Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2014 |
Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies | Note 1. Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies |
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Nature of business: Regional Management Corp. (the “Company”) was incorporated and began operations in 1987. The Company is engaged in the consumer finance business, offering small loans (branch small loans and convenience checks), large loans, automobile loans, retail loans, and related credit insurance. As of December 31, 2014, the Company operated offices in 300 locations in the states of Alabama (49 offices), Georgia (3 offices), New Mexico (13 offices), North Carolina (34 offices), Oklahoma (27 offices), South Carolina (70 offices), Tennessee (21 offices), and Texas (83 offices) under the names Regional Finance, RMC Financial Services, Anchor Finance, Superior Financial Services, First Community Credit, and Sun Finance. The Company opened or acquired 36, 43, and 51 net new offices during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. |
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The Company’s loan volume and corresponding finance receivables follow seasonal trends. Demand for the Company’s loans is typically highest during the third and fourth quarter, largely due to customers borrowing money for back-to-school and holiday spending. Loan demand has generally been the lowest during the first quarter, largely due to the timing of income tax refunds. In addition, the Company typically generates higher loan volumes in the second half of the year from direct mail campaigns, which are timed to coincide with seasonal consumer demand. Consequently, we experience significant seasonal fluctuations in our operating results and cash needs. |
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Significant accounting policies: The following is a description of significant accounting policies used in preparing the financial statements. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with GAAP and conform to general practices within the consumer finance industry. |
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Business segments: The Company has one reportable segment, which is the consumer finance segment. The other revenue generating activities of the Company, including insurance operations, are performed in the existing branch network in conjunction with or as a complement to the lending operations. |
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Principles of consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company operates through a separate wholly-owned subsidiary in each state. |
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Use of estimates: The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities for the periods indicated in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
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Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, fair value of stock based compensation, the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired in business combinations. |
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Reclassifications: Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on previously reported net income or stockholders’ equity. |
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Statement of cash flows: Cash flows from finance receivables and the Company’s senior revolving credit facility are reported on a net basis. |
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Finance receivables: The Company’s small loan portfolio is comprised of branch small loan receivables and convenience check receivables. Branch small loan receivables are direct loans to customers closed in the branch and are secured by non-essential household goods and, in some instances, an automobile. Convenience checks are direct loans originated by mailing checks to customers based on a pre-screening process that includes a review of the prospective customer’s credit profile provided by national credit reporting bureaus or data aggregators. A recipient of a convenience check is able to enter into a loan by endorsing and depositing the check. Large loan receivables are direct loans to customers and are typically secured by automobiles, other vehicles, and non-essential household goods. Automobile loan receivables consist of direct automobile purchase loans, which are originated at the dealership and closed in one of the Company’s branches, and indirect automobile purchase loans, which are originated and closed at a dealership in the Company’s network without the need for the customer to visit one of the Company’s branches. In each case, these automobile loans are collateralized primarily by used and new automobiles and, in the case of indirect loans, are initiated by and purchased from automobile dealerships, subject to the Company’s credit approval. Retail loan receivables consist principally of retail installment sales contracts collateralized by the purchase of furniture, appliances, and other retail items, and are initiated by and purchased from retailers, subject to the Company’s credit approval. |
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Credit losses: Provisions for credit losses are charged to income as losses are estimated to have occurred and in amounts sufficient to maintain an allowance for credit losses at an adequate level to provide for losses on the finance receivables. In the past, the Company charged credit losses against the allowance when management believed the finance receivable was no longer collectible (discretionary element) or when the account was 365 days contractually delinquent (time-based element). The factors used to determine whether a finance receivable is uncollectible were the age of the account, supervisory review of collection efforts, and other factors such as customers relocating to an area where collection is not practical. In September 2014, the Company changed the time-based element of the charge-off policy from 365 days contractually delinquent to 180 days. In December 2014, the Company eliminated the discretionary element of the charge-off policy, subject to certain exceptions. The Company’s policy for non-titled accounts in a confirmed bankruptcy is to charge them off at 60 days contractually delinquent, subject to certain exceptions. Deceased borrower accounts are charged off in the month following the proper notification of passing, with the exception of borrowers with credit life insurance. The updated policy improves consistency and creates better alignment with industry practice. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Loss experience, effective loan life, contractual delinquency of finance receivables by loan type, the value of underlying collateral, and management’s judgment are factors used in assessing the overall adequacy of the allowance and the resulting provision for credit losses. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic conditions or portfolio performance. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revisions as more information becomes available. |
