Loans, impaired loans and allowance for credit losses | 8. Loans, impaired loans and allowance for credit losses (a) Loans at amortized cost As at July 31, 2024 ($ millions) Gross Allowance Net Residential mortgages $ 348,631 $ 1,210 $ 347,421 Personal loans 106,543 2,372 104,171 Credit cards 17,646 1,190 16,456 Business and government 292,973 1,810 291,163 Total $ 765,793 $ 6,582 $ 759,211 As at April 30, 2024 October 31, 2023 ($ millions) Gross Allowance Net Gross Allowance Net Residential mortgages $ 344,168 $ 1,188 $ 342,980 $ 344,182 $ 1,084 $ 343,098 Personal loans 105,528 2,340 103,188 104,170 2,414 101,756 Credit cards 17,579 1,239 16,340 17,109 1,237 15,872 Business and government 292,758 1,740 291,018 291,822 1,637 290,185 Total $ 760,033 $ 6,507 $ 753,526 $ 757,283 $ 6,372 $ 750,911 (b) Impaired loans (1) As at July 31, 2024 ($ millions) Gross Allowance Net Residential mortgages $ 2,197 $ 593 $ 1,604 Personal loans 1,139 659 480 Credit cards – – – Business and government 3,153 788 2,365 Total $ 6,489 $ 2,040 $ 4,449 By geography: Canada $ 1,868 $ 552 $ 1,316 United States 6 1 5 Mexico 1,369 399 970 Peru 733 394 339 Chile 1,300 292 1,008 Colombia 364 142 222 Other international 849 260 589 Total $ 6,489 $ 2,040 $ 4,449 As at April 30, 2024 October 31, 2023 ($ millions) Gross Allowance Net Gross Allowance Net Residential mortgages $ 2,178 $ 580 $ 1,598 $ 1,864 $ 498 $ 1,366 Personal loans 1,175 656 519 1,176 664 512 Credit cards – – – – – – Business and government 3,046 764 2,282 2,686 719 1,967 Total $ 6,399 $ 2,000 $ 4,399 $ 5,726 $ 1,881 $ 3,845 By geography: Canada $ 1,774 $ 533 $ 1,241 $ 1,564 $ 514 $ 1,050 United States 6 1 5 – – – Mexico 1,370 401 969 1,183 372 811 Peru 734 389 345 691 372 319 Chile 1,258 283 975 1,098 264 834 Colombia 401 135 266 356 97 259 Other international 856 258 598 834 262 572 Total $ 6,399 $ 2,000 $ 4,399 $ 5,726 $ 1,881 $ 3,845 (1) Interest income recognized on impaired loans during the three months ended July 31, 2024 was $22 (April 30, 2024 – $22; October 31, 2023 – $15). (c) Allowance for credit losses (i) Key inputs and assumptions The Bank’s allowance for credit losses is measured using a three-stage approach based on the extent of credit deterioration since origination. The calculation of the Bank’s allowance for credit losses is an output of a set of complex models with a number of underlying assumptions regarding the choice of variable inputs and their interdependencies. Some of the key drivers include the following: • Changes in risk ratings of the borrower or instrument reflecting changes in their credit quality; • Changes in the volumes of transactions; • Changes in the forward-looking macroeconomic environment reflected in the variables used in the models such as GDP growth, unemployment rates, commodity prices, interest rates, and house price indices, which are closely related with credit losses in the relevant portfolio; • Changes in macroeconomic scenarios and the probability weights assigned to each scenario; and • Borrower migration between the three stages. The Bank determines its allowance for credit losses using four probability-weighted forward-looking scenarios (base case, optimistic, pessimistic and very pessimistic). The Bank considers both internal and external sources of information and data to achieve unbiased projections and forecasts in determining the allowance for credit losses. The Bank prepares the scenarios using forecasts generated by Scotiabank Economics (SE). The forecasts are generated using models whose outputs are modified by SE as necessary to formulate a ‘base case’ view of the most probable future direction of economic developments. The development of the base case and alternative scenarios is overseen by a governance committee that consists of internal stakeholders from across the Bank. The final base case and alternative scenarios reflect significant review and oversight, and incorporate judgement both in the determination of the scenarios’ forecasts and the probability weights that are assigned to them. (ii) Key macroeconomic