. Investments in or exposure to securities of foreign companies may involve heightened risks relative
to investments in or exposure to securities of U.S. companies. For example, foreign markets can be extremely volatile.
Foreign securities may also be less liquid, making them more difficult to trade, than securities of U.S. companies so that the
Fund may, at times, be unable to sell foreign securities at desirable times or prices. Brokerage commissions, custodial costs
and other fees are also generally higher for foreign securities. The Fund may have limited or no legal recourse in the event of
default with respect to certain foreign securities, including those issued by foreign governments. In addition, foreign
governments may impose withholding or other taxes on the Fund’s income, capital gains or proceeds from the disposition of
foreign securities, which could reduce the Fund’s return on such securities. In some cases, such withholding or other taxes
could potentially be confiscatory. Other risks include: possible delays in the settlement of transactions or in the payment of
income; generally less publicly available information about foreign companies; the impact of economic, political, social,
diplomatic or other conditions or events (including, for example, military confrontations and actions, war, other conflicts,
terrorism and disease/virus outbreaks and epidemics), possible seizure, expropriation or nationalization of a company or its
assets or the assets of a particular investor or category of investors; accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards
that may be less comprehensive and stringent than those applicable to domestic companies; the imposition of economic and
other sanctions against a particular foreign country, its nationals or industries or businesses within the country; and the
generally less stringent standard of care to which local agents may be held in the local markets. In addition, it may be difficult
to obtain reliable information about the securities and business operations of certain foreign issuers. Governments or trade
groups may compel local agents to hold securities in designated depositories that are not subject to independent evaluation.
The less developed a country’s securities market is, the greater the level of risks. Economic sanctions may be, and have
been, imposed against certain countries, organizations, companies, entities and/or individuals. Economic sanctions and
other similar governmental actions could, among other things, effectively restrict or eliminate the Fund’s ability to purchase or
sell securities, and thus may make the Fund’s investments in such securities less liquid or more difficult to value. In addition,
as a result of economic sanctions, the Fund may be forced to sell or otherwise dispose of investments at inopportune times
or prices, which could result in losses to the Fund and increased transaction costs. These conditions may be in place for a
substantial period of time and enacted with limited advance notice to the Fund. The risks posed by sanctions against a
particular foreign country, its nationals or industries or businesses within the country may be heightened to the extent the
Fund invests significantly in the affected country or region or in issuers from the affected country that depend on global
markets. Additionally, investments in certain countries may subject the Fund to a number of tax rules, the application of
which may be uncertain. Countries may amend or revise their existing tax laws, regulations and/or procedures in the future,
possibly with retroactive effect. Changes in or uncertainties regarding the laws, regulations or procedures of a country could
reduce the after-tax profits of the Fund, directly or indirectly, including by reducing the after-tax profits of companies located in
such countries in which the Fund invests, or result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund. The performance of the Fund
may also be negatively affected by fluctuations in a foreign currency’s strength or weakness relative to the U.S. dollar,
particularly to the extent the Fund invests a significant percentage of its assets in foreign securities or other assets
denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Currency rates in foreign countries may fluctuate significantly over short