes, we have constructed phage display libraries that express tens of billions of different human antibodies on the phage surface. From one of these libraries, individual antibody fragments can be selected and used to express highly specific human monoclonal antibodies.
The new phage genome is then transferred into laboratory bacteria, where the phage genome directs the bacterial cells to produce thousands of copies of each new phage. The collection of phage displaying multiple antibodies, peptides or small proteins is referred to as a phage display library. Because we can reproduce the phage display library by infecting a new culture of laboratory bacteria to produce millions of additional copies of each phage, we can use each library for a potentially unlimited number of selections.
Screening the Phage Display Library Against a Target of Interest
We can then select binding compounds with high affinity and high specificity by exposing the library to a specified target of interest and isolating the various phage that display compounds that bind to the target. Each individual phage contains the gene encoding one potential binding compound, and once its displayed protein is selected in the screening procedure, it can be retrieved and amplified by growth in laboratory bacteria.
To identify specific binders from a phage display library, we expose the library to the target under desired binding conditions. The target may be attached to a fixed surface, such as the bottom of a tube, or a bead, allowing removal of phage that do not express binding compounds that recognize the target. Once these unbound phage are washed away, the phage containing the selected binding compounds can be released from the target. Since the phage are still viable, they can be amplified rapidly by again infecting bacteria. The capacity of the phage to replicate itself is an important feature that makes it particularly well suited for rapid discovery of specific binding compounds. We can amplify a single phage by infecting bacteria and producing millions of identical phage in one day.
If the binding affinities of the compounds identified in an initial screening for a target are not considered sufficiently high, information derived from the binding compounds identified in the initial screening can be used to design a new focused library. The design, construction and screening of a second generation library, known as affinity maturation, can lead to increases of 10- to 100-fold or more in the affinity of the binding compounds for the target.
Evaluating the Selected Compounds That Bind to the Target of Interest
Screening phage display libraries generally results in the identification of one or more groups of related binding compounds such as antibodies, peptides or small proteins. These groups of compounds are valuable in providing information about which chemical features are necessary for binding to the target with affinity and specificity, as well as which features can be altered without affecting binding. Using DNA sequencing, we can determine the amino acid sequences of the binding compounds and identify the essential components of desired binding properties by comparing similarities and differences in such sequences. If desired, scientists can further optimize the binding compounds by building additional phage display libraries based on these key components and repeating this process. We can complete the entire selection process in several weeks. We can produce small amounts of the binding compound by growing and purifying the phage. For production of larger amounts, we can remove the gene from the phage DNA and place it into a standard recombinant protein expression system. Alternatively, if the identified binding compound is sufficiently small, it can be chemically synthesized. These binding compounds can be evaluated for desired properties including affinity, specificity and stability under conditions that will be encountered during its intended use. From each group of compounds, scientists can identify, develop and test a compound with the desired properties for utility as a biopharmaceutical, diagnostic, research reagent or affinity separations product.
The entire phage display process for identifying compounds that bind to targets of interest is nearly identical whether the ultimate product is to be used for biopharmaceuticals, diagnostics, research reagents or separations, which allows for an efficient use of scientific resources across a broad array of commercial applications.
Advantages of Phage Display Technology in Therapeutic Drug Discovery
We believe our phage display technology has the following advantages over other drug discovery technologies:
| | · | Diversity and abundance. Many of our phage display libraries contain billions of potential binding compounds that are rationally-designed variations of a particular antibody, peptide or small protein framework. The size and diversity of our libraries significantly increases the likelihood of identifying binding compounds with high affinity and high specificity for the target. Once we generate libraries, we can reproduce them rapidly in phage and use them for an unlimited number of screenings. |
| | · | Speed and cost effectiveness. We can construct phage display libraries in a few months and rapidly select binding compounds for characterization in screening assays. Conventional or combinatorial chemistry approaches require between several months and several years to complete this process. Similarly, mouse and human-mouse technologies generally require four to six months to identify an antibody. As a result, our phage display technology can significantly reduce the time and expense required to identify an antibody, peptide or small protein with desired binding characteristics. |
| | · | Automated parallel screening. In an automated format, we can apply our phage display technology to many targets simultaneously to discover specific, high-affinity proteins, including human monoclonal antibodies, for each target. In contrast, human-mouse antibody technologies identify antibodies that bind to a single target per test group of mice and are difficult to automate. Among antibody technologies, phage display is particularly well suited for functional genomic applications, due to the large number of genetic targets that need to be screened for specific antibodies. |
| | · | Rapid optimization. We screen phage display libraries to identify binding compounds with high affinity and high specificity for the desired target and can design and produce successive generations of phage display libraries to further optimize the leads. We have demonstrated between 10- and 1000-fold improvement in binding affinity with second-generation phage display libraries. |
COMPETITION
The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by intense competition and rapid technological change. New developments occur and are expected to continue to occur. Discoveries or commercial developments by our competitors may render some or all of our technologies, products or potential products obsolete or non-competitive.
Our principal focus is on the development of therapeutic and diagnostic products in angioedema indications. Therefore our principal competition will be companies who either are already marketing products in those indications or are developing new products for those indications, as described below.
For KALBITOR as a treatment for HAE, our principal competitors include:
| | · | Manufacturers of corticosteroids, including the manufacture of danazol, which we estimate are still used to prophylactically treat a significant number of identified HAE patients. |
| | · | ViroPharma Inc.— ViroPharma markets a plasma-derived C1-esterase inhibitor, known as Cinryze®, which is administered intravenously. Cinryze is approved in the US for routine prophylaxis against angioedema attacks in adolescent and adult patients with HAE, and has orphan drug designation from the FDA. The FDA has also approved patient labeling for Cinryze to include self-administration for routine prophylaxis once a patient is properly trained by his or her healthcare provider. ViroPharma has also received approval in the EU. The therapeutic indication in Europe is for treatment and pre-procedure prevention of angioedema attacks in adults and adolescents with HAE, and routine prevention of angioedema attacks in adults and adolescents with severe and recurrent attacks of HAE, who are intolerant to or insufficiently protected by oral prevention treatments or patients who are inadequately managed with repeated acute treatment. The EU approval includes a self-administration option for appropriately trained patients. ViroPharma has also completed two Phase 2 trials evaluating subcutaneous administration of Cinryze. One of these trials evaluated a formulation that uses a proprietary drug delivery platform from Halozyme. |
| | · | Shire plc—Shire markets its bradykinin receptor antagonist, known as Firazyr® (icatibant), which is administered subcutaneously. Firazyr is approved in the US, Europe, and certain other countries for the treatment of acute HAE attacks in adult patients. The US and EU labels allow for patients to self-administer Firazyr following training by their healthcare provider. Firazyr became commercially available in the US during 2011. Firazyr has orphan drug designations from the FDA and in Europe. |
| | · | CSL Behring— CSL Behring markets a plasma-derived C1-esterase inhibitor, known as Berinert®, which is administered intravenously. Berinert is approved for the treatment of acute abdominal, facial or laryngeal attacks of HAE in adult and adolescent patients, and has orphan drug designation from the FDA. The FDA has also approved patient labeling for Berinert to include self-administration once a patient is properly trained by his or her healthcare provider. Berinert is also sold in the European Union, Japan and several rest-of-world markets. Additionally, CSL Behring has completed a clinical trial evaluating subcutaneous administration of Berinert. |
| | · | Pharming Group NV— Pharming markets Ruconest™ which is approved in the EU for the treatment of acute HAE attacks in adult patients. Ruconest is a recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor, which is delivered intravenously. In the US, Pharming's recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor is known as Rhucin®. In December 2010, Pharming and US partner Santarus announced the submission of a BLA for Rhucin. In February 2011, the companies announced the receipt of a "refusal to file" letter in which the FDA indicated that the BLA was not sufficiently complete to enable a critical medical review. Also in February 2011, the companies announced the initiation of a new Phase 3 trial. This trial is ongoing. Pharming's recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor has Fast Track status from the FDA and orphan drug designations from the FDA and in Europe. |
Other competitors for the treatment of HAE are companies that are developing plasma kallikrein inhibitors, including BioCryst.
Additionally, a significant number of companies compete with us in the antibody technology space by offering licenses and/or research services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Specifically, our phage display technology is one of several in vitro display technologies available to generate libraries of compounds that can be leveraged to discover new antibody products. Other companies that compete with us in the display technology space include BioInvent, XOMA, Adimab and several others. Additional platforms pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies use to identify antibodies that bind to a desired target are in vivo technology platforms which use direct immunization of mice or other species to generate fully human antibodies. Competitors in this space include GenMab, arGEN-X and several others. There are also a number of new technologies directed to the generation of candidates with novel scaffolds that may possess similar properties to monoclonal antibodies.
In addition to the technologies described above, many pharmaceutical companies have either acquired antibody discovery technologies or developed humanized murine antibodies derived from hybridomas. Pharmaceutical companies also develop orally available small molecule compounds directed to the targets for which we and others are seeking to develop antibody, peptide and/or protein products.
We may also experience competition from companies that have acquired or may acquire other technologies from universities and other research institutions.
PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
Our success is significantly dependent upon our ability to obtain patent protection for our products and technologies, to defend and enforce our issued patents, including patents related to phage display, and to avoid the infringement of patents issued to others. Our policy generally is to file for patent protection on methods and technology useful for the display of binding molecules and on biopharmaceutical, diagnostic and separation product candidates.
Our proprietary position in the field of phage display is based upon patent rights, technology, proprietary information, trade secrets and know-how. Our patents and patent applications for basic phage display, commonly known as the Ladner patents, include United States Patent No. 5,403,484, which expires April 4, 2012 and issued patents in Canada, Europe, and Japan. These basic phage display patent rights contain claims covering inventions in the field of the surface display of proteins and certain other peptides, including surface display on bacteriophage.
With respect to specific aspects of our phage display libraries, patent rights claiming our currently licensed antibody phage display libraries and methods of making and using such libraries include issued patents in Australia and pending patent applications in the United States and other countries. These patent rights are expected to expire in 2021 (not including any term extension from the addition of patent term adjustment by the US Patent and Trademark Office). Patent rights claiming our currently licensed peptide libraries include United States Patent No. 7,413,537, which expires November 29, 2012 and issued patents in Canada, Japan and Europe. We have filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to obtain a patent term adjustment for United States Patent No. 7,413,537 based on an erroneous calculation of the patent's term by the United States Patent Office. This action, which is expected to be successful based on a recent ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, could extend the patent's expiration date by 1,614 days to May 1, 2017.
With respect to KALBITOR (ecallantide), our patent rights include United States Patent Nos. 5,795,865, which expires August 18, 2015; 5,994,125, which expires January 11, 2014: 6,057,287, which expires August 18, 2015: 6,333,402, which expires January 11, 2014: 7,064,107, which expires June 6, 2023: 7,153,829, which expires July 2, 2023: 7,166,576, which expires September 27, 2024: 7,235,530, which expires September 27, 2024: 7,276,480, which expires June 6, 2023; 7,628,983, which expires February 11, 2015: 7,718,617, which expires November 18, 2023: 7,811,991, which expires February 26, 2024; 7,704,949, which expires June 6, 2023; 7,851,442 which expires September 9, 2023; 8,034,775 which expires June 6, 2023; and European Patent Nos. 0739355 which expires January 11, 2015; 1,531,791 which expires June 6, 2023; and 1941867 which expires June 6, 2023, as well as issued patents in Australia, Canada and Japan, claiming sequences of peptides that have human kallikrein inhibitory activity, including the sequence for KALBITOR, and polynucleotide sequences encoding these peptides, as well as methods of using such peptides.
For our other therapeutic product candidates, we file for patent protection on groups of antibodies, peptides and small proteins that we identify using phage display.
There are no legal challenges to our phage display patent rights or our other issued or pending patent rights in any major markets. However, we cannot assure that a challenge will not be brought in the future. We plan to protect our patent rights in a manner consistent with our product development and business strategies. If we bring legal action against an alleged infringer of any of our patents, we expect the alleged infringer to claim that our patent is invalid, not infringed, or not enforceable for one or more reasons, thus subjecting that patent to a judicial determination of infringement, validity and enforceability. In addition, in certain situations, an alleged infringer could seek a declaratory judgment of non-infringement, invalidity or unenforceability of one or more of our patents. We cannot be sure that we will have sufficient resources to enforce or defend our patents against any such challenges or that a challenge will not result in an adverse judgment against us or the loss of one or more of our patents. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any patent or related litigation, including those involving our patent rights, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain and expand our licensing program and collaborations, and to compete in the marketplace.
Our first phage display patent in Europe, European Patent No. 436597, known as the 597 Patent, was ultimately revoked in 2002 in a proceeding in the European Patent Office. As a result, we are not able to prevent other parties from using certain aspects of our phage display technology in Europe.
Our phage display patent rights are central to our non-exclusive patent licensing program and our performance under our related agreement with Cowen Healthcare. We offer non-exclusive licenses under our phage display patent rights to companies and non-profit institutions in the fields of therapeutics, diagnostics and other select fields. In jurisdictions where we have not applied for, obtained, or maintained patent rights, we will be unable to prevent others from developing or selling products or technologies derived using phage display. In addition, in jurisdictions where we have phage display patent rights, we cannot assure that we will be able to prevent others from selling or importing products or technologies derived using phage display.
We are aware that other parties have patents and pending applications to various products and processes relating to phage display technology. Through licensing our phage display patent rights, we have secured a limited ability to practice under some of the third party patent rights relating to phage display technology. These rights are a result of our standard license agreement, which contains a covenant by the licensee that it will not sue us under the licensee's phage display improvement patents. In addition, we have sought and obtained affirmative rights of license or ownership under certain patent rights relating to phage display technology owned by other parties. For example, in addition to our amended license agreement with CAT, we have entered into licensing agreements with Affimed Therapeutics, Affitech, Biosite, Domantis and Genentech, Inc. under which we granted each of those companies rights to practice our phage display patents and in return received rights to practice under their phage display related patents. These types of agreements in which each party licenses technology to the other are referred to as cross-licensing agreements. We have also entered into a cross-licensing agreement with XOMA Ireland Limited under which we received a license to use XOMA's antibody expression technology to develop antibody products for ourselves and our collaborators. We also received a license from XOMA to produce antibodies. In exchange we agreed to pay XOMA a license fee and a royalty in connection with the sale of any of our antibody products. We also granted XOMA a license to our phage display patents and agreed to provide them with limited quantities of our antibody phage display libraries.
Under the terms of our amended and restated license agreement with CAT, we were granted a worldwide license under their antibody phage display patents to discover and develop antibody products. In consideration for this license, CAT is eligible to receive milestone payments and low single-digit royalty payments in connection with antibody products developed and commercialized by us or our licensees under the agreement.
Under the agreement, we also granted CAT a worldwide license to use our antibody libraries to discover and develop antibody products. In consideration for this license, we will receive no milestone payments but are eligible to receive a low single-digit royalty payments on antibody products developed by CAT or its licensees under the agreement.
The preclinical studies and clinical testing, manufacture, labeling, storage, record keeping, advertising, promotion, export, and marketing, among other things, of our products and product candidates, including KALBITOR, are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. In the United States, pharmaceutical products are regulated by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other laws, including, in the case of biologics, the Public Health Service Act. KALBITOR is regulated by the FDA as a biologic. Biologics require the submission of a BLA, and approval by FDA prior to being marketed in the United States. Manufacturers of biologics may also be subject to state regulation. Failure to comply with FDA requirements, both before and after product approval, may subject us and/or our partners, contract manufacturers, and suppliers to administrative or judicial sanctions, including FDA refusal to approve applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, fines and/or criminal prosecution.
The steps required before a biologic may be approved for marketing in the United States generally include:
| | · | preclinical laboratory tests and animal tests; |
| | · | submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence; |
| | · | adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product; |
| | · | submission to the FDA of a BLA; |
| | · | FDA pre-approval inspection of product manufacturers; and |
| | · | FDA review and approval of BLA. |
Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product candidate. Preclinical safety tests must be conducted in compliance with FDA regulations regarding good laboratory practices. The results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may be commenced. The IND will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA before that time raises concerns about the drug candidate or the conduct of the trials as outlined in the IND. The IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials can proceed. We cannot assure you that submission of an IND will result in FDA authorization to commence clinical trials or that once commenced, other concerns will not arise.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or to patients, under the supervision of qualified principal investigators. Each clinical study at each participating clinical site must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, prior to the recruitment of subjects.
Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap and different trials may be initiated with the same drug candidate within the same phase of development in similar or differing patient populations. Phase 1 studies may be conducted in a limited number of patients, but are usually conducted in healthy volunteer subjects. The drug is usually tested for safety and, as appropriate, for absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion, pharmaco-dynamics and pharmaco-kinetics.
Phase 2 usually involves studies in a larger, but still limited patient population to evaluate preliminarily the efficacy of the drug candidate for specific, targeted indications; to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage; and to identify possible short-term adverse effects and safety risks.
Phase 3 trials are undertaken to further evaluate clinical efficacy of a drug candidate against specific endpoints and to test further for safety within an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. Phase 1, Phase 2 or Phase 3 testing might not be completed successfully within any specific time period, if at all, with respect to any of our product candidates. Results from one trial are not necessarily predictive of results from later trials. Furthermore, the FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.
The results of the preclinical studies and clinical trials, together with other detailed information, including information on the manufacture and composition of the product, are submitted to the FDA as part of a BLA requesting approval to market the product candidate. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, as amended, the fees payable to the FDA for reviewing a BLA, as well as annual fees for commercial manufacturing establishments and for approved products, can be substantial. Each BLA submitted to the FDA for approval is typically reviewed for administrative completeness and reviewability within 45 to 60 days following submission of the application. If found complete, the FDA will "file" the BLA, thus triggering a full review of the application. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable. The FDA's established goals for the review of a BLA are six months for Priority applications and 10 months for Standard applications, whereupon a review decision is to be made. The FDA, however, may not approve a drug within these established guidelines and its review goals are subject to change from time to time. Further, the outcome of the review, even if generally favorable, may not be an actual approval but an "action letter" that describes additional work that must be done before the application can be approved. Before approving a BLA, the FDA may inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured and will not approve the product unless current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, compliance is satisfactory. The FDA may deny approval of a BLA if applicable statutory or regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or may require additional testing or information, which can delay the approval process. FDA approval of any application may include many delays or never be granted. If a product is approved, the approval will impose limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed, may require that warning statements be included in the product labeling, and may require that additional studies be conducted following approval as a condition of the approval, may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval. To market a product for other indicated uses, or to make certain manufacturing or other changes requires FDA review and approval of a BLA Supplement or new BLA. Further post--marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product is required. Also, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if safety or manufacturing problems occur following initial marketing. In addition new government requirements may be established that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our product candidates under development.
Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act an abbreviated approval process is currently available for generic or "follow-on" biologic products that are demonstrated to be biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed biological product. The FDA has issued guidance documents on biosimilar product development. The FDA will consider multiple factors as part of the biosimilarity assessment, including, but not limited to, the product's complexity, formulation, and stability; as well as usefulness of biochemical and functional characterizations. Although it is unclear how the abbreviated approval process will impact our business, it could have a material impact as follow-on products may be significantly less costly to bring to market and may be priced significantly lower than our products would be.
Both before and after the FDA approves a product, the manufacturer and the holder or holders of the BLA for the product are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight. For example, quality control and manufacturing procedures must conform to cGMP requirements, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to spend time, money and effort to maintain cGMP compliance.
Orphan Drug Designation
We have received orphan drug designation from the FDA for KALBITOR. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a "rare disease or condition," which generally is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are publicly disclosed by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. If a product which has an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, meaning the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for a period of seven years, except in limited circumstances.
Foreign Regulation
In addition to regulations in the United States, we are subject to a variety of foreign regulatory requirements governing human clinical trials and marketing approval for drugs. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with FDA approval set forth above, as well as additional country-specific regulations. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.
For example, under European Union regulatory systems, we may submit marketing authorizations either under a centralized or decentralized procedure. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. The decentralized procedure provides for mutual recognition of national approval decisions, and the holder of a national marketing authorization may submit an application to the remaining member states.
Reimbursement
Sales of pharmaceutical products depend in significant part on the coverage and reimbursement policies of government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid in the United States, and other third-party payers. These health insurance programs may restrict coverage of some products by using payer formularies under which only selected drugs are covered, variable co-payments that make drugs that are not preferred by the payer more expensive for patients, and by using utilization management controls, such as requirements for prior authorization or prior failure on another type of treatment. Payers may especially impose these obstacles to coverage for higher-priced drugs, and consequently KALBITOR may be subject to payer-driven restrictions.
In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursement of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price or level of reimbursement for the medicinal product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market.