variables The inputs and models used for calculating expected credit losses may not always capture all characteristics of the market at the date of the financial statements. Qualitative adjustments or overlays may be made for certain portfolios or geographies as temporary adjustments in circumstances where, in the Bank’s view, the inputs, assumptions, and/or modelling techniques do not capture all relevant risk factors, including the emergence of economic or geopolitical events up to the date of financial statements. The Bank has applied expert credit judgement in the determination of the allowance for credit losses to capture, as described above, all relevant risk factors up to the end of the reporting period. The Bank considered both quantitative and qualitative information in the assessment of significant increase in credit risk. The base case scenario assumes weaker economic growth in both Canada and the U.S. in 2024 relative to last quarter’s baseline; however in subsequent forecasted quarters, Canada’s growth returns to levels similar to prior forecast and the U.S. slightly exceeds the prior expectation. This lowered performance expectation in both economies in the near term reflects weaker than expected published data for the first (calendar) quarter of 2024 in both economies. Economic growth is expected to strengthen in Canada in the second half of 2024 as slowing effects from past policy rate hikes are waning and housing activity picks up. The Bank expects the Bank of Canada to continue reducing its policy rate through the end of 2025, while the U.S. central bank is expected to start reducing its policy rate in the third quarter of this year. The optimistic scenario features somewhat stronger economic activity relative to the base case. The pessimistic scenario is based on weaker global and domestic demand, deteriorating private sector financial conditions and confidence. These are reducing economic activity and inflation worldwide from the base case scenario, requiring central banks to reduce their monetary policy rates to mitigate the decline in economic activity and prevent inflation from falling below targeted ranges. This scenario is based on the banking sector turmoil in the U.S. and Europe in the spring of 2023. Lastly, the very pessimistic scenario features a strong stagflationary impulse that leads to a protracted period of financial market uncertainty. This results in higher inflation, requiring central banks to raise their policy rate to higher levels than in the base case to bring inflation under control. The following tables show certain key macroeconomic variables used to calculate the modelled estimate for the allowance for credit losses. Further changes in these variables up to the date of the financial statements is incorporated through expert credit judgement. For the base case, optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, the projections are provided for the next 12 months and for the remaining forecast period, which represents a medium-term view. Base Case Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario As at July 31, 2024 Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Canada Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.2 -1.8 3.0 -4.4 3.5 Consumer price index, y/y % 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.3 1.6 1.6 5.9 2.1 Unemployment rate, average % 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.0 8.2 7.0 10.6 7.4 Bank of Canada overnight rate target, average % 3.9 2.9 4.0 3.6 3.4 2.1 4.8 3.5 HPI - Housing Price Index, y/y % change 0.8 3.5 1.9 4.7 -4.9 4.3 -6.5 3.5 USD/CAD exchange rate, average 1.35 1.29 1.34 1.28 1.46 1.27 1.51 1.29 U.S. Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.7 2.2 2.4 3.1 -1.8 3.1 -3.9 3.4 Consumer price index, y/y % 2.8 2.2 3.0 2.6 1.7 1.9 6.6 2.4 Target federal funds rate, upper limit, average % 4.7 3.0 4.8 3.7 4.1 1.8 5.6 3.6 Unemployment rate, average % 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.8 5.8 4.8 7.7 5.1 Mexico Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.7 -0.2 2.5 -2.1 3.1 Unemployment rate, average % 3.3 3.8 3.2 3.3 4.2 4.0 6.2 4.8 Chile Real GDP growth, y/y % change 3.2 2.1 5.0 3.0 0.0 2.9 -3.5 3.7 Unemployment rate, average % 7.9 6.5 7.4 5.8 9.5 6.8 11.4 7.2 Peru Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.6 3.2 3.5 4.7 1.7 3.6 -0.1 4.1 Unemployment rate, average % 7.1 6.9 6.6 4.9 8.6 7.3 12.2 8.9 Colombia Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.8 2.8 3.3 4.3 0.9 3.2 -0.9 3.7 Unemployment rate, average % 11.1 10.3 10.4 7.8 13.3 10.9 19.1 13.4 Caribbean Real GDP growth, y/y % change 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.5 2.8 4.2 1.0 4.7 Global WTI oil price, average USD/bbl 79 69 84 85 64 60 58 58 Copper price, average USD/lb 4.91 5.10 5.09 5.70 4.39 4.93 4.25 4.84 Global GDP, y/y % change 3.3 2.5 4.3 3.4 0.3 3.2 -1.6 3.6 Base Case Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario As at April 30, 2024 Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Canada Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.7 2.1 2.8 3.3 -2.0 2.9 -4.6 3.4 Consumer price index, y/y % 2.5 1.8 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.5 6.4 2.0 Unemployment rate, average % 6.4 6.1 5.9 4.7 8.1 7.0 10.5 7.4 Bank of Canada overnight rate target, average % 4.4 2.6 4.6 3.5 3.9 1.9 5.5 3.2 HPI - Housing Price Index, y/y % change -0.7 4.0 0.0 5.4 -6.4 4.7 -8.0 3.9 USD/CAD exchange rate, average 1.34 1.29 1.34 1.28 1.44 1.27 1.50 1.30 U.S. Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.0 2.2 2.9 3.1 -1.5 3.1 -3.6 3.4 Consumer price index, y/y % 3.1 2.2 3.3 2.7 2.0 1.8 7.0 2.4 Target federal funds rate, upper limit, average % 5.1 2.7 5.4 3.8 4.4 1.6 6.0 3.2 Unemployment rate, average % 3.9 4.4 3.7 3.9 5.5 5.0 7.3 5.3 Mexico Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.5 1.8 3.5 3.0 0.7 2.4 -2.3 3.0 Unemployment rate, average % 3.2 3.8 2.9 2.7 4.0 3.9 6.1 4.8 Chile Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.9 2.5 5.3 4.2 -0.2 3.3 -2.8 3.9 Unemployment rate, average % 7.8 6.8 7.2 5.6 9.6 7.1 11.5 7.5 Peru Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.7 3.0 3.7 4.2 1.3 3.4 -1.0 3.8 Unemployment rate, average % 6.4 6.8 5.9 5.1 7.7 7.2 11.2 8.7 Colombia Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.6 2.9 2.9 4.2 0.2 3.4 -2.1 3.9 Unemployment rate, average % 10.7 10.2 10.0 8.2 12.9 10.7 18.8 13.2 Caribbean Real GDP growth, y/y % change 3.8 3.8 4.8 5.0 2.5 4.2 0.1 4.7 Global WTI oil price, average USD/bbl 80 70 85 87 65 62 58 60 Copper price, average USD/lb 4.16 5.11 4.31 5.75 3.81 4.97 3.64 4.90 Global GDP, y/y % change 2.58 2.72 3.62 3.75 -0.38 3.42 -2.25 3.83 Base Case Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario Alternative Scenario As at October 31, 2023 Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Next 12 Remaining Canada Real GDP growth, y/y % change 0.7 2.9 1.3 4.2 -2.2 3.5 -4.3 3.9 Consumer price index, y/y % 2.8 2.0 2.8 2.5 1.8 1.6 6.4 2.2 Unemployment rate, average % 6.0 5.7 5.7 4.2 7.6 6.3 9.7 6.6 Bank of Canada overnight rate target, average % 4.8 2.6 4.8 3.5 3.6 1.4 5.8 3.3 HPI - Housing Price Index, y/y % change -1.9 1.4 -1.4 2.9 -5.5 2.2 -6.8 1.5 USD/CAD exchange rate, average 1.27 1.24 1.27 1.22 1.41 1.26 1.47 1.28 U.S. Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.7 -2.0 2.7 -3.8 3.0 Consumer price index, y/y % 3.2 2.2 3.5 2.6 1.9 1.8 7.0 2.5 Target federal funds rate, upper limit, average % 5.3 2.5 5.4 3.4 4.2 0.8 6.3 3.1 Unemployment rate, average % 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.1 5.6 5.0 7.2 5.2 Mexico Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.3 -0.2 2.7 -2.8 3.2 Unemployment rate, average % 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.2 4.7 4.1 6.8 4.9 Chile Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.3 2.9 2.8 4.6 -0.9 3.5 -3.1 4.1 Unemployment rate, average % 8.5 7.0 8.2 6.3 9.6 7.3 11.3 7.6 Peru Real GDP growth, y/y % change 1.9 2.7 2.7 3.9 0.8 3.1 -1.4 3.6 Unemployment rate, average % 6.9 7.0 6.2 5.1 8.3 7.3 11.6 8.8 Colombia Real GDP growth, y/y % change 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 