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The Company initiates repossession proceedings when the customer is unlikely to make further payments in the opinion of management. The Company sells substantially all repossessed vehicle inventory through public sales conducted by independent automobile auction organizations after the required post-repossession waiting period. Losses on the sale of repossessed collateral are charged to the allowance for credit losses. |
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The allowance for credit losses consists of general and specific components. The general component of the allowance estimates credit losses for groups of finance receivables on a collective basis and is based on historic loss rates. The Company’s general component of the allowance for credit losses relates to probable incurred losses of unimpaired finance receivables. The historical loss rate for the most recent six months (branch small loans and convenience checks), ten months (large and retail loans), and twelve months (automobile loans) as a percentage of average finance receivables is used to estimate the general allowance. |
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The Company adjusts the computed historical loss percentages as described above for qualitative factors based on an assessment of internal and external influences on credit quality that are not fully reflected in the historical loss data. Those qualitative factors include trends in growth in the loan portfolio, delinquency, unemployment, bankruptcy, and other economic trends. |
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Impaired finance receivables: The specific component of the allowance for credit losses relates to impaired finance receivables. Finance receivables that have been modified by bankruptcy proceedings are considered impaired and are accounted for in the aggregate as troubled debt restructurings. At the time of restructuring, a specific valuation allowance is established for such finance receivables within the allowance for credit losses. The Company computes the estimated impairment on its bankrupt loans by discounting the projected cash flows at the original contract rates on the loan using the terms imposed by the bankruptcy court. This method is applied in the aggregate to each of the Company’s five classes of loans. In making the computations of the present value of cash payments to be received on bankrupt accounts in each product category, the Company used the weighted-average interest rates and weighted-average remaining term based on data as of each balance sheet date. |
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For customers in a confirmed Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan, the Company reduces the interest rate to that specified in the bankruptcy order and the Company receives payments with respect to the remaining amount of the loan from the bankruptcy trustee. For customers who recently filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the Company generally does not receive any payments until their bankruptcy plan is confirmed by the court. If the customers have made payments to the trustee in advance of plan confirmation, the Company may receive a lump sum payment from the trustee once the plan is confirmed. This lump sum payment represents the Company’s pro-rata share of the amount paid by the customer. If a customer fails to comply with the terms of the bankruptcy order, the Company will petition the trustee to have the customer dismissed from bankruptcy. Upon dismissal, the Company restores the account to the original terms and pursues collection through its normal collection activities. |
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If a customer files for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy code, the bankruptcy court has the authority to cancel the customer’s debt. If a vehicle secures a Chapter 7 bankruptcy account, the customer has the option of buying the vehicle at fair value or reaffirming the loan and continuing to pay the loan. |
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Prior to the charge-off policy change in September 2014, the specific component of the allowance for credit losses included a full valuation allowance for finance receivables that were contractually delinquent 180 days and over. The charge-offs from the policy change were charged against this allowance as of September 2014. |
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Delinquency: The Company determines past due status using the contractual terms of the finance receivable. This is one of the primary credit quality indicators used to evaluate the allowance for credit losses for each class of finance receivables. |
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Repossessed assets: Repossessed collateral is valued at the lower of the receivable balance on the finance receivable prior to repossession or the estimated net realizable value. Management estimates net realizable value at the projected cash value upon liquidation, less costs to sell the related collateral. |