In furtherance of our efforts to facilitate access to KALBITOR in the United States, we have created the KALBITOR Access program, a treatment support service for patients with HAE and their healthcare providers. KALBITOR case managers provide education about HAE and KALBITOR and help facilitate solutions for reimbursement, coverage and treatment site coordination.
OUR CORPORATE INFORMATION
We are a Delaware corporation, incorporated in 1989, and merged with Protein Engineering Corporation in 1995. Our principal executive offices are located at 55 Network Drive, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, and our telephone number is (617) 225-2500. Our web site address is http://www.dyax.com.
Segment Information
We provide financial information by geographical area in Note 13 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this report. We are incorporating that information into this section by this reference.
As of February 24, 2012, we had 120 employees, including 14 Ph.D.s and/or M.D.s. Approximately 41 of our employees are in research and development, and 79 in marketing, business development and administration. Our workforce is non-unionized, and we believe that our relations with employees are good.
We make our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 available without charge through our website, www.dyax.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after filing them with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information contained on the website is not part of this report.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the following risk factors before you decide to invest in our Company and our business because these risk factors may have a significant impact on our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flows. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks Related To Our Business
We have a history of net losses, expect to incur significant additional net losses and may never achieve or sustain profitability.
We have incurred net losses on an annual basis since our inception. As of December 31, 2011 we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $476.9 million. We expect to incur additional net losses in 2012 as our research, development, preclinical testing, clinical trial and commercial activities continue.
We have generated limited revenue from product sales to date, and it is possible that we will never have significantly more product sales revenue. Currently, we generate a significant amount of our revenue from collaborators through license and milestone fees, research and development funding, and maintenance fees that we receive in connection with the licensing of our phage display technology. To become profitable, we, alone or with our collaborators, must either generate higher product sales from the commercialization of KALBITOR or increase licensing receipts under our LFRP. It is possible that we will never have sufficient product sales revenue or receive sufficient royalties on our licensed product candidates or licensed technology in order to achieve or sustain future profitability.
Our revenues and operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past, and we expect this to continue in the future.
Our revenues and operating results have fluctuated significantly on a quarterly and year to year basis. We expect these fluctuations to continue in the future. Fluctuations in revenues and operating results will depend on:
| · | the amount of future sales of KALBITOR and related costs to manufacture and sell the product; |
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| · | the cost and timing of our increased research and development, manufacturing and commercialization activities; |
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| · | the establishment of new collaboration and licensing arrangements; |
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| · | the timing and results of clinical trials, including a failure to receive the required regulatory approvals to commercialize ecallantide in additional indications and other product candidates; |
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| · | the timing, receipt and amount of payments, if any, from current and prospective collaborators and licensees, including the completion of certain milestones; and |
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| · | revenue recognition and other generally accepted accounting policies. |
Our revenues and costs in any period are not reliable indicators of our future operating results. If the revenues we recognize are less than the revenues we expect for a given fiscal period, then we may be unable to reduce our expenses quickly enough to compensate for the shortfall. In addition, our fluctuating operating results may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors which may cause the price of our common stock to decline.
We may need additional capital in the future and may be unable to generate the capital that we will need to sustain our operations.
We require significant capital to fund our operations to commercialize KALBITOR and to develop and commercialize other product candidates and ecallantide in other indications. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
| · | future sales levels of KALBITOR and any other commercial products and the profitability of such sales, if any; |
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| · | the timing and cost to develop, obtain regulatory approvals for and commercialize other product candidates and additional indications for ecallantide; |
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| · | maintaining or expanding our existing collaborative and license arrangements and entering into additional arrangements on terms that are favorable to us; |
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| · | the amount and timing of milestone and royalty payments from our collaborators and licensees related to their progress in developing and commercializing products; |
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| · | our decision to manufacture, or have third parties manufacture, the materials used in KALBITOR and any other product candidates; |
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| · | competing technological and market developments; |
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| · | the progress of our development programs; |
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| · | the costs of prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our patents and other intellectual property rights; |
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| · | the amount and timing of additional capital equipment purchases; and |
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| · | the overall condition of the financial markets. |
We expect that existing cash, cash equivalents and investments together with anticipated cash flow from product sales and existing product development, collaborations and license fees will be sufficient to support our current operations through 2013. We will need additional funds if our cash requirements exceed our current expectations or if we generate less revenue than we expect.
We may seek additional funding through collaborative arrangements, and public or private financings, or other means. We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms or at all, and we may not be able to enter into additional collaborative arrangements. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies, product candidates or products. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and if we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to curtail significantly our research, development or commercialization programs which could adversely affect our business prospects.
We depend heavily on the success of our lead product, KALBITOR, which was approved in the United States for treatment of acute attacks of HAE in patients 16 years and older.
Our ability to generate product sales will depend on commercial success of KALBITOR in the United States and whether physicians, patients and healthcare payers view KALBITOR as therapeutically effective relative to cost. We initiated the commercial launch of KALBITOR in the United States in February 2010.
The commercial success of KALBITOR and our ability to generate and increase product sales will depend on several factors, including the following:
| | · | the number of patients with HAE who are diagnosed with the disease and identified to us; |
| | · | the number of patients with HAE who may be treated with KALBITOR; |
| | · | acceptance of KALBITOR in the medical community; |
| | · | the frequency of HAE patients' use of KALBITOR to treat their acute attacks of HAE; |
| | · | HAE patients' ability to obtain and maintain sufficient coverage or reimbursement by third-party payers for the use of KALBITOR; |
| | · | our ability to effectively market and distribute KALBITOR in the United States; |
| | · | competition from other products that treat HAE; |
| | · | the maintenance of marketing approval in the United States and the receipt and maintenance of marketing approval from foreign regulatory authorities; and |
| | · | our maintenance of commercial manufacturing capabilities through third-party manufacturers. |
If we are unable to develop substantial sales of KALBITOR in the United States and commercialize ecallantide in additional countries or if we are significantly delayed or limited in doing so, our business prospects would be adversely affected.
Because the target patient population of KALBITOR for treatment of HAE is small and has not been definitively determined, we must be able to successfully identify HAE patients and achieve a significant market share in order to achieve or maintain profitability.
The prevalence of HAE patients, which has been estimated at approximately 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 people around the world, has not been definitively determined. There can be no guarantee that any of our programs will be effective at identifying HAE patients, and the number of HAE patients in the United States may turn out to be lower than expected or they may not utilize treatment with KALBITOR for all or any of their acute HAE attacks, all or any of which would adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.
If HAE patients are unable to obtain and maintain reimbursement for KALBITOR from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, KALBITOR may be too costly for regular use and our ability to generate product sales would be harmed.
We may not be able to sell KALBITOR on a profitable basis or our profitability may be reduced if we are required to sell our product at lower than anticipated prices or if reimbursement is unavailable or limited in scope or amount. KALBITOR is more expensive than traditional drug treatments and most patients require some form of third party insurance coverage and/or patient assistance provided by us in order to afford its cost. Our future revenues and profitability will be adversely affected if HAE patients cannot depend on governmental, private and other third-party payers, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States or country specific governmental organizations, to defray the cost of KALBITOR. If these entities refuse to provide coverage and reimbursement with respect to KALBITOR or determine to provide a lower level of coverage and reimbursement than anticipated, KALBITOR may be too costly for general use, and physicians may not prescribe it.
In addition to potential restrictions on insurance coverage, the amount of reimbursement for KALBITOR may also reduce our ability to profitably commercialize KALBITOR. In the United States and elsewhere, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, actions and proposals to control and reduce healthcare costs. Government and other third-party payers are challenging the prices charged for healthcare products and increasingly limiting and attempting to limit both coverage and level of reimbursement for prescription drugs.
It is possible that we will never have significant KALBITOR sales revenue in order to achieve or sustain future profitability.
We may not be able to gain or maintain market acceptance among the medical community or patients for KALBITOR which would prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability in the future.
We cannot be certain that KALBITOR will gain or maintain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers, and others. Although we have received regulatory approval for KALBITOR in the United States, such approval does not guarantee future revenue. We cannot predict whether physicians, other healthcare providers, government agencies or private insurers will determine that KALBITOR is safe and therapeutically effective relative to cost. Medical doctors' willingness to prescribe, and patients' willingness to accept, KALBITOR depends on many factors, including prevalence and severity of adverse side effects in both clinical trials and commercial use, effectiveness of our marketing strategy and the pricing of KALBITOR, publicity concerning our products or competing products, HAE patient's ability to obtain and maintain third-party coverage or reimbursement, and availability of alternative treatments. In addition, the number of acute attacks that are treated with KALBITOR will vary from patient to patient depending upon a variety of factors.
If KALBITOR fails to achieve market acceptance, we may not be able to market and sell it successfully, which would limit our ability to generate revenue and adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.
Competition and technological change may make our potential products and technologies less attractive or obsolete.
We compete in industries characterized by intense competition and rapid technological change. New developments occur and are expected to continue to occur at a rapid pace. Discoveries or commercial developments by our competitors may render some or all of our technologies, products or potential products obsolete or non-competitive.
Our principal focus is on the development of human therapeutic products. We plan to conduct research and development programs to develop and test product candidates and demonstrate to appropriate regulatory agencies that these products are safe and effective for therapeutic use in particular indications. Therefore our principal competition going forward, as further described below, will be companies who either are already marketing products in those indications or are developing new products for those indications. Many of our competitors have greater financial resources and experience than we do.
For KALBITOR as a treatment for HAE, our principal competitors include:
| | · | Manufacturers of corticosteroids, including the manufacture of danazol, which we estimate are still used to prophylactically treat a significant number of identified HAE patients. |
| | · | ViroPharma Inc.— ViroPharma markets a plasma-derived C1-esterase inhibitor, known as Cinryze®, which is administered intravenously. Cinryze is approved in the US for routine prophylaxis against angioedema attacks in adolescent and adult patients with HAE, and has orphan drug designation from the FDA. The FDA has also approved patient labeling for Cinryze to include self-administration for routine prophylaxis once a patient is properly trained by his or her healthcare provider. ViroPharma has also received approval in the EU. The therapeutic indication in Europe is for treatment and pre-procedure prevention of angioedema attacks in adults and adolescents with HAE, and routine prevention of angioedema attacks in adults and adolescents with severe and recurrent attacks of HAE, who are intolerant to or insufficiently protected by oral prevention treatments or patients who are inadequately managed with repeated acute treatment. The EU approval includes a self-administration option for appropriately trained patients. ViroPharma has also completed two Phase 2 trials evaluating subcutaneous administration of Cinryze. One of these trials evaluated a formulation that uses a proprietary drug delivery platform from Halozyme. |
| | · | Shire plc— Shire markets its bradykinin receptor antagonist, known as Firazyr® (icatibant), which is administered subcutaneously. Firazyr, which was acquired from Jerini AG, is approved in the US, Europe, and certain other countries. Firazyr is approved in these markets for the treatment of acute HAE attacks in adult patients. The US and EU labels allow for patients to self-administer Firazyr following training by their healthcare provider. Firazyr became commercially available in the US during 2011. Firazyr has orphan drug designations from the FDA and in Europe. |
| | · | CSL Behring— CSL Behring markets a plasma-derived C1-esterase inhibitor, known as Berinert®, which is administered intravenously. Berinert is approved for the treatment of acute abdominal, facial or laryngeal attacks of HAE in adult and adolescent patients, and has orphan drug designation from the FDA. The FDA has also approved patient labeling for Berinert to include self-administration once a patient is properly trained by his or her healthcare provider. Berinert is also sold in the European Union, Japan and several rest-of-world markets. Additionally, CSL Behring has completed a clinical trial evaluating subcutaneous administration of Berinert. |
| | · | Pharming Group NV— Pharming markets Ruconest™ which is approved in the EU for the treatment of acute HAE attacks in adult patients. Ruconest is a recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor, which is delivered intravenously. In the US, Pharming's recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor is known as Rhucin®. In December 2010, Pharming and US partner Santarus announced the submission of a Biologics License Application (BLA) for Rhucin. In February 2011, the companies announced the receipt of a "refusal to file" letter in which the FDA indicated that the BLA was not sufficiently complete to enable a critical medical review. Also in February 2011, the companies announced the initiation of a new Phase 3 trial. This trial is ongoing. Pharming's recombinant C1-esterase inhibitor has Fast Track status from the FDA and orphan drug designations from the FDA and in Europe. |
Other competitors for the treatment of HAE are companies that are developing plasma kallikrein inhibitors, including BioCryst.
Additionally, a significant number of companies compete with us in the antibody technology space by offering licenses and/or research services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Specifically, our phage display technology is one of several in vitro display technologies available to generate libraries of compounds that can be leveraged to discover new antibody products. Other companies that compete with us in the display technology space include BioInvent, XOMA, Adimab and several others. Additional platforms pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies use to identify antibodies that bind to a desired target are in vivo technology platforms which use direct immunization of mice or other species to generate fully human antibodies. Competitors in this space include GenMab, arGEN-X and several others. There are also a number of new technologies directed to the generation of candidates with novel scaffolds that may possess similar properties to monoclonal antibodies.
In addition to the technologies described above, many pharmaceutical companies have either acquired antibody discovery technologies or developed humanized murine antibodies derived from hybridomas. Pharmaceutical companies also develop orally available small molecule compounds directed to the targets for which we and others are seeking to develop antibody, peptide and/or protein products.
We may also experience competition from companies that have acquired or may acquire other technologies from universities and other research institutions.
If we fail to comply with continuing regulations, we could lose our approvals to market KALBITOR, and our business would be adversely affected.
We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain our regulatory approval for KALBITOR in the United States. We and our future partners, contract manufacturers and suppliers are subject to rigorous and extensive regulation by the FDA, other federal and state agencies, and governmental authorities in other countries. These regulations continue to apply after product approval, and cover, among other things, testing, manufacturing, quality control, labeling, advertising, promotion, adverse event reporting requirements, and export of biologics.
As a condition of approval for marketing KALBITOR in the United States and other jurisdictions, the FDA or governmental authorities in those jurisdictions may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. For example, in connection with the approval of KALBITOR in the United States, we have agreed to conduct a Phase 4 clinical study to evaluate immunogenicity and hypersensitivity with exposure to KALBITOR for treatment of acute attacks of HAE. The FDA can propose to withdraw approval if new clinical data or information shows that KALBITOR is not safe for use or determines that such study is inadequate. We are required to report any serious and unexpected adverse experiences and certain quality problems with KALBITOR to the FDA and other health agencies. We, the FDA or another health agency may have to notify healthcare providers of any such developments. The discovery of any previously unknown problems with KALBITOR or its manufacturer may result in restrictions on KALBITOR and the manufacturer or manufacturing facility, including withdrawal of KALBITOR from the market. Certain changes to an approved product, including the way it is manufactured or promoted, often require prior regulatory approval before the product as modified may be marketed.
Our third-party manufacturing facilities were subjected to inspection prior to grant of marketing approval and are subject to continued review and periodic inspections by the regulatory authorities. Any third party we would use to manufacture KALBITOR for sale must also be licensed by applicable regulatory authorities. Although we have established a corporate compliance program, we cannot guarantee that we are and will continue to be in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Failure to comply with the laws, including statutes and regulations, administered by the FDA or other agencies could result in:
| | · | administrative and judicial sanctions, including warning letters; |
| | · | fines and other civil penalties; |
| | · | withdrawal of a previously granted approval; |
| | · | interruption of production; |
| | · | product recall or seizure; injunctions; and |
The discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including KALBITOR, or the facility used to produce the product could result in a regulatory authority imposing restrictions on us, or could cause us to voluntarily adopt such restrictions, including withdrawal of KALBITOR from the market.
If we do not maintain our regulatory approval for KALBITOR in the United States, our results of operations and business prospects will be materially harmed.
If the use of KALBITOR harms people, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to KALBITOR, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively affected and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims.
The testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of drugs for use in humans exposes us to product liability risks. Side effects and other problems from using KALBITOR could:
| | · | lessen the frequency with which physicians decide to prescribe KALBITOR; |
| | · | encourage physicians to stop prescribing KALBITOR to their patients who previously had been prescribed KALBITOR; |
| | · | cause serious adverse events and give rise to product liability claims against us; and |
| | · | result in our need to withdraw or recall KALBITOR from the marketplace. |
Some of these risks are unknown at this time.
We have tested KALBITOR in only a limited number of patients. As more patients begin to use KALBITOR, new risks and side effects may be discovered, and risks previously viewed as inconsequential could be determined to be significant. Previously unknown risks and adverse effects of KALBITOR may also be discovered in connection with unapproved and unsolicited, or off-label, uses of KALBITOR. We do not promote, or in any way support or encourage the promotion of KALBITOR for off-label uses in violation of relevant law, but current regulations allow physicians to use products for off-label uses. In addition, we expect to study ecallantide in diseases other than HAE in controlled clinical settings, and expect independent investigators to do so as well. In the event of any new risks or adverse effects discovered as new patients are treated for HAE, regulatory authorities may modify or revoke their approvals and we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials, make changes in labeling of KALBITOR, reformulate KALBITOR or make changes and obtain new approvals for our and our suppliers' manufacturing facilities. We may also experience a significant drop in the potential sales of KALBITOR, experience harm to our reputation and the reputation of KALBITOR in the marketplace or become subject to government investigations or lawsuits, including class actions. Any of these results could decrease or prevent any sales of KALBITOR or substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing KALBITOR.
We may be sued by people who use KALBITOR, whether as a prescribed therapy, during a clinical trial, during an investigator initiated study, or otherwise. Any informed consents or waivers obtained from people who enroll in our trials or use KALBITOR may not protect us from liability or litigation. Our product liability insurance may not cover all potential types of liabilities or may not cover certain liabilities completely. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain our insurance on acceptable terms. In addition, negative publicity relating to the use of KALBITOR or a product candidate, or to a product liability claim, may make it more difficult, or impossible, for us to market and sell KALBITOR. As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events, including death, for reasons that may or may not be related to KALBITOR. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market KALBITOR, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which we do not believe that an adverse event is related to KALBITOR, the investigation into the circumstance may be time consuming or may be inconclusive. These investigations may interrupt our sales efforts, delay our regulatory approval process in other countries, or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals KALBITOR receives or maintains.
Although we obtained regulatory approval of KALBITOR for treatment of acute attacks of HAE in patients 16 years and older in the United States, we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for ecallantide in any other territory.
Governments in countries outside the United States also regulate drugs distributed in such countries and facilities in such countries where such drugs are manufactured, and obtaining their approvals can also be lengthy, expensive and highly uncertain. The approval process varies from country to country and the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product manufacturing, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. In certain jurisdictions, we are required to finalize operational, reimbursement, price approval and funding processes prior to marketing our products. We may not receive regulatory approval for ecallantide in countries other than the United States on a timely basis, if ever. Even if approval is granted in any such country, the approval may require limitations on the indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for ecallantide in territories outside the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects.
If we are unable to establish and maintain effective sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, or to enter into agreements with third parties to do so, we will be unable to successfully commercialize KALBITOR.
We are marketing and selling KALBITOR ourselves in the United States, and have only limited experience with marketing, sales or distribution of drug products. If we are unable to adequately establish the capabilities to sell, market and distribute KALBITOR, either ourselves or by entering into agreements with others, or to maintain such capabilities, we will not be able to successfully sell KALBITOR. In that event, we will not be able to generate significant product sales. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to establish and maintain our own capabilities or enter into and maintain any marketing or distribution agreements with third-party providers on acceptable terms, if at all.
In the United States, we sell KALBITOR to ABSG which provides a distribution network for KALBITOR, including a call center to support its commercialization, and to Walgreens which provides nursing services for home administration of KALBITOR. Neither ABSG nor Walgreens set or determine demand for KALBITOR. We expect our distribution arrangements to continue for the foreseeable future through an extension or replacement of our current agreements. Our ability to successfully commercialize KALBITOR will depend, in part, on the extent to which we are able to provide adequate distribution of KALBITOR to patients through our distributors. It is possible that our distributors could change their policies or fees, or both, at some time in the future. This could result in their refusal to distribute smaller volume products such as KALBITOR, or cause higher product distribution costs, lower margins or the need to find alternative methods of distributing KALBITOR. Although we have contractual remedies to mitigate these risks for the three-year term of the contract with ABSG and we also believe we can find alternative distributors on relatively short notice, our product sales during that period of time may suffer and we may incur additional costs to replace a distributor. A significant reduction in product sales to our distributors, any cancellation of orders they have made with us or any failure to pay for the products we have shipped to them could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We have hired sales and marketing professionals for the commercialization of KALBITOR throughout the United States. Even with these sales and marketing personnel, we may not have the necessary size and experience of the sales and marketing force and the appropriate distribution capabilities necessary to successfully market and sell KALBITOR. Establishing and maintaining sales, marketing and distribution capabilities are expensive and time-consuming. Our expenses associated with building up and maintaining the sales force and distribution capabilities may be disproportional compared to the revenues we may be able to generate on sales of KALBITOR. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in commercializing KALBITOR and a failure to do so would adversely affect our business prospects.