1.4 3.4 -0.9 3.9 Unemployment rate, average % 9.2 9.9 8.6 7.9 11.1 10.3 15.6 12.3 Caribbean Real GDP growth, y/y % change 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.9 2.8 4.2 0.5 4.7 Global WTI oil price, average USD/bbl 78 66 84 82 68 63 62 61 Copper price, average USD/lb 3.97 5.01 4.11 5.65 3.70 4.89 3.56 4.83 Global GDP, y/y % change 2.75 2.45 3.62 3.48 0.10 3.10 -1.48 3.45 (iii) Sensitivity Relative to the base case scenario, the weighting of these multiple scenarios increased the reported allowance for credit losses for financial assets in Stage 1 and Stage 2 to $4,784 million (April 30, 2024 – $4,734 million; October 31, 2023 – $4,719 million) from $4,400 million (April 30, 2024 – $4,534 million; October 31, 2023 – $4,510 million). The Bank enhanced its IFRS 9 models in the current quarter, with the enhanced models exhibiting higher sensitivity to changes in the macroeconomic outlook. If the Bank was to apply a weighted average of its two pessimistic scenarios for the measurement of allowance for credit losses for such assets, the allowance for credit losses on performing financial instruments would be $987 million higher than the reported allowance for credit losses as at July 31, 2024 (April 30, 2024 – $539 million and October 31, 2023 – $436 million), excluding the consideration of changes in qualitative overlays or expert credit judgement. Actual results will differ as this does not consider the migration of exposures or incorporate changes that would occur in the portfolio due to risk mitigation actions and other factors. Under the current probability-weighted scenarios, if all performing financial assets were in Stage 1, reflecting a 12-month (iv) Allowance for credit losses Allowance for credit losses ($ millions) Balance as at Provision for (1) Net write-offs Other, including Balance as at Residential mortgages $ 1,084 $ 214 $ (61 ) $ (27 ) $ 1,210 Personal loans 2,414 1,427 (1,375 ) (94 ) 2,372 Credit cards 1,237 822 (857 ) (12 ) 1,190 Business and government 1,876 568 (265 ) ( 106 ) 2,073 $ 6,611 $ 3,031 $ (2,558 ) $ (239 ) $ 6,845 Presented as: Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 6,372 $ 6,582 Allowance for credit losses on acceptances (2) 90 48 Allowance for credit losses on off-balance (3) 149 215 (1) Excludes amounts associated with other assets and reversal of impairment losses of $(10). The provision for credit losses, net of these amounts, is $3,021. (2) Allowance for credit losses on acceptances is recorded against the financial asset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. (3) Allowance for credit losses on off-balance ($ millions) Balance as at Provision for (1) Net write-offs Other, including Balance as at Residential mortgages $ 899 $ 99 $ (52 ) $ 63 $ 1,009 Personal loans 2,137 907 (844 ) 91 2,291 Credit cards 1,083 701 (661 ) 53 1,176 Business and government 1,368 465 (214 ) (16 ) 1,603 $ 5,487 $ 2,172 $ (1,771 ) $ 191 $ 6,079 Presented as: Allowance for credit losses on loans $ 5,348 $ 5,893 Allowance for credit losses on acceptances (2) 31 53 Allowance for credit losses on off-balance (3) 108 133 (1) Excludes amounts associated with other assets and reversal of impairment losses of $(6). The provision for credit losses, net of these amounts, is $2,166. (2) Allowance for credit losses on acceptances is recorded against the financial asset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. (3) Allowance for credit losses on off-balance Allowance for credit losses on loans As at July 31, 2024 ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Residential mortgages $ 201 $ 416 $ 593 $ 1,210 Personal loans 553 1,160 659 2,372 Credit cards 303 887 – 1,190 Business and government 589 433 788 1,810 Total (1) $ 1,646 $ 2,896 $ 2,040 $ 6,582 (1) Excludes allowance for credit losses of $278 for other financial assets including acceptances, investment securities, deposits with banks, off-balance As at October 31, 2023 ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Residential mortgages $ 265 $ 321 $ 498 $ 1,084 