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Property and equipment: The Company owns certain of its headquarters buildings and leases certain of its headquarters buildings. Office buildings owned are depreciated on the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes over their estimated useful lives of thirty-nine years. Branch offices are leased under non-cancellable leases of one to five years with renewal options. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their useful lives or the remaining term of the lease. Furniture and equipment are depreciated on the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, generally three to five years. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. |
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Income recognition: Interest income is recognized using the interest method, also known as the constant yield method. Therefore, the Company recognizes revenue from interest at an equal rate over the term of the loan. Unearned finance charges on pre-compute contracts are rebated to customers utilizing statutory methods, which in many cases is the sum-of-the-years’ digits method. The difference between income recognized under the constant yield method and the statutory method is recognized as an adjustment to interest income at the time of rebate. Accrual of interest income on finance receivables is suspended when no payment has been received for 90 days or more on a contractual basis. The accrual of income is not resumed until one or more full contractual monthly payments are received and the finance receivable is less than 90 days contractually delinquent. Interest income is suspended on finance receivables for which collateral has been repossessed. Payments received on loans in nonaccrual status are first applied to interest, then to any late charges or other fees, with any remaining amount applied to principal. |
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The Company recognizes income on credit life insurance using the sum-of-the-years’ digits method over the terms of the policies. The Company recognizes income on credit accident and health insurance using the average of the sum-of-the-years’ digits and the straight-line methods over the terms of the policies. The Company recognizes income on credit-related property and automobile insurance and on credit involuntary unemployment insurance using the straight-line method over the terms of the policies. Rebates are computed using statutory methods, which in many cases is the sum-of-the-years-digits method, and any difference between the GAAP method and the statutory method is recognized in income at the time of rebate. |
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The Company defers fees charged to automobile dealers and recognizes income using the constant yield method for indirect loans and the straight-line method for direct loans over the lives of the respective loans. |
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Charges for late fees are recognized as income when collected. |
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Finance receivable origination fees and costs: Non-refundable fees received and direct costs incurred for the origination of finance receivables are deferred and recognized to interest income over their contractual lives using the constant yield method. Unamortized amounts are recognized in income at the time that finance receivables are paid in full. |
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Share-based compensation: The Company has several share-based compensation plans. The stock option and other equity based awards are recognized at the grant date fair value. Awards classified as liabilities are re-measured at fair value for each reporting period. The costs are recognized on the income statement over the service period for awards expected to vest. All grants are made at 100% of the fair value on the date of the grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected life, changes to which can materially affect the fair value estimate. In addition, the estimation of stock-based awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. Prior to the initial public offering, there was no published market value for the Company’s stock; therefore, the performance of the common stock of a publicly traded company whose business is comparable to the Company was used to estimate the volatility of the Company’s stock. Beginning in 2014, the Company began using the value of its own stock to estimate volatility for options granted. |
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Marketing costs: Marketing costs are expensed as incurred. |
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Income taxes: The Company files federal and various state income tax returns. The Company is generally no longer subject to federal, state, or local income tax examinations by taxing authorities before 2011, with the exception of Texas, which is 2010. |
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When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions taken are not offset or aggregated with other positions. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying balance sheet along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. |
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Interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits are classified as additional income taxes in the consolidated statements of income. |
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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effects of future tax rate changes are recognized in the period when the enactment of new rates occurs. |
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Earnings per share: Earnings per share have been computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each reporting period presented. Common shares issuable upon the exercise of share-based compensation, which are computed using the treasury stock method, are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. |
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Government regulation: The Company is subject to various state and federal laws and regulations that require certain qualifications, initial and annual licensing, and impose limits on interest rates, other charges, and insurance premiums. |
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In 2010, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Among other provisions, the bill created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). The CFPB has the authority to promulgate regulations that could affect the Company’s business. |