If we market KALBITOR in a manner that violates health care fraud and abuse laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.
In addition to FDA and related regulatory requirements, we are subject to health care "fraud and abuse" laws, such as the federal False Claims Act, the anti-kickback provisions of the federal Social Security Act, and other state and federal laws and regulations. Federal and state anti-kickback laws prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce, or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any health care item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or other federally or state financed health care programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, patients, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchasing, or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.
Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Pharmaceutical companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; reporting to pricing services inflated average wholesale prices that were then used by federal programs to set reimbursement rates; engaging in promotion for uses that the FDA has not approved, or "off-label" uses, that caused claims to be submitted to Medicaid for non-covered off-label uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program.
Although physicians are permitted to, based on their medical judgment, prescribe products for indications other than those cleared or approved by the FDA, manufacturers are prohibited from promoting their products for such off-label uses. We market KALBITOR for acute attacks of HAE in patients 16 years and older and provide promotional materials to physicians regarding the use of KALBITOR for this indication. Although we believe our marketing, promotional materials do not constitute off-label promotion of KALBITOR, the FDA may disagree. If the FDA determines that our promotional materials, training or other activities constitute off-label promotion of KALBITOR, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or other activities or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions, including the issuance of a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine and criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they believe that the alleged improper promotion led to the submission and payment of claims for an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. Even if it is later determined we are not in violation of these laws, we may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending our position and have to divert significant management resources from other matters.
The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback law and false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payer. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a manufacturer's products from reimbursement under government programs, criminal fines, and imprisonment. Even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, which would also harm our financial condition. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors and because government scrutiny in this area is high, it is possible that some of our business activities could come under that scrutiny.
In recent years, several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs, and file periodic reports with the state or make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials, and other activities. Many of these requirements are new and uncertain, and the penalties for failure to comply with these requirements are unclear. Nonetheless, although we have established compliance policies that comport with the Code of Interactions with Healthcare Providers adopted by Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America (PhRMA Code) and the Office of Inspector General's (OIG) Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, if we are found not to be in full compliance with these laws, we could face enforcement action and fines and other penalties, and could receive adverse publicity.
The FDA or similar agencies in other jurisdictions may require us to restrict the distribution or use of KALBITOR or other future products or take other potentially limiting or costly actions if we or others identify side effects after the product is on the market.
The FDA required that we implement a REMS for KALBITOR and conduct post-marketing studies to assess a risk of hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis. The REMS consisted of a communication plan to healthcare providers which was completed in February 2012. The FDA and other regulatory agencies could impose new requirements or change existing regulations or promulgate new ones at any time that may affect our ability to obtain or maintain approval of KALBITOR or future products or require significant additional costs to obtain or maintain such approvals. For example, the FDA or similar agencies in other jurisdictions may require us to restrict the distribution or use of KALBITOR if we or others identify side effects after KALBITOR is on the market. Changes in KALBITOR's approval or restrictions on its use could make it difficult to achieve market acceptance, and we may not be able to market and sell KALBITOR or continue to sell it, successfully, or at all, which would limit our ability to generate product sales and adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.
We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical drug supplies and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercial supplies of KALBITOR and any future approved product candidates. Any failure by a third-party manufacturer to produce supplies for us may delay or impair our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates.
We have relied upon a small number of third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical and clinical testing purposes and intend to continue to do so in the future. As a result, we depend on collaborators, partners, licensees and other third parties to manufacture clinical and commercial scale quantities of our biopharmaceutical candidates in a timely and effective manner and in accordance with government regulations. If these third party arrangements are not successful, it will adversely affect our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates.
We have identified only a few facilities that are capable of producing material for preclinical and clinical studies and we cannot assure you that they will be able to supply sufficient clinical materials during the clinical development of our biopharmaceutical candidates. Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance and quality assurance, the possibility of breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party because of factors beyond our control (including a failure to synthesize and manufacture our product candidates in accordance with our product specifications) and the possibility of termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party, based on its own business priorities, at a time that is costly or damaging to us. In addition, the FDA and other regulatory authorities require that our product candidates be manufactured according to cGMP and similar foreign standards. Any failure by our third-party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or failure to scale up manufacturing processes, including any failure to deliver sufficient quantities of product candidates in a timely manner, could lead to a delay in, or failure to obtain, regulatory approval of any of our product candidates.
In addition, as our drug development pipeline increases and matures, we will have a greater need for clinical trial and commercial manufacturing capacity. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of our product candidates and we currently have no plans to build our own clinical or commercial scale manufacturing capabilities. To meet our projected needs for commercial manufacturing, third parties with whom we currently work will need to increase their scale of production or we will need to secure alternate suppliers.
We are dependent on a single contract manufacturer to produce drug substance for ecallantide, which may adversely affect our ability to commercialize KALBITOR and other potential ecallantide products.
We currently rely on Fujifilm to produce the bulk drug substance used in the manufacture of KALBITOR and other potential ecallantide products. Our business, therefore, faces risks of difficulties with, and interruptions in, performance by Fujifilm, the occurrence of which could adversely impact the availability and/or sales of KALBITOR and other potential ecallantide products in the future. The failure of Fujifilm to supply manufactured product on a timely basis or at all, or to manufacture our drug substance in compliance with our specifications or applicable quality requirements or in volumes sufficient to meet demand could adversely affect our ability to sell KALBITOR and other potential ecallantide products, could harm our relationships with our collaborators or customers and could negatively affect our revenues and operating results. If the operations of Fujifilm are disrupted, we may be forced to secure alternative sources of supply, which may be unavailable on commercially acceptable terms, cause delays in our ability to deliver products to our customers, increase our costs and negatively affect our operating results.
In addition, failure to comply with applicable good manufacturing practices and other governmental regulations and standards could be the basis for action by the FDA or corresponding foreign agency to withdraw approval for KALBITOR or any other product previously granted to us and for other regulatory action, including recall or seizure, fines, imposition of operating restrictions, total or partial suspension of production or injunctions.
We do not currently have a long-term commercial supply agreement with Fujifilm for the production of ecallantide drug substance. We are working to establish a long-term supply contract with Fujifilm. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to enter into long-term supply contracts on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We believe that our supply of the ecallantide drug substance used to manufacture KALBITOR will be sufficient to supply all ongoing studies relating to ecallantide and KALBITOR and to meet anticipated market demand into 2014. These estimates are subject to changes in market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we are unable to execute a long-term supply agreement or otherwise secure a dependable source for drug substance before our inventory of ecallantide drug substance is exhausted, it could adversely affect our ability to further develop and commercialize KALBITOR and other potential ecallantide products, generate revenue from product sales, increase our costs and negatively affect our operating results.
Any new biopharmaceutical product candidates we develop must undergo rigorous clinical trials which could substantially delay or prevent their development or marketing.
In addition to KALBITOR, we are developing ecallantide in further indications and other potential biopharmaceutical products. Before we can commercialize any biopharmaceutical product candidate, we must engage in a rigorous clinical trial and regulatory approval process mandated by the FDA and analogous foreign regulatory agencies. This process is lengthy and expensive, and approval is never certain. Positive results from preclinical studies and early clinical trials do not ensure positive results in late stage clinical trials designed to permit application for regulatory approval. We cannot accurately predict when planned clinical trials will begin or be completed. Many factors affect patient enrollment, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, alternative therapies, competing clinical trials and new drugs approved for the conditions that we are investigating. As a result of all of these factors, our future trials may take longer to enroll patients than we anticipate. Such delays may increase our costs and slow down our product development and the regulatory approval process. Our product development costs will also increase if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. The occurrence of any of these events will delay our ability to commercialize products, generate revenue from product sales and impair our ability to become profitable, which may cause us to have insufficient capital resources to support our operations.
Products that we or our collaborators develop could take a significantly longer time to gain regulatory approval than we expect or may never gain approval. If we or our collaborators do not receive these necessary approvals, we will not be able to generate substantial product or royalty revenues and may not become profitable. We and our collaborators may encounter significant delays or excessive costs in our efforts to secure regulatory approvals. Factors that raise uncertainty in obtaining these regulatory approvals include the following:
| | · | we or our collaborator must demonstrate through clinical trials that the proposed product is safe and effective for its intended use; |
| | · | we have limited experience in conducting the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approval; and |
| | · | data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. |
Regulatory authorities may delay, suspend or terminate clinical trials at any time if they believe that the patients participating in trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or if they find deficiencies in the clinical trial procedures. There is no guarantee that we will be able to resolve such issues, either quickly, or at all. In addition, our or our collaborators' failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may result in criminal prosecution, civil penalties and other actions that could impair our ability to conduct our business.
We lack experience in and/or capacity for conducting clinical trials and handling regulatory processes. This lack of experience and/or capacity may adversely affect our ability to commercialize any biopharmaceuticals that we may develop.
We have hired experienced clinical development and regulatory staff to develop and supervise our clinical trials and regulatory processes. However, we will remain dependent upon third party contract research organizations to carry out some of our clinical and preclinical research studies for the foreseeable future. As a result, we have had and will continue to have less control over the conduct of the clinical trials, the timing and completion of the trials, the required reporting of adverse events and the management of data developed through the trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with outside parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Outside parties may have staffing difficulties, may undergo changes in priorities or may become financially distressed, adversely affecting their willingness or ability to conduct our trials. We may also experience unexpected cost increases that are beyond our control.
Problems with the timeliness or quality of the work of a contract research organization may lead us to seek to terminate the relationship and use an alternative service provider. However, changing our service provider may be costly and may delay our trials, and contractual restrictions may make such a change difficult or impossible. Additionally, it may be impossible to find a replacement organization that can conduct our trials in an acceptable manner and at an acceptable cost.
Government regulation of drug development is costly, time consuming and fraught with uncertainty, and our products in development cannot be sold if we do not gain regulatory approval.
We and our licensees and partners conduct research, preclinical testing and clinical trials for our product candidates. These activities are subject to extensive regulation by numerous state and federal governmental authorities in the United States, such as the FDA, as well as foreign countries, such as the EMEA in European countries, Canada and Australia. Currently, we are required in the United States and in foreign countries to obtain approval from those countries' regulatory authorities before we can manufacture (or have our third-party manufacturers produce), market and sell our products in those countries. The FDA and other United States and foreign regulatory agencies have substantial authority to fail to approve commencement of, suspend or terminate clinical trials, require additional testing and delay or withhold registration and marketing approval of our product candidates.
Obtaining regulatory approval has been and continues to be increasingly difficult and costly and takes many years, and if obtained is costly to maintain. With the occurrence of a number of high profile safety events with certain pharmaceutical products, regulatory authorities, and in particular the FDA, members of Congress, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), Congressional committees, private health/science foundations and organizations, medical professionals, including physicians and investigators, and the general public are increasingly concerned about potential or perceived safety issues associated with pharmaceutical and biological products, whether under study for initial approval or already marketed.
This increasing concern has produced greater scrutiny, which may lead to fewer treatments being approved by the FDA or other regulatory bodies, as well as restrictive labeling of a product or a class of products for safety reasons, potentially including a boxed warning or additional limitations on the use of products, pharmacovigilance programs for approved products or requirement of risk management activities related to the promotion and sale of a product.
If regulatory authorities determine that we or our licensees or partners conducting research and development activities on our behalf have not complied with regulations in the research and development of a product candidate, new indication for an existing product or information to support a current indication, then they may not approve the product candidate or new indication or maintain approval of the current indication in its current form or at all, and we will not be able to market and sell it. If we were unable to market and sell our product candidates, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.
Product liability and other claims arising in connection with the testing our product candidates in human clinical trials may reduce demand for our products or result in substantial damages.
We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to KALBITOR and the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials.
An individual may bring a product liability claim against us if KALBITOR or one of our product candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury. Moreover, in some of our clinical trials, we test our product candidates in indications where the onset of certain symptoms or "attacks" could be fatal. Although the protocols for these trials include emergency treatments in the event a patient appears to be suffering a potentially fatal incident, patient deaths may nonetheless occur. As a result, we may face additional liability if we are found or alleged to be responsible for any such deaths.
These types of product liability claims may result in:
| | · | decreased demand for KALBITOR or any other product candidates; |
| | · | injury to our reputation; |
| | · | withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers; |
| | · | related litigation costs; and |
| | · | substantial monetary awards to plaintiffs. |
Although we currently maintain product liability insurance, we may not have sufficient insurance coverage, and we may not be able to obtain sufficient coverage at a reasonable cost. Our inability to obtain product liability insurance at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of any products that we or our collaborators develop, including KALBITOR. If we are successfully sued for any injury caused by our products or processes, then our liability could exceed our product liability insurance coverage and our total assets.
If we fail to establish and maintain strategic license, research and collaborative relationships, or if our collaborators are not able to successfully develop and commercialize product candidates, our ability to generate revenues could be adversely affected.
Our business strategy includes leveraging certain product candidates, as well as our proprietary phage display technology, through collaborations and licenses that are structured to generate revenues through license fees, technical and clinical milestone payments, and royalties. We have entered into, and anticipate continuing to enter into, collaborative and other similar types of arrangements with third parties to develop, manufacture and market drug candidates and drug products.
In addition, for us to continue to receive any significant payments from our LFRP related licenses and collaborations and generate sufficient revenues to meet the required payments under our agreement with Cowen Healthcare, the relevant product candidates must advance through clinical trials, establish safety and efficacy, and achieve regulatory approvals, obtain market acceptance and generate revenues.
Reliance on license and collaboration agreements involves a number of risks as our licensees and collaborators:
| | · | are not obligated to develop or market product candidates discovered using our phage display technology; |
| | · | may not perform their obligations as expected, or may pursue alternative technologies or develop competing products; |
| | · | control many of the decisions with respect to research, clinical trials and commercialization of product candidates we discover or develop with them or have licensed to them; |
| | · | may terminate their collaborative arrangements with us under specified circumstances, including, for example, a change of control, with short notice; and |
| | · | may disagree with us as to whether a milestone or royalty payment is due or as to the amount that is due under the terms of our collaborative arrangements. |
We cannot be assured we will be able to maintain our current licensing and collaborative efforts, nor can we assure the success of any current or future licensing and collaborative relationships. An inability to establish new relationships on terms favorable to us, work successfully with current licensees and collaborators, or failure of any significant portion of our LFRP related licensing and collaborative efforts would result in a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Our success depends significantly upon our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our products and technologies and upon third parties not having or obtaining patents that would prevent us from commercializing any of our products.
We face risks and uncertainties related to our intellectual property rights. For example:
| | · | we may be unable to obtain or maintain patent or other intellectual property protection for any products or processes that we may develop or have developed; |
| | · | third parties may obtain patents covering the manufacture, use or sale of these products or processes, which may prevent us from commercializing any of our products under development globally or in certain regions; or |
| | · | our patents or any future patents that we may obtain may not prevent other companies from competing with us by designing their products or conducting their activities so as to avoid the coverage of our patents. |
Patent rights relating to our phage display technology are central to our LFRP. As part of our LFRP, we generally seek to negotiate license agreements with parties practicing technology covered by our patents. In countries where we do not have and/or have not applied for phage display patent rights, we will be unable to prevent others from using phage display or developing or selling products or technologies derived using phage display. In addition, in jurisdictions where we have phage display patent rights, we may be unable to prevent others from selling or importing products or technologies derived elsewhere using phage display. Any inability to protect and enforce such phage display patent rights, whether by any inability to license or any invalidity of our patents or otherwise, could negatively affect future licensing opportunities and revenues from existing agreements under the LFRP.
In all of our activities, we also rely substantially upon proprietary materials, information, trade secrets and know-how to conduct our research and development activities and to attract and retain collaborators, licensees and customers. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary rights and information, including the use of confidentiality and other agreements with our employees and consultants and in our academic and commercial relationships, these steps may be inadequate, these agreements may be violated, or there may be no adequate remedy available for a violation. Also, our trade secrets or similar technology may otherwise become known to, or be independently developed or duplicated by, our competitors.
Before we and our collaborators can market some of our processes or products, we and our collaborators may need to obtain licenses from other parties who have patent or other intellectual property rights covering those processes or products. Third parties have patent rights related to phage display, particularly in the area of antibodies. While we have gained access to key patents in the antibody area through the cross licenses with Affimed Therapeutics AG, Affitech AS, Biosite Incorporated (now owned by Alere Inc.), CAT, Domantis Limited (a wholly-owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline), Genentech, Inc. and XOMA Ireland Limited, other third party patent owners may contend that we need a license or other rights under their patents in order for us to commercialize a process or product. In addition, we may choose to license patent rights from other third parties. In order for us to commercialize a process or product, we may need to license the patent or other rights of other parties. If a third party does not offer us a needed license or offers us a license only on terms that are unacceptable, we may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products. If a third party does not offer a needed license to our collaborators and as a result our collaborators stop work under their agreement with us, we might lose future milestone payments and royalties, which would adversely affect us. If we decide not to seek a license, or if licenses are not available on reasonable terms, we may become subject to infringement claims or other legal proceedings, which could result in substantial legal expenses. If we are unsuccessful in these actions, adverse decisions may prevent us from commercializing the affected process or products and could require us to pay substantial monetary damages.
We seek affirmative rights of license or ownership under existing patent rights relating to phage display technology of others. For example, through our patent licensing program, we have secured a limited freedom to practice some of these patent rights pursuant to our standard license agreement, which contains a covenant by the licensee that it will not sue us under certain of the licensee's phage display improvement patents. We cannot guarantee, however, that we will be successful in enforcing any agreements from our licensees, including agreements not to sue under their phage display improvement patents, or in acquiring similar agreements in the future, or that we will be able to obtain commercially satisfactory licenses to the technology and patents of others. If we cannot obtain and maintain these licenses and enforce these agreements, this could have a material adverse impact on our business.
Proceedings to obtain, enforce or defend patents and to defend against charges of infringement are time consuming and expensive activities. Unfavorable outcomes in these proceedings could limit our patent rights and our activities, which could materially affect our business.
Obtaining, protecting and defending against patent and proprietary rights can be expensive. For example, if a competitor files a patent application claiming technology also invented by us, we may have to participate in an expensive and time-consuming interference proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office to address who was first to invent the subject matter of the claim and whether that subject matter was patentable. Moreover, an unfavorable outcome in an interference proceeding could require us to cease using the technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business would be harmed if a prevailing third party does not offer us a license on terms that are acceptable to us.
In patent offices outside the United States, we may be forced to respond to third party challenges to our patents. For example, our first phage display patent in Europe, European Patent No. 436,597, known as the 597 Patent, was ultimately revoked in 2002 in proceedings in the European Patent Office. We are not able to prevent other parties from using certain aspects of our phage display technology in Europe.
The issues relating to the validity, enforceability and possible infringement of our patents present complex factual and legal issues that we periodically reevaluate. Third parties have patent rights related to phage display, particularly in the area of antibodies. While we have gained access to key patents in the antibody area through our cross-licensing agreements with Affimed, Affitech, Biosite, Domantis, Genentech, XOMA and CAT, other third party patent owners may contend that we need a license or other rights under their patents in order for us to commercialize a process or product. In addition, we may choose to license patent rights from third parties. While we believe that we will be able to obtain any needed licenses, we cannot assure you that these licenses, or licenses to other patent rights that we identify as necessary in the future, will be available on reasonable terms, if at all. If we decide not to seek a license, or if licenses are not available on reasonable terms, we may become subject to infringement claims or other legal proceedings, which could result in substantial legal expenses. If we are unsuccessful in these actions, adverse decisions may prevent us from commercializing the affected process or products. Moreover, if we are unable to maintain the covenants with regard to phage display improvements that we obtain from our licensees through our patent licensing program and the licenses that we have obtained to third party phage display patent rights, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We would expect to incur substantial costs in connection with any litigation or patent proceeding. In addition, our management's efforts would be diverted, regardless of the results of the litigation or proceeding. An unfavorable result could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require us to cease manufacturing or selling the affected products or using the affected processes, require us to license the disputed rights from third parties or result in awards of substantial damages against us. Our business will be harmed if we cannot obtain a license, can obtain a license only on terms we consider to be unacceptable or if we are unable to redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement.
In all of our activities, we substantially rely on proprietary materials and information, trade secrets and know-how to conduct research and development activities and to attract and retain collaborative partners, licensees and customers. Although we take steps to protect these materials and information, including the use of confidentiality and other agreements with our employees and consultants in both academic commercial relationships, we cannot assure you that these steps will be adequate, that these agreements will not be violated, or that there will be an available or sufficient remedy for any such violation, or that others will not also develop the same or similar proprietary information.