Personal loans 647 1,103 664 2,414 Credit cards 414 823 – 1,237 Business and government 535 383 719 1,637 Total (1) $ 1,861 $ 2,630 $ 1,881 $ 6,372 (1) Excludes allowance for credit losses of $257 for other financial assets including acceptances, investment securities, deposits with banks, off-balance As at July 31, 2023 ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Residential mortgages $ 222 $ 304 $ 483 $ 1,009 Personal loans 673 986 632 2,291 Credit cards 430 746 – 1,176 Business and government 398 314 705 1,417 Total (1) $ 1,723 $ 2,350 $ 1,820 $ 5,893 (1) Excludes allowance for credit losses of $201 for other financial assets including acceptances, investment securities, deposits with banks, off-balance The following table presents the changes to the allowance for credit losses on loans. As at and for the three months ended July 31, 2024 July 31, 2023 ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Retail loans: Residential mortgages Balance at beginning of period $ 259 $ 349 $ 580 $ 1,188 $ 220 $ 306 $ 455 $ 981 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (86 ) 89 83 86 (50 ) 21 70 41 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 12 – – 12 9 – – 9 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (3 ) (6 ) – (9 ) (2 ) (4 ) – (6 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (22 ) 3 – (19 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 59 (44 ) (15 ) – 50 (38 ) (12 ) – Stage 2 (9 ) 51 (42 ) – (10 ) 38 (28 ) – Stage 3 – (20 ) 20 – – (18 ) 18 – Gross write-offs – – (23 ) (23 ) – – (28 ) (28 ) Recoveries – – 6 6 – – 6 6 Foreign exchange and other movements (9 ) (6 ) (16 ) (31 ) 5 (1 ) 2 6 Balance at end of period $ 201 $ 416 $ 593 $ 1,210 $ 222 $ 304 $ 483 $ 1,009 Personal loans Balance at beginning of period $ 626 $ 1,058 $ 656 $ 2,340 $ 677 $ 982 $ 608 $ 2,267 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (182 ) 284 378 480 (180 ) 229 255 304 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 89 – – 89 94 – – 94 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (26 ) (54 ) – (80 ) (24 ) (45 ) – (69 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (68 ) 96 – 28 – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 183 (178 ) (5 ) – 156 (153 ) (3 ) – Stage 2 (57 ) 90 (33 ) – (54 ) 77 (23 ) – Stage 3 (4 ) (128 ) 132 – (3 ) (103 ) 106 – Gross write-offs – – (551 ) (551 ) – – (381 ) (381 ) Recoveries – – 88 88 – – 65 65 Foreign exchange and other movements (8 ) (8 ) (6 ) (22 ) 7 (1 ) 5 11 Balance at end of period $ 553 $ 1,160 $ 659 $ 2,372 $ 673 $ 986 $ 632 $ 2,291 Credit cards Balance at beginning of period $ 357 $ 882 $ – $ 1,239 $ 425 $ 710 $ – $ 1,135 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (101 ) 161 214 274 (63 ) 152 193 282 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 31 – – 31 55 – – 55 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (13 ) (15 ) – (28 ) (16 ) (23 ) – (39 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (38 ) 21 – (17 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 99 (99 ) – – 64 (64 ) – – Stage 2 (30 ) 30 – – (38 ) 38 – – Stage 3 – (95 ) 95 – – (65 ) 65 – Gross write-offs – – (359 ) (359 ) – – (310 ) (310 ) Recoveries – – 55 55 – – 50 50 Foreign exchange and other movements (2 ) 2 (5 ) (5 ) 3 (2 ) 2 3 Balance at end of period $ 303 $ 887 $ – $ 1,190 $ 430 $ 746 $ – $ 1,176 Total retail loans Balance at beginning of period $ 1,242 $ 2,289 $ 1,236 $ 4,767 $ 1,322 $ 1,998 $ 1,063 $ 4,383 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (369 ) 534 675 840 (293 ) 402 518 627 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 132 – – 132 158 – – 158 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (42 ) (75 ) – (117 ) (42 ) (72 ) – (114 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (128 ) 120 – (8 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 341 (321 ) (20 ) – 270 (255 ) (15 ) – Stage 2 (96 ) 171 (75 ) – (102 ) 153 (51 ) – Stage 3 (4 ) (243 ) 247 – (3 ) (186 ) 189 – Gross write-offs – – (933 ) (933 ) – – (719 ) (719 ) Recoveries – – 149 149 – – 121 121 Foreign