Failure to meet our Cowen Healthcare debt service obligations could adversely affect our financial condition and our loan agreement obligations could impair our operating flexibility.
We have loans with affiliates of Cowen Healthcare which have an aggregate principal balance of $76.7 million at December 31, 2011. The loans bears interest at rates ranging from 13% to 21.5% per annum payable quarterly, and unless refinanced in August 2012 under a commitment from Cowen Healthcare, will have maturities commencing in June 2013. In connection with the initial loan, we have entered into a security agreement granting Cowen Healthcare a security interest in substantially all of the assets related to our LFRP. We are required to repay the loans based on a percentage of LFRP related revenues, including royalties, milestones, and license fees received by us under the LFRP. If the LFRP revenues for any quarterly period are insufficient to cover the cash interest due for that period, the deficiency may be added to the outstanding loan principal or paid in cash by us. In the event of certain changes of control or mergers or sales of all or substantially all of our assets, any or all of the loan may become due and payable at Cowen Healthcare's option, including a prepayment premium obligation which will expire in 2015. We must comply with certain loan covenants which if not observed could make all loan principal, interest and all other amounts payable under the loan immediately due and payable.
Our obligations under the Cowen Healthcare agreement require that we dedicate a substantial portion of cash flow from our LFRP receipts to service the loan, which will reduce the amount of cash flow available for other purposes. If the LFRP fails to generate sufficient receipts to fund quarterly principal and interest payments to Cowen, we will be required to fund such obligations from cash on hand or from other sources, further decreasing the funds available to operate our business. In the event that amounts due under the loan are accelerated, payment would significantly reduce our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and we may not have sufficient funds to pay the debt if any of it is accelerated.
As a result of the security interest granted to Cowen Healthcare, we are restricted in our ability to sell our rights to part or all of those assets, or take certain other actions, without first obtaining permission from Cowen. This requirement could delay, hinder or condition our ability to enter into corporate partnerships or strategic alliances with respect to these assets.
The obligations and restrictions under the Cowen Healthcare agreement may limit our operating flexibility, make it difficult to pursue our business strategy and make us more vulnerable to economic downturns and adverse developments in our business.
If we lose or are unable to hire and retain qualified personnel, then we may not be able to develop our products or processes.
We are highly dependent on qualified scientific and management personnel, and we face intense competition from other companies and research and academic institutions for qualified personnel. If we lose an executive officer, a manager of one of our principal business units or research programs, or a significant number of any of our staff or are unable to hire and retain qualified personnel, then our ability to develop and commercialize our products and processes may be delayed which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We use and generate hazardous materials in our business, and any claims relating to the improper handling, storage, release or disposal of these materials could be time-consuming and expensive.
Our phage display research and development involves the controlled storage, use and disposal of chemicals and solvents, as well as biological and radioactive materials. We are subject to foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture and storage and the handling and disposal of materials and waste products. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these hazardous materials comply with the standards prescribed by laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from hazardous materials. If an accident occurs, an injured party could seek to hold us liable for any damages that result and any liability could exceed the limits or fall outside the coverage of our insurance. We may not be able to maintain insurance on acceptable terms, or at all. We may incur significant costs to comply with current or future environmental laws and regulations.
Our business is subject to risks associated with international contractors and exchange rate risk.
None of our business is conducted in currencies other than the United States dollar. We do, however, rely on an international contract manufacturer for the production of our drug substance for ecallantide. We recognize foreign currency gains or losses arising from our transactions in the period in which we incur those gains or losses. As a result, currency fluctuations among the United States dollar and the currencies in which we do business have caused foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the past and will likely do so in the future. Because of the variability of currency exposures and the potential volatility of currency exchange rates, we may suffer significant foreign currency transaction losses in the future due to the effect of exchange rate fluctuations.
Compliance with changing regulations relating to corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.
Keeping abreast of, and in compliance with, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, new SEC regulations, and NASDAQ Global Market rules, have required an increased amount of management attention and external resources. We intend to invest all reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving corporate governance and public disclosure standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.
We may not succeed in acquiring technology and integrating complementary businesses.
We may acquire additional technology and complementary businesses in the future. Acquisitions involve many risks, any one of which could materially harm our business, including:
| | · | the diversion of management's attention from core business concerns; |
| | · | the failure to exploit acquired technologies effectively or integrate successfully the acquired businesses; |
| | · | the loss of key employees from either our current business or any acquired businesses; and |
| | · | the assumption of significant liabilities of acquired businesses. |
We may be unable to make any future acquisitions in an effective manner. In addition, the ownership represented by the shares of our common stock held by our existing stockholders will be diluted if we issue equity securities in connection with any acquisition. If we make any significant acquisitions using cash consideration, we may be required to use a substantial portion of our available cash. If we issue debt securities to finance acquisitions, then the debt holders would have rights senior to the holders of shares of our common stock to make claims on our assets and the terms of any debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our shares of common stock. Acquisition financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may be required to amortize significant amounts of intangible assets in connection with future acquisitions. We might also have to recognize significant amounts of goodwill that will have to be tested periodically for impairment. These amounts could be significant, which could harm our operating results.
Risks Related To Our Common Stock
Our common stock may continue to have a volatile public trading price and low trading volume.
The market price of our common stock has been highly volatile. Since our initial public offering in August 2000 through February 20, 2012, the price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market has ranged between $54.12 and $1.05. The market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations for many reasons, some of which may be unrelated to our operating performance.
Many factors may have an effect on the market price of our common stock, including:
| | · | public announcements by us, our competitors or others; |
| | · | developments concerning proprietary rights, including patents and litigation matters; |
| | · | publicity regarding actual or potential clinical results or developments with respect to products or compounds we or our collaborators are developing; |
| | · | regulatory decisions in both the United States and abroad; |
| | · | public concern about the safety or efficacy of new technologies; |
| | · | issuance of new debt or equity securities; |
| | · | general market conditions and comments by securities analysts; and |
| | · | quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and financial results. |
While we cannot predict the effect that these factors may have on the price of our common stock, these factors, either individually or in the aggregate, could result in significant variations in price during any given period of time.
Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us more difficult.
We are incorporated in Delaware. We are subject to various legal and contractual provisions that may make a change in control of us more difficult. Our board of directors has the flexibility to adopt additional anti-takeover measures.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to issue up to 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock and to determine the terms of those shares of stock without any further action by our stockholders. If the board of directors exercises this power to issue preferred stock, it could be more difficult for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. Our charter also provides staggered terms for the members of our board of directors. This may prevent stockholders from replacing the entire board in a single proxy contest, making it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us without the consent of our board of directors. Our equity incentive plans generally permit our board of directors to provide for acceleration of vesting of options granted under these plans in the event of certain transactions that result in a change of control. If our board of directors used its authority to accelerate vesting of options, then this action could make an acquisition more costly, and it could prevent an acquisition from going forward.
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a person from engaging in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock until the holder has held the stock for three years unless, among other possibilities, the board of directors approves the transaction. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of Dyax, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders.
The provisions described above, as well as other provisions in our charter and bylaws and under the Delaware General Corporation Law, may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire our company, even if the acquisition attempt was at a premium over the market value of our common stock at that time.
| ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
None.
Through January 2012, we leased approximately 43,000 square feet of space in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This facility served as our corporate headquarters and laboratory facility. The lease was terminated on January 28, 2012. We had provided the lessor with a Letter of Credit of approximately $1.3 million which is expected to be fully released in the first quarter of 2012.
As of January 2012, we are leasing approximately 45,000 square feet of space in Burlington, Massachusetts in a facility which serves as our corporate headquarters and laboratory facility. Our lease will expire in 2022, although we have an option to extend our lease for an additional five year term. We have provided the lessor with a Letter of Credit of approximately $1.1 million.
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.
| ITEM 4. | MINE SAFTEY DISCLOSURES |
Not applicable.
| MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES |
Our common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol DYAX. As of February 20, 2012, there were approximately 150 common stockholders of record.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low selling prices for our common stock as reported on NASDAQ Global Market:
| | | High | | | Low | |
| Fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 | | | | | | |
| First Quarter | | $ | 2.23 | | | $ | 1.44 | |
| Second Quarter | | $ | 2.33 | | | $ | 1.51 | |
| Third Quarter | | $ | 2.12 | | | $ | 1.10 | |
| Fourth Quarter | | $ | 1.53 | | | $ | 1.17 | |
| | | High | | | Low | |
| Fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 | | | | | | |
| First Quarter | | $ | 4.14 | | | $ | 3.10 | |
| Second Quarter | | $ | 3.80 | | | $ | 2.20 | |
| Third Quarter | | $ | 2.58 | | | $ | 2.06 | |
| Fourth Quarter | | $ | 2.54 | | | $ | 2.07 | |
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, for use in our business and therefore do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs and plans for expansion.
We provide equity compensation plan information in Item 12 "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters". We are incorporating that information into this section by this reference.
ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table summarizes certain selected consolidated financial data, which should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data at December 31, 2011 and 2010, and for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 have been prepared from our audited financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data at December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007, and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, have been prepared from our audited financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| | | December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | | | 2008 | | | 2007 | |
| | | (In thousands, except share and per share data) | |
| Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Product sales, net | | $ | 22,884 | | | $ | 8,835 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Development and license fee revenues | | | 25,853 | | | | 42,564 | | | | 21,643 | | | | 43,429 | | | | 26,096 | |
| Total revenues | | | 48,737 | | | | 51,399 | | | | 21,643 | | | | 43,429 | | | | 26,096 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cost of product sales | | | 1,223 | | | | 505 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | |
| Research and development expenses | | | 34,676 | | | | 31,522 | | | | 46,587 | | | | 68,077 | | | | 57,010 | |
| Selling, general and administrative expenses | | | 37,740 | | | | 33,583 | | | | 25,843 | | | | 22,663 | | | | 15,740 | |
| Equity loss in joint venture | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 3,831 | |
| Restructuring costs | | | — | | | | — | | | | 2,331 | | | | 4,631 | | | | — | |
| Impairment of fixed assets | | | — | | | | — | | | | 955 | | | | 352 | | | | — | |
| Total operating expenses | | | 73,639 | | | | 65,610 | | | | 75,716 | | | | 95,723 | | | | 76,581 | |
| Loss from operations | | | (24,902 | ) | | | (14,211 | ) | | | (54,073 | ) | | | (52,294 | ) | | | (50,485 | ) |
| Other (expense) income, net | | | (9,697 | ) | | | (10,292 | ) | | | (8,346 | ) | | | (5,910 | ) | | | (5,824 | ) |
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | | | -- | | | | — | | | | — | | | | (8,264 | ) | | | — | |
| Net loss | | $ | (34,599 | ) | | $ | (24,503 | ) | | $ | (62,419 | ) | | $ | (66,468 | ) | | $ | (56,309 | ) |
| Basic and diluted net loss per share | | $ | (0.35 | ) | | $ | (0.26 | ) | | $ | (0.90 | ) | | $ | (1.08 | ) | | $ | (1.06 | ) |
| Shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share | | | 98,731,289 | | | | 93,267,850 | | | | 69,151,841 | | | | 61,626,095 | | | | 53,072,993 | |
| | | December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | 2010 | | | 2009 | | | 2008 | | | 2007 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 31,468 | | | $ | 18,601 | | | $ | 29,386 | | | $ | 27,668 | | | $ | 29,356 | |
| Short-term investments | | | 26,036 | | | | 58,783 | | | | 23,009 | | | | 30,792 | | | | 34,055 | |
| Working capital | | | 53,087 | | | | 67,869 | | | | 34,126 | | | | 40,736 | | | | 53,115 | |
| Total assets | | | 83,375 | | | | 92,431 | | | | 64,801 | | | | 75,075 | | | | 83,615 | |
| Long-term obligations, less current portion | | | 75,372 | | | | 56,474 | | | | 58,749 | | | | 48,499 | | | | 30,016 | |
| Accumulated deficit | | | (476,921 | ) | | | (442,322 | ) | | | (417,819 | ) | | | (355,400 | ) | | | (288,932 | ) |
| Total stockholders' equity (deficit) | | | (27,399 | ) | | | 2,633 | | | | (38,602 | ) | | | (20,044 | ) | | | 29,496 | |
| ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS |
We are a biopharmaceutical company with two business elements:
The principal focus of our efforts is to identify, develop and commercialize treatments for conditions identified as plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema, including hereditary angioedema (HAE), ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema (ACEI-AE) and angioedema of unknown origin, or idiopathic angioedema.
We developed KALBITOR (ecallantide) on our own and since February 2010 we have been selling it in the United States for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE. Outside of the United States, we have established partnerships to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize KALBITOR in certain markets and are evaluating opportunities in others.
We are expanding our franchise for the treatment of angioedemas in the following ways:
| | · | Advancing the clinical development of ecallantide for use in the treatment of ACEI-AE. |
| | · | Developing a laboratory test that could assist in the differentiation between histamine-mediated and plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema. |
| | · | Continuing our development of a fully human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (pKal) which would be a candidate to prophylactically treat plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas. |
| | · | Phage Display Licensing and Funded Research Program |
We leverage our proprietary phage display technology through our Licensing and Funded Research Program, referred to as the LFRP. This program has provided us a portfolio of product candidates being developed by our licensees, which currently includes 18 product candidates in clinical development, including four products in Phase 3 trials. Our LFRP generated revenue of approximately $15 million in 2011, and to the extent that our licensees commercialize some of the Phase 3 product candidates according to published timelines, revenues under the LFRP are expected to experience significant growth over the next several years.
ANGIOEDEMA FRANCHISE
We are focused on identifying and developing treatments for patients who experience plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema. Using our phage display technology, we developed ecallantide, a compound shown in vitro to be a high affinity, high specificity inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein. Plasma kallikrein, an enzyme found in blood, produces bradykinin, a protein that causes blood vessels to enlarge or dilate, which can cause swelling known as angioedema. Plasma kallikrein is believed to be a key component in the regulation of inflammation and contact activation pathways. Excess plasma kallikrein activity is thought to play a role in a number of inflammatory diseases, including HAE, ACEI-AE and idiopathic angioedema, all of which are plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas.
We have four key areas of activity in our angioedema franchise:
| | · | HAE and KALBITOR. In February 2010, we began selling KALBITOR in the United States for treatment of acute attacks of HAE in patients 16 years of age and older. We are selling KALBITOR on our own in the United States. Working with international partners, we intend to seek approval for and commercialize KALBITOR for HAE and other angioedema indications in markets outside of the United States. We have entered into agreements for others to develop and commercialize subcutaneous ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other therapeutic indications throughout Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and other countries in North Africa, the Middle East, Latin America (excluding Mexico) and the Caribbean. |
| | · | Clinical trials for ACEI-AE. There are two ongoing clinical studies exploring the use of ecallantide for the treatment of ACEI-AE, a life threatening inflammatory response brought on by adverse reactions to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In August 2011, we commenced patient treatments in a dose-ranging Phase 2 clinical study. There is also an investigator-sponsored trial being conducted at the University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine. |
| | · | New test for plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas. As part of extending the angioedema franchise, we are developing a laboratory test that would measure perturbations in the kallikrein-kinin pathway, thereby assisting in differentiating plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas from histamine-mediated angioedema. We anticipate that this laboratory test will provide the ability to identify plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema including Type III HAE and angioedema of unknown origin, or idiopathic angioedema. |
| | · | New antibody for plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas. Leveraging our knowledge of angioedema and the kallikrein-kinin pathway, we are investigating the use of a fully human monoclonal antibody that is an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein and which would be a candidate to prophylactically treat plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas. After completing a series of pharmacokinetic, tolerability and preclinical studies, we believe our pKal antibody may be effective for prophylactically treating these indications. We expect to file an IND for this antibody in mid 2013. |
LICENSING AND FUNDED RESEARCH PROGRAM
LFRP Product Development
We believe that our phage display libraries, which we have developed using our core technology and know-how, represent a leading technology in antibody discovery. We leverage our proprietary phage display technology and libraries through our LFRP licenses and collaborations. To date, we have received more than $165 million under the LFRP, primarily related to license fees and milestones, including approximately $15 million of revenue in 2011. The LFRP has the potential for substantially greater revenues if and when product candidates that are discovered by our licensees receive marketing approval and are commercialized.
There are approximately 70 ongoing LFRP license agreements. Currently, 18 product candidates generated by our licensees or collaborators under the LFRP portfolio are in clinical development, four of which are in Phase 3 trials, four are in Phase 2 and ten are in Phase 1. In addition, one product has received market approval from the FDA. Furthermore, we estimate that our licensees and collaborators have over 70 additional product candidates in various stages of research and preclinical development. Our licensees and collaborators are responsible for all costs associated with development of these product candidates. Generally, we receive milestones and/or royalties from our licensees and collaborators to the extent these product candidates advance in development and are ultimately commercialized. We expect to receive royalties from commercial sales beginning in 2014.
Under loan arrangements with affiliates of Cowen Healthcare Royalty Partners (Cowen Healthcare), we have obtained a debt financing commitment of up to $80 million, secured exclusively by the LFRP, which is described more fully in Note 8 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements filed under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
To the extent that product candidates in the LFRP portfolio receive marketing approval and are commercialized according to published timelines, we expect to receive royalties from commercial sales beginning in 2014.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenues. Total revenues for 2011 were $48.7 million, compared with $51.4 million in 2010 and $21.6 million in 2009.
Our financial guidance for total revenue in 2012 is $50 to $54 million, including KALBITOR sales of $36 to $40 million.
Product Sales. We began commercializing KALBITOR in the United States in 2010 for treatment of acute attacks of HAE in patients 16 years of age and older. We sell KALBITOR to our distributors, and we recognize revenue when title and risk of loss have passed to the distributor, typically upon delivery. Due to the specialty nature of KALBITOR, the limited number of patients, limited return rights and contractual limits on inventory levels, we anticipate that distributors will carry limited inventory.
We record product sales net of allowances and accruals related to trade prompt pay discounts, government rebates, a patient financial assistance program, product returns and other applicable allowances. In 2011, product sales of KALBITOR increased to $22.9 million, net of product discounts and allowances of $1.1 million, compared with product sales of $8.8 million, net of product discounts and allowances of $458,000 during 2010. The 2011 increase in product sales was primarily due to a significant increase in the volume of KALBITOR units sold in 2011 as compared to 2010.
Development and License Fees. We also derive revenues from licensing, funded research and development fees, including milestone payments from our licensees and collaborators, in amounts that fluctuate from year-to-year due to the timing of the licensing and clinical activities of our collaborators and licensees. This revenue was $25.9 million in 2011, $42.6 million in 2010 and $21.6 million in 2009.
Development and license fee revenue in 2011 included $10.5 million recognized under our agreement, as amended, with Sigma-Tau, compared with $2.2 recognized in 2010 (see Note 3, Significant Transactions – Sigma-Tau).
Development and license fee revenue in 2010 included the recognition of $11.3 million from the sale of rights to royalties and other payments related to Xyntha, a product developed by one of our licensees under the LFRP, and $13.8 million of previously deferred revenue associated with the Cubist license that was fully recognized during 2010 based upon Cubist's termination of its ecallantide development program. During 2009, we recognized $4.3 million of revenue associated with the Cubist license.
Cost of Product Sales. We incurred $1.2 million of costs associated with product sales during 2011 and $505,000 during 2010. This primarily includes the cost of testing, filling, packaging and distributing the KALBITOR product, as well as a royalty due on net sales of KALBITOR. Costs associated with the manufacture of KALBITOR prior to FDA approval were previously expensed when incurred and accordingly are not included in the cost of product sales during 2010 or 2011. The supply of KALBITOR produced prior to FDA approval is expected to meet anticipated commercial needs through 2012. When this supply has been depleted, we expect our cost of product sales will increase, reflecting the full manufacturing cost of KALBITOR.
Research and Development. Our research and development expenses are summarized as follows:
| | | Years Ended December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
| KALBITOR development costs | | $ | 21,474 | | | $ | 17,157 | | | $ | 17,429 | |
| Other research and development expenses | | | 10,753 | | | | 11,975 | | | | 16,119 | |
| LFRP pass-through fees | | | 2,449 | | | | 2,390 | | | | 4,440 | |
| Ecallantide drug substance manufacturing costs | | | -- | | | | -- | | | | 8,599 | |
Total | | $ | 34,676 | | | $ | 31,522 | | | $ | 46,587 | |
Our research and development expenses arise primarily from compensation and other related costs for our personnel dedicated to research, development, medical and pharmacovigilence activities, costs of post-approval studies and commitments and KALBITOR life cycle management, as well as fees paid and costs reimbursed to outside parties to conduct research and clinical trials.
KALBITOR development costs increased in 2011 primarily due to clinical trial costs associated with our development efforts using ecallantide for the treatment of ACEI-AE, including the Phase 2 clinical study that was initiated during 2011. Costs associated with obtaining regulatory approval for the treatment of HAE in territories outside the United States were $2.0 million and $1.2 million during 2011 and 2010, respectively. These amounts were reimbursed by Sigma Tau and such payments are recorded as development and license fee revenue in our results of operations.
The 2011 decrease in other research and development costs from 2010 was due to a shift in internal efforts from early stage development programs to KALBITOR development. The decrease in other research and development expenses in 2010 is primarily due to $4.9 million of reduced personnel expenses resulting from our 2009 workforce reduction.
Research and development expenses may increase in future years, due to clinical trial costs associated with our Phase 2 clinical study exploring the use of ecallantide for the treatment of ACEI-AE and costs associated with developing the plasma kallikrein antibody as a therapeutic candidate. Until the Phase 2 clinical study is completed, we are not able to predict the future clinical costs that may be incurred for this indication.
Selling, General and Administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of the sales and marketing costs of commercializing KALBITOR, costs of our management and administrative staff, as well as expenses related to business development, protecting our intellectual property, administrative occupancy, professional fees and the reporting requirements of a public company. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $37.7 million in 2011 compared to $33.6 million in 2010 and $25.8 million in 2009.
The 2011 increase in costs is primarily due to the expansion of infrastructure to support KALBITOR commercial efforts, primarily sales and marketing programs, and additional legal expenses to protect our intellectual property.
The 2010 increase in costs is primarily due to additional infrastructure to support the commercial launch of KALBITOR, including the expansion of sales and marketing personnel.
We do not anticipate a significant change in selling, general and administrative expenses in 2012.
Restructuring and Impairment. In 2009, we implemented a workforce reduction to focus necessary resources on the commercialization of KALBITOR. As a result, we recorded restructuring charges of approximately $2.3 million.
Due to the decrease in necessary facility space following the workforce reduction, we amended our facility lease, resulting in a charge of approximately $955,000 for the write-down of leasehold improvements.
Interest Expense. Interest expense in 2011 was $10.3 million compared to $11.9 million in 2010 and $10.1 million in 2009. The higher 2010 expense was primarily due to additional interest expense under the Cowen Healthcare loan of approximately $1.4 million for payments due in connection with the sale of our rights to royalties and other payments related to the Xyntha product.
Interest and Other Income. Interest income was $184,000, $209,000 and $248,000 in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The 2011 decrease from 2010 was primarily due to lower cash balances during 2011. The 2010 decrease from 2009 was due to lower rates of return on our short-term cash investments.
In 2010, income of $1.5 million was recognized from several grants received under the Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project program. Under this program, the Internal Revenue Service, in conjunction with the Department of Health and Human Services, approved our applications for projects that showed significant potential to produce new and cost-saving therapies, support jobs and increase U.S. competitiveness. All proceeds from this grant were classified as Other Income in the Statement of Operations.
In 1999, we received an €825,000 grant from the Walloon region of Belgium, which included specific criteria regarding employment and investment levels that needed to be met. In connection with the closure of our Liege, Belgium facility in 2008, we refunded approximately $162,000 of the grant. In 2009, all remaining investment criteria were met and the residual grant balance of approximately $1.0 million was released from short-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and recognized as Other Income in the Statement of Operations.
Net Loss. For the year ended December 31, 2011, the net loss was $34.6 million or $0.35 per share, as compared to $24.5 million or $0.26 per share in 2010, and $62.4 million or $0.90 per share in 2009.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
| | | December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 31,468 | | | $ | 18,601 | |
Short-term investments | | | 26,036 | | | | 58,783 | |
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments | | $ | 57,504 | | | $ | 77,384 | |
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity:
| | | Years Ended December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
Net cash used in operating activities | | $ | (36,452 | ) | | $ | (34,131 | ) | | $ | (54,227 | ) |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | | | 30,609 | | | | (35,409 | ) | | | 6,989 | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | | | 18,710 | | | | 58,755 | | | | 48,942 | |
Effect of foreign currency translation on cash balances | | | -- | | | | -- | | | | 14 | |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 12,867 | | | $ | (10,785 | ) | | $ | 1,718 | |
We require cash to fund our operating activities, make capital expenditures, acquisitions and investments, and service debt. Through December 31, 2011, we have funded our operations through the sale of equity securities, which have provided aggregate net cash proceeds since inception of approximately $397 million, and from borrowed funds under our loan agreement with Cowen Healthcare, which are secured by certain assets associated with our LFRP. In addition, we generate funds from product sales and development and license fees. Our excess funds are currently invested in short-term investments primarily consisting of United States Treasury notes and bills and money market funds backed by the United States Treasury.
Our financial guidance is that we expect to be at cash-flow breakeven during 2013.
Operating Activities.
In 2011, the principal use of cash in our operations was to fund our $34.6 million net loss. Of this net loss, certain costs were non-cash charges, such as depreciation and amortization costs of $1.6 million and stock-based compensation expense of $4.0 million. In addition to non-cash charges, we also had cash outflows due to changes in other operating assets and liabilities, including an increase in inventory of $5.2 million, an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1.6 and a decrease in deferred revenue of $5.4 million, due primarily to the recognition of previously deferred revenue related to our collaborations to commercialize ecallantide outside of the United States.
In July 2011, we entered into a lease agreement for new premises located in Burlington, Massachusetts. The aggregate minimum lease commitment over the ten year term of the new lease is approximately $15.0 million. The landlord has provided us with a tenant improvement allowance of approximately $2.6 million. As of December 31, 2011, we have received $925,000 of reimbursements from the landlord under the tentant improvement allowance. The remainder is expected to be received in the in the first half of 2012. The full tenant improvement allowance will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as an offset to rent expense. In January 2012, we relocated our facility and terminated our prior facility lease.
In 2010, the principal use of cash in our operations was to fund our $24.5 million net loss. Of this net loss, certain costs were non-cash charges, such as depreciation and amortization costs of $1.6 million and stock-based compensation expense of $4.1 million. In addition to non-cash charges, we also had a net change in other operating assets and liabilities of $16.3 million, including a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2.5 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $2.6 million, and a decrease in deferred revenue of $8.8 million. The change in deferred revenue is primarily due to the recognition of $13.8 million of revenue associated with the 2010 termination of the license and collaboration agreement with Cubist, offset by additional deferred revenue of $7.0 million from new collaborations to commercialize ecallantide outside the United States.
In 2009, the principal use of cash in our operations was to fund our $62.4 million net loss. Of this net loss, certain costs were non-cash charges, such as depreciation and amortization costs of $2.8 million, interest expense of $1.6 million, non-cash income of $1.5 million primarily due to the recognition of $1.0 million in income related to the Walloon grant, impairment of fixed assets totaling $1.0 million, and stock-based compensation expense of $5.3 million. In addition to non-cash charges, we also had a net change in other operating assets and liabilities which used cash of $895,000, including decreases in deferred revenue of $1.3 million and accounts payable and accrued expenses of $280,000 and deferred rent of $565,000. These were offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.0 million.
Investing Activities.
Our investing activities for 2011 consisted of investment maturities totaling approximately $35.5 million, offset by the purchase of investments of $3.0 million. In addition, during 2011, we expended approximately $1.7 million in leasehold improvements related to the build-out of the new Burlington facility, of which $925,000 was reimbursed by the Landlord in 2011. The residual balance will be reimbursed by the Landlord during 2012 as referenced in the Operating Activities section above.
Net of the tenant improvement allowance, we incurred approximately $1.1 million for tenant improvements in 2011 and we expect to incur an additional $915,000 of tenant improvements during the first quarter of 2012. In conjunction with the Burlington lease agreement, we have provided the landlord a letter of credit of $1.1 million to secure our obligations under the lease.
In July 2011, we entered into a lease agreement for new premises located in Burlington, Massachusetts. The aggregate minimum lease commitment over the ten year term of the new lease is approximately $15.0 million. The landlord has provided us with a tenant improvement allowance of approximately $2.6 million.
Our investing activities for 2010 consisted of the purchase of securities totaling approximately $82.8 million, offset by investment maturities of $47.0 million, as well as a decrease of $700,000 in restricted cash from the contractual reduction of the letter of credit that serves as our security deposit for the lease of our facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Our investing activities for 2009 consisted of investment maturities totaling approximately $39.0 million, offset by purchases of additional securities of $31.5 million and the purchase of approximately $589,000 of fixed assets.
Financing Activities.
Our financing activities for 2011 consisted of net proceeds of $19.9 million of new debt from an affiliate of Cowen Healthcare, as well as principal repayments of long-term debt totaling $1.7 million, consisting of capital lease payments and $1.1 million to an affiliate of Cowen Healthcare.
Our financing activities for 2010 consisted of net proceeds of $61.1 million from the sale of 20,186,132 shares of our common stock, as well as principal repayments of long-term debt totaling $2.8 million, consisting of capital lease payments and $1.9 million to Cowen Healthcare.
Our financing activities for 2009 consisted of equity offerings providing net proceeds of $38.2 million from the sale of 14,780,570 shares of our common stock and net proceeds of $14.8 million from the Tranche B loan with an affiliate of Cowen Healthcare, which was an amendment to our existing loan agreement with Cowen Healthcare. This Tranche B loan is secured by our LFRP on the same terms as the initial Tranche A loan, which was executed in 2008. We also repaid long-term obligations, totaling $4.6 million, primarily principal payments to Cowen Healthcare on these loans.
We expect to continue to manage our cash requirements by completing additional partnerships, collaborations, and financial and strategic transactions. We expect that existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments together with anticipated cash flow from existing development, collaborations and license agreements and product sales of KALBITOR will be sufficient to support our current operations through 2013. We will need additional funds if our cash requirements exceed our current expectations or if we generate less revenue than we expect during this period.
We may seek additional funding through our collaborative arrangements and public or private financings. We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms or at all, and we may not be able to enter into additional collaborative arrangements. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies, product candidates or products. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders. If we need additional funds and are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we would curtail significantly our research, development or commercialization programs in an effort to provide sufficient funds to continue our operations, which could adversely affect our business prospects.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements with the exception of operating leases.
Contractual obligations represent future cash commitments and liabilities under agreements with third parties, and exclude contingent liabilities for which we cannot reasonably predict future payment. The following chart represents our total contractual obligations, including principal and interest, at December 31, 2011, aggregated by type (in thousands):
| | | Payments due by period | |
| Contractual obligations | | Total | | | Less than 1 year | | | 1-2 years | | | 2-3 years | | | 3-4 years | | | 4-5 years | | | More than 5 years | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
Note Payable (1) | | $ | 127,741 | | | $ | 8,318 | | | $ | 8,286 | | | $ | 11,701 | | | $ | 16,736 | | | $ | 36,550 | | | $ | 46,150 | |
Leasehold improvement arrangements | | | 1,089 | | | | 142 | | | | 104 | | | | 104 | | | | 104 | | | | 104 | | | | 531 | |
Operating lease obligations | | | 15,550 | | | | 636 | | | | 1,502 | | | | 1,605 | | | | 1,615 | | | | 1,581 | | | | 8,611 | |
| Patent and product license obligations (2) | | | 2,792 | | | | 1,328 | | | | 280 | | | | 280 | | | | 280 | | | | 272 | | | | 352 | |
| Obligations for research, development and manufacturing (3) | | | 5,108 | | | | 4,339 | | | | 361 | | | | 368 | | | | 40 | | | | -- | | | | -- | |
Total contractual obligations | | $ | 152,280 | | | $ | 14,763 | | | $ | 10,533 | | | $ | 14,058 | | | $ | 18,775 | | | $ | 38,507 | | | $ | 55,644 | |
| (1) | These amounts represent projected future principal and interest payments to Cowen Healthcare based on our current LFRP projections, which are subject to uncertainties based on the timing and amounts of cash receipts under the LFRP. See Notes to the Financial Statements, Note 8 of Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" |
| (2) | These amounts exclude any royalties and milestones that may become due in connection with the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Since the prospect of development and commercialization of any product candidate is uncertain, the timing and amount of any potential future royalties and other milestones are not currently calculable in any manner that would fairly present future obligations. |
| (3) | These amounts represent the cash commitment due on research, development and manufacturing contracts. We will not owe any royalties or milestones in connection with these contracts. |
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition, receivable collectibles, royalty interest obligations, useful lives with respect to long-lived and intangible assets and valuation of common stock, related stock options, and deferred tax assets. We base our estimates on historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results may differ from our estimates. We believe that our judgment and assumptions with respect to the following significant accounting policies are most critical to the accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Share-Based Compensation. We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 718, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" which required us to recognize the expense related to the fair value of stock-based compensation awards in our consolidated statement of operations. ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model. A number of assumptions are used by the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to compute the grant date fair value, including expected price volatility, option term, risk-free interest rate, and dividend yield. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatilities of our stock. The expected option term is derived from historical data on exercise behavior. The dividend yield is based on historical dividend payments. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the United States treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in our consolidated statement of operations. We recognize expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. The equity-based compensation expense recorded in future income statements could fluctuate based on the terms of the awards, the assumptions used in the valuation model, or the status of those employees receiving awards.
Revenue Recognition. Our principal sources of revenue are product sales of KALBITOR, license fees, funding for research and development, and milestones and royalties derived from collaboration and license agreements. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured and we have fulfilled the respective performance obligation.
Product Sales and Allowances
Revenues from product sales are recognized when title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. As such, product sales are recorded upon delivery of KALBITOR to the customer, our specialty and wholesale distributors. We establish reserves for trade distributor and prompt pay discounts, government rebates, a patient assistance program, product returns and other applicable allowances. Reserves are based on estimates of the amount earned or to be claimed on the related sales. Our estimates take into consideration market research data related to our payer mix, actual sales data and historical experience for similar products sold by others. If actual results vary, we may need to adjust these estimates, which could have an effect on earnings in the period of the adjustment.
In addition to the discounts and rebates described above and classified as a reduction of revenue, we also maintain service contracts for patient service initiatives. We have established that the services are at fair value and represent a separate and identifiable benefit related to these services and, accordingly, have classified them as selling, general and administrative expense. If we had concluded that we did not receive a separate identifiable benefit or have sufficient evidence that the fair value did not exist for these services, we would have been required to classify these costs as a reduction of revenue.
Development and License Fee Revenues
We make significant assumptions and estimates relating to revenue recognition, which include the expected term of the agreement and total expected cost. Our assumptions and estimates may prove to be inaccurate. Therefore, although we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of our estimates, any significant unanticipated changes in our estimates could have a material impact on revenues and our results of operations.
Collaboration Agreements. The Company enters into collaboration agreements with other companies for the research and development of therapeutic, diagnostic and separations products. The terms of the agreements may include non-refundable signing and licensing fees, funding for research and development, payments related to manufacturing services, milestone payments and royalties on any product sales derived from collaborations. These multiple element arrangements are analyzed to determine how the deliverables, which often include license and performance obligations such as research, steering committee and manufacturing services, are separated into units of accounting.
Before January 1, 2011, we evaluated license arrangements with multiple elements in accordance with ASC, 605-25 Revenue Recognition – Multiple-Element Arrangements. In October 2009, the FASB, issued ASU 2009-13 Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables, or ASU 2009-13, which amended the accounting standards for certain multiple element arrangements to:
| | · | Provide updated guidance on whether multiple elements exist, how the elements in an arrangement should be separated and how the arrangement considerations should be allocated to the separate elements; |
| | · | Require an entity to allocate arrangement consideration to each element based on a selling price hierarchy, also called the relative selling price method, where the selling price for an element is based on vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE), if available; vendor objective evidence (VOE), if available and VSOE is not available; or the best estimate of selling price (BESP), if neither VSOE or VOE is available; |
| | · | Eliminate the use of the residual method and require an entity to allocate arrangement consideration using the selling price hierarchy. |
The Company evaluates all deliverables within an arrangement to determine whether or not they provide value to the licensee on a stand-alone basis. Based on this evaluation, the deliverables are separated into units of accounting. If VSOE or VOE is not available to determine the fair value of a deliverable, the Company determines the best estimate of selling price associated with the deliverable. The arrangement consideration, including upfront license fees and funding for research and development, is allocated to the separate units based on relative fair value.
VSOE is based on the price charged when an element is sold separately and represents the actual price charged for that deliverable. When VSOE cannot be established, we attempt to establish the selling price of the elements of a license arrangement based on VOE. VOE is determined based on third party evidence for similar deliverables when sold separately. In circumstances when the Company charges a licensee for pass-through costs paid to external vendors for development services, these costs represent VOE.
When we are unable to establish the selling price of an element using VSOE or VOE, management determines BESP for that element. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which we would transact a sale if the element within the license agreement was sold on a stand-alone basis. Our process for establishing BESP involves management’s judgment and considers multiple factors including discounted cash flows, estimated direct expenses and other costs and available data.
Based on the value allocated to each unit of accounting within an arrangement, upfront fees and other guaranteed payments are allocated to each unit based on relative value. The appropriate revenue recognition method is applied to each unit and revenue is accordingly recognized as each unit is delivered.
For agreements entered into prior to 2011, revenue related to upfront license fees was spread over the full period of performance under the agreement, unless the license was determined to provide value to the licensee on a stand-alone basis and the fair value of the undelivered performance obligations, typically including research or steering committee services was determinable.
Steering committee services that were not inconsequential or perfunctory and were determined to be performance obligations were combined with other research services or performance obligations required under an arrangement, if any, to determine the level of effort required in an arrangement and the period over which the Company expected to complete its aggregate performance obligations.
Whenever the Company determined that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, it determined the period over which the performance obligations would be completed. Revenue is recognized using either an efforts-based or time-based (ie. straight-line) proportional performance method. The Company recognizes revenue using an efforts-based proportional performance method when the level of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement can be reasonably estimated and such performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis. Direct labor hours or full-time equivalents are typically used as the measurement of performance.
If the Company cannot reasonably estimate the level of effort to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement, then revenue under the arrangement is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations.
Many of the Company's collaboration agreements entitle it to additional payments upon the achievement of performance-based milestones. For all milestones achieved prior to 2011, substantive milestones were included in the Company's revenue model when achievement of the milestone was achieved. Milestones that were tied to regulatory approval were not considered probable of being achieved until such approval was received. All milestones achieved after January 1, 2011 which are determined to be substantive milestones are recognized as revenue in the period in which they are met in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2010-17, Revenue Recognition – Milestone Method. Milestones tied to counter-party performance are not included in the Company's revenue model until performance conditions are met. Milestones determined to be non-substantive are allocated to each unit of accounting within an arrangement when met. The allocation of the milestone to each unit is based on relative value and revenue related to each unit is recognized accordingly.
Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products provided the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement.
Costs of revenues related to product development and license fees are classified as research and development in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Patent Licenses. The Company generally licenses its patent rights covering phage display on a non-exclusive basis to third parties for use in connection with the research and development of therapeutic, diagnostic, and other products.
Standard terms of the patent rights agreements generally include non-refundable signing fees, non-refundable license maintenance fees, development milestone payments and royalties on product sales. Signing fees and maintenance fees are generally recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the agreement. Perpetual patent licenses are recognized immediately if the Company has no future obligations and the payments are upfront. Milestones are recognized as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved and royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products as the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the agreement.
Library Licenses. Standard terms of the proprietary phage display library agreements generally include non-refundable signing fees, license maintenance fees, development milestone payments, product license payments and royalties on product sales. Signing fees and maintenance fees are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. As milestones are achieved under a phage display library license, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. Milestone payments under these license arrangements are recognized when the milestone is achieved if the Company has no future obligations under the license. Product license payments are recognized as revenue when the license is issued if the Company has no future obligations under the agreement. If there are future obligations under the agreement, product license payments are recognized as revenue only to the extent of the fair value of the license. Amounts paid in excess of fair value are recognized in a manner similar to milestone payments. Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products provided the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement.
Payments received that have not met the appropriate criteria for revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) or other standard setting bodies, which we adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-04, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs” (ASU 2011-04). This newly issued accounting standard clarifies the application of certain existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. This ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011, which for Dyax will be January 1, 2012. We do not expect that adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” (ASU 2011-05). This newly issued accounting standard (1) eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity; (2) requires the consecutive presentation of the statement of net income and other comprehensive income; and (3) requires an entity to present reclassification adjustments from other comprehensive income to net income on the face of the financial statements. The amendments in this ASU do not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income nor do the amendments affect how earnings per share is calculated or presented. This ASU is required to be applied retrospectively and is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2011, which for us will be January 1, 2012. This accounting standard will not impact our financial position or results of operations. Furthermore, other comprehensive income amounts are currently being presented in our results of operations.
| ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK |
None.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Nature of Business
Dyax Corp. (Dyax or the Company) is a biopharmaceutical company with two business elements:
The principal focus of the Company's efforts is to identify, develop and commercialize treatments for conditions identified as plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema, including hereditary angioedema (HAE), ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema (ACEI-AE) and angioedema of unknown origin, or idiopathic angioedema.