exchange and other movements (19 ) (12 ) (27 ) (58 ) 15 (4 ) 9 20 Balance at end of period $ 1,057 $ 2,463 $ 1,252 $ 4,772 $ 1,325 $ 2,036 $ 1,115 $ 4,476 Non-retail Business and government Balance at beginning of period $ 653 $ 447 $ 798 $ 1,898 $ 456 $ 322 $ 704 $ 1,482 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (146 ) 13 144 11 16 43 111 170 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 204 – – 204 103 – – 103 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (187 ) (12 ) (4 ) (203 ) (87 ) (20 ) (14 ) (121 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) 200 37 – 237 – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 37 (37 ) – – 18 (18 ) – – Stage 2 (21 ) 22 (1 ) – (14 ) 16 (2 ) – Stage 3 – (4 ) 4 – – (2 ) 2 – Gross write-offs – – (93 ) (93 ) – – (81 ) (81 ) Recoveries – – 12 12 – – 23 23 Foreign exchange and other movements (2 ) (3 ) (36 ) (41 ) (4 ) 1 (23 ) (26 ) Balance at end of period including off-balance $ 738 $ 463 $ 824 $ 2,025 $ 488 $ 342 $ 720 $ 1,550 Less: Allowance for credit losses on off-balance (3) (149 ) (30 ) (36 ) (215 ) (90 ) (28 ) (15 ) (133 ) Balance at end of period (3) $ 589 $ 433 $ 788 $ 1,810 $ 398 $ 314 $ 705 $ 1,417 As at and for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 July 31, 2023 ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Retail loans: Residential mortgages Balance at beginning of period $ 265 $ 321 $ 498 $ 1,084 $ 197 $ 296 $ 406 $ 899 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (194 ) 155 263 224 (123 ) 38 176 91 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 32 – – 32 25 – – 25 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (7 ) (16 ) – (23 ) (6 ) (11 ) – (17 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (22 ) 3 – (19 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 164 (124 ) (40 ) – 134 (101 ) (33 ) – Stage 2 (30 ) 148 (118 ) – (25 ) 108 (83 ) – Stage 3 – (62 ) 62 – – (44 ) 44 – Gross write-offs – – (77 ) (77 ) – – (71 ) (71 ) Recoveries – – 16 16 – – 19 19 Foreign exchange and other movements (7 ) (9 ) (11 ) (27 ) 20 18 25 63 Balance at end of period $ 201 $ 416 $ 593 $ 1,210 $ 222 $ 304 $ 483 $ 1,009 Personal loans Balance at beginning of period $ 647 $ 1,103 $ 664 $ 2,414 $ 665 $ 921 $ 551 $ 2,137 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (553 ) 759 1,134 1,340 (552 ) 695 676 819 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 279 – – 279 278 – – 278 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (73 ) (147 ) – (220 ) (66 ) (124 ) – (190 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (68 ) 96 – 28 – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 523 (512 ) (11 ) – 475 (465 ) (10 ) – Stage 2 (175 ) 259 (84 ) – (150 ) 212 (62 ) – Stage 3 (11 ) (381 ) 392 – (7 ) (285 ) 292 – Gross write-offs – – (1,591 ) (1,591 ) – – (1,023 ) (1,023 ) Recoveries – – 216 216 – – 179 179 Foreign exchange and other movements (16 ) (17 ) (61 ) (94 ) 30 32 29 91 Balance at end of period $ 553 $ 1,160 $ 659 $ 2,372 $ 673 $ 986 $ 632 $ 2,291 Credit cards Balance at beginning of period $ 414 $ 823 $ – $ 1,237 $ 436 $ 647 $ – $ 1,083 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (299 ) 503 610 814 (218 ) 413 467 662 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 111 – – 111 146 – – 146 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (39 ) (47 ) – (86 ) (50 ) (57 ) – (107 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (38 ) 21 – (17 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 262 (262 ) – – 199 (199 ) – – Stage 2 (104 ) 104 – – (107 ) 107 – – Stage 3 – (244 ) 244 – – (188 ) 188 – Gross write-offs – – (1,002 ) (1,002 ) – – (820 ) (820 ) Recoveries – – 145 145 – – 159 159 Foreign exchange and other movements (4 ) (11 ) 3 (12 ) 24 23 6 53 Balance at end of period $ 303 $ 887 $ – $ 1,190 $ 430 $ 746 $ – $ 1,176 Total retail loans Balance at beginning of period $ 1,326 $ 2,247 $ 1,162 $ 4,735 $ 1,298 $ 1,864 $ 957 $ 4,119 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (1,046 ) 1,417 2,007 2,378 (893 ) 1,146 1,319 1,572 