The Company developed KALBITOR (ecallantide) on its own and since February 2010 the Company has been selling it in the United States for the treatment of acute attacks of HAE. Outside of the United States, the Company has established partnerships to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize KALBITOR in certain markets and are evaluating opportunities in others.
The Company is expanding its franchise for the treatment of angioedemas in the following ways:
| | · | Advancing the clinical development of ecallantide for use in the treatment of ACEI-AE. |
| | · | Developing a laboratory test that could assist in the differentiation between histamine-mediated and plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedema. |
| | · | Continuing the development of a fully human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (pKal) which would be a candidate to prophylactically treat plasma kallikrein (bradykinin) mediated angioedemas. |
| | · | Phage Display Licensing and Funded Research Program |
The Company leverages its proprietary phage display technology through its Licensing and Funded Research Program, referred to as the LFRP. This program has provided the Company a portfolio of product candidates being developed by its licensees, which currently includes 18 product candidates in clinical development, including four products in Phase 3 trials. The LFRP generated revenue of approximately $15 million in 2011, and to the extent that the Company’s licensees commercialize some of the Phase 3 product candidates according to published timelines, milestone and royalty revenues under the LFRP are expected to experience significant growth over the next several years.
The Company expects that existing cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments together with anticipated cash flow from existing development, collaborations and license agreements and product sales of KALBITOR will be sufficient to support the Company's current operations beyond 2012. If, over the longer term, the Company's cash requirements exceed its current expectations or if the Company generates less revenue than it expects, the Company will need additional funds. The Company may seek additional funding through collaborative arrangements, and public or private financings. However, the Company may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms or at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into additional collaborative arrangements. Arrangements with collaborators or others may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies, product candidates or products. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company's stockholders. If the Company needs additional funds and it is unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, the Company may be required to significantly curtail its research, development or commercialization programs in an effort to provide sufficient funds to continue its operations, which could adversely affect its business prospects.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2. Accounting Policies
Basis of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Company's European research subsidiaries Dyax S.A. and Dyax BV. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. The significant estimates and assumptions in these financial statements include revenue recognition, product sales allowances, useful lives with respect to long lived assets, valuation of stock options, accrued expenses and tax valuation reserves. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and trade accounts receivable. At December 31, 2011 and 2010, approximately 61% and 98% , respectively, of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were invested in money market funds backed by U.S. Treasury obligations, U.S. Treasury notes and bills, and obligations of United States government agencies held by one financial institution. The Company maintains balances in various operating accounts in excess of federally insured limits.
The Company provides most of its services and licenses its technology to pharmaceutical and biomedical companies worldwide, and makes all product sales to its distributors. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivable balances are usually limited on an ongoing basis, due to the diverse number of licensees and collaborators comprising the Company's customer base. As of December 31, 2011, two customers accounted for 43% and 34% of the accounts receivable balance. Three customers accounted for approximately 35%, 28% and 24%, of the Company's accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2010, all of which were collected in the first quarter of 2011.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
All highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of ninety days or less are considered to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of cash, money market and U.S. Treasury funds.
Investments
Short-term investments primarily consist of investments with original maturities greater than ninety days and remaining maturities less than one year at period end. The Company has also classified its investments with maturities beyond one year as short-term, based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. The Company considers its investment portfolio of investments available-for-sale. Accordingly, these investments are recorded at fair value, which is based on quoted market prices. As of December 31, 2011, the Company's investments consisted of U.S. Treasury notes and bills with an amortized cost and estimated fair value of $34.9 million, and an unrealized gain of $7,000, which is recorded in other comprehensive income on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2010, the Company's investments consisted of United States Treasury notes and bills with an amortized cost of $58.7 million, an estimated fair value of $58.8 million, and had an unrealized gain of $44,000, which is recorded in other comprehensive income on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost determined under the first-in, first-out, or FIFO, basis. The Company evaluates inventory levels and would write-down inventory that is expected to expire prior to being sold, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, inventory in excess of expected sales requirements, or inventory that fails to meet commercial sale specifications, through a charge to cost of product sales. Included in the cost of inventory are employee stock-based compensation costs capitalized under ASC 718.
Fixed Assets
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets using the straight-line method. Laboratory and production equipment, furniture and office equipment are depreciated over a three to seven year period. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and are amortized over the lesser of the non-cancelable term of the related lease or their estimated useful lives. Leased equipment is amortized over the lesser of the life of the lease or their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost of these assets and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are eliminated from the balance sheet and any resulting gains or losses are included in operations in the period of disposal.
The Company records all proceeds received from the lessor for tenant improvements under the terms of its operating lease as deferred rent. These amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease as an offset to rent expense.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. Each impairment test is based on a comparison of the undiscounted cash flow to the recorded value of the asset. If impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value on a discounted cash flow basis.
Revenue Recognition
The Company’s principal sources of revenue are product sales of KALBITOR, license fees, funding for research and development, and milestones and royalties derived from collaboration and license agreements. In all instances, revenue is recognized only when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured and the Company has no further performance obligations.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Product Sales and Allowances
Product Sales. Product sales are generated from the sale of KALBITOR to the Company’s wholesale and specialty distributors, and are recorded upon delivery when title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. Product sales are recorded net of applicable reserves for trade prompt pay discounts, government rebates, a patient assistance program, product returns and other applicable allowances.
Product Sales Allowances. The Company establishes reserves for trade distributor and prompt pay discounts, government rebates, a patient assistance program, product returns and other applicable allowances. Reserves established for these discounts and allowances are classified as a reduction of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to the customer) or a liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than the customer).
Allowances against receivable balances primarily relate to prompt payment discounts and are recorded at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales revenue. Accruals related to government rebates, the patient financial assistance program, product returns and other applicable allowances are recognized at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales revenue and the recording of an increase in accrued expenses.
The Company maintains service contracts with its distributors. Accounting standards related to consideration given by a vendor to a customer, including a reseller of a vendor’s product, specify that each consideration given by a vendor to a customer is presumed to be a reduction of the selling price. Consideration should be characterized as a cost if the company receives, or will receive, an identifiable benefit in exchange for the consideration, and fair value of the benefit can be reasonably estimated. The Company has established that patient support services are at fair value and represent a separate and identifiable benefit related to these services and, accordingly, has classified them as selling, general and administrative expense.
Prompt Payment and Other Discounts. The Company offers a prompt payment discount to its distributors. Since the Company expects that its distributors will take advantage of this discount, the Company accrues 100% of the prompt payment discount that is based on the gross amount of each invoice, at the time of sale. The accrual is adjusted quarterly to reflect actual earned discounts.
Government Rebates and Chargebacks. The Company estimates reductions to product sales for Medicaid and Veterans' Administration (VA) programs and the Medicare Part D Coverage Gap Program, as well as with respect to certain other qualifying federal and state government programs. The Company estimates the amount of these reductions based on KALBITOR patient data and actual sales data. These allowances are adjusted each period based on actual experience.
Medicaid rebate reserves relate to the Company’s estimated obligations to states under the established reimbursement arrangements of each applicable state. Rebate accruals are recorded during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized. Actual rebate amounts are determined at the time of claim by the state, and the Company will generally make cash payments for such amounts after receiving billings from the state.
VA rebates or chargeback reserves represent the Company’s estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell products to qualified healthcare providers at a price lower than the list price charged to the Company’s distributor. The distributor will charge the Company for the difference between what the distributor pays for the product and the ultimate selling price to the qualified healthcare provider. Rebate accruals are established during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized. Actual chargeback amounts for Public Health Service are determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider from the distributor, and the Company will generally issue credits for such amounts after receiving notification from the distributor.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The Company offers a financial assistance program, which involves the use of a patient voucher, for qualified KALBITOR patients in order to aid a patient’s access to KALBITOR. The Company estimates its liability from this voucher program based on actual redemption rates.
Although allowances and accruals are recorded at the time of product sale, certain rebates are typically paid out, on average, up to six months or longer after the sale. Reserve estimates are evaluated quarterly and if necessary, adjusted to reflect actual results. Any such adjustments will be reflected in the Company’s operating results in the period of the adjustment.
Product Returns. Allowances for product returns are recorded during the period in which the related product sales are recognized, resulting in a reduction to product revenue. The Company does not provide its distributors with a general right of product return. It permits returns if the product is damaged or defective when received by customers or if the product has expired. The Company estimates product returns based upon historical trends in the pharmaceutical industry and trends for similar products sold by others.
During the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, provisions for product sales allowances reduced gross product sales as follows (in thousands):
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Total gross product sales | | $ | 23,999 | | | $ | 9,293 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Prompt pay and other discounts | | $ | (831 | ) | | $ | (205 | ) |
| Government rebates and chargebacks | | | (249 | ) | | | (239 | ) |
| Returns | | | (35 | ) | | | (14 | ) |
Product sales allowances | | $ | (1,115 | ) | | $ | (458 | ) |
Total product sales, net | | $ | 22,884 | | | $ | 8,835 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Total product sales allowances as a percent of gross product sales | | | 4.6 | % | | | 4.9 | % |
Development and License Fee Revenues
In January 2011, the Company adopted a new U.S. GAAP accounting standard which amends existing revenue recognition accounting guidance regarding agreements with multiple elements, such as many licensing and collaboration agreements. The new standard provides accounting principles and application guidance on whether multiple deliverables exist, whether and how the deliverables should be separated, and the consideration allocated. The new guidance amends the requirement to establish objective evidence of fair value of undelivered products and services and provides for separate revenue recognition based upon management’s best estimate of selling price for an undelivered item when there is no other means to determine the fair value of that undelivered item. The adoption of this standard resulted in it being applied to all new or materially amended agreements in 2011 that include multiple deliverables. In 2011, the Company applied the amended revenue guidance to several revenue arrangements entered into during the year, including one amendment which was determined to be a material modification to an existing agreement (see Note 3, Significant Transactions – Sigma-Tau).
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Collaboration Agreements. The Company enters into collaboration agreements with other companies for the research and development of therapeutic, diagnostic and separations products. The terms of the agreements may include non-refundable signing and licensing fees, funding for research and development, payments related to manufacturing services, milestone payments and royalties on any product sales derived from collaborations. These multiple element arrangements are analyzed to determine how the deliverables, which often include license and performance obligations such as research, steering committee and manufacturing services, are separated into units of accounting.
Before January 1, 2011, the Company evaluated license arrangements with multiple elements in accordance with ASC, 605-25 Revenue Recognition – Multiple-Element Arrangements. In October 2009, the FASB, issued ASU 2009-13 Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables, or ASU 2009-13, which amended the accounting standards for certain multiple element arrangements to:
| | · | Provide updated guidance on whether multiple elements exist, how the elements in an arrangement should be separated and how the arrangement considerations should be allocated to the separate elements; |
| | · | Require an entity to allocate arrangement consideration to each element based on a selling price hierarchy, also called the relative selling price method, where the selling price for an element is based on vendor-specific objective evidence (VSOE), if available; vendor objective evidence (VOE), if available and VSOE is not available; or the best estimate of selling price (BESP), if neither VSOE or VOE is available; |
| | · | Eliminate the use of the residual method and require an entity to allocate arrangement consideration using the selling price hierarchy. |
The Company evaluates all deliverables within an arrangement to determine whether or not they provide value to the licensee on a stand-alone basis. Based on this evaluation, the deliverables are separated into units of accounting. If VSOE or VOE is not available to determine the fair value of a deliverable, the Company determines the best estimate of selling price associated with the deliverable. The arrangement consideration, including upfront license fees and funding for research and development, is allocated to the separate units based on relative fair value.
VSOE is based on the price charged when an element is sold separately and represents the actual price charged for that deliverable. When VSOE cannot be established, the Company attempts to establish the selling price of the elements of a license arrangement based on VOE. VOE is determined based on third party evidence for similar deliverables when sold separately. In circumstances when the Company charges a licensee for pass-through costs paid to external vendors for development services, these costs represent VOE.
When the Company is unable to establish the selling price of an element using VSOE or VOE, management determines BESP for that element. The objective of BESP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the element within the license agreement was sold on a stand-alone basis. The Company's process for establishing BESP involves management’s judgment and considers multiple factors including discounted cash flows, estimated direct expenses and other costs and available data.
Based on the value allocated to each unit of accounting within an arrangement, upfront fees and other guaranteed payments are allocated to each unit based on relative value. The appropriate revenue recognition method is applied to each unit and revenue is accordingly recognized as each unit is delivered.
For agreements entered into prior to 2011, revenue related to upfront license fees was spread over the full period of performance under the agreement, unless the license was determined to provide value to the licensee on a stand-alone basis and the fair value of the undelivered performance obligations, typically including research or steering committee services was determinable.
Steering committee services that were not inconsequential or perfunctory and were determined to be performance obligations were combined with other research services or performance obligations required under an arrangement, if any, to determine the level of effort required in an arrangement and the period over which the Company expected to complete its aggregate performance obligations.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Whenever the Company determined that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, it determined the period over which the performance obligations would be completed. Revenue is recognized using either an efforts-based or time-based (ie. straight-line) proportional performance method. The Company recognizes revenue using an efforts-based proportional performance method when the level of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement can be reasonably estimated and such performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis. Direct labor hours or full-time equivalents are typically used as the measurement of performance.
If the Company cannot reasonably estimate the level of effort to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement, then revenue under the arrangement is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations.
Many of the Company's collaboration agreements entitle it to additional payments upon the achievement of performance-based milestones. For all milestones achieved prior to 2011, substantive milestones were included in the Company's revenue model when achievement of the milestone was achieved. Milestones that were tied to regulatory approval were not considered probable of being achieved until such approval was received. All milestones achieved after January 1, 2011 which are determined to be substantive milestones are recognized as revenue in the period in which they are met in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2010-17, Revenue Recognition – Milestone Method. Milestones tied to counter-party performance are not included in the Company's revenue model until the performance conditions are met. Milestones determined to be non-substantive are allocated to each unit of accounting within an arrangement when met. The allocation of the milestone to each unit is based on relative value and revenue related to each unit is recognized accordingly.
Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products provided the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement.
Costs of revenues related to product development and license fees are classified as research and development in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Patent Licenses. The Company generally licenses its patent rights covering phage display on a non-exclusive basis to third parties for use in connection with the research and development of therapeutic, diagnostic, and other products.
Standard terms of the patent rights agreements generally include non-refundable signing fees, non-refundable license maintenance fees, development milestone payments and royalties on product sales. Signing fees and maintenance fees are generally recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the agreement. Perpetual patent licenses are recognized immediately if the Company has no future obligations and the payments are upfront. Milestones are recognized as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved and royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products as the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the agreement.
Library Licenses. Standard terms of the proprietary phage display library agreements generally include non-refundable signing fees, license maintenance fees, development milestone payments, product license payments and royalties on product sales. Signing fees and maintenance fees are generally recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the agreement as deliverables within these arrangements are determined to not provide the licensee with value on a stand-alone basis and therefore are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. As milestones are achieved under a phage display library license, a portion of the milestone payment, equal to the percentage of the performance period completed when the milestone is achieved, multiplied by the amount of the milestone payment, will be recognized. The remaining portion of the milestone will be recognized over the remaining performance period on a straight-line basis. Milestone payments under these license arrangements are recognized when the milestone is achieved if the Company has no future obligations under the license. Product license payments, which are optional to the licensee, are substantive and therefore are excluded from the initial allocation of the arrangement consideration. These payments are recognized as revenue when the license is issued upon exercise of the licensee’s option, if the Company has no future obligations under the agreement. If there are future obligations under the agreement, product license payments are recognized as revenue only to the extent of the fair value of the license. Amounts paid in excess of fair value are recognized in a manner similar to milestone payments. Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products provided the Company has no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Payments received that have not met the appropriate criteria for revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue.
Cost of Product Sales
Cost of product sales includes costs to procure, manufacture and distribute KALBITOR and manufacturing royalties. Costs associated with the manufacture of KALBITOR prior to regulatory approval were expensed when incurred as a research and development cost and accordingly, KALBITOR units sold during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 do not reflect the full cost of drug manufacturing.
Research and Development
Research and development costs include all direct costs, including salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, outside consultants, costs of clinical trials, sponsored research, clinical trials insurance, other outside costs, depreciation and facility costs related to the development of drug candidates.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted statutory tax rates. At December 31, 2011 and 2010, there were no unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a "more-likely-than-not" threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis and adjusts the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions.
Translation of Foreign Currencies
Assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are translated at period end exchange rates. Amounts included in the statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rate for the period. All currency translation adjustments are recorded to other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 the Company recorded other expense of $3,000 and $32,000, respectively, for the translation of foreign currency.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Share-Based Compensation
The Company’s share-based compensation program consists of share-based awards granted to employees in the form of stock options, as well as its 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (the Purchase Plan). The Company’s awards are expensed over the service period which is generally the vesting period, based on fair value on the date of grant. The Company’s share-based compensation expense is recorded in accordance with ASC 718.
Income or Loss Per Share
The Company presents two earnings or loss per share (EPS) amounts, basic and diluted in accordance with ASC 260. Basic earnings or loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted net loss per share does not differ from basic net loss per share since potential common shares from the exercise of stock options, warrants or rights under the Purchase Plan are anti-dilutive for the year ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, and therefore, are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share.
Stock options and warrants to purchase a total of 11,554,126 shares, 9,693,266 shares and 8,798,956 shares of common stock were outstanding at December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The Company accounts for comprehensive income (loss) under ASC 220, Comprehensive Income, which established standards for reporting and displaying comprehensive income (loss) and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. The statement requires that all components of comprehensive income (loss) be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements.
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is calculated as follows:
| | | Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments | | | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment | | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
Balance at January 1, 2009 | | $ | 152 | | | $ | 492 | | | $ | 644 | |
Change for 2009 | | | (137 | ) | | | (492 | ) | | | (629 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2009 | | | 15 | | | | -- | | | | 15 | |
Change for 2010 | | | 29 | | | | -- | | | | 29 | |
Balance at December 31, 2010 | | | 44 | | | | -- | | | | 44 | |
Change for 2011 | | | (37 | ) | | | -- | | | | (37 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2011 | | $ | 7 | | | $ | -- | | | $ | 7 | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Business Segments
The Company discloses business segments under ASC 280, Segment Reporting. The statement established standards for reporting information about operating segments and disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. The Company operates as one business segment within predominantly one geographic area.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies, which are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the Company believes that recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
In May 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-04, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs” (ASU 2011-04). This newly issued accounting standard clarifies the application of certain existing fair value measurement guidance and expands the disclosures for fair value measurements that are estimated using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs. This ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual and interim reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2011, which for Dyax will be January 1, 2012. The Company does not expect that adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” (ASU 2011-05). This newly issued accounting standard (1) eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders’ equity; (2) requires the consecutive presentation of the statement of net income and other comprehensive income; and (3) requires an entity to present reclassification adjustments from other comprehensive income to net income on the face of the financial statements. The amendments in this ASU do not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income nor do the amendments affect how earnings per share is calculated or presented. This ASU is required to be applied retrospectively and is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2011, which for Dyax will be January 1, 2012. This accounting standard will not impact the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Furthermore, other comprehensive income amounts are currently being presented in the Company’s results of operations.
3. SIGNIFICANT TRANSACTIONS
Sigma-Tau
In June 2010, the Company entered into a strategic collaboration agreement with Defiante Farmaceutica S.A., a subsidiary of the pharmaceutical company Sigma-Tau SpA (Sigma-Tau) to develop and commercialize subcutaneous ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other therapeutic indications throughout Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Russia. In December 2010, the original agreement was amended to expand the partnership to commercialize KALBITOR for the treatment of HAE in Australia and New Zealand (the first amendment). In May 2011, the Company further amended its agreement with Sigma-Tau to include development and commercialization rights in Latin America (excluding Mexico), the Caribbean, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea (the second amendment). In December 2011, a third amendment eliminated Sigma-Tau’s rights in Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea which had been previously granted under the second amendment.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Under the terms of the original agreement, Sigma-Tau made a $2.5 million upfront payment. In addition, Sigma-Tau purchased 636,132 shares of the Company's common stock at a price of $3.93 per share, which represented a 50% premium over the 20-day average closing price through June 17, 2010, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million.
Under the terms of the first amendment, Sigma-Tau made an additional $500,000 upfront payment to the Company and also purchased 151,515 shares of the Company's common stock at a price of $3.30 per share, which represented a 50% premium over the 20-day average closing price through December 20, 2010, for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000. Both payments were received in January 2011.
Under the terms of the second amendment, Sigma-Tau made an additional upfront payment of $4.0 million in 2011 and was required to make an additional $3.0 million non-refundable payment to the Company by December 31, 2011. Under the third amendment, upon elimination of Sigma-Tau’s rights to Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea, the $3.0 million payment obligation was eliminated, as were the future milestones and royalties related to these territories.
The Company is also eligible to receive over $115 million in development and sales milestones related to ecallantide and royalties equal to 41% of net sales of product, as adjusted for product costs. Sigma-Tau will pay costs associated with regulatory approval and commercialization in the licensed territories. In addition, the Company and Sigma-Tau will share equally the costs for all development activities for optional future indications developed in partnership with Sigma-Tau in the territories covered under the initial Sigma-Tau agreement. The partnership agreement may be terminated by Sigma-Tau, at will, upon 6 months’ prior written notice. Either party may terminate the partnership agreement in the event of an uncured material breach or declaration or filing of bankruptcy by the other party.
Prior to the second amendment in May 2011, revenue related to this multiple element arrangement was being recognized in accordance with ASC 605. The Company evaluated the terms of the second amendment relative to the entire arrangement and determined the amendment to be a material modification to the existing agreement for financial reporting purposes. As a result, the Company evaluated the entire arrangement under the guidance of ASU No. 2009-13 which was adopted in 2011.
Under the terms of the original agreement and first amendment, the Company analyzed this multiple element arrangement in accordance with ASC 605 and evaluated whether the performance obligations under this agreement, including the product license and development, steering committee, and manufacturing services should be accounted for as a single unit or multiple units of accounting. The Company determined that there were two units of accounting. The first unit of accounting included the product license, the committed future development services and the steering committee involvement. These deliverables were grouped into one unit of accounting due to the lack of objective and reliable evidence of fair value. The second unit of accounting related to the manufacturing services, and was determined to meet all of the criteria to be a separate unit of accounting. The Company had the ability to estimate the scope and timing of its involvement in the future development of the program as the Company's obligations under the development period are clearly defined. Therefore, the Company recognized revenue related to the first unit of accounting utilizing a proportional performance model based on the actual effort performed in proportion to the total estimated level of effort. Under this model, the Company estimated the level of effort to be expended over the term of the agreement and recognized revenue based on the lesser of the amount calculated based on proportional performance of total expected revenue or the amount of non-refundable payments earned. As of the date of the second amendment, $4.8 million of revenue had been recognized for the first unit of accounting and $2.4 million of deferred revenue remained. To date, no revenue has been recognized related to manufacturing services, as no such services have been provided.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
As the second amendment represented a material modification to the existing agreement under applicable accounting rules, the Company re-evaluated the entire arrangement under ASU No. 2009-13, and determined all undelivered items under the agreement and divided them into separate units of accounting based on whether the deliverable provided stand-alone value to the licensee. These units of accounting consist of (i) the license to develop and commercialize ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other therapeutic indications in the territories granted under the original agreement and first amendment, (ii) the license to develop and commercialize ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other therapeutic indications in the territories granted under the second amendment, (iii) steering committee services and (iv) committed future development services. The Company then determined the best estimate selling price (BESP) for the license and steering committee services and the fair value of committed future development services was determined using vendor objective evidence. The Company’s process for determining BESP involves management’s judgment and includes factors such as discounted cash flows, estimated direct expenses and other costs and available data.
The upfront fee of $4.0 million, the non-refundable payment of $3.0 million due in December 2011 and $2.4 million of previously deferred revenue under the Sigma-Tau contracts were allocated to the units of accounting based upon relative fair value.
The $9.2 million allocated to the licenses was recognized during the second quarter of 2011, as the licenses had been delivered. In the fourth quarter of 2011, based on the terms of the third amendment, Sigma-Tau’s $3.0 million payment obligation was eliminated and the full $3.0 million in revenue was recorded as a reduction of revenue. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2011, the Company recognized $1 million related to a regulatory filing milestone for the Austrailia territory which was determined to be substantive based on the level of effort and involvement required by the Company for the achievement of this milestone.
Revenue related to steering committee services of $190,000 was deferred and is being recognized under the proportional performance model, as meetings are held through the estimated development period for ecallantide in the Sigma-Tau Territories. Revenues associated with future committed development services will be recognized as incurred and billed to Sigma-Tau for reimbursement. As future milestones are achieved and to the extent they involve substantial effort on the Company’s part, revenue will be recognized in the period in which the milestone is achieved. The manufacturing services were determined to represent a contingent deliverable and, as such, have been excluded from the current revenue model.
The Company recognized revenue of approximately $10.5 million and $2.2 million related to the Sigma-Tau agreement, as amended, for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2011 would have been $7.1 million, if revenue had been recognized under the previous revenue recognition model, prior to adoption of ASU 2009-13.
As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company has deferred $158,000 and $3.1 million, respectively, of revenue related to this arrangement, which is recorded in deferred revenue on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at such dates. The deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2011, relates to the joint steering committee obligation which is estimated to continue until 2014. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company had receivable balances due from Sigma-Tau of $65,000 and $1.4 million, respectively.
In January 2012, the Company was notified that the collaboration agreement had been assigned by Defiante Farmaceutica S.A. to another subsidiary of Sigma-Tau, Sigma-Tau Rare Diseases S.A.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
CMIC
In September 2010, the Company entered into an agreement with CMIC Co., Ltd, (CMIC) to develop and commercialize subcutaneous ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other angioedema indications in Japan.
Under the terms of the agreement, the Company received a $4.0 million upfront payment. The Company is also eligible to receive up to $102 million in development and sales milestones for ecallantide in HAE and other angioedema indications and royalties of 20%-24% of net product sales. CMIC is solely responsible for all costs associated with development, regulatory activities, and commercialization of ecallantide for all angioedema indications in Japan. CMIC will purchase drug product from the Company on a cost-plus basis for clinical and commercial supply.
The Company analyzed this multiple element arrangement in accordance with ASC 605 and evaluated whether the performance obligations under this agreement, including the product license, development of ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other angioedema indications in Japan, steering committee, and manufacturing services should be accounted for as a single unit or multiple units of accounting. The Company determined that there were two units of accounting. The first unit of accounting includes the product license, the committed future development services and the steering committee involvement. The second unit of accounting relates to the manufacturing services. At this time the scope and timing of the future development of ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other indications in the CMIC territory are the joint responsibility of the Company and CMIC and therefore, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the level of effort required to fulfill its obligations under the first unit of accounting. As a result, the Company is recognizing revenue under the first unit of accounting on a straight-line basis over the estimated development period of ecallantide for the treatment of HAE and other indications in the CMIC territory of approximately six years.
The Company recognized revenue of approximately $595,000 and $148,000 related to this agreement for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company has deferred approximately $3.3 million and $3.9 million, respectively, of revenue related to this arrangement, which is recorded in deferred revenue on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Sale of Xyntha Royalty Rights
In 2010, the Company sold its rights to royalties and other payments related to the commercialization of the product Xyntha®, which was developed by one of the Company's licensees under the Company's LFRP. Under the terms of this sale, the Company received an upfront cash payment of $9.8 million and earned additional milestones payments of $1.5 million in 2010 and $500,000 in 2011, based on product sales for each respective year. A portion of the cash payments received were required to be applied to the Company's loan with Cowen Healthcare (see Note 8 – Note Payable), totaling a $2.2 million principal reduction and interest expense of $1.4 million. A similar proportion of the $500,000 sales milestone payment due by March 31, 2012, will also be applied to the loan. The Company has determined that it has no substantive future obligations under the arrangement. During the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011,the Company recognized $11.3 million and $500,000 of revenue under this arrangement, respectively.
Cubist Pharmaceuticals Inc.
In 2008, the Company entered into an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cubist), for the development and commercialization in North America and Europe of the intravenous formulation of ecallantide for the reduction of blood loss during surgery. Under this agreement, Cubist assumed responsibility for all further development and costs associated with ecallantide in the licensed indications in the Cubist territory and the Company received $17.5 million in upfront license and milestone fees.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
In 2010, Cubist announced its plan to stop investing in the clinical development of ecallantide and terminated the 2008 agreement. Based upon Cubist's decision, $13.8 million of deferred revenue was recognized as revenue during the year ended December 31, 2010, as the development period had ended. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company recognized revenue of $4.3 million related to this agreement.
4. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present information about the Company's financial assets that have been measured at fair value as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, in thousands, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value. In general, fair values determined by Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 2 inputs utilize observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices, for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities. Fair values determined by Level 3 inputs are unobservable data points for the asset or liability, and includes situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
| Description | | December 31, 2011 | | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) | | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash equivalents | | $ | 8,825 | | | $ | 8,825 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Marketable debt securities | | | 26,036 | | | | — | | | | 26,036 | | | | — | |
| Total | | $ | 34,861 | | | $ | 8,825 | | | $ | 26,036 | | | $ | — | |
| Description | | December 31, 2010 | | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) | | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash equivalents | | $ | 16,932 | | | $ | 16,932 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Marketable debt securities | | | 58,783 | | | | — | | | | 58,783 | | | | — | |
| Total | | $ | 75,715 | | | $ | 16,932 | | | $ | 58,783 | | | $ | — | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following tables summarize the Company’s marketable securities at December 31, 2011 and 2010, in thousands:
| | | December 31, 2011 | |
| Description | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | | Fair Value | |
| US Treasury Bills and Notes (due within 1 year) | | $ | 23,013 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 23,020 | |
US Treasury Bills and Notes (due after 1 year through 2 years) | | | 3,016 | | | | — | | | | — | | | | 3,016 | |
| Total | | $ | 26,029 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 26,036 | |
| | | December 31, 2010 | |
| Description | | Amortized Cost | | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | | Fair Value | |
| US Treasury Bills and Notes (due within 1 year) | | $ | 35,597 | | | $ | 45 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 35,642 | |
US Treasury Bills and Notes (due after 1 year through 2 years) | | | 23,142 | | | | — | | | | (1 | ) | | | 23,141 | |
| Total | | $ | 58,739 | | | $ | 45 | | | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | 58,783 | |
As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company's cash equivalents which are invested in money market funds are valued based on Level 1 inputs. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company’s short-term investments consisted of United States Treasury notes and bills which are valued based on Level 2 inputs. The Company has also classified its investments with maturities beyond one year as short-term, based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations.
The carrying amounts reflected in the consolidated balance sheets for cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities.
5. Inventory
In December 2009, the Company received marketing approval of KALBITOR from the FDA. Costs associated with the manufacture of KALBITOR prior to regulatory approval were expensed when incurred, and therefore were not capitalized as inventory. As a result, the Company’s finished goods inventory does not include all costs of manufacturing drug substance currently being sold. Subsequent to FDA approval, all costs associated with the manufacture of KALBITOR have been recorded as inventory. As of December 31, 2011, drug supply on hand is anticipated to meet KALBITOR demand in excess of one year. Inventory consists of the following (in thousands):
| | | December 31, 2011 | | | December 31, 2010 | |
| Raw Materials | | $ | 1,429 | | | $ | 766 | |
| Work in Progress | | | 5,474 | | | | 723 | |
| Finished Goods | | | 119 | | | | 207 | |
| Total | | $ | 7,022 | | | $ | 1,696 | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Fixed assets consist of the following:
| | | December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
| Laboratory equipment | | $ | 9,103 | | | $ | 8,992 | |
| Furniture and office equipment | | | 1,095 | | | | 1,096 | |
| Software and computers | | | 4,445 | | | | 4,311 | |
| Leasehold improvements | | | 6,845 | | | | 6,844 | |
| Construction in process | | | 3,960 | | | | -- | |
| Total | | | 25,448 | | | | 21,243 | |
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | | | (20,567 | ) | | | (19,065 | ) |
| | | $ | 4,881 | | | $ | 2,178 | |
As of December 31, 2011 there were no assets under capital lease. As of December 31, 2010 there were $1.2 million of assets under capital leases, which included laboratory and office equipment, with related accumulated amortization of $767,000.
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009 was approximately $1.4 million, $1.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively.
7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following:
| | | December 31, | | |
| | | 2011 | | 2010 | | |
| | | (In thousands) | | |
| Accounts payable | | $ | 2,927 | | | $ | 1,398 | |
| Accrued employee compensation and related taxes | | | 4,529 | | | | 4,847 | |
| Accrued external research and development and contract manufacturing | | | 1,591 | | | | 1,180 | |
| Accrued license fees | | | -- | | | | 60 | |
| Accrued legal | | | 214 | | | | 500 | |
| Accrued leasehold improvements | | | 2,472 | | | | -- | |
| Other accrued liabilities | | | 3,585 | | | | 2,687 | |
| | | $ | 15,318 | | | $ | 10,672 | |
Long-term obligations and note payable consists of the following:
| | | December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
| Note payable | | $ | 75,372 | | | $ | 56,406 | |
| Obligations under capital lease arrangements | | | -- | | | | 207 | |
| Obligation under leasehold improvement arrangements | | | 101 | | | | 447 | |
| Total | | $ | 75,473 | | | | 57,060 | |
| Less: current portion | | | (101 | ) | | | (586 | ) |
| Long-term obligations | | $ | 75,372 | | | $ | 56,474 | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Minimum future payments under the Company's long-term obligations and note payable as of December 31, 2011 are as follows:
| | | (In thousands) |
| 2012 | | $ | 8,421 | |
| 2013 | | | 8,286 | |
| 2014 | | | 11,701 | |
| 2015 | | | 16,736 | |
| 2016 | | | 36,550 | |
| Thereafter | | | 46,150 | |
| Total future minimum payments | | | 127,844 | |
| Less: amount representing interest | | | (51,093) | |
| Present value of future minimum payments | | | 76,751 | |
| Less: current portion | | | (101) | |
| Less: unamortized portion of discount | | | (1,278) | |
| Long-term obligations and note payable | | $ | 75,372 | |
In 2008, the Company entered into an agreement with an affiliate of Cowen Healthcare Royalty Partners, LP (Cowen Healthcare) for a $50.0 million loan secured by the Company's LFRP (Tranche A loan). In March 2009, the Company amended and restated the loan agreement with Cowen Healthcare to include a Tranche B loan of $15.0 million.
The Tranche A and Tranche B loans (collectively, the Original Loan) mature in August 2016. The Tranche A portion bears interest at an annual rate of 16%, payable quarterly, and the Tranche B portion bears interest at an annual rate of 21.5%, payable quarterly. The Original Loan may be prepaid without penalty, in whole or in part, beginning in August 2012. In connection with the Original Loan, the Company has entered into a security agreement granting Cowen Healthcare a security interest in the intellectual property related to the LFRP, and the revenues generated by the Company through the license of the intellectual property related to the LFRP. The security agreement does not apply to the Company's internal drug development or to any of the Company's co-development programs.
Under the terms of the Original Loan agreement, the Company is required to repay the Original Loan based on the annual net LFRP receipts. Until June 30, 2013, required payments are tiered as follows: 75% of the first $10.0 million in specified annual LFRP receipts, 50% of the next $5.0 million and 25% of annual included LFRP receipts over $15.0 million. After June 30, 2013, and until the maturity date or the complete amortization of the Original Loan, Cowen Healthcare will receive 90% of all included LFRP receipts. If the Cowen Healthcare portion of LFRP receipts for any quarter exceeds the interest for that quarter, then the principal balance will be reduced. Any unpaid principal will be due upon the maturity of the Original Loan. If the Cowen Healthcare portion of LFRP revenues for any quarterly period is insufficient to cover the cash interest due for that period, the deficiency may be added to the outstanding principal or paid in cash by the Company. After five years from the date of funding of each tranche of the Original Loan, the Company must repay to Cowen Healthcare all additional accumulated principal above the original $50.0 million and $15.0 million loan amounts of Tranche A and Tranche B, respectively.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
In addition, under the terms of the agreement, the Company is permitted to sell or otherwise transfer collateral generating cash proceeds of up to $25.0 million. Twenty percent of these cash proceeds will be applied to principal and accrued interest on the Original Loan plus any applicable prepayment premium and an additional 5.0% of such proceeds will be paid to Cowen Healthcare as a cash premium. In 2010, the Company sold its rights to royalties and other payments related to the commercialization of a product developed by one of the Company’s licensees under the LFRP. Under the terms of the sale, the Company has received $11.8 million, including milestone fees based on product sales (see Note 3, Significant Transactions - Sale of Xyntha Royalty Rights).
In connection with the Tranche A loan, the Company issued to Cowen Healthcare a warrant to purchase 250,000 shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $5.50 per share. The warrant expires in August 2016 and became exercisable in August 2009. The Company estimated the relative fair value of the warrant to be $853,000 on the date of issuance, using the Black-Scholes valuation model, assuming a volatility factor of 83.64%, risk-free interest rate of 4.07%, an eight-year expected term and an expected dividend yield of zero. In conjunction with the Tranche B loan, the Company issued to Cowen Healthcare a warrant to purchase 250,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.87 per share. The warrant expires in August 2016 and became exercisable in March 2010. The Company estimated the relative fair value of the warrant to be $477,000 on the date of issuance, using the Black-Scholes valuation model, assuming a volatility factor of 85.98%, risk-free interest rate of 2.77%, a seven-year, four-month expected term and an expected dividend yield of zero. The relative fair values of the warrants as of the date of issuance are recorded in additional paid-in capital on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
The cash proceeds from the Original Loan were recorded as a note payable on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. The note payable balance was reduced by $1.3 million for the fair value of the Tranche A and Tranche B warrants, and by $580,000 for payment of Cowen Healthcare’s legal fees in conjunction with the Loan. Each of these amounts is being accreted over the life of the note.
2011 Additional Financing
In December 2011, the Company entered into an agreement with a second affiliate of Cowen Healthcare and received an additional loan of $20 million and a commitment to refinance the Original Loan at a reduced interest rate in August 2012.
The additional loan is unsecured and bears interest at an annual rate of 13% through August 2012, at which time the agreement provides that the additional loan will be combined with a second loan, subject to customary closing conditions. The second loan will be used to refinance 102% of the outstanding principal of the Original Loan. Together, the collective loan will be secured exclusively by the Company’s LFRP and will bear interest at a rate of 12%. It will mature in August 2018, and can be repaid without penalty beginning in August 2015. Should the second loan not be funded in August 2012, the additional $20 million loan will continue to bear interest at a rate of 13% and will mature on June 30, 2013.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The note payable balance related to the additional financing was reduced by $150,000 for payment of Cowen Healthcare’s legal fees in conjunction with the loan. This amount is being accreted over the life of the note, through June 2013.
The Loan principal balance due to Cowen Healthcare at December 31, 2011 and 2010 was $76.7 million and $57.8 million, respectively.
Activity under the Original Loan and the 2011 Additional Financing, as adjusted for discounts associated with the debt issuance including warrants and fees, is presented for financial reporting purposes as follows (in thousands):
| | | | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | |
| Balance, January 1 | | $ | 56,406 | | | $ | 58,096 | |
| Accretion of discount | | | 246 | | | | 246 | |
| Loan activity: | | | | | | | | |
| Net proceeds from additional loan | | | 19,850 | | | | - | |
| Interest expense | | | 9,932 | | | | 11,420 | |
| Payments applied to principal | | | (1,129 | ) | | | (1,935 | ) |
| Payments applied to interest | | | (8,224 | ) | | | (10,721 | ) |
| Accrued interest payable | | | (1,709 | ) | | | (700 | ) |
| Balance, December 31 | | $ | 75,372 | | | $ | 56,406 | |
The estimated fair value of the note payable was $82.9 million at December 31, 2011 which was calculated based on level 3 inputs due to the limited availability of comparable data points.
In August 2011, Cowen Healthcare assigned their rights and interests under the Original Loan to an affiliate, Vanderbilt Royalty Sub L.P. Cowen Healthcare continues to act as the agent under the loan agreement and will continue to manage all obligations with respect to the Loan.
Obligations under capital lease arrangements:
The Company has signed capital lease and debt agreements for the purchase of qualified fixed assets and leasehold improvements. Interest pursuant to these agreements ranges between 0% and 11.18%. Principal and interest were payable ratably over 24 months to 60 months. Capital lease obligations are collateralized by the assets under lease. During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, no equipment was sold and leased back from lenders.