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 422 – – 422 449 – – 449 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (119 ) (210 ) – (329 ) (122 ) (192 ) – (314 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) (128 ) 120 – (8 ) – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 949 (898 ) (51 ) – 808 (765 ) (43 ) – Stage 2 (309 ) 511 (202 ) – (282 ) 427 (145 ) – Stage 3 (11 ) (687 ) 698 – (7 ) (517 ) 524 – Gross write-offs – – (2,670 ) (2,670 ) – – (1,914 ) (1,914 ) Recoveries – – 377 377 – – 357 357 Foreign exchange and other movements (27 ) (37 ) (69 ) (133 ) 74 73 60 207 Balance at end of period $ 1,057 $ 2,463 $ 1,252 $ 4,772 $ 1,325 $ 2,036 $ 1,115 $ 4,476 Non-retail Business and government Balance at beginning of period $ 635 $ 403 $ 748 $ 1,786 $ 322 $ 320 $ 695 $ 1,337 Provision for credit losses Remeasurement (1) (195 ) 155 434 394 82 72 295 449 Newly originated or purchased financial assets 630 – – 630 294 – – 294 Derecognition of financial assets and maturities (569 ) (74 ) (8 ) (651 ) (241 ) (35 ) (26 ) (302 ) Changes in models and methodologies (2) 200 37 – 237 – – – – Transfer to (from): Stage 1 114 (114 ) – – 60 (60 ) – – Stage 2 (73 ) 76 (3 ) – (31 ) 38 (7 ) – Stage 3 – (12 ) 12 – – (4 ) 4 – Gross write-offs – – (313 ) (313 ) – – (258 ) (258 ) Recoveries – – 48 48 – – 44 44 Foreign exchange and other movements (4 ) (8 ) (94 ) (106 ) 2 11 (27 ) (14 ) Balance at end of period including off-balance $ 738 $ 463 $ 824 $ 2,025 $ 488 $ 342 $ 720 $ 1,550 Less: Allowance for credit losses on off-balance (3) (149 ) (30 ) (36 ) (215 ) (90 ) (28 ) (15 ) (133 ) Balance at end of period (3) $ 589 $ 433 $ 788 $ 1,810 $ 398 $ 314 $ 705 $ 1,417 (1) Includes credit risk changes as a result of significant increases in credit risk, changes in credit risk that did not result in a transfer between stages, changes in model inputs and assumptions, changes in expert credit judgement overlays, and changes due to drawdowns of undrawn commitments. (2) Includes changes due to enhanced IFRS 9 models to reflect previously established expert credit judgement overlays that are now incorporated in the model. (3) Allowance for credit losses on off-balance (d) Carrying value of exposures by risk rating Residential mortgages As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Category of PD grades ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Very low $ 206,661 $ 4,514 $ – $ 211,175 $ 202,322 $ 957 $ – $ 203,279 Low 76,911 5,049 – 81,960 88,909 877 – 89,786 Medium 19,294 2,371 – 21,665 19,758 1,385 – 21,143 High 2,546 5,169 – 7,715 3,424 3,428 – 6,852 Very high 12 2,687 – 2,699 63 2,242 – 2,305 Loans not graded (2) 19,496 1,724 – 21,220 17,792 1,161 – 18,953 Default – – 2,197 2,197 – – 1,864 1,864 Total $ 324,920 $ 21,514 $ 2,197 $ 348,631 $ 332,268 $ 10,050 $ 1,864 $ 344,182 Allowance for credit losses 201 416 593 1,210 265 321 498 1,084 Carrying value $ 324,719 $ 21,098 $ 1,604 $ 347,421 $ 332,003 $ 9,729 $ 1,366 $ 343,098 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Personal loans As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Category of PD grades ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Very low $ 30,881 $ – $ – $ 30,881 $ 29,849 $ 211 $ – $ 30,060 Low 20,927 12 – 20,939 27,594 558 – 28,152 Medium 12,977 46 – 13,023 8,725 599 – 9,324 High 10,565 4,585 – 15,150 8,369 3,529 – 11,898 Very high 88 2,614 – 2,702 125 2,177 – 2,302 Loans not graded (2) 20,760 1,949 – 22,709 19,427 1,831 – 21,258 Default – – 1,139 1,139 – – 1,176 1,176 Total $ 96,198 $ 9,206 $ 1,139 $ 106,543 $ 94,089 $ 8,905 $ 1,176 $ 104,170 Allowance for credit losses 553 1,160 659 2,372 647 1,103 664 2,414 Carrying value $ 95,645 $ 8,046 $ 480 $ 104,171 $ 93,442 $ 7,802 $ 512 $ 101,756 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Credit cards As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Category of PD grades ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Very low $ 2,436 $ 3 $ – $ 2,439 $ 1,989 $ 42 $ – $ 2,031 Low 3,184 27 – 3,211 3,329 89 – 3,418 Medium 4,380 62 – 4,442 4,262 116 – 4,378 High 3,159 