As of December 31, 2011 there was no amount outstanding related to capital leases. As of December 31 2010, there was $207,000 (included in obligations under capital lease arrangements) outstanding related to capital leases, which is included in long-term obligations, including current portion of long-term obligations, on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Obligation under leasehold improvement arrangements:
In 2001, the Company entered into an agreement to lease laboratory and office space in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Under the terms of the agreement, the landlord loaned the Company approximately $2.4 million to be used towards the cost of leasehold improvements. The loan bears interest at a rate of 12.00% and is payable in 98 equal monthly installments through February 2012. As of December 31, 2011, and 2010, there was $101,000 and $447,000 outstanding under the loan, which is included in long-term obligations, including current portion of long-term obligations, on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
In July 2011, the Company entered into a lease agreement for new premises located in Burlington, Massachusetts and in January 2012, the Company relocated its operations to the new facility. The new premises, consisting of approximately 45,000 rentable square feet of office and laboratory facilities, serves as the Company’s principal offices and corporate headquarters. The term of the new lease is ten years, and the Company has rights to extend the term for an additional five years at fair market value subject to specified terms and conditions. The aggregate minimum lease commitment over the ten year term of the new lease is approximately $15.0 million. During 2011, the Company provided the landlord a Letter of Credit of $1.1 million to secure its obligations under the lease. Under terms of the new lease agreement, the landlord has provided the Company with a tenant improvement allowance of up to $2.6 million to be used towards the cost of leasehold improvements. During 2011, the Company capitalized approximately $3.7 million in leasehold improvements associated with the Burlington facility. As of December 31, 2011, $2.5 million of these costs were accrued as current liabilities of which $1.5 million will be covered by the tenant improvement allowance and approximately $1.1 million will be funded by the Company. As of December 31, 2011, the Company had been reimbursed approximately $925,000 associated with the tenant improvement allowance and had billed receivables of $231,000 and unbilled receivables of $1.5 million. Build out costs being reimbursed under the tenant improvement allowance have been recorded as deferred rent and will be amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the lease term.
In January, 2012, the Company’s lease agreement associated with its former facility terminated and the $1.3 million Letter of Credit which secured the Company's obligations under the lease, is expected to be fully released in the first quarter of 2012.
Gross minimum future lease payments under the Company's non-cancelable operating leases as of December 31, 2011 are as follows:
| | | (In thousands) |
| 2012 | | $ | 636 | |
| 2013 | | | 1,502 | |
| 2014 | | | 1,605 | |
| 2015 | | | 1,615 | |
| 2016 | | | 1,581 | |
| Thereafter | | | 8,611 | |
| Total | | $ | 15,550 | |
Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010, and 2009 was approximately $3.4 million, $3.6 million and $5.1 million, respectively. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 is reflected as net of sublease payments of $194,000, $1.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
9. Restructuring and Impairment Charges
In 2009, the Company implemented a workforce reduction in order to focus necessary resources on the commercialization of its lead product candidate, ecallantide. As a result of the restructuring, during 2009, the Company recorded charges of approximately $1.9 million, which includes severance related charges of approximately $1.6 million, outplacement costs of approximately $107,000, stock compensation expense of $237,000 for amendments to the exercise and vesting schedules to certain options and other exit costs of $26,000. All amounts were paid as of the year ended December 31, 2009.
As a result of the decrease in necessary facility space following the workforce reduction, the Company amended its facility lease in 2009 to reduce the leased space, and a charge of approximately $1.4 million was recorded, of which approximately $955,000 was a result of the write-down of leasehold improvements. This charge is net of $355,000 of amortization of deferred rent. During 2009, $750,000 related to this restructuring charge was paid. There was no residual balance to be paid as of December 31, 2009.
In 1999, the Company received an €825,000 grant from the Walloon region of Belgium, which included specific criteria regarding employment and investment levels that needed to be met. Pursuant to the closure of the Liege, Belgium facility in 2008, the Company refunded approximately $162,000 of the grant. In 2009, all investment criteria were met. As a result, the residual balance of approximately $1.0 million was released from short-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and recognized as Other Income in the Statement of Operations.
10. Stockholders' Deficit
Preferred Stock: As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, there were a total of 1,000,000 shares of $0.01 par value preferred stock authorized with 950,000 shares undesignated and 50,000 shares designated as Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock.
Common Stock: In January 2011, the Company issued 151,515 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000 in connection with an amendment to a strategic partnership (see Note 3, Significant Transactions - Sigma Tau).
In May 2011, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to Dyax’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock to 200,000,000 shares.
In June 2010, the Company issued 636,132 shares of its common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million in connection with a strategic partnership transaction. In December 2010, the Company amended this transaction, resulting in the issuance of an additional 151,515 shares of common stock in January 2011 for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000 (see Note 3, Significant Transactions - Sigma Tau).
In March 2010, the Company issued 17,000,000 shares of its common stock in an underwritten public offering. In connection with this offering, in April 2010, the underwriters exercised in full their over-allotment option to purchase an additional 2,550,000 shares of common stock. Net proceeds to the Company were approximately $59.6 million, after deducting underwriting fees and offering expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The Company measures compensation cost for all stock awards at fair value on date of grant and recognition of compensation over the service period for awards expected to vest. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Such value is recognized as expense over the service period, net of estimated forfeitures and adjusted for actual forfeitures. The estimation of stock options that will ultimately vest requires significant judgment. The Company considers many factors when estimating expected forfeitures, including historical experience. Actual results and future changes in estimates may differ substantially from the Company's current estimates.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following table reflects stock compensation expense recorded, net of amounts capitalized into inventory, during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 (in thousands):
| | | Year Ended December 31, | |
| Compensation expense related to: | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
Equity incentive plan | | $ | 3,984 | | | $ | 4,073 | | | $ | 5,136 | |
Employee stock purchase plan | | | 46 | | | | 57 | | | | 146 | |
| | | $ | 4,030 | | | $ | 4,130 | | | $ | 5,282 | |
Stock-based compensation expense charged to: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Research and development expenses | | $ | 1,193 | | | $ | 1,466 | | | $ | 1,768 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| General and administrative expenses | | $ | 2,837 | | | $ | 2,664 | | | $ | 3,277 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Restructuring charges | | $ | -- | | | $ | -- | | | $ | 237 | |
Stock-based compensation of $31,000 was capitalized into inventory for the each of the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Capitalized stock-based compensation is recognized into cost of product sales when the related product is sold. During 2009, amendments to the exercise and vesting schedules to certain options resulted in additional stock-based compensation expense of $1.3 million, inclusive of $237,000 of stock-based compensation expense recorded in relation to restructuring activities.
Valuation Assumptions for Stock Options
For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 2,624,160, 2,042,180 and 2,305,655 stock options were granted, respectively. The fair value of each option was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
| | | Year Ended December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| Expected Option Term (in years) | | | 5.5 – 6 | | | | 5.5 | | | | 5.5 – 6 | |
| Risk-free interest rate | | | 1.28% - 2.39 | % | | | 1.76 % - 2.68 | % | | | 2.20% - 2.99 | % |
| Expected dividend yield | | | 0 | | | | 0 | | | | 0 | |
| Volatility factor | | | 74% - 75 | % | | | 74% - 76 | % | | | 77% - 79 | % |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Valuation Assumptions for Employee Stock Purchase Plans
The fair value of shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan was estimated on the commencement date of each offering period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
| | | Year Ended December 31, | |
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| Expected Option Term (in years) | | | 0.5 | | | | 0.5 | | | | 0.5 | |
| Risk-free interest rate | | | 0.07% - 0.11 | % | | | 0.15% - 0.22 | % | | | 0.03% - 0.33 | % |
| Expected dividend yield | | | 0 | | | | 0 | | | | 0 | |
| Volatility factor | | | 37% - 72 | % | | | 40% - 50 | % | | | 74% - 150 | % |
Expected volatilities are based on historical volatilities of our common stock; the expected life represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding giving consideration to vesting schedules and our historical exercise and cancellation patterns; and the risk-free rate is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option.
Equity Incentive Plan
The Company's 1995 Equity Incentive Plan (the Equity Plan), as amended, is an equity plan under which equity awards, including awards of restricted stock and incentive and nonqualified stock options to purchase shares of common stock may be granted to employees, consultants and directors of the Company by action of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Options are generally granted at the current fair market value on the date of grant, generally vest ratably over a 48-month period, and expire within ten years from date of grant. The Equity Plan is intended to attract and retain employees and to provide an incentive for employees, consultants and directors to assist the Company to achieve long-range performance goals and to enable them to participate in the long-term growth of the Company. At December 31, 2011, a total of 3,518,383 shares were available for future grants under the Equity Plan.
Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2011:
| | | Number of Options | | | Weighted-Avg. Exercise Price | | | Weighted-Avg. Remaining Contractual Life | | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2010 | | | 9,193,266 | | | $ | 4.10 | | | | 6.79 | | | $ | 133 | |
Granted at fair market value | | | 2,699,160 | | | $ | 1.89 | | | | | | | | | |
Exercised | | | (896 | ) | | $ | 1.87 | | | | | | | | | |
Forfeited | | | (253,548 | ) | | $ | 2.61 | | | | | | | | | |
Expired | | | (583,856 | ) | | $ | 7.89 | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2011 | | | 11,054,126 | | | $ | 3.41 | | | | 6.69 | | | $ | 22 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2011 | | | 7,488,094 | | | $ | 3.88 | | | | 5.79 | | | $ | 2 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Vested and unvested expected to vest as of December 31, 2011 | | | 10,779,008 | | | $ | 3.44 | | | | 6.62 | | | $ | 20 | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value of the options outstanding, options exercisable and options vested and unvested which are expected to vest, based on the Company's common stock closing price of $1.36 as of December 31, 2011, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options and sold the underlying common stock as of that date. The total number of in-the-money options exercisable as of December 31, 2011 was 15,281.
The weighted average grant date fair values of options, as determined under ASC 718, granted during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 were $1.17, $2.07 and $1.81 per share, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was approximately $0, $120,000, and $196,000, respectively. The total cash received from employees as a result of employee stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 was approximately $2,000, $260,000, and $304,000, respectively.
As of December 31, 2011 future compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is approximately $5.9 million and will be recognized over an estimated weighted average period of approximately 2.42 years.
The following table summarizes unvested stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2011:
| | | Non-vested Number of Options | |
Unvested balance at December 31, 2010 | | | 3,104,221 | |
Granted at fair market value | | | 2,699,160 | |
Vested | | | (1,983,801 | ) |
Forfeited | | | (253,548 | ) |
Unvested balance at December 31, 2011 | | | 3,566,032 | |
The total fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 were $3.7 million, $4.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's Purchase Plan allows employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discount from fair market value. Under this Plan, eligible employees may purchase shares during six-month offering periods commencing on June 1 and December 1 of each year at a price per share of 85% of the lower of the fair market value price per share on the first or last day of each six-month offering period. Participating employees may elect to have up to 10% of their base pay withheld and applied toward the purchase of such shares, subject to the limitation of 875 shares per participant per quarter. The rights of participating employees under the Purchase Plan terminate upon voluntary withdrawal from the Purchase Plan at any time or upon termination of employment. The compensation expense in connection with the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 was approximately $46,000 and $57,000, respectively. There were 137,167 and 99,934 shares purchased under the Plan during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. At December 31, 2011, a total of 456,913 shares were reserved and available for issuance under this Plan.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
11. Employee Savings and Retirement Plans
The Company has an employee savings and retirement plan (the "Retirement Plan"), qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, covering substantially all of the Company's employees. Employees may elect to contribute a portion of their pretax compensation to the Retirement Plan up to the annual maximum allowed under the Retirement Plan. Employees are 100% vested in company matching contributions which have been 50% of employee contributions up to 6% of eligible pay. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the Company's matching contributions amounted to $431,000, $410,000 and $401,000, respectively.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using future enacted rates. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The provision for income taxes for continuing operations was calculated at rates different from the United States federal statutory income tax rate for the following reasons:
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| Statutory federal income taxes | | | 34.00 | % | | | 34.00 | % | | | 34.00 | % |
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | | | (1.96 | %) | | | 1.74 | % | | | (2.63 | )% |
| Federal research and development tax credits | | | 5.86 | % | | | 4.64 | % | | | 6.94 | % |
| Other | | | (1.20 | %) | | | (2.86 | )% | | | (1.28 | %) |
| Federal true up and expiring NOLs and research credits | | | (3.68 | %) | | | (8.01 | )% | | | 24.10 | % |
| Valuation allowance | | | (33.02 | %) | | | (29.51 | )% | | | (61.13 | )% |
| Effective income tax rate | | | — | % | | | — | % | | | — | % |
The principal components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively are as follows:
| | | 2011 | | | 2010 | | | 2009 | |
| | | (In thousands) | |
| Net Deferred Tax Asset: | | | | | | | | | |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | | $ | 44 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 10 | |
Depreciation and amortization | | | 2,023 | | | | 1,848 | | | | 1,634 | |
Accrued expenses | | | 173 | | | | 151 | | | | 49 | |
Other | | | 861 | | | | (205 | ) | | | 100 | |
Stock based compensation | | | 3,615 | | | | 2,561 | | | | 2,294 | |
Deferred revenue | | | 5,898 | | | | 8,249 | | | | 11,438 | |
Research credit carryforwards | | | 61,999 | | | | 58,772 | | | | 58,335 | |
Net operating loss carryforwards | | | 124,558 | | | | 116,351 | | | | 106,653 | |
Total gross deferred tax asset | | | 199,171 | | | | 187,745 | | | | 180,513 | |
Valuation allowance | | | (199,171 | ) | | | (187,745 | ) | | | (180,513 | ) |
Net deferred tax asset | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the Company had federal tax net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) of $339.9 million and $313.3 million, respectively, available to reduce future taxable income, which expire at various times beginning in 2012 through 2031. The Company also had federal research and experimentation and orphan drug credit carryforwards of approximately $57.2 million and $54.5 million as of December 31 2011 and 2010, respectively, available to reduce future tax liabilities which will expire at various dates beginning in 2012 through 2031. The Company had state tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $170.7 million and $186.0 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, available to reduce future state taxable income, which will expire at various dates beginning in 2012 through 2026. The Company also had state research and development and investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $7.2 million and $6.5 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, available to reduce future tax liabilities which expire at various dates beginning in 2012 through 2026.
The Company has recorded a deferred tax asset of approximately $1.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2011 and 2010, reflecting the benefit of deductions from the exercise of stock options which has been fully reserved until it is more likely than not that the benefit will be realized. The benefit from this $1.8 million deferred tax asset will be recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital if and when realized through a reduction of cash taxes.
As required by ASC 740, the Company's management has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets, and has determined that it is not more likely than not that the Company will recognize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a valuation allowance of approximately $199.2 million and $187.7 million has been established at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a "more-likely-than-not" threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis and adjusts the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. As of December 31, 2011 , the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or liabilities and had no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.
Utilization of the NOL and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future, as provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as well as similar state and foreign provisions. Ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and tax credits carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain shareholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. Since the Company's formation, the Company has raised capital through the issuance of capital stock on several occasions which, combined with the purchasing shareholders' subsequent disposition of those shares, may have resulted in one or more changes of control, as defined by Section 382, or could result in a change of control in the future upon subsequent disposition. The Company has not currently completed a study to assess whether any change of control has occurred, or whether there have been multiple changes of control since the Company's formation, due to the significant complexity and cost associated with the study and that there could be additional changes in control in the future. If the Company has experienced a change of control at any time since its formation, utilization of its NOL or tax credits carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
In addition to uncertainties surrounding the use of NOL carryforwards in a change of control, the Company has identified orphan drug and research and development credits as material components of its deferred tax asset. The uncertainties in these components arise from judgments in the allocation of costs utilized to calculate these credits. The Company has not conducted studies to analyze these credits to substantiate the amounts due to the significant complexity and cost associated with such study. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL or tax credits carryforwards before utilization. Further, until a study is completed and any limitation known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position.
A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company's NOL carryforwards and research and development credits and, if an adjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the valuation allowance. Thus there would be no impact to the consolidated balance sheet or statement of operations if an adjustment were required.
The tax years 1997 through 2011 remain open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject, which are primarily in the United States, as carryforward attributes generated in years past may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service or state tax authorities if they have or will be used in a future period. The Company is currently not under examination in any jurisdictions for any tax years.
The Company discloses business segments under ASC 280, Segment Reporting. The statement established standards for reporting information about operating segments in annual financial statements of public enterprises and in interim financial reports issued to shareholders. It also established standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. The Company operates as one business segment in one geographic area.
In February 2012, Dyax implemented a number of strategic and operational initiatives designed to provide a framework for the future growth of their business and realign their overall structure to become a more efficient and cost effective organization. As part of this initiative:
| | · | The Company terminated certain early stage, preclinical research and development programs which they plan to out-license. |
| | · | The Company completed an 18% reduction in workforce spanning its research, development and administrative functions. |
As a result of these initiatives, Dyax expects to realize annual operating expense savings, which will be offset by costs associated with initiatives to grow their angioedema and LFRP franchises. Costs associated with the workforce reduction are primarily related to employee severance and benefits of approximately $1.1 million which are expected to be incurred and paid during the quarter ended March 31, 2012. In addition, the Company is expected to incur charges related to the modification of certain stock options. This restructuring has no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations as of December 31, 2011.
Dyax Corp. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
As of December 31, 2011, the Company was not engaged in any active legal proceedings. The Company makes provisions for claims specifically identified for which it believes the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company records at least the minimum estimated liability related to claims where there is a range of loss and the loss is considered probable and no estimate within the range is better than any other. As additional information becomes available, the Company assesses the potential liability related to its pending claims and revises its estimates. Future revisions in the estimates of the potential liability could materially impact the results of operations and financial position. The Company maintains insurance coverage that limits the exposure for any single claim as well as total amounts incurred per policy year, and it believes that its insurance coverage is adequate. The Company makes every effort to use the best information available in determining the level of liability reserves.
16. Unaudited Quarterly Operating Results
The following is a summary of unaudited quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010:
| Year ended December 31, 2011 | | First Quarter | | | Second Quarter | | | Third Quarter | | | Fourth Quarter | |
| | | (in thousands, except share and per share) | |
Revenue | | $ | 8,214 | | | $ | 21,875 | | | $ | 10,132 | | | $ | 8,516 | |
(Loss) Income from operations | | $ | (8,769 | ) | | $ | 2,428 | | | $ | (7,577 | ) | | $ | (10,984 | ) |
Net loss | | $ | (11,265 | ) | | $ | (76 | ) | | $ | (9,723 | ) | | $ | (13,535 | ) |
| Shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share | | | 98,689,795 | | | | 98,721,889 | | | | 98,748,086 | | | | 98,764,384 | |
| Basic and diluted net loss per share: | | $ | (0.11 | ) | | $ | (0.00 | ) | | $ | (0.10 | ) | | $ | (0.14 | ) |
| Year ended December 31, 2010 | | First Quarter | | | Second Quarter | | | Third Quarter | | | Fourth Quarter | |
| | | (in thousands, except share and per share) | |
Revenue | | $ | 20,048 | | | $ | 15,142 | | | $ | 6,951 | | | $ | 9,258 | |
Income (loss) from operations | | $ | 3,664 | | | $ | (1,356 | ) | | $ | (8,776 | ) | | $ | (7,743 | ) |
Net (loss) income | | $ | 954 | | | $ | (5,261 | ) | | $ | (11,254 | ) | | $ | (8,942 | ) |
| Shares used in computing basic net (loss) income per share | | | 78,315,589 | | | | 97,568,409 | | | | 98,401,835 | | | | 98,507,264 | |
| Shares used in computing diluted net (loss) income per share | | | 79,690,854 | | | | 97,568,409 | | | | 98,401,835 | | | | 98,507,264 | |
| Basic and diluted net (loss) income per share: | | $ | 0.01 | | | $ | (0.05 | ) | | $ | (0.11 | ) | | $ | (0.09 | ) |
| CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE |
None.
| ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company's reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as the Company's are designed to do, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the risk related to controls and procedures.
In connection with the preparation of this Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2011, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2011. These conclusions were communicated to the Audit Committee.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company's management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2011 based on the criteria set forth by COSO in Internal Control — Integrated Framework.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This report appears in Item 8 above.
Change in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting — There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
| ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION |
None.
PART III
| ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |
Portions of the response to this item are incorporated herein by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the captions "Election of Directors—Nominees for Director", "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance", "Executive Officers" and "Corporate Governance—Board and Committee Matters" in the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the 2012 Proxy Statement).
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the code of ethics) that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees. The code of ethics is available on our website at www.dyax.com. In addition, if we make any substantive amendments to the code of ethics or grant any waiver, including any implicit waiver, from a provision of the code to any of our executive officers or directors, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver as required by applicable law.
| ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION |
The response to this item is incorporated herein by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the following captions in the 2012 Proxy Statement: "Executive Compensation" and "Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation."
| ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS |
The response to this item is incorporated herein by reference in part from the discussion responsive thereto under the caption "Share Ownership" in the 2012 Proxy Statement.
The following table provides information about the securities authorized for issuance under the Company's equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2011:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
| Plan Category | | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
| | | (a) | | (b) | | (c) |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1) | | | 11,054,126 | | | $ | 3.41 | | | | 3,975,296 | |
| Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders: | | | | | | | — | | | | — | |
| Totals: | | | 11,054,126 | (2) | | $ | 3.41 | | | | 3,975,296 | (3) |