1,740 – 4,899 3,239 1,310 – 4,549 Very high 33 961 – 994 38 820 – 858 Loans not graded (1) 1,093 568 – 1,661 1,290 585 – 1,875 Default – – – – – – – – Total $ 14,285 $ 3,361 $ – $ 17,646 $ 14,147 $ 2,962 $ – $ 17,109 Allowance for credit losses 303 887 – 1,190 414 823 – 1,237 Carrying value $ 13,982 $ 2,474 $ – $ 16,456 $ 13,733 $ 2,139 $ – $ 15,872 (1) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Undrawn loan As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Category of PD grades ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Very low $ 113,637 $ 3 $ – $ 113,640 $ 104,488 $ 3 $ – $ 104,491 Low 17,982 25 – 18,007 20,037 1 – 20,038 Medium 8,101 25 – 8,126 8,518 11 – 8,529 High 3,551 503 – 4,054 3,814 421 – 4,235 Very high 55 275 – 330 68 296 – 364 Loans not graded (1) 12,139 2,430 – 14,569 9,522 1,894 – 11,416 Default – – – – – – – – Carrying value $ 155,465 $ 3,261 $ – $ 158,726 $ 146,447 $ 2,626 $ – $ 149,073 (1) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Total retail loans As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Category of PD grades ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Very low $ 353,615 $ 4,520 $ – $ 358,135 $ 338,648 $ 1,213 $ – $ 339,861 Low 119,004 5,113 – 124,117 139,869 1,525 – 141,394 Medium 44,752 2,504 – 47,256 41,263 2,111 – 43,374 High 19,821 11,997 – 31,818 18,846 8,688 – 27,534 Very high 188 6,537 – 6,725 294 5,535 – 5,829 Loans not graded (2) 53,488 6,671 – 60,159 48,031 5,471 – 53,502 Default – – 3,336 3,336 – – 3,040 3,040 Total $ 590,868 $ 37,342 $ 3,336 $ 631,546 $ 586,951 $ 24,543 $ 3,040 $ 614,534 Allowance for credit losses 1,057 2,463 1,252 4,772 1,326 2,247 1,162 4,735 Carrying value $ 589,811 $ 34,879 $ 2,084 $ 626,774 $ 585,625 $ 22,296 $ 1,878 $ 609,799 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Business and As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Grade ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Investment grade $ 148,265 $ 1,152 $ – $ 149,417 $ 160,148 $ 1,205 $ – $ 161,353 Non-investment grade 126,342 6,740 – 133,082 114,192 7,705 – 121,897 Watch list 24 4,617 – 4,641 28 3,340 – 3,368 Loans not graded (2) 2,657 23 – 2,680 2,500 18 – 2,518 Default – – 3,153 3,153 – – 2,686 2,686 Total $ 277,288 $ 12,532 $ 3,153 $ 292,973 $ 276,868 $ 12,268 $ 2,686 $ 291,822 Allowance for credit losses 589 433 788 1,810 535 383 719 1,637 Carrying value $ 276,699 $ 12,099 $ 2,365 $ 291,163 $ 276,333 $ 11,885 $ 1,967 $ 290,185 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Undrawn loan government As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Grade ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Investment grade $ 235,061 $ 1,458 $ – $ 236,519 $ 240,044 $ 1,673 $ – $ 241,717 Non-investment 60,914 4,168 – 65,082 62,634 5,288 – 67,922 Watch list 3 1,189 – 1,192 1 1,103 – 1,104 Loans not graded (2) 5,246 – – 5,246 5,205 – – 5,205 Default – – 108 108 – – 109 109 Total $ 301,224 $ 6,815 $ 108 $ 308,147 $ 307,884 $ 8,064 $ 109 $ 316,057 Allowance for credit losses 149 30 36 215 100 20 29 149 Carrying value $ 301,075 $ 6,785 $ 72 $ 307,932 $ 307,784 $ 8,044 $ 80 $ 315,908 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been included in the ‘Loans not graded’ category. Total non-retail As at July 31, 2024 As at October 31, 2023 Grade ($ millions) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (1) Total Investment grade $ 383,326 $ 2,610 $ – $ 385,936 $ 400,192 $ 2,878 $ – $ 403,070 Non-investment 187,256 10,908 – 198,164 176,826 12,993 – 189,819 Watch list 27 5,806 – 5,833 29 4,443 – 4,472 Loans not graded (2) 7,903 23 – 7,926 7,705 18 – 7,723 Default – – 3,261 3,261 – – 2,795 2,795 Total $ 578,512 $ 19,347 $ 3,261 $ 601,120 $ 584,752 $ 20,332 $ 2,795 $ 607,879 Allowance for credit losses 738 463 824 2,025 635 403 748 1,786 Carrying value $ 577,774 $ 18,884 $ 2,437 $ 599,095 $ 584,117 $ 19,929 $ 2,047 $ 606,093 (1) Stage 3 includes purchased or originated credit-impaired loans. (2) Portfolios where the customer account level ‘Probability of Default’ has not been